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Guo K, Li Z, Win A, Coreas R, Adkins GB, Cui X, Yan D, Cao M, Wang SE, Zhong W. Calibration-free analysis of surface proteins on single extracellular vesicles enabled by DNA nanostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113502. [PMID: 34298496 PMCID: PMC8580803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential intercellular communicators that are of increasing interest as diagnostic biomarkers. Exploring their biological functions and clinical values, however, remains challenging due to their small sizes and high heterogeneity. Herein, we report an ultrasensitive method that employs target-initiated construction of DNA nanostructure to detect single EVs with an input as low as 100 vesicles/μL. Taking advantage of both DNA nanostructure labeling and EV membrane staining, the method can also permit calibration-free analysis of the protein profiles among different EV samples, leading to clear EV differentiation by their cell of origin. Moreover, this method allows co-localization of dual protein markers on the same EV, and the increased number of EVs carrying dual tumor proteins present in human serum could differentiate cancer patients at the early developmental stage from healthy controls. Our results demonstrate the great potential of this single-EV visualization method in non-invasive detection of the EV-based protein biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zongbo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Allison Win
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Nanofabrication Facility, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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2
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Wang L, Lee JY, Gao L, Yin J, Duan Y, Jimenez LA, Adkins GB, Ren W, Li L, Fang J, Wang Y, Song J, Zhong W. A DNA aptamer for binding and inhibition of DNA methyltransferase 1. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11527-11537. [PMID: 31733056 PMCID: PMC7145629 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are enzymes responsible for establishing and maintaining DNA methylation in cells. DNMT inhibition is actively pursued in cancer treatment, dominantly through the formation of irreversible covalent complexes between small molecular compounds and DNMTs that suffers from low efficacy and high cytotoxicity, as well as no selectivity towards different DNMTs. Herein, we discover aptamers against the maintenance DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, by coupling Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) with Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). One of the identified aptamers, Apt. #9, contains a stem-loop structure, and can displace the hemi-methylated DNA duplex, the native substrate of DNMT1, off the protein on sub-micromolar scale, leading for effective enzymatic inhibition. Apt. #9 shows no inhibition nor binding activity towards two de novo DNMTs, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Intriguingly, it can enter cancer cells with over-expression of DNMT1, colocalize with DNMT1 inside the nuclei, and inhibit the activity of DNMT1 in cells. This study opens the possibility of exploring the aptameric DNMT inhibitors being a new cancer therapeutic approach, by modulating DNMT activity selectively through reversible interaction. The aptamers could also be valuable tools for study of the functions of DNMTs and the related epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ju Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Linfeng Gao
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiekai Yin
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Luis A Jimenez
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wendan Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Linhui Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jian Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jikui Song
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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3
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Adkins GB, Sun E, Coreas R, Zhong W. Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation Coupled to Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for Rapid Online Characterization of Nanomaterials. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7071-7078. [PMID: 32316720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing applications of nanomaterials in consumer goods, industrial products, medical practices, etc., calls for the development of tools for rapid separation, quantification, and sizing of nanoparticles to ensure their safe and sustainable employment. While many techniques are available for characterization of pure, homogeneous nanomaterial preparations, particle sizing and counting remains difficult for heterogeneous mixtures that resulted from imperfect synthesis conditions, aggregation from product instability, or degradation during storage. Herein, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was coupled to asymmetrical flow field flow fraction (AF4) using a splitter manifold to enable online particle separation and counting. The high pressure and flow rate in AF4 were reduced to the levels compatible with NTA by the proper flow splitting design, and a syringe pump was employed to withdraw fluid through the exit port of the NTA and maintain consistent flow rates entering NTA for proper particle sizing. Successful AF4-NTA coupling was demonstrated by analyzing a mixture of polystyrene particles with the average diameters of ∼50, 100, and 200 nm. Good correlation was observed between the amount of each type of particle injected to and measured by the hyphenated system. The particle concentrations acquired using online and offline coupling of AF4-NTA also agreed well with each other. The nonspherical nanoparticles like gold nanorods and hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets were also analyzed to demonstrate the versatile applicability of this system. Our work has proved that AF4-NTA can achieve accurate online particle counting on different populations of the nanomaterials in a mixture, which cannot be done by either AF4 or NTA alone. It will be a valuable tool for rapid characterization of heterogeneous nanomaterial solutions without purification to fulfill the regulation requirement on the nanomaterial-containing products.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous vesicles that exist in nearly all biological fluids, including blood and urine; and carry a great number of cargo molecules such as protein, nucleic acids, and lipid. They may play important roles in cell-cell communication and modulation of pathological processes, which, however, are not yet well understood, calling for highly sensitive, specific, and rapid methods for EV detection and quantification in biological samples. Here, we report the CuS-enclosed microgels that not only help enrich EVs carrying specific protein markers from complex biomatrices, but also produce strong chemiluminescence (CL) to realize sensitive detection of the target EVs. A detection limit of 104 EV particles/mL was achieved with these microgels by targeting EV proteins like CD63 and HER2, with a dynamic range up to 108 particles/mL. Direct detection of EVs in human serum and cell culture medium without tedious sample preparation was demonstrated, consuming much less sample compared to ELISA and Western Blot. We envision that our method will be valuable for quick quantification of EVs in biological samples, benefiting disease monitoring and functional study.
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Shen W, Guo K, Adkins GB, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Sedano S, Duan Y, Yan W, Wang SE, Bergersen K, Worth D, Wilson EH, Zhong W. A Single Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Flow Cytometry Approach to Reveal EV Heterogeneity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15675-15680. [PMID: 30291794 PMCID: PMC6246790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively participate in intercellular communication and pathological processes. Studying the molecular signatures of EVs is key to reveal their biological functions and clinical values, which, however, is greatly hindered by their sub-100 nm dimensions, the low quantities of biomolecules each EV carries, and the large population heterogeneity. Now, single-EV flow cytometry analysis is introduced to realize single EV counting and phenotyping in a conventional flow cytometer for the first time, enabled by target-initiated engineering (TIE) of DNA nanostructures on each EV. By illuminating multiple markers on single EVs, statistically significant differences are revealed among the molecular signatures of EVs originating from several breast cancer cell lines, and the cancer cell-derived EVs among the heterogeneous EV populations are successfully recognized. Thus, our approach holds great potential for various biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- University of California - Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A.
| | - Kaizhu Guo
- University of California - Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A.
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- University of California - Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A.
| | - Qiaoshi Jiang
- University of California - Riverside, Environmental Toxicology Program, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A
| | - Yang Liu
- University of California - Riverside, Environmental Toxicology Program, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A
| | - Sabrina Sedano
- University of California - Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A.
| | - Yaokai Duan
- University of California - Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A.
| | - Wei Yan
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, CA, 92093, U.S.A
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, CA, 92093, U.S.A
| | - Kristina Bergersen
- University of California - Riverside, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A
| | - Danielle Worth
- University of California - Riverside, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma H. Wilson
- University of California - Riverside, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- University of California - Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A.
- University of California - Riverside, Environmental Toxicology Program, Riverside, CA, 92521, U.S.A
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Shen W, Guo K, Adkins GB, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Sedano S, Duan Y, Yan W, Wang SE, Bergersen K, Worth D, Wilson EH, Zhong W. A Single Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Flow Cytometry Approach to Reveal EV Heterogeneity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- University of California-Riverside; Department of Chemistry; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Kaizhu Guo
- University of California-Riverside; Department of Chemistry; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- University of California-Riverside; Department of Chemistry; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Qiaoshi Jiang
- University of California-Riverside; Environmental Toxicology Program; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Yang Liu
- University of California-Riverside; Environmental Toxicology Program; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Sabrina Sedano
- University of California-Riverside; Department of Chemistry; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Yaokai Duan
- University of California-Riverside; Department of Chemistry; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wei Yan
- University of California-San Diego; Department of Pathology; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- University of California-San Diego; Department of Pathology; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Kristina Bergersen
- University of California-Riverside; Division of Biomedical Sciences; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Danielle Worth
- University of California-Riverside; Division of Biomedical Sciences; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Emma H. Wilson
- University of California-Riverside; Division of Biomedical Sciences; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- University of California-Riverside; Department of Chemistry; Riverside CA 92521 USA
- University of California-Riverside; Environmental Toxicology Program; Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Fang X, Duan Y, Adkins GB, Pan S, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhong W. Highly Efficient Exosome Isolation and Protein Analysis by an Integrated Nanomaterial-Based Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2787-2795. [PMID: 29381333 PMCID: PMC5820131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes play important roles in mediating intercellular communication and regulating a variety of biological processes, but clear understanding of their functions and biogenesis has not been achieved, due to the high technical difficulties involved in analysis of small vesicular structures that contain a high proportion of membrane structures. Herein, we designed a novel approach to integrate two nanomaterials carrying varied surface properties, the hydrophilic, macroporous graphene foam (GF) and the amphiphilic periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO), for efficient exosome isolation from human serum and effective protein profiling. The high specific surface area of GF, after modification with the antibody against the exosomal protein marker, CD63, allowed highly specific isolation of exosomes from complex biological samples with high recovery. Since the organic solvent, methanol, turned out to be the most effective lysis solution for releasing the exosomal proteins, the amphiphilic PMO was employed to rapidly recover the exosomal proteins, including the highly hydrophobic membrane proteins. The fine pores of PMO also acted as the nanoreactors to accelerate protein digestion that produced peptides subject to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 334 proteins with 111 membrane proteins [31% of these contained >2 transmembrane domains (TMD)] were identified using the integrated GF/PMO platform. In contrast, with the commercial exosome isolation kit and the in-solution protein digestion method, only 151 proteins were found, with 28 being membrane proteins (only one contained three TMDs). Our results support that the integrated GF/PMO platform is of great value to facilitate the comprehensive characterization of exosomal proteins for better understanding of their functions and for identification of more exosome-based disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Songqin Pan
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
- Yancheng Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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8
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Fang X, Liu Y, Jimenez L, Duan Y, Adkins GB, Qiao L, Liu B, Zhong W. Rapid Enrichment and Sensitive Detection of Multiple Metal Ions Enabled by Macroporous Graphene Foam. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11758-11764. [PMID: 29034677 PMCID: PMC5687914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have shown great promise in advancing biomedical and environmental analysis because of the unique properties originated from their ultrafine dimensions. In general, nanomaterials are separately applied to either enhance detection by producing strong signals upon target recognition or to specifically extract analytes taking advantage of their high specific surface area. Herein, we report a dual-functional nanomaterial-based platform that can simultaneously enrich and enable sensitive detection of multiple metal ions. The macroporous graphene foam (GF) we prepared displays abundant phosphate groups on the surface and can extract divalent metal ions via metal-phosphate coordination. The enriched metal ions then activate the metal-responsive DNAzymes and produce the fluorescently labeled single-stranded DNAs that are adsorbed and quenched by the GF. The resultant fluorescence reduction can be used for metal quantitation. The present work demonstrated duplexed detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+ using the Pb- and Cu-responsive DNAzymes, achieving a low detection limit of 50 pM and 0.6 nM, respectively. Successful quantification of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in human serum and river water were achieved with high metal recovery. Since the phosphate-decorated GF can enrich diverse types of divalent metal cations, this dual-functional GF-DNAzyme platform can serve as a simple and cost-effective tool for rapid and accurate metal quantification in determination of human metal exposure and inspection of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA
| | - Luis Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA
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Wang YM, Liu JW, Adkins GB, Shen W, Trinh MP, Duan LY, Jiang JH, Zhong W. Enhancement of the Intrinsic Peroxidase-Like Activity of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets by ssDNAs and Its Application for Detection of Exosomes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12327-12333. [PMID: 29069893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigates the capability of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in enhancing the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of the g-C3N4 nanosheets (NSs). We found that ssDNA adsorbed on g-C3N4 NSs could improve the catalytic activity of the nanosheets. The maximum reaction rate of the H2O2-mediated TMB oxidation catalyzed by the ssDNA-NSs hybrid was at least 4 times faster than that obtained with unmodified NSs. The activity enhancement could be attributed to the strong interaction between TMB and ssDNA mediated by electrostatic attraction and aromatic stacking and by both the length and base composition of the ssDNA. The high catalytic activity of the ssDNA-NSs hybrid permitted sensitive colorimetric detection of exosomes if the aptamer against CD63, a surface marker of exosome, was employed in hybrid construction. The sensor recognized the differential expression of CD63 between the exosomes produced by a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and a control cell line (MCF-10A). Moreover, a similar trend was detected in the circulating exosomes isolated from the sera samples collected from breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Our work sheds lights on the possibility of using ssDNA to enhance the peroxidase-like activity of nanomaterials and demonstrates the high potential of the ssDNA-NSs hybrid in clinical diagnosis using liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jin-Wen Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Patrick Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lu-Ying Duan
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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