1
|
Na JY, Huh KY, Yu KS, Hyon JY, Koo HC, Lee JH, You JC, Chung JY. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple topical ophthalmic administration of imatinib mesylate in healthy subjects. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1123-1130. [PMID: 35133064 PMCID: PMC9099133 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For the long‐term efficacy of dry eye disease treatment, relieving underlying inflammation is necessary. Imatinib mesylate is a novel ophthalmic formulation of imatinib mesylate, which is expected to alleviate inflammation by inhibiting the discoidin domain receptor 1 activity. This study aims to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of imatinib mesylate in healthy subjects. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted. In a single ascending dose, 16 subjects received a single eye drop of imatinib mesylate 0.1%, 0.3%, or matching placebo. In the multiple ascending dose (MAD), subjects received multiple eye drops of imatinib mesylate 0.1%, 0.3%, or matching placebo once daily for 7 days. Safety and tolerability were assessed by ophthalmic examination, including the visual analog scale (VAS) to monitor the burning sensation in the eyes. A total of four treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred during the study. All TEAEs were mildly severe with no serious cases. VAS results in the 0.1% MAD group exhibited highest score of two points, whereas it was less than one point in others. Insignificant difference between the imatinib mesylate and placebo groups in the VAS results was seen. After a single dose administration of imatinib mesylate 0.1%, all plasma concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification. The peak plasma concentrations of imatinib were less than 0.54 µg/L in all groups. In conclusion, a single and multiple topical ophthalmic administration of imatinib mesylate was well‐tolerated in healthy subjects. Because there was minimal systemic exposure to imatinib, the adverse effect in the body seems to be insignificant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Na
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Huh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Young Hyon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | | | - Ji Chang You
- Avixgen Inc., Seoul, Korea.,National Research Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Chung
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koo HC, Lim GP, Kaur S, Chan KQ, Florence Tan YX, Pang XJ, Tang LY. Development, validity and reproducibility of a whole grain food frequency questionnaire in Malaysian children. Nutr J 2020; 19:73. [PMID: 32677967 PMCID: PMC7367245 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, there is no validated whole grain assessment tool for children in any Southeast Asian countries. Hence, there is a need for a valid tool to assess whole grain intake among Malaysian children. This study aimed to develop, validate and test the reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in estimating whole grain intake among Malaysian children. Methods A total of 392 children participated in the FFQ development and 112 children aged 9–12 years participated in the validation phase; with a subsample of 50 children participating in the reproducibility phase. Three-day diet record (3DR) as the reference method in validation phase. Spearman correlations, mean difference, Bland-Altman plot and cross-classification analyses were used to assess validity. The reproducibility was tested through a repeat administration of the FFQ, with 1 month time interval. Reproducibility analyses involved intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Cronbach’s alpha and cross-classification analyses. Results The FFQ consisted of 156 whole grain food items from six food groups. Mean intake of whole grain in FFQ1 and 3DR were correlated well (r = 0.732), demonstrated good acceptance of the FFQ. Bland Altman plots showed relatively good agreement for both the dietary methods. Cross-classification of whole grain intake between the two methods showed that < 9.9% of children were grossly misclassified. Outcomes from ICC (0.989) and Cronbach’s alpha (0.995) demonstrated excellent reliability. All the children were classified in the same or adjacent quartile of whole grain intake. Conclusions Overall, the findings support the validity of the developed FFQ to appropriately estimate the whole grain intake in Malaysian children. This validated FFQ will be a valuable tool for future studies, to analyses the impact of whole grain consumption with disease relationship among Malaysian schoolchildren.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Koo
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - G P Lim
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Q Chan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y X Florence Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - X J Pang
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - L Y Tang
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koo HC, Kaur S, Chan KQ, Soh WH, Ang YL, Chow WS, Hew MK, Wong SY, Yap MP. Whole-grain intake and its inverse relationships with fatty acids intake among multiethnic Malaysian schoolchildren. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 33:670-677. [PMID: 32250007 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the relationship of whole-grain intake with dietary fatty acids intake. The present study aimed to assess the whole-grain intake and its relationships with dietary fatty acids intake among multiethnic schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among 392 schoolchildren aged 9-11 years, cluster sampled from five randomly selected schools in Kuala Lumpur. Whole-grain and fatty acids intakes were assessed by 3-day, 24-h diet recalls. All whole-grain foods were considered irrespective of the amount of whole grain they contained. RESULTS In total, 55.6% (n = 218) were whole-grain consumers. Mean (SD) daily intake of whole grain in the total sample was 5.13 (9.75) g day-1 . In the whole-grain consumer's only sample, mean (SD) intakes reached 9.23 (11.55) g day-1 . Significant inverse associations were found between whole-grain intake and saturated fatty acid (SAFA) intake (r = -0.357; P < 0.001), monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (r = -0.373; P < 0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (r = -0.307; P < 0.001) intake. Furthermore, whole-grain intake was a significant predictor of SAFA (β = -0.077; P = 0.004), MUFA (β = -0.112; P = <0.001) and PUFA (β = -0.202; P = <0.001) intakes, after controlling for sex, age and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Whole-grain intake in Malaysia was well below recommendations. Schoolchildren who consumed higher whole grain tend to reduce fat intake; however, it would also reduce the SAFA, MUFA and PUFA intakes. Future collaboration may be conducted between industry, government and universities to promote unsaturated fatty acids-rich foods and whole-grain food, although not to promote processed whole-grain foods with a high sugar and salt content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Koo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Kaur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Q Chan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W H Soh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y L Ang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W S Chow
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M K Hew
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Y Wong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M P Yap
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koo HC, Poh BK, Ruzita AT. GReat-Child Trial™ based on social cognitive theory improved knowledge, attitudes and practices toward whole grains among Malaysian overweight and obese children. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1574. [PMID: 31775696 PMCID: PMC6881981 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that improvement of dietary habits through increased whole grain foods consumption at an early age has the potential to lead to betterment in lifelong health and wellness. The GReat-Child Trial™ was a 12-week quasi-experimental study with 6 months follow-up investigating a multi-component whole grain intervention, which consisted of behavioral, personal and environmental factors based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the GReat-Child Trial™, as well as to determine the changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of whole grains consumption among overweight/obese children. Methods Two schools in Kuala Lumpur with similar socio-demographic characteristics were assigned as intervention (IG) and control (CG), respectively. Inclusion criteria were healthy Malaysian overweight/obese children aged 9 to 11 years who had no serious co-morbidity. Children who reported consuming whole grain foods in their 3-day diet-recall during recruitment were excluded. A total of 63 children (31 IG; 32 CG) completed the intervention. KAP questionnaire was self-administered at baseline [T0] and post intervention (at 3rd [T1] and 9th month [T2]). The baseline differences between the IG and CG across socio-demographics and scores of KAP toward whole grains were determined using chi-square and t-test, respectively. ANCOVA was performed to determine the effect of the GReat-Child Trial™ on KAP towards whole grains at post-intervention and follow-up. Baseline variables were considered as covariates. Results The IG attained significantly higher scores in knowledge (mean difference = 4.23; 95% CI: 3.82, 4.64; p < 0.001), attitudes (mean difference = 7.39; 95% CI: 6.36, 8.42; p < 0.001) and practice (mean difference = 6.13; 95% CI: 4.49, 7.77; p < 0.001) of whole grain consumption compared to the CG, after adjusting for confounders. The IG reported significantly higher scores in knowledge (mean difference = 6.84; 95% CI: 6.53, 7.15; p < 0.001), attitudes (mean difference = 9.16; 95% CI: 8.08, 10.24; p < 0.001) and practice (mean difference = 8.03; 95% CI: 5.34, 10.73; p < 0.001) towards whole grains at T2 compared to T0. Conclusions These findings indicate that this intervention made a positive impact on improving children’s KAP on whole grains. We anticipate the GReat-Child Trial™ to be a program that could be incorporated into school interventions to improve whole grain consumption among Malaysian children for obesity prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Koo
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B K Poh
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A T Ruzita
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koo HC, Poh BK, Ruzita AT. Intervention on whole grain with healthy balanced diet to manage childhood obesity (GReat-Child™trial): study protocol for a quasi-experimental trial. Springerplus 2016; 5:840. [PMID: 27386289 PMCID: PMC4917502 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The rapid increase in childhood obesity is a serious public health problem, and has led to the development of many interventions. However, no intervention has emphasized whole grains as a strategy to manage childhood obesity. Therefore, this article describes the protocol of a 12-week multi-component, family-based intervention on whole grain, using a healthy balanced diet for managing childhood obesity. Methods The GReat-Child trial utilize a quasi-experimental method in which two schools in Kuala Lumpur are assigned to intervention and control groups. The eligibility criteria are overweight/obese children, aged 9 through 11 years, who has no serious co-morbidities. The children who report consuming whole-grain foods in their 3-day diet-recall during the screening will be excluded. The study sample is characterized by anthropometric measurements (weight, height, percentage of body fat and waist circumference), whole grain and nutrient intakes (3-day 24-h diet recalls), and their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards whole grain. The 12-week intervention is comprised of three components addressing behaviour, personal and environmental factors, based on social cognitive theory: (1) individual diet counselling for the parents; (2) six 30-min nutrition education classes and (3) school delivery of whole-grain foods; The control school does not receive any interventions, however, for ethical purposes, a health talk is conducted after the entire GReat-Child Trial is completed. Conclusion The GReat-Child trial represents a novel approach to examining the effectiveness of the intervention of whole grain in a healthy balanced diet on managing childhood obesity. We anticipate that this trial will reveal not only whether whole grain intervention will be effective in managing childhood obesity, but also provide greater insights into the acceptance of whole grain among Malaysian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Koo
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Healthcare Professional, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management & Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - B K Poh
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abd Talib Ruzita
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ak N, Koo HC, Jm HJ, Mt MN, Tan SY, Appukutty M, Ar N, Thielecke F, Hopkins S, Ong MK, Ning C, Tee ES. Correction: Whole Grain Intakes in the Diets Of Malaysian Children and Adolescents - Findings from the MyBreakfast Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142763. [PMID: 26544201 PMCID: PMC4636181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
7
|
Manchon A, Koo HC, Nitta J, Frolov SM, Duine RA. New perspectives for Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Nat Mater 2015; 14:871-882. [PMID: 26288976 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1984, Bychkov and Rashba introduced a simple form of spin-orbit coupling to explain the peculiarities of electron spin resonance in two-dimensional semiconductors. Over the past 30 years, Rashba spin-orbit coupling has inspired a vast number of predictions, discoveries and innovative concepts far beyond semiconductors. The past decade has been particularly creative, with the realizations of manipulating spin orientation by moving electrons in space, controlling electron trajectories using spin as a steering wheel, and the discovery of new topological classes of materials. This progress has reinvigorated the interest of physicists and materials scientists in the development of inversion asymmetric structures, ranging from layered graphene-like materials to cold atoms. This Review discusses relevant recent and ongoing realizations of Rashba physics in condensed matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Manchon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - H C Koo
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbukgu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - J Nitta
- Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University, 980-8579 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - S M Frolov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - R A Duine
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kang JW, Koo HC, Hwang SY, Kang SK, Ra JC, Lee MH, Park YH. Immunomodulatory effects of human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:23-31. [PMID: 22437532 PMCID: PMC3317453 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAM-MSCs) are capable of differentiating into several lineages and possess immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the soluble factor-mediated immunomodulatory effects of hAM-MSCs. Mitogen-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation was suppressed by hAM-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner as well as hAM-MSC culture supernatant. Moreover, interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 production significantly decreased from PBMC, whereas IL-10 from PBMCs and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) production from hAM-MSCs significantly increased in co-cultures of hAM-MSCs and PBMCs. Production of several MSC factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), TGF-β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO), increased significantly in hAM-MSCs co-cultured with PBMCs. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of hAM-MSCs may be associated with soluble factors (TGF-β, HGF, PGE2, and IDO), suggesting that hAM-MSCs may have potential clinical use in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK 21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Youn JH, Koo HC, Ahn KJ, Lim SK, Park YH. Determination of staphylococcal exotoxins, SCCmec types, and genetic relatedness of Staphylococcus intermedius group isolates from veterinary staff, companion animals, and hospital environments in Korea. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:221-6. [PMID: 21897094 PMCID: PMC3165150 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius group (SIG) has been a main research subject in recent years. S. pseudintermedius causes pyoderma and otitis in companion animals as well as foodborne diseases. To prevent SIG-associated infection and disease outbreaks, identification of both staphylococcal exotoxins and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types among SIG isolates may be helpful. In this study, it was found that a single isolate (one out of 178 SIG isolates examined) harbored the canine enterotoxin SEC gene. However, the S. intermedius exfoliative toxin gene was found in 166 SIG isolates although the S. aureus-derived exfoliative toxin genes, such as eta, etb and etd, were not detected. SCCmec typing resulted in classifying one isolate as SCCmec type IV, 41 isolates as type V (including three S. intermedius isolates), and 10 isolates as non-classifiable. Genetic relatedness of all S. pseudintermedius isolates recovered from veterinary staff, companion animals, and hospital environments was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Strains having the same band patterns were detected in S. pseudintermedius isolates collected at 13 and 18 months, suggesting possible colonization and/or expansion of a specific S. pseudintermedius strain in a veterinary hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Youn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Youn JH, Yoon JW, Koo HC, Lim SK, Park YH. Prevalence and antimicrogram of Staphylococcus intermedius group isolates from veterinary staff, companion animals, and the environment in veterinary hospitals in Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:268-74. [PMID: 21398446 DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus intermedius bacterial group (SIG) includes 3 distinct genetically heterogenous species: S. intermedius, S. pseudintermedius, and S. delphini. This pathogen group is associated with many opportunistic skin and ear infections in companion animals. Human infections with S. intermedius and S. pseudintermedius isolates and the emergence of methicillin-resistant isolates have been recently reported, which emphasizes the importance of nationwide identification of SIG isolate prevalence and antibiotic resistance in veterinary clinics. In the present study, a total of 178 SIG isolates were obtained from veterinary staff (n = 40), companion animals (n = 115), and the local environment (n = 23) in 8 Korean veterinary hospitals. Isolates were differentiated into 167 S. pseudintermedius (93.8%) and 11 S. intermedius (6.2%) isolates; S. delphini isolates were not identified. The most effective antibiotics against these isolates included amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amikacin, nitrofloxacin, imipenem, and vancomycin; whereas ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were not effective. Surprisingly, the 128 SIG isolates (71.9%) displayed multiple drug resistance (MDR) against 3 or more antibiotic classes. Out of 52 SIG isolates carrying the methicillin-resistance gene (mecA), only 34 (65.4%) were oxacillin-resistant, and 49 (94.2%) methicillin-resistant SIG were multidrug resistant. This finding suggests the presence of greater numbers of MDR phenotypes than other isolates (P < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Youn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ryu SH, Koo HC, Lee YW, Park YH, Lee CW. Etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease in Thoroughbred horses at the Seoul Race Park. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:195-7. [PMID: 21586881 PMCID: PMC3104176 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) of Thoroughbred racehorses has been a frequent problem (29.6% of incidence) at the Seoul Race Park (Korea). Risk factors for IURD include the season with a high transfer rate (summer and fall), the stabling period (≤ 3 months), and age (2 to 3 years old), suggesting that the movement and new environment may have depressed the immune system of the horses and decreased their ability to respond properly to pathogens. The bacterial strains (n = 98) isolated from IURD horses included Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and zooepidemicus.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis, which triggers significant economic losses in dairy herds worldwide. In this study, S. aureus strains isolated from the milk of cows suffering from mastitis in Korea were investigated by spa typing and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene profiling. Forty-four S. aureus strains were isolated from 26 farms in five provinces. All isolates grouped into five clusters and two singletons based on 14 spa types. Cluster 1 and 2 isolates comprised 38.6% and 36.4% of total isolates, respectively, which were distributed in more than four provinces. SE and SE-like toxin genes were detected in 34 (77.3%) isolates and the most frequently detected SE gene profile was seg, sei, selm, seln, and selo genes (16 isolates, 36.3%), which was comparable to one of the genomic islands, Type I nuSabeta. This is a first report of spa types and the prevalence of the recently described SE and SE-like toxin genes among S. aureus isolates from bovine raw milk in Korea. Two predominant spa groups were distributed widely and recently described SE and SE-like toxin genes were detected frequently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim SY, Shin S, Koo HC, Youn JH, Paik HD, Park YH. In vitro antimicrobial effect and in vivo preventive and therapeutic effects of partially purified lantibiotic lacticin NK34 against infection by Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3610-5. [PMID: 20655430 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are small (<5 kDa), polycyclic peptides produced by gram-positive bacteria; they are also known as gram-positive bacteriocins. The high antimicrobial activity of lacticins and the continuing appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in recent years have resulted in a renewed interest in lantibiotics. A partially purified form of lacticin NK34 (a Lactococcus lactis product isolated from the Korean fermented fish jeotgal) was tested to determine its antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus (n=20) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS, n=20) strains isolated from the raw milk of cows with subclinical bovine mastitis in the present study. The spot-on-lawn assay was used to identify the 2 strains from each group with the greatest lacticin NK34 susceptibility, and the minimal lethal dose (MLD) was measured in ICR (imprinting control region) mice. The preventive and therapeutic effects of lacticin NK34 on the mouse infection model were determined for the first time. Lacticin NK34 demonstrated antimicrobial effects in 14 of 20 (70%) S. aureus indicator strains and in 18 of 20 (90%) CNS strains. Staphylococcus aureus 69 and S. simulans 55 demonstrated the greatest susceptibility to lacticin NK34 in the spot-on-lawn assay. The S. aureus 69 MLD was measured at 1.53 x 10(9) cfu/mouse, whereas the S. simulans 55 MLD was 3.59 x 10(9) cfu/mouse. Mice infected experimentally with S. aureus 69 MLD or S. simulans 55 MLD were treated with lacticin NK34. Treated mice demonstrated an 80% survival rate (48 of 60 mice) compared with a survival rate of 7.5% (3 of 40 mice) in control mice treated with distilled water. These data suggest that lacticin NK34 might be useful in the control of bovine mastitis and systemic bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim JM, Hong J, Bae W, Koo HC, Kim SH, Park YH. Prevalence, antibiograms, and transferable tet(O) plasmid of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken, pork, and human clinical cases in Korea. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1430-7. [PMID: 20819352 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance patterns and prevalence of the transferable tet(O) plasmid were investigated in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from raw chicken, pork, and humans with clinical campylobacteriosis. A total of 180 C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were identified, and the prevalence rates of C. jejuni and C. coli in raw chicken samples were 83% (83 of 100) and 73% (73 of 100), respectively. Twelve percent (6 of 50) and 10% (5 of 50) of pork samples were contaminated with C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing revealed that the most frequently detected resistance was to tetracycline (92.2%), followed by nalidixic acid (75.6%), ciprofloxacin (65.0%), azithromycin (41.5%), ampicillin (33.3%), and streptomycin (26.1%). Of the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, 65.7% (n=109) contained plasmids carrying the tet(O) gene. Six C. jejuni isolates and two C. coli isolates with high-level resistance to tetracycline (MIC=256 microg/ml) harbored the tet(O) plasmid, which is transferable to other C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. These results demonstrate the presence of an interspecies transferable plasmid containing the tet(O) gene and a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Korean Campylobacter isolates and provide an understanding of the antibiotic resistance distribution among Campylobacter species in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Man Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ryu SH, Koo HC, Park YK, Kim JM, Jung WK, Davis WC, Park YH, Lee CW. Etiologic and immunologic characteristics of thoroughbred horses with bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease at the Seoul Race Park. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 19:1041-50. [PMID: 19809264 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.0812.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Equine respiratory disease is a common cause of poor performance and training interruptions. The higher incidence rate of infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) in thoroughbred racehorses at the Seoul Race Park coincided with the frequent stabling season, shorter stabling periods, and younger ages in this study. Incidence rates were also correlated with significantly lower proportions of cells expressing MHC class II-, CD2 antigen-, CD4+- or CD8+-T lymphocyte-, and B lymphocyte in IURD patients compared with healthy control groups in the summer and fall and in 2-and-3-year-old groups. The data suggested that movement and new environments may have resulted in immunosuppression and inappropriate responses to respiratory pathogens in IURD patients. The IURD incidence decreased with age, perhaps by the acquisition of immunity, and study results suggested that immunologic protection was associated with IURD, particularly in young thoroughbred racehorses. Streptococci isolates were identified in 11 of 72 IURD horses, and 3 of these isolates were identified as Streptococcus. equi subsp. equi. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated from 2 of 23 IURD horses in the spring (8.7%), 5 of 23 in the summer (21.7%), and 1 of 6 in winter (16.7%). S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (5%) was also identified in 3 of 61 isolates from clinically normal horses. Racetracks should implement anti-IURD protective measures by assessing the capacity of equine immunologic protection at the Park and by limiting the introduction of specific respiratory pathogens (such as S. equi subsp. equi) by preventing the access of infected horses with a respiratory pathogen-free certification system prior to Park entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Ryu
- Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon, Gyeonggi 427-711, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Youn JH, Hwang SY, Kim SH, Koo HC, Shin S, Park YK, Lim SK, Park YH. mecA Gene Transferrability and Antibiogram of zoonotic Staphylococcus intermedius from Animals, Staff and the Environment in Animal Hospitals in Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.4014/jmb.0905.05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
17
|
Youn JH, Hwang SY, Kim SH, Koo HC, Shin S, Lim SK, Park YH. mecA gene transferrability and antibiogram of zoonotic Staphylococcus intermedius from animals, staff and the environment in animal hospitals in Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 20:425-432. [PMID: 20208451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus intermedius is a common cause of otitis externa, pyoderma and wound infections in companion animals. Although S. intermedius infections are rare in humans, it is zoonotic, with several case reports describing fatal human infections. Presently, we sought to isolate S. intermedius strains from various sources at animal hospitals nationwide in Korea, examine their antibiotic susceptibilities, and determine the possibility of horizontal transmission between animals and humans. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare the mecA gene in S. intermedius strains from humans, animals and the environment in animal hospitals. A total of 119 S. intermedius strains were isolated from 529 samples. Using the disk-diffusion method over 90% of the isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, vancomycin, imipenem, nitroflurantoin and amikacin, whereas 97.5% and 98.3% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, respectively. Among the 39 S. intermedius strains harbouring mecA, similar PFGE patterns were observed between seven isolates from an animal, two isolates from veterinary staff and the environment in one animal hospital, and single isolates from an animal and a veterinarian at another hospital. This result suggests the possibility of horizontal transmission of S. intermedius containing mecA between humans, animals and the environment in animal hospitals and also emphasizes on the importance of S. intermedius with mecA as a possible emerging threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Youn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK 21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kang JW, Kang KS, Koo HC, Park JR, Choi EW, Park YH. Soluble factors-mediated immunomodulatory effects of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:681-93. [PMID: 18717642 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), which can differentiate into several lineages, have immunomodulatory properties similar to those of bone marrow-derived MSCs. However, the specific mechanism by which the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs occurs is not clear. In this study, we isolated canine AD-MSCs (cAD-MSCs) and induced their development into adipocyte, osteocyte, and neuron-like cells. We then investigated their phenotype and cytokine expression to determine whether they were able to exert an immunomodulatory effect and what the underlying mechanisms of this effect were. cAD-MSCs expressed CD44, CD90, and MHC class I and were also partially positive for the expression of CD34; however, they did not express CD14 and CD45. In addition, they expressed the mRNA of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1/2, and cyclooxygenase-2 but not that of IL-10. Further, leukocyte proliferation induced by mitogens was suppressed when they were cocultured with irradiated cAD-MSCs, as well as with culture supernatants of cAD-MSCs alone. Moreover, TNF-alpha production significantly decreased, whereas TGF-beta, IL-6, and interferon-gamma production significantly increased in cAD-MSCs that were cocultured with leukocytes. Finally, immonomodulatory factors of MSCs, such as TGF-beta, HGF, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO), increased significantly in cAD-MSCs that were cocultured with leukocytes; however, the production of PGE2 and IDO showed different kinetics, and leukocyte proliferation was effectively restored by PGE2 and IDO inhibitors. Taken together, these results indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of cAD-MSCs are associated with soluble factors (TGF-beta, HGF, PGE2, and IDO). Therefore, it is suggested that cAD-MSCs have a potential therapeutic use in the treatment of immune-mediated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moon JS, Lee AR, Kang HM, Lee ES, Joo YS, Park YH, Kim MN, Koo HC. Antibiogram and coagulase diversity in staphylococcal enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1716-24. [PMID: 17369211 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated antibiogram and coagulase gene diversity in staphylococcal enterotoxin (StE)-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples of cows infected with mastitis from 140 dairy farms in Korea between 1997 and 2004. Of the 696 Staph. aureus isolates collected in this study, 164 isolates (23.6%) produced one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (A to D), and 19 isolates (2.7%) were methicillin-resistant. The percentage of StE-producing Staph. aureus (SES) isolates resistant to methicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, amikacin, and tetracycline was greater than that of non-SES. Ten coagulase genotype patterns were observed, including 4 main types comprising I (25.4%), II (13.9%), VII (13.2%), and VIII (17.8%). More than 4 Staph. aureus types were isolated from each of 82 dairy farms in different geographic locations, and only 1 coagulase genotype pattern was observed in 39 of the herds (47.6%). There was no significant correlation between coagulase genotypes harbored by Staph. aureus and their specific StE type. The percentage of isolates producing major StE types (A, B, AC, and ABCD) and being resistant to cephalothin and methicillin was greater among the Staph. aureus isolates with the 4 predominant coagulase genotypes (I, II, VII, and VIII) than among the isolates harboring the 6 rare coagulase types (III, IV, V, VI, IX, and X). Based on coagulase gene polymorphisms, our data indicate that a broad distribution of identical or closely related enterotoxin-producing Staph. aureus strains seem to contribute to bovine mastitis in the Republic of Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moon JS, Lee AR, Kang HM, Lee ES, Kim MN, Paik YH, Park YH, Joo YS, Koo HC. Phenotypic and genetic antibiogram of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis in Korea. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1176-85. [PMID: 17297092 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the group of major contagious mastitis pathogens, whereas the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are also capable of causing opportunistic bovine mastitis. Many of these strains are resistant to penicillin or ampicillin because of the long-term use of beta-lactam antibiotics in agricultural and healthcare settings. Based on the simple and highly specific coagulase genotyping by PCR-RFLP used for discriminating among Staph. aureus strains, the relationship between phenotypic antibiogram and the polymorphism of coagulase gene was determined in this study. The staphylococci strains (835 Staph. aureus and 763 CNS) were isolated from 3,047 bovine mastitic milk samples from 153 dairy farms in 8 provinces from 1997 to 2004 in the Republic of Korea. Twenty-one (2.5%) Staph. aureus and 19 (2.4%) CNS strains were resistant to methicillin [oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > or = 4 microg/mL]. The mecA gene was also found in 13 methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) and 12 methicillin-resistant CNS (MRCNS) isolates with a significantly higher detection rate of the mecA gene in MRSA with high MIC (> or = 16 microg/mL) compared with those with MIC < or = 8 microg/mL. Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and MRCNS were also more resistant to other antibiotics (ampicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, and gentamicin) than methicillin-susceptible staphylococci. Among 10 different coa PCR-RFLP patterns (A to J) in 706 Staph. aureus strains, the main types were A (26.9%), B (17.0%), G (10.5%), and H (15.4%), with the frequent observation of the A and H types (6 and 10 isolates) in MRSA. This study indicates that major epidemic Staph. aureus clones may be spread between different dairy farms, and the profile of coa genotype can be applied for epidemiological investigations and control of bovine mastitis, particularly one caused by MRSA with specific prevalent coa types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-S Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Choi EW, Shin IS, Chae YJ, Koo HC, Lee JH, Chung TH, Park YH, Kim DY, Hwang CY, Lee CW, Youn HY. Effects of GM-CSF gene transfer using silica-nanoparticles as a vehicle on white blood cell production in dogs. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:807-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
22
|
Choi EW, Koo HC, Shin IS, Chae YJ, Lee JH, Han SM, Lee SJ, Bhang DH, Park YH, Lee CW, Youn HY. Preventive and therapeutic effects of gene therapy using silica nanoparticles-binding of GM-CSF gene on white blood cell production in dogs with leukopenia. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1091-7. [PMID: 18550260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous study has shown that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene/silica nanoparticles have a leukocytosis effect in normal dogs. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether treatment of canine GM-CSF gene/silica nanoparticles has preventive or therapeutic effects in dogs with leukopenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS To induce leukopenia, vinblastine was administered intravenously at a dose of 2 mg/m(2) of body surface area on day 0. Then 7.5 microg GM-CSF/nanoparticles (1:100, w/w) were administered intravenously to each of four dogs in the prevention group on day 2 and an equivalent amount of GM-CSF/nanoparticles was administered to the post-nadir group on day 4 (other groups were administered phosphate-buffered saline intravenously). RESULTS Therapeutic GM-CSF gene was expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 10 days and both the prevention and post-nadir groups showed significant increases in white blood cell counts when compared with the control group, as confirmed by complete blood count, differential count, and flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS GM-CSF/nanoparticles can be useful for correction of acute leukopenia, such as chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression, without developing neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Wha Choi
- KRF Zoonotic Disease Priority Research Institute, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Park YK, Koo HC, Kim SH, Hwang SY, Jung WK, Kim JM, Shin S, Kim RT, Park YH. The analysis of milk components and pathogenic bacteria isolated from bovine raw milk in Korea. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5405-14. [PMID: 18024731 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis can be diagnosed by abnormalities in milk components and somatic cell count (SCC), as well as by clinical signs. We examined raw milk in Korea by analyzing SCC, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and the percentages of milk components (milk fat, protein, and lactose). The associations between SCC or MUN and other milk components were investigated, as well as the relationships between the bacterial species isolated from milk. Somatic cell counts, MUN, and the percentages of milk fat, protein, and lactose were analyzed in 30,019 raw milk samples collected from 2003 to 2006. The regression coefficients of natural logarithmic-transformed SCC (SCCt) on milk fat (-0.0149), lactose (-0.8910), and MUN (-0.0096), and those of MUN on milk fat (-0.3125), protein (-0.8012), and SCCt (-0.0671) were negative, whereas the regression coefficient of SCCt on protein was positive (0.3023). When the data were categorized by the presence or absence of bacterial infection in raw milk, SCCt was negatively associated with milk fat (-0.0172), protein (-0.2693), and lactose (-0.4108). The SCCt values were significantly affected by bacterial species. In particular, 104 milk samples infected with Staphylococcus aureus had the highest SCCt (1.67) compared with milk containing other mastitis-causing bacteria: coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 755, 1.50), coagulase-positive staphylococci (except Staphylococcus aureus; n = 77, 1.59), Streptococcus spp. (Streptococcus dysgalactiae, n = 37; Streptococcus uberis, n = 12, 0.83), Enterococcus spp. (n = 46, 1.04), Escherichia coli (n = 705, 1.56), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 456, 1.59), and yeast (n = 189, 1.52). These results show that high SCC and MUN negatively affect milk components and that a statistical approach associating SCC, MUN, and milk components by bacterial infection can explain the patterns among them. Bacterial species present in raw milk are an important influence on SCC in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y K Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and the BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Moon JS, Lee AR, Jaw SH, Kang HM, Joo YS, Park YH, Kim MN, Koo HC. Comparison of antibiogram, staphylococcal enterotoxin productivity, and coagulase genotypes among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animal and vegetable sources in Korea. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2541-8. [PMID: 18044432 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.11.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. We investigated the prevalence of such organisms in samples of bovine mastitic milk (n = 714), raw meat (n = 139), and vegetables (n = 616). We determined the degrees of relatedness of isolates as indicated by antibiogram, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) productivity, and coagulase gene restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. We examined 297 S. aureus isolates and found SE production in 57 (31.8%), 4 (7.8%), and 49 (73.1%) isolates from raw milk, raw meat, and vegetables, respectively. A high proportion of the isolates obtained from milk produced more than two types of toxins (mainly SEA, SEB, and/or SEC), whereas isolates from raw meat and vegetables primarily produced SEA alone. Most isolates were sensitive to cephalothin (97.6%), gentamicin (80.8%), erythromycin (79.5%), and tetracycline (72.7%), but were resistant to penicillin (90.2%) and ampicillin (88.9%). The proportion of antibiotic-resistant isolates differed according the source of the bacteria; the milk and vegetable isolates were more resistant to penicillin and ampicillin than were the meat isolates (P < 0.05), whereas tetracycline resistance was limited to the milk and vegetables isolates. The coagulase genotypes (I to XII) varied with the source of the organism, and only a few genotypes prevailed in each source: II (42.4%) and IV (24%) types in isolates from milk, IX (35.3%) and XI (45%) from raw meat, and III (40.3%) and XII (32.8%) from vegetables. These findings suggest that remarkable differences exist in antibiogram, SE productivity, and coagulase genotypes, resulting in limited clonal transmission of S. aureus into various food sources. As enterotoxin production only occurs when S. aureus grows to high numbers, staphylococcal food poisoning can be prevented by proper refrigeration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin San Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hong J, Jung WK, Kim JM, Kim SH, Koo HC, Ser J, Park YH. Quantification and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in raw chicken meats using a real-time PCR method. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2015-22. [PMID: 17900077 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.9.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in humans worldwide. The consumption of foods contaminated with two Campylobacter species, C. jejuni and C. coli, is usually associated with most of the infections in humans. In this study, a rapid, reliable, and sensitive multiplex real-time quantitative PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection, identification, and quantification of C. jejuni and C. coli. In addition, the developed method was applied to the 50 samples of raw chicken meat collected from retail stores in Korea. C. jejuni and C. coli were detected in 88 and 86% of the samples by real-time quantitative PCR and the conventional microbiological method, respectively. The specificity of the primer and probe sets was confirmed with 30 C. jejuni, 20 C. coli, and 35 strains of other microbial species. C. jejuni and C. coli could be detected with high specificity in less than 4 h, with a detection limit of 1 log CFU/ml by the developed real-time PCR. The average counts (log CFU per milliliter) of C. jejuni or C. coli obtained by the conventional methods and by the real-time PCR assay were statistically correlated with a correlation coefficient (R2) between 0.73 and 0.78. The real-time PCR assay developed in this study is useful for screening for the presence and simultaneous differential quantification of C. jejuni and C. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
An anti-fungal efficacy test of the silver laundry machine, which electrically generates silver ions, was carried out against four fungi--Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Microsporum canis and Aspergillus flavus--which cause major fungal infection in humans and animals. Compared with the conventional laundry machine, washing with the silver laundry machine regardless of detergent use was effective against most of the fungi with about 4 log(10) (CFU ml(-1)) reduction and eliminated almost all the fungi when using the detergent. Moreover, the cleaning activity of the silver laundry machine with detergent was higher than that of the conventional laundry machine with detergent both after wash and after final spin step against all four examined fungi. The silver laundry machine may be useful in preventing skin irritation caused by fungi-contaminated fabric in the hospital and in the home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National Univerisity, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moon JS, Koo HC, Joo YS, Jeon SH, Hur DS, Chung CI, Jo HS, Park YH. Application of a New Portable Microscopic Somatic Cell Counter with Disposable Plastic Chip for Milk Analysis. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:2253-9. [PMID: 17430925 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The somatic cell count (SCC) is one of the international standards for monitoring milk quality, and it is a useful indicator of mastitis. The current reference method for determining the SCC in raw milk is direct microscopic analysis, but this method requires well-trained staff to maintain its accuracy and reproducibility. To overcome these inconveniences, we developed a portable system (the C-reader system) that utilizes the capillary flow of a microfluidic chamber by surface modification of the hydrophilicity. The microfluidic technology of disposable microchips allows for low consumption of reagents, and a combination of ready-to-use reagents makes the daily work easier. The repeatability test of the C-reader using 10 composite bovine milk samples satisfied the recommended values for SCC equipment. In addition, an acceptable accuracy level of the natural logarithmic-transformed SCC [ln(SCC/1,000): +/- 0.059 to 0.112] was achieved using composite raw milk samples and various somatic cell standard solutions from the American Eastern Laboratory and the Korean National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service. After testing 875 composite milk samples, the C-reader showed a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.935 to 0.964) and a low mean difference value in log-transformed SCC (-0.088 to 0.004) compared with 3 automatic commercialized somatic cell counters (Fossomatic 4000, Somacount 150, and Somascope). In conclusion, the C-reader system is a new, easy-to-use automatic on-farm method with acceptable repeatability and accuracy for measuring SCC in large dairies and smaller laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hong J, Kim JM, Jung WK, Kim SH, Bae W, Koo HC, Gil J, Kim M, Ser J, Park YH. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken meat, pork, and beef in Korea, from 2001 to 2006. J Food Prot 2007; 70:860-6. [PMID: 17477253 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 770 samples of retail raw meat were examined for the presence of Campylobacter spp. The samples were obtained randomly from 232 retail stores in Korea from September 2001 to April 2006. The highest contamination rates were observed in chicken meat (220 181.4%] of 270 samples), whereas the rates of contamination in pork and beef were extremely low (1.6 and 1.2%, respectively). The antibiotic-resistant patterns of the 317 Campylobacter isolates were examined by the agar dilution method. Resistance to doxycycline was the most common (97.5%), followed by ciprofloxacin (95.9%), nalidixic acid (94.6%), tetracycline (94.6%), enrofloxacin (84.2%), and erythromycin (13.6%). All Campylobacter isolates from the retail raw meat were resistant to at least one of the six antibiotics tested, and 296 isolates (93.4%) showed multidrug (four or more antibiotics) resistance. This demonstrates that the multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species are widespread in meats in Korea. Therefore, further investigations will be needed to determine appropriate methods for eliminating Campylobacter contamination in industrial chicken production and food chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moon JS, Kim HK, Koo HC, Joo YS, Nam HM, Park YH, Kang MI. The antibacterial and immunostimulative effect of chitosan-oligosaccharides against infection by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:989-98. [PMID: 17361430 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous study evaluating the in vivo cure efficacy of chitosan on bovine mastitis, a more water-soluble chitosan-oligosaccharide (OCHT) with a high degree of deacetylation and low molecular weight was prepared to obtain high antibiotic efficacy. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis was inhibited within 10 min of treatment with OCHT in concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 0.5%. Additionally, electron microscopic observation indicated that the surface of the OCHT-treated bacteria was expanded, distorted, and lysed compared to that of the control bacteria. In mice, the proportion of monocytes was elevated, and the levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma sharply increased l h after the peritoneal inoculation of the OCHT (0.5 to 1 mg per mouse). Mice challenged intraperitoneally with S. aureus (2.5 x 10(8) colony forming units) after oral treatment with OCHT (0.5 to 2 mg per day) for 7 days showed a higher survival rate (70-100%) than that of the control (10%). We suggest that the OCHT prepared in this study is a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis based on its strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus as well as the immunostimulative effect it exhibits on murine infection by S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-San Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hwang SY, Kim SH, Jang EJ, Kwon NH, Park YK, Koo HC, Jung WK, Kim JM, Park YH. Novel multiplex PCR for the detection of the Staphylococcus aureus superantigen and its application to raw meat isolates in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:99-105. [PMID: 17439826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay that allows for the rapid screening of the 19 genes that encode staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (sea to see, and seg to sei), SE-like (SEl) toxins (sej to ser, and seu), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) (tst) was developed in this study. These toxins are included in the pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg) family and are responsible for many diseases such as staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) and TSS. The primers were designed based on dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) technology to detect all of the 19 SAg genes in three sets of PCR. The developed multiplex PCR was applied to 143 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pork and chicken meat in Korea. Almost 50% of the strains possessed at least one of the 19 SAg genes. The most frequently found genes were seg, sei, sem, and sen (53 isolates, 37%), which were often found simultaneously in the same isolate. In those isolates, the seo (39 isolates, 27%) or seu (6 isolates, 4%) genes were frequently found together and this combination (seg, sei, sem, sen, and seo or seu) was considered to be a part of the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc). The sea gene (10 isolates, 7%) was the gene most frequently detected out of all the classical SE genes (sea to see). Although these classical SEs are considered to be major etiological factors in SFP, newly described SE or SEl genes (seg to ser, and seu) were more frequently detected than the classical SE genes in this study. There was no isolate detected containing the seb, sec, sek, sel, or seq genes. S. aureus possessing mobile genetic elements known to encode these SAg genes, such as egc, were presumed to be widely distributed among pork and chicken meats in Korea. The multiplex PCR developed in this study could be applied to the investigation of SAg genes in S. aureus strains isolated from various sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Park KT, Ahn J, Davis WC, Koo HC, Kwon NH, Jung WK, Kim JM, Hong SK, Park YH. Analysis of the seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis and the application of modified absorbed ELISA to field sample testing in Korea. J Vet Sci 2007; 7:349-54. [PMID: 17106226 PMCID: PMC3242143 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a major disease problem worldwide, and causes major economic losses in the dairy industry. Although PTB has been reported in Korea, no studies have been conducted to determine its prevalence and no program has been developed to control the disease. In this study, the sera of beef (n = 1,056) and dairy cattle (n = 1,105) from all provinces in Korea were tested to determine the prevalence of PTB using two different ELISA: an 'in house' modified absorbed ELISA (P-ELISA) based on sonicated antigen from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ATCC 19698, and a commercial ELISA (C-ELISA). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the cutoff point for P-ELISA. Based on C-ELISA results, the area under the curve for P-ELISA was 0.913 (95% CI, 0.883 to 0.943). Using a cutoff point of 0.100, P-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 62.0% and a specificity of 93.7%. The kappa value and the percent agreement between the two ELISAs were 0.322 and 92.5%, respectively. Both ELISAs showed a significant correlation between age and seropositivity (p < 0.01). According to C-ELISA, 71 of 2,161 sera (3.3%, 95 CI, 2.6% to 4.1%) were test-positive. The national true prevalence of PTB was estimated to be 7.1%. The findings suggest that a control program should be implemented to limit the spread of this disease, and that P-ELISA could be used as a screening test that produces results similar to C-ELISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Taek Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jung WK, Lim JY, Kwon NH, Kim JM, Hong SK, Koo HC, Kim SH, Park YH. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from animal sources in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 113:102-7. [PMID: 17010464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was >/=8 mg/l were isolated from meat, feces, and raw milk samples collected in Korea from March to November 2003. Among the 243 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) that were identified the vanA vancomycin resistance gene was carried by 51 Enterococcus faecium and one Enterococcus sp., vanC1 was carried by 151 Enterococcus gallinarum, vanC2 was carried by 39 Enterococcus casseliflavus, and one Enterococcus sp. carried no van genes. Of the isolated enterococci carrying vanA, 4% were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin and 11% were resistant to ampicillin. Further genotyping of the E. faecium isolates carrying vanA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed extensive heterogeneity. The vancomycin resistance transferability test revealed that only two of the 52 enterococci carrying the vanA gene were able to transfer vancomycin resistance to other enterococci. The VRE were recovered from various animal sources with a particularly high prevalence of E. faecium carrying the vanA gene being found in poultry meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jung WK, Hong SK, Lim JY, Lim SK, Kwon NH, Kim JM, Koo HC, Kim SH, Seo KS, Ike Y, Tanimoto K, Park YH. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalized humans and from poultry in Korea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 260:193-200. [PMID: 16842344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates from humans (23 isolates) and poultry (20 isolates) were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, vancomycin resistance transferability, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and structural analysis of Tn1546-like elements. VRE isolates from humans and poultry showed different resistance patterns, transferability, and transfer rate. In addition to these phenotypic differences between humans and poultry VRE, PFGE and the structure of Tn1546-like elements were also distinct. Most poultry isolates (16/20) were identical to the prototype vanA transposon, Tn1546, while most human isolates (21/23) had multiple integrations of insertion sequence. The transmission of VRE and vancomycin resistance determinant between humans and poultry could not be demonstrated in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Seok SH, Koo HC, Kasuga A, Kim Y, Lee EG, Lee H, Park JH, Baek MW, Lee HY, Kim DJ, Lee BH, Lee YS, Cho SN, Park JH. Use of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for the identification of zoonotic mycobacteriosis in zebrafish caused by Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae. Vet Microbiol 2006; 114:292-7. [PMID: 16414212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin ulcers, scoliosis, and dropsy-like scale edema were observed in laboratory-maintained zebrafish. Affected fish had multifocal granulomas not only in internal organs such as the liver, intestine, genital organs, kidney, muscle, and spleen but also in the fin, epithelium, gills, and sclera of the eyes. Large numbers of acid-fast-rod-shaped bacteria were observed within the necrotic centers of well-demarcated, multifocal granulomas with Gram's stain and Ziehl-Neelson's stain. The size of the Mycobacterium spp. was 1-2 microm x 2-3 microm with a double-layered cell wall, based upon electron-microscopical features. Definitive diagnosis of these outbreaks was obtained by culture on selective media followed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) of the rpoB gene for species identification. The amplified 360-bp products of the rpoB gene of mycobacteria isolated from zebrafish were digested with MspI restriction enzyme, which revealed unique band patterns matching those of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae which are responsible for skin and soft tissue infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria in humans. This is the first documentation of the precise identification of zoonotic non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from laboratory-maintained zebrafish by the PRA of the rpoB gene; this study thus provides a great deal of useful epidemiological information and reduces the likelihood that epizootics will occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeok Seok
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Koo HC, Park YH, Ahn J, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Hamilton MJ, Barrington G, Mosaad AA, Park KT, Jung WK, Hwang IY, Cho SN, Shin SJ, Davis WC. Use of rMPB70 protein and ESAT-6 peptide as antigens for comparison of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent, immunochromatographic, and latex bead agglutination assays for serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4498-506. [PMID: 16145098 PMCID: PMC1234133 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4498-4506.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current assays used to detect Mycobacterium bovis infection lack accuracy, especially for recently infected animals, or are impractical for rapid field diagnostic applications. To overcome these limitations with serological assays, a synthetic peptide derived from early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT6-p) and a recombinant major secreted immunogenic protein (rMPB70) of M. bovis were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA), an immunochromatographic assay (ICGA), and a latex bead agglutination assay (LBAA). Sera from noninfected, M. bovis-infected, or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected (by natural and experimental routes) animals were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis comparing optical density values from the EIA with results of bacterial culture or skin test, the reference test, established suitable cutoff values for assessing sensitivity and specificity. The EIA and LBAA, respectively, had sensitivities of 98.6 and 94.8%, specificities of 98.5 and 92.6%, and kappa values of 0.97 and 0.88 with ESAT6-p. The EIA, ICGA, and LBAA, respectively, had sensitivities of 96.8, 83.0, and 86.7%, specificities of 90.1, 99.4, and 97.8%, and kappa values of 0.87, 0.85, and 0.83 with rMPB70. Examination of serial samples of sera collected from experimentally M. bovis-infected cattle and deer revealed that ESAT6-p-specific responses developed early after infection whereas responses to rMPB70 developed later in the course of disease. The advantage of the LBAA and ICGA as initial tests for multiple species is a rapid reaction obtained in 2 to 3 h by LBAA or 20 min by ICGA without species-specific secondary antibodies under field conditions, thus allowing immediate segregation of suspect animals for further testing before culling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Cheong Koo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-7040, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chang BS, Bohach GA, Lee SU, Davis WC, Fox LK, Ferens WA, Seo KS, Koo HC, Kwon NH, Park YH. Immunosuppression by T regulatory cells in cows infected with Staphylococcal superantigen. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:247-50. [PMID: 16131830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has provided that the in vitro SEC-induced proliferation of bovine T cells is preceded by a period of a non-proliferative immunoregulation of T cells that may be associated with cytokine production regulated by type 1 or type 2 T cells. Inversion of CD4(+):CD8(+) T cell ratio and induction of CD8(+) T cells with immunoregulatory activity could increase the probability of intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The increase of activated CD8(+)(ACT2(+) BoCD8(+)) T cells in cows with mastitis caused by S. aureus may be associated with immune-regulatory function in the bovine mammary gland. The difference and similarity between bovine activated CD8(+) T cells (CD8(+)CD26(+)) and well-established human CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Tr) cells may help to reveal their unique immune regulatory system in the host infected with S. aureus.
Collapse
|
37
|
Jung WK, Hong SK, Koo HC, Kwon NH, Park YH. Nucleotide sequence of IS1678, an insertion sequence in the vanA cluster of enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1666-7. [PMID: 15793169 PMCID: PMC1068654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1666-1667.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
38
|
Koo HC, Park YH, Ahn J, Waters WR, Hamilton MJ, Barrington G, Mosaad AA, Palmer MV, Shin S, Davis WC. New latex bead agglutination assay for differential diagnosis of cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 11:1070-4. [PMID: 15539508 PMCID: PMC524750 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.6.1070-1074.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown that the current assays used to identify cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are not sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect all infected animals, especially animals recently infected with the pathogens. In the present report we show that these limitations might be overcome with a latex bead agglutination assay (LBAA). With the specific immunodominant epitope (ESAT6-p) of M. bovis, we developed an LBAA and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for that purpose and compared them with the "gold standard" culture method and skin test for their efficacy in detecting bovine tuberculosis. When sera from control healthy cows (n = 10), M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive cattle (naturally infected, n = 16; experimentally infected, n = 8), and M. bovis-positive cattle (naturally infected, n = 49;experimentally infected, n = 20) were applied to an EIA and an LBAA developed with ESAT6-p, the two tests showed similar sensitivity (97.1% by EIA, 95.7% by LBAA), high specificity (94.2% by EIA, 100% by LBAA), and a positive correlation (kappa value, 0.85; correlation rate, 93.2%; correlation coefficient, 0.64). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of EIA results and comparison with the culture method determined a suitable cutoff value at 0.469, with an area under the curve of 0.991 (95% confidence interval, 0.977 to 1.0). As LBAA didn't show any positive reactions with sera from uninfected control cows or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle, which were confirmed to be free of M. bovis by culture or PCR, LBAA using the ESAT6-p can be a rapid and useful M. bovis diagnostic assay. The data suggest that rapid, sensitive, and specific assays can be developed with peptides containing immunodominant epitopes present in proteins uniquely expressed in M. bovis or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis for differential diagnosis of cattle infected with M. bovis or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Cheong Koo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim JY, Kim SH, Kwon NH, Bae WK, Lim JY, Koo HC, Kim JM, Noh KM, Jung WK, Park KT, Park YH. Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using different detection methods and molecular determination by multiplex PCR and RAPD. J Vet Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2005.6.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
40
|
Chang BS, Bohach GA, Lee SU, Davis WC, Fox LK, Ferens WA, Seo KS, Koo HC, Kwon NH, Park YH. Immunosuppression by T regulatory cells in cows infected with Staphylococcal superantigen. J Vet Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2005.6.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Sun Chang
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Gregory A Bohach
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Sang Un Lee
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - William C Davis
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Lawrence K Fox
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Witold A Ferens
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Hye Cheong Koo
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Animal Health Research, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Koo HC, Park YH, Hamilton MJ, Barrington GM, Davies CJ, Kim JB, Dahl JL, Waters WR, Davis WC. Analysis of the immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally infected calves. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6870-83. [PMID: 15557608 PMCID: PMC529129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6870-6883.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease of cattle is widespread and causes significant economic loss to producers. Control has been hindered by limited understanding of the immune response to the causative agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and lack of an effective vaccine and sensitive specific diagnostic assays. The present study was conducted to gain insight into factors affecting the immune response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A persistent proliferative response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis purified protein derivative and soluble M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens was detected in orally infected neonatal calves 6 months postinfection (p.i.) by flow cytometry (FC). CD4(+) T cells with a memory phenotype (CD45R0(+)) expressing CD25 and CD26 were the predominant cell type responding to antigens. Few CD8(+) T cells proliferated in response to antigens until 18 months p.i. gammadelta T cells did not appear to respond to antigen until 18 months p.i. The majority of WC1(+) CD2(-) and a few WC1(-) CD2(+) gammadelta T cells expressed CD25 at time zero. By 18 months, however, subsets of gammadelta T cells from both control and infected animals showed an increase in expression of CD25, ACT2, and CD26 in the presence of the antigens. Two populations of CD3(-) non-T non-B null cells, CD2(+) and CD2(-), proliferated in cell cultures from some control and infected animals during the study, with and without antigen. The studies clearly show multicolor FC offers a consistent reliable way to monitor the evolution and changes in the immune response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that occur during disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Cheong Koo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wolkoff LI, Levine CR, Koo HC, LaGamma EF, Pollack S, Chester D, Bashore J, Davis JM. Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in newborn piglets. Lung 2002; 180:229-39. [PMID: 12391513 DOI: 10.1007/s004080000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases the concentration and activation of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and has been used to prevent late-onset infection in premature infants. However, if G-CSF also augmented the inflammatory response in the lung, the incidence and severity of acute and chronic lung injury might be expected to increase. Using a newborn piglet model of acute lung injury, we examined the effects of rhG-CSF (recombinant-metHuG-CSF) on lung injury. Thirty-three newborn piglets were studied as follows: 1). Unventilated controls; 2). normally ventilated (PaCO2 = 35-45 torr) with room air(RA) for 48 h; 3). normally ventilated with RA for 48 h and received rhG-CSF (10 mg/kg/dose IV) at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h; 4). hyperventilated (PaCO2 = 15-25 torr) with 100% O2 for 48 h; 5) hyperventilated with 100% O2 for 48 h and received rhG-CSF (10 mg/kg/dose IV) at 0, 12, 24 and 36 h. Complete blood counts and and differentials were performed at 0, 24, and 48 h. Animals were sacrificed at 48 h, lungs were removed en bloc, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Total blood white blood cells and neutrophil counts increased significantly over 48 h in animals who received rhG-CSF either with normoventilation (p <0.0001) or hyperventilation with 100% O2 (p <0.003), and did not change significantly in the other experimental groups. However, there were no significant differences in BAL total cell counts, neutrophil chemotaxis activity, total protein, or albumin concentrations among the groups. Despite significantly increasing peripheral neutrophil counts, rhG-CSF did not potentiate acute lung injury or inflammation. This suggests that prophylactic administration strategies using rhG-CSF to prevent sepsis in premature infants should not increase the risk for developing acute and chronic lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L I Wolkoff
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Winthrop-University Hospital, SUNY Stony Brook School of Medicine, 259 First Street, Mineola NY 11501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim SH, Yang SJ, Koo HC, Bae WK, Kim JY, Park JH, Baek YJ, Park YH. Inhibitory activity of Bifidobacterium longum HY8001 against Vero cytotoxin of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1667-73. [PMID: 11726142 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vero cytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), such as E. coli O157:H7, are emerging foodborne pathogens worldwide. VTs are associated with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Attachment of the B subunit of VTs to its receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), at gut epithelium is the primary step and, consequently, the A subunit of VTs inhibits protein synthesis in the target cell. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, up-regulate Gb3 expression, increase sensitivity to VTs, and enhance VT action in developing disease. Currently, there is a growing interest in probiotics, given the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In particular, much work on bifidobacteria among probiotics, regarded as microorganisms targeted for technological and therapeutic applications, has been performed. In Korea, the neutralizing effect of the culture supernatant of Bifidobacterium longum HY8001, Korean isolate, against the VTs from E. coli O157:H7 was found. Therefore, this study focused on the raveling of the inhibitory effect of B. longum HY8001 against VTs, through the interference B subunit of VTs and Gb3 interaction. Mice were inoculated intragastrically with B. longum HY8001 culture supernatant before and after challenge with E. coli O157:H7. Control mice were inoculated intragastrically only with E. coli O157:H7. Cytokine, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta levels in sera and expression of their mRNA were decreased, and expression of Gb3 in renal tubular epithelial cells was reduced in mice treated with B. longum HY8001 culture supernatant. In competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), the culture supernatant of B. longum HY8001 primarily binds VTs to interfere the VTs with Gb3 interaction. These results suggest that soluble substance(s) in B. longum HY8001 culture supernatant may have inhibitory activity on the expression of Gb3, VT-Gb3 interaction, or both. Further study should be done to elucidate the property of soluble substances in B. longum HY8001 culture supernatant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyunggi, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ilizarov AM, Koo HC, Kazzaz JA, Mantell LL, Li Y, Bhapat R, Pollack S, Horowitz S, Davis JM. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase protects lung epithelial cells against oxidant injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:436-41. [PMID: 11306437 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.4.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether overexpression of antioxidant enzymes in lung epithelial cells prevents damage from oxidant injury, stable cell lines were generated with complementary DNAs encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and/or catalase (CAT). Cell lines overexpressing MnSOD, CAT, or MnSOD + CAT were assessed for tolerance to hyperoxia or paraquat. After exposure to 95% O(2) for 10 d, 44 to 57% of cells overexpressing both MnSOD and CAT and 37 to 47% of cells overexpressing MnSOD alone were viable compared with 7 to 12% of empty vector or parental cells (P < 0.05). To assess if viable cells were capable of cell division after hyperoxic exposures (up to 5 d), a clonogenicity assay was performed. The clonogenic potential of cells overexpressing MnSOD + CAT and MnSOD alone were significantly better than those expressing CAT alone or empty vector controls. In addition, 54 to 72% of cells overexpressing both MnSOD and CAT survived in 1 mM paraquat compared with 58 to 73% with MnSOD alone and 27% with control cells. Overexpression of CAT alone did not improve survival in hyperoxia or paraquat. The combination of MnSOD + CAT did not provide additional protection from paraquat. Data demonstrate that overexpression of MnSOD protects cells from oxidant injury and CAT offers additional protection from hyperoxic injury when co-expressed with MnSOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Ilizarov
- CardioPulmonary Research Institute, Winthrop University Hospital, State University of New York Stony Brook School of Medicine, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Koo HC, Park YH, Lee BC, Chae C, O'Rourke KI, Baszler TV. Immunohistochemical detection of Prion protein (PrP-Sc) and epidemiological study of BSE in Korea. J Vet Sci 2001; 2:25-31. [PMID: 14614290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the aetiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) remains uncertain, proteinase resistant prion protein (PrP-Sc), a converted form of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP-C), accumulates in the lysosome of cells of the nervous systems of animals with TSEs. In this study, clinical and epidemiological examinations of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were conducted in Korea. During the investigated period, none of the cattle exhibited typical clinical signs of BSE, such as behavioral disturbances, high sensitivity, and abnormal locomotion. Immunohistochemical analysis and western immunoblotting were established to detect PrP-Sc in the brain tissue using monoclonal antibody (MAb) F89/160.1.5, produced by immunizing mice with a synthetic peptide which corresponds to bovine PrP residues 146-159, NH2-SRPLIHFGSDYEDRC-COOH. Although some BSE-like spongiform changes were observed in bovine brains randomly collected from Korean slaughterhouses from 1996 to 1999, no PrP-Sc was detected in those brains with the established immunohistochemistry and western immunoblotting assay. Also, no positive reaction was observed in bovine brains infected with rabies. These immunohistochemical and western immunoblotting methods using MAbs, specifically reactive with conserved epitopes on ruminant PrP, can be used for postmortem diagnosis of BSE. Further, the method can be applied to antemortem and the preclinical diagnosis of ovine scrapie by detecting PrP-Sc in lymphoid tissues, such as the tonsils, third eyelid or peripheral lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Koo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yoo BW, Choi SI, Kim SH, Yang SJ, Koo HC, Seo SH, Park BK, Yoo HS, Park YH. Immunostimulatory effects of anionic alkali mineral complex solution Barodon in porcine lymphocytes. J Vet Sci 2001; 2:15-24. [PMID: 14614289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anionic alkali mineral complex solution, Barodon (Barodon-S.F. Corp., Korea), was evaluated for its effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in pigs. The effects of Barodon were determined by analysis of feed efficiency, growth rate, and phenotype of leukocyte subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies specific to porcine leukocyte differentiation antigens and flow cytometry (FC). The study was focused to investigate the change in proportion of the CD4+CD8+ double positive T lymphocyte subpopulation (dpp) which exists uniquely in pigs. In addition, the mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferative response, tissue distribution in lymphoid organs and the adjuvant effect of Barodon on hog cholera vaccine efficiency were determined. The study has revealed the average daily gain rates and feed conversion rates were significantly (p<0.05) improved in either group of pigs fed with 0.05% Barodon-spray feed (Tx-1) or pigs fed with 3% Barodon-fermented feed (Tx-2) in comparison with group of pigs fed with feed containing no Barodon (control). The proportion of cells expressing CD4+ antigen in Barodon-treated group increased from 3 weeks posttreatment and was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of control at 8 weeks posttreatment. Particularly, the significantly higher proportion was maintained from 8 weeks through 13 weeks posttreatment in Tx-1 group (p<0.05). The proportion of cells expressing CD8+ antigen was significantly higher at 3 weeks posttreatment in Tx-2 (p<0.01). Proportion of MHC class II-expressing cells was significantly higher in Tx-1 and Tx-2 group at 11 weeks and 8 weeks posttreatment (p<0.05), respectively. In addition, the proportion of Non T/Non B (N) cells was also significantly higher in Tx-2 at 3 weeks posttreatment (p<0.01) and maintained to 13 weeks posttreatment (p<0.1). Between Barodon-treated groups, the proportion of MHC class II-expressing cells was observed to be larger in Tx-2 than Tx-1 from 3 weeks to 8 weeks posttreatment (p<0.05). However, there were no significant difference in the proportions of CD2+ cells, B cells, monocytes and granulocytes between Barodon-treated and control group during the experiment. Dual-color FC analysis, study has revealed an increased proportion of dpp present in lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood (PB) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) of Barodon-treated group at 8 and 11 weeks posttreatment. The proportion of dpp in PB was 27.5% and 32.1% in Tx-1 and Tx-2, respectively, but only 2.2% in control group at 8 weeks posttreatment. In MLN, the proportion was 45.1% and 52.1% in Tx-1 and Tx-2, respectively, otherwise 16.5% in control group at 8 weeks posttreatment. The mitogen-stimulated activity was significantly higher in Tx-1 than in the control group at 11 weeks posttreatment when cells were stimulated with Con A and PHA, respectively (p<0.01). Also, Con A-, PHA and PWM-stimulated activity was significantly higher in Tx-2 than in the control group at the same time (p<0.05). The tissue distribution of CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ dpp in MLN and spleen was significantly larger in Tx-1 and Tx-2 than in the control group (p<0.01). Also, a larger proportion of dpp was observed in Tx-2 than Tx-1 in spleen between Barodon-treated groups (p<0.01). In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that Barodon had an immunostimulatory effect on pigs through proliferation and activation of porcine immune cells, specially CD4+CD8+ dpp lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Yoo
- Agribrands Purina Korea, Inc., Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Franek WR, Horowitz S, Stansberry L, Kazzaz JA, Koo HC, Li Y, Arita Y, Davis JM, Mantell AS, Scott W, Mantell LL. Hyperoxia inhibits oxidant-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:569-75. [PMID: 11034997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004716200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been shown that hyperoxia induces nonapoptotic cell death in cultured lung epithelial cells, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and paraquat cause apoptosis. To test whether pathways leading to oxidative apoptosis in epithelial cells are sensitive to molecular O(2), A549 cells were exposed to 95% O(2) prior to exposure to lethal concentrations of H(2)O(2). The extent of H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in cells preexposed to hyperoxia compared with room-air controls. Preexposure of the hyperoxia-resistant HeLa-80 cell line to 80% O(2) also inhibited oxidant-induced apoptosis, suggesting that this inhibition is not due to O(2) toxicity. Because hyperoxia generates reactive oxygen species and activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), the role of antioxidant enzymes and NF-kappa B were examined in this inhibitory process. The onset of inhibition appeared to be directly related to the degradation of I kappa B and subsequent activation of NF-kappa B (either by hyperoxia or TNF-alpha), whereas no significant up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities was found. In addition, suppression of NF-kappa B activities by transfecting A549 cells with a dominant-negative mutant construct of I kappa B significantly augmented the extent of H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that hyperoxia inhibits oxidant-induced apoptosis and that this inhibition is mediated by NF-kappa B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W R Franek
- CardioPulmonary Research Institute, Winthrop University Hospital, SUNY-Stony Brook School of Medicine, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yoo BW, Choi SI, Kim SH, Yang SJ, Koo HC, Seo SH, Park BK, Yoo HS, Park YH. Immunostimulatory effects of anionic alkali mineral complex solution Barodon in porcine lymphocytes. J Vet Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2001.2.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo Il Choi
- Agribrands Purina Korea, Inc., Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- Agribrands Purina Korea, Inc., Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Agribrands Purina Korea, Inc., Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Han Sang Yoo
- Agribrands Purina Korea, Inc., Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Agribrands Purina Korea, Inc., Seoul 135-280, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Koo HC, Park YH, Lee BC, Chae C, O'Rourke KI, Baszler TV. Immunohistochemical detection of Prion protein (PrP-Sc) and epidemiological study of BSE in Korea. J Vet Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2001.2.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
50
|
Hung MS, Karthikeyan N, Huang B, Koo HC, Kiger J, Shen CJ. Drosophila proteins related to vertebrate DNA (5-cytosine) methyltransferases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11940-5. [PMID: 10518555 PMCID: PMC18391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation at CpG residues is closely associated with a number of biological processes during vertebrate development. Unlike the vertebrates, however, several invertebrate species, including the Drosophila, do not have apparent DNA methylation in their genomes. Nor have there been reports on a DNA (5-cytosine) methyltransferase (CpG MTase) found in these invertebrates. We now present evidence for two CpG MTase-like proteins expressed in Drosophila cells. One of these, DmMTR1, is a protein containing peptide epitopes immunologically related to the conserved motifs I and IV in the catalytic domain of the mammalian dnmt1. DmMTR1 has an apparent molecular mass of 220 kDa and, similar to mammalian dnmt1, it also interacts in vivo with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. During interphase of the syncytial Drosophila embryos, the DmMTR1 molecules are located outside the nuclei, as is dnmt1 in the mouse blastocyst. However, DmMTR1 appears to be rapidly transported into, and then out of the nuclei again, as the embryos undergo mitotic waves. Immunofluorescent data indicate that DmMTR1 molecules "paint" the whole set of condensed Drosophila chromosomes throughout the mitotic phase, suggesting they may play an essential function in the cell-cycle regulated condensation of the Drosophila chromosomes. Through search in the genomic database, we also have identified a Drosophila polypeptide, DmMT2, that exhibits high sequence homology to the mammalian dnmt2 and the yeast CpG MTase homolog pmt1. The expression of DmMT2 appears to be developmentally regulated. We discuss the evolutionary and functional implications of the discovery of these two Drosophila proteins related to mammalian CpG MTases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Hung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|