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Ha SE, Paramanantham A, Kim HH, Bhosale PB, Park MY, Abusaliya A, Heo JD, Lee WS, Kim GS. Comprehensive transcriptomic profiling of liver cancer identifies that histone and PTEN are major regulators of SCU‑induced antitumor activity. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:94. [PMID: 38288037 PMCID: PMC10823307 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, liver cancer is the most frequent fatal malignancy. Liver cancer prognosis is poor because patients frequently receive advanced-stage diagnoses. The current study aimed to establish the potential pharmacological targets and the biological networks of scutellarein (SCU) in liver cancer, a natural product known to have low toxicity and side effects. To identify the differentially expressed genes between SCU-treated and SCU-untreated HepG2 cells, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was carried out. A total of 463 genes were revealed to have differential expression, of which 288 were upregulated and 175 were downregulated in the group that had received SCU treatment compared with a control group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of associated biological process terms revealed they were mostly involved in the regulation of protein heterodimerization activity and nucleosomes. Interaction of protein-protein network analysis using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins resulted in two crucial interacting hub targets; namely, histone H1-4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C. Additionally, the crucial targets were validated using western blotting. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the use of RNA-seq data, with bioinformatics tools, can provide a valuable resource to identify the pharmacological targets that could have important biological roles in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Anjugam Paramanantham
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
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Lee HJ, Kwon YS, Lee JH, Moon YG, Choi J, Hyun M, Tak TK, Kim JH, Heo JD. Pectolinarigenin regulates the tumor-associated proteins in AGS-xenograft BALB/c nude mice. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:305. [PMID: 38361124 PMCID: PMC10869406 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectolinarigenin (PEC) is a flavone extracted from Cirsium, and because it has anti-inflammatory properties, anti-cancer research is also being conducted. The objective of this work was to find out if PEC is involved in tumor control and which pathways it regulates in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AGS cell lines were xenografted into BALB/c nude mice to create tumors, and PEC was administered intraperitoneally to see if it was involved in tumor control. Once animal testing was completed, tumor proteins were isolated and identified using LC-MS analysis, and gene ontology of the found proteins was performed. RESULTS Body weight and hematological measurements on the xenograft mice model demonstrated that PEC was not harmful to non-cancerous cells. We found 582 proteins in tumor tissue linked to biological reactions such as carcinogenesis and cell death signaling. PEC regulated 6 out of 582 proteins in vivo and in vitro in the same way. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that PEC therapy may inhibit tumor development in gastric cancer (GC), and proteomic research gives fundamental information about proteins that may have great promise as new therapeutic targets in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeong Lee
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Kwon
- Environmental Safety Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hong Lee
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Gyu Moon
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjung Hyun
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kil Tak
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HH, Jeong SH, Park MY, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Kim HW, Seong JK, Ahn M, Park KI, Heo JD, Kim YS, Kim GS. Potential Joint Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Integrin α vβ 3 in IL-1β-Treated Chondrocytes Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2745. [PMID: 37893118 PMCID: PMC10603936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), the articular cartilage covering the articular surface of the bone wears out, exposing the subchondral bone, and the synovial membrane surrounding the joint becomes inflamed, causing pain and deformity. OA causes pain, stiffness, and swelling, and discomfort in the knee when climbing stairs is a typical symptom. Although drug development studies are conducted to treat these inflammatory joint diseases, it is difficult to find conclusive research results which could reduce inflammation and slow cartilage tear. The development of drugs to relieve inflammatory pain often utilizes inflammatory triggers. Interleukins, one of the proteins in the limelight as pro-inflammatory factors, are immune-system-stimulating factors that promote the body's fight against harmful factors such as bacteria. In this study, inflammation was induced in Chondrocytes cells (Chon-001 cells) with IL-1β and then treated with integrin αvβ3 to show anti-inflammatory and chondrogenesis effects. Integrin αvβ3 was not toxic to Chon-001 cells in any concentration groups treated with or without IL-1β. COX-2 and iNOS, which are major markers of inflammation, were significantly reduced by integrin αvβ3 treatment. Expressions of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 corresponding to the MAPKs signaling pathway and p-IκBα and p-p65 corresponding to the NF-κB signaling pathway were also decreased in a dose-dependent manner upon integrin αvβ3 treatment, indicating that inflammation was inhibited, whereas treatment with integrin αvβ3 significantly increased the expression of ALP, RUNX2, BMP2, BMP4, Aggrecan, SOX9, and COL2A1, suggesting that osteogenesis and chondrogenesis were induced. These results suggest that integrin αvβ3 in-duces an anti-inflammatory effect, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis on IL-1β-induced Chon-001 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Intergrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea;
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science and Toxicology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology Gyeongnam Branch (KIT), Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young Sil Kim
- T-Stem Co., Ltd., Changwon 51573, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (H.H.K.); (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (K.I.P.)
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Jeong SH, Park MY, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Won CK, Park KI, Kim E, Heo JD, Kim HW, Ahn M, Seong JK, Kim HH, Kim GS. Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lonicera japonica and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Polyphenolic Extract (LCPE). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1582. [PMID: 37627577 PMCID: PMC10451293 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatitis is an inflammatory condition of the outer layer of the skin that causes itching, blisters, redness, swelling, and often exudation, scabs, and peeling. Among them, purulent inflammation is a symptom that often occurs on the skin and appears in the form of boils and acne. Various studies are being conducted to treat these inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, Lonicera japonica and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Polyphenolic Extract (LCPE), which uses herbal preparations such as Lonicera japonica, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, has been used to suppress inflammation since ancient times, and its anti-inflammatory effect can be observed in skin keratinocytes after inducing inflammation. In this study, the major polyphenolic compounds in LCPE were quantitatively determined by analyzing the data through peak values using high-performance chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS) coupled with mass spectrometry. Additionally, bioactive compounds targeting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were analyzed by ultrafiltration integrated with LC. Several compounds with the most significant effects were selected (chlorogenic acid, narirutin, and isorhamnetin). Skin keratinocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were treated with LCPE to show its anti-inflammatory effects. After LCPE treatment, inflammation-mediating cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were decreased. In addition, nuclear factor kappa (NF-кB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were inhibited in important pathways related to inflammation. Lastly, molecular modeling was performed to determine binding scores with inflammation-related proteins using molecular docking for the selected compounds. According to these results, LCPE is effective in treating keratinocytes induced by LPS and reducing inflammation and has potential antioxidant effects, and the polyphenol components have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyo Jeong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Intergrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (M.Y.P.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.)
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Abusaliya A, Jeong SH, Bhosale PB, Kim HH, Park MY, Kim E, Won CK, Park KI, Heo JD, Kim HW, Ahn M, Seong JK, Kim GS. Mechanistic Action of Cell Cycle Arrest and Intrinsic Apoptosis via Inhibiting Akt/mTOR and Activation of p38-MAPK Signaling Pathways in Hep3B Liver Cancer Cells by Prunetrin-A Flavonoid with Therapeutic Potential. Nutrients 2023; 15:3407. [PMID: 37571343 PMCID: PMC10420889 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Drugs without side effects are desperately needed since chemotherapy has a negative effect on the host cells. Previous research has firmly established that plant-based compounds have significant bioactivities without a negative impact on the host. Flavonoids, in particular, are a class of compounds with both anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Prunetrin (PUR) is a glycosyloxyisoflavone (Prunetin 4'-O-glucoside) derived from Prunus sp., and its other form, called prunetin, showed optimistic results in an anti-cancerous study. Hence, we aimed to discover the anti-cancer ability of prunetrin in liver cancer Hep3B cells. Our cytotoxicity results showed that PUR can decrease cell viability. The colony formation assay confirms this strongly and correlates with cell cytotoxicity results. Prunetrin, in a dose-dependent manner, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and decreased the expression of cyclin proteins such as Cyclin B1, CDK1/CDC2, and CDC25c. Prunetrin treatment also promoted the strong cleavage of two important apoptotic hallmark proteins called PARP and caspase-3. It also confirms that apoptosis occurs through the mitochondrial pathway through increased expression of cleaved caspase-9 and increased levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak. Bak was significantly increased with the declining expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Next, it inhibits the mTOR/AKT signaling pathways, proving that prunetrin includes apoptosis and decreases cell viability by suppressing these pathways. Further, it was also observed that the activation of p38-MAPK was dose-dependent. Taken together, they provide evidence that prunetrin has an anti-cancerous ability in Hep3B liver cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle via p38 and inhibiting mTOR/AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Integrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (A.A.)
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Bhosale PB, Kim HH, Abusaliya A, Jeong SH, Park MY, Kim HW, Seong JK, Ahn M, Park KI, Heo JD, Kim YS, Kim GS. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Cell Death by Apigetrin through Death Receptor-Mediated Pathway in Hepatocellular Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1131. [PMID: 37509167 PMCID: PMC10377660 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic research recommends using flavonoids in the diet due to their overall health benefits. Apigetrin (Apigenin 7-O-glucoside) is a glycoside phytonutrient found in fruits and vegetables and known for different biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a major health concern because of its adverse prognosis and side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study, we determine the impact of apigetrin on HepG2 cells and its cell death mechanism. Apigetrin reduced HepG2 cell proliferation with morphological changes and floating cells in treated cells. Colony formation and wound healing assays showed a reduced cell number in treatment groups. Further, we checked for the cell cycle through flow cytometry to understand the cell death mechanism. Apigetrin induced G2/M phase arrest in HepG2 cells by regulating Cyclin B1 and CDK1 protein levels in HepG2 cells. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining was performed to confirm the apoptotic cell population in treated groups. At the higher concentration, apigetrin showed a late apoptotic population in HepG2 cells. Chromatin condensation was also found in the treatment groups. Western blot analysis showed an increased expression of extrinsic apoptotic proteins such as FasL, Cleaved caspase 8, Cleaved caspase 3, and cleavage of PARP. In comparison, intrinsic apoptotic pathway markers showed no changes in Bax, Bcl-xL, and Cleaved caspase 9. Altogether, these findings strongly indicate that apigetrin causes cell death in HepG2 cells through the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and that the intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway is not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Intergrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science and Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gon Sup Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Jeong SH, Kim HH, Park MY, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Won CK, Park KI, Kim E, Heo JD, Kim HW, Ahn M, Seong JK, Kim GS. Flavones: The Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer of Three Flavones Selected as Therapeutic Candidate Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119240. [PMID: 37298192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a widespread but dangerous disease that can strike anyone and is the second 1leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer, in particular, is a prevalent cancer that occurs in men, and much research is being done on its treatment. Although chemical drugs are effective, they have various side effects, and accordingly, anticancer drugs using natural products are emerging. To date, many natural candidates have been discovered, and new drugs are being developed as drugs to treat prostate cancer. Representative candidate compounds that have been studied to be effective in prostate cancer include apigenin, acacetin and tangeretin of the flavone family among flavonoids. In this review, we look at the effects of these three flavones on prostate cancer cells via apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in addition to the existing drugs, we suggest the three flavones and their effectiveness as natural anticancer agents, a treatment model for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyo Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Integrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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8
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Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Kim HH, Ha SE, Park MY, Jeong SH, Vetrivel P, Heo JD, Kim JA, Won CK, Kim HW, Kim GS. Apigetrin Promotes TNFα-Induced Apoptosis, Necroptosis, G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, and ROS Generation through Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway in Hep3B Liver Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172734. [PMID: 36078142 PMCID: PMC9454891 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigetrin (7-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4′,5-dihydroxyflavone), a glycoside bioactive dietary flavonoid derived from Taraxacum officinale and Teucrium gnaphalodes, is known to possess anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects on numerous cancers. In the present study, we examined the effect of apigetrin in Hep3B hepatocellular cancer cell line (HCC). Apigetrin inhibited cell growth and proliferation of Hep3B cells, as confirmed by MTT and colony formation assay. We used apigetrin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 µM for later experiments. Of these concentrations, 100 µM of apigetrin showed a significant effect on cell inhibition. In apigetrin-treated Hep3B cells, cell cycle arrest occurred at the G2/M phase. Apoptosis and necroptosis of Hep3B cells treated with apigetrin were confirmed by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry results. Morphological observation through 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed intense blue fluorescence representing chromatin condensation. Hematoxylin staining showed necroptotic features such as formation of vacuoles and swelling of organelles. Apigetrin increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells, based on fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism involved in the apoptosis and necroptosis was elucidated through western blotting. Apigetrin up-regulated TNFα, but down-regulated phosphorylation of p-p65, and IκB. Apigetrin inhibited the expression of Bcl-xl but increased Bax levels. Up-regulation of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 confirmed the induction of apoptosis in apigetrin-treated Hep3B cells. Additionally, necroptosis markers RIP3, p-RIP3, and p-MLKL were significantly elevated by apigetrin dose-dependently, suggesting necroptotic cell death. Taken together, our findings strongly imply that apigetrin can induce apoptosis and necroptosis of Hep3B hepatocellular cancer cells. Thus, apigetrin as a natural compound might have potential for treating liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117643, Singapore
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117643, Singapore
| | - Jin-A Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, Korea
| | - Chung kil Won
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Intergrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2346
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9
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Kim HH, Jeong SH, Ha SE, Park MY, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Won CK, Heo JD, Kim HW, Kim GS. Cellular Regulation of Kynurenic Acid-Induced Cell Apoptosis Pathways in AGS Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168894. [PMID: 36012164 PMCID: PMC9408556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid was included in the three compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and kynurenic acid) that showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential among the phenolic compounds contained in Gynura procumbens. In this study, the mechanism of cancer cell death induced by kynurenic acid (KYNA), which has the highest molecular binding affinity, in the gastric cancer cell line AGS was confirmed in molecular docking analysis. KYNA showed the most cancer cell death effect on AGS cells among several gastric cancer cell lines (MKN, AGS, and SNU). AGS cells were used for later experiments, and KYNA concentrations of 0, 150, 200, and 250 µM were used. KYNA inhibited cell migration and proliferation in AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner. G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and reduction of related proteins (Cdc25C, CDK1 and CyclinB1) were confirmed in KYNA-treated AGS cells. Apoptosis of KYNA-treated AGS cells was confirmed by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining flow cytometry analysis. As a result of morphological chromatin condensation through DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), intense blue fluorescence was confirmed. The mechanism of apoptosis induction of KYNA-treated AGS cells was confirmed by western blotting. In the extrinsic pathway, apoptosis induction markers FasL, Fas, and Caspase-3 and -8 were increased in a concentration-dependent manner upon KYNA treatment. In the intrinsic pathway, the expression of anti-apoptotic factors PI3K, AKT, and Bcl-xL was down-regulated, and the expression of apoptosis-inducing factors BAD, Bak, Bax, Cytochrom C, and Caspase-9 was up-regulated. Therefore, in the present study, we strongly imply that KYNA induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells. This suggests that KYNA, a natural compound, could be the basis for drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Integrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2346
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10
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Lee HJ, Moon Y, Choi J, Heo JD, Kim S, Nallapaneni HK, Chin YW, Lee J, Han SY. Characterization of KRC-108 as a TrkA Kinase Inhibitor with Anti-Tumor Effects. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:360-367. [PMID: 35264466 PMCID: PMC9252884 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) protein is a receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the NTRK1 gene. TrkA signaling mediates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neurons and other cells following stimulation by its ligand, the nerve growth factor. Chromosomal rearrangements of the NTRK1 gene result in the generation of TrkA fusion protein, which is known to cause deregulation of TrkA signaling. Targeting TrkA activity represents a promising strategy for the treatment of cancers that harbor the TrkA fusion protein. In this study, we evaluated the TrkA-inhibitory activity of the benzoxazole compound KRC-108. KRC-108 inhibited TrkA activity in an in vitro kinase assay, and suppressed the growth of KM12C colon cancer cells harboring an NTRK1 gene fusion. KRC-108 treatment induced cell cycle arrest, apoptotic cell death, and autophagy. KRC-108 suppressed the phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules of TrkA, including Akt, phospholipase Cγ, and ERK1/2. Furthermore, KRC-108 exhibited anti-tumor activity in vivo in a KM12C cell xenograft model. These results indicate that KRC-108 may be a promising therapeutic agent for Trk fusion-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongyu Moon
- Gyeongnam Biohealth Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Biohealth Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Biohealth Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekwang Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
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11
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Park MY, Ha SE, Kim HH, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Jeong SH, Park JS, Heo JD, Kim GS. Scutellarein Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation through NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling Pathway in RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123782. [PMID: 35744907 PMCID: PMC9227861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a severe topic in the immune system and play a role as pro-inflammatory mediators. In response to such inflammatory substances, immune cells release cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known as an endotoxin in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and it catalyzes inflammation by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory-mediated cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by stimulated immune cells. Among the pathways involved in inflammation, nuclear factor kappa (NF-кB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important. NF-kB is a diploid composed of p65 and IkBα and stimulates the pro- gene. MAPKs is a family consisting of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, JNK and p38 play a role as proinflammatory mediators. Thus, we aim to determine the scutellarein (SCU) effect on LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, since scutellarein has been shown to inhibit the SARS coronavirus helicase and has been used in Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory disorders like COVID-19, it would be required to examine scutellarein’s anti-inflammatory mechanism. We identified inflammation-inducing substances using western blot with RAW264.7 cells and SCU. And we discovered that was reduced by treatment with SCU in p-p65 and p-IκBα. Also, we found that p-JNK and p-ERK were also decreased but there was no effect in p-p38. In addition, we have confirmed that the iNOS was also decreased after treatment but there is no change in the expression of COX-2. Therefore, this study shows that SCU can be used as a compound to treat inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology, Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea;
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Joon-Suk Park
- Preclinical Research Center, Daegu-Gyeonbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology, Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea;
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2346
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12
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Lee HJ, Lee JH, Lee SM, Kim NH, Moon YG, Tak TK, Hyun M, Heo JD. Cadmium induces cytotoxicity in normal mouse renal MM55.K cells. Int J Environ Health Res 2022; 32:131-140. [PMID: 32191530 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1739236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of cadmium (Cd) occurs through accumulation in the environment. The precise mechanism underlying Cd toxicity remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the effects of Cd on MM55.K cells and investigated the mechanisms underlying Cd-induced cell death. CdCl2 significantly elevated apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, and caspase-dependent cell death. Moreover, immunoblotting results revealed that CdCl2 down-regulated the inhibitor of apoptotic protein such as survivin and Bcl-2 which led to the activation of caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP in MM55.K cells. Besides, CdCl2 caused the up-regulation of ROS-related proteins such as HO-1 and ER stress-related proteins such as GRP78 and CHOP in MM55.K cells. CdCl2 toxicity resulted in the down-regulation of the AKT pathway that leads to the up-regulation of phosphorylated JNK and p38 in MM55.K cells. Thus, CdCl2 induce toxicity by AKT/MAPK regulation and causing ROS production, ER stress, ΔΨm loss, and apoptotic cell death in normal mouse renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeong Lee
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hong Lee
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Min Lee
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Kim
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Gyu Moon
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kil Tak
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjung Hyun
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim JA, Vetrivel P, Kim SM, Ha SE, Kim HH, Bhosale PB, Heo JD, Lee WS, Senthil K, Kim GS. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis for the Identification of Differential Protein Expression in Calf Muscles between Young and Old SD Rats Using Mass Spectrometry. ACS Omega 2021; 6:7422-7433. [PMID: 33778255 PMCID: PMC7992086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with loss of muscle mass and strength that leads to a condition termed sarcopenia. Impaired conditions, morbidity, and malnutrition are the factors of devaluation of muscle fibers in aged animals. Satellite cells play an important role in maintaining muscle homeostasis during tissue regeneration and repair. Proteomic profiling on the skeletal muscle tissues of different age group rats helps to determine the differentially expressed (DE) proteins, which may eventually lead to the development of biomarkers in treating the conditions of sarcopenia. In this study, nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) analysis was implemented in the calf tissues of young and old groups of rats. The mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed the presence of 335 differentially expressed proteins between the two different age conditions, among which those based on log-fold change 25 proteins were upregulated and 77 were downregulated. The protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed 18 upregulated proteins with three distinct interconnected networks and 57 downregulated proteins with two networks. Further, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed the biological process, cellular component, and molecular function of the differential proteins. Pathway enrichment analysis of the DE proteins identified nine significantly enriched pathways with a list of eight significant genes (Cryab, Hspb2, Acat1, Ak1, Adssl1, Anxa5, Gys1, Ogdh, Gc, and Adssl1). Quantification of significant genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed the downregulation at the mRNA level. Western blot analysis of their protein expression showed concordant results on two candidate proteins (Ogdh and annexin 5) confirming their differential regulation between the two age groups of rats. Thus, these proteomic approaches on young and aged rats provide insights into the development of protein targets in the treatment of sarcopenia (muscle loss).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A. Kim
- Department
of Physical Therapy, International University
of Korea, Jinju 52833, Republic of Korea
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research
Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research
Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research
Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research
Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research
Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam
Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening
Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Munsan-eup, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National
University Hospital, Gyeongsang National
University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kalaiselvi Senthil
- Department
of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for
Women, Coimbatore 641043, India
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research
Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Ji YK, Lee SM, Kim NH, Tu NV, Kim YN, Heo JD, Jeong EJ, Rho JR. Stereochemical Determination of Fistularins Isolated from the Marine Sponge Ecionemia acervus and Their Regulatory Effect on Intestinal Inflammation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030170. [PMID: 33809895 PMCID: PMC8004254 DOI: 10.3390/md19030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By activity-guided fractionation based on inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), six fistularin compounds (1-6) were isolated from the marine sponge Ecionemia acervus (order Astrophorida). Based on stereochemical structure determination using Mosher's method, fistularin-3 was assigned as a new stereoisomer. On the basis of the stereochemistry of fistularin-3, the stereochemical homogeneity of all six compounds was established by comparing carbon and proton chemical shifts. For fistularin-1 (1) and -2 (2), quantum calculations were performed to confirm their stereochemistry. In a co-culture system of human epithelial Caco-2 cells and THP-1 macrophages, all six isolated compounds showed potent anti-inflammatory activities. These bioactive fistularins inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma. Inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and MAPK phosphorylation were downregulated in response to the inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Among the compounds tested, fistularin-1 (1) and 19-deoxyfistularin-3 (4) showed the highest activity. These findings suggest the potential use of the marine sponge E. acervus and its metabolites as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Kwang Ji
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
| | - Seon Min Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea; (S.M.L.); (N.-H.K.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Na-Hyun Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea; (S.M.L.); (N.-H.K.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Nguyen Van Tu
- Institute of Tropical Biology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Yun Na Kim
- Department of Plant & Biomaterials Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea;
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea; (S.M.L.); (N.-H.K.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of Plant & Biomaterials Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea;
- Correspondence: (E.J.J.); (J.-R.R.); Tel.: +82-55-772-3224 (E.J.J.); +82-63-469-4606 (J.-R.R.)
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
- Correspondence: (E.J.J.); (J.-R.R.); Tel.: +82-55-772-3224 (E.J.J.); +82-63-469-4606 (J.-R.R.)
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15
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Lee HJ, Jeong P, Moon Y, Choi J, Heo JD, Kim YC, Han SY. Characterization of LDD-2633 as a Novel RET Kinase Inhibitor with Anti-Tumor Effects in Thyroid Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010038. [PMID: 33419162 PMCID: PMC7825493 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. Chromosomal rearrangement or point mutations in RET are observed in patients with papillary thyroid and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Oncogenic alteration of RET results in constitutive activation of RET activity. Therefore, inhibiting RET activity has become a target in thyroid cancer therapy. Here, the anti-tumor activity of a novel RET inhibitor was characterized in medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. The indirubin derivative LDD-2633 was tested for RET kinase inhibitory activity. In vitro, LDD-2633 showed potent inhibition of RET kinase activity, with an IC50 of 4.42 nM. The growth of TT thyroid carcinoma cells harboring an RET mutation was suppressed by LDD-2633 treatment via the proliferation suppression and the induction of apoptosis. The effects of LDD-2633 on the RET signaling pathway were examined; LDD-2633 inhibited the phosphorylation of the RET protein and the downstream molecules Shc and ERK1/2. Oral administration of 20 or 40 mg/kg of LDD-2633 induced dose-dependent suppression of TT cell xenograft tumor growth. The in vivo and in vitro experimental results supported the potential use of LDD-2633 as an anticancer drug for thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52828, Korea;
| | - Pyeonghwa Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (P.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Yeongyu Moon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju-si 52834, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju-si 52834, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju-si 52834, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (P.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52828, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2423
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16
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Kim SM, Ha SE, Vetrivel P, Kim HH, Bhosale PB, Park JE, Heo JD, Kim YS, Kim GS. Cellular Function of Annexin A1 Protein Mimetic Peptide Ac2-26 in Human Skin Keratinocytes HaCaT and Fibroblast Detroit 551 Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113261. [PMID: 33114438 PMCID: PMC7693871 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the skin is the most common dermatological problem in human. The anti-inflammatory mediated responses of the skin cells provide a mechanism for combating these conditions. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is one of the proteins that has been shown to have a potent anti-inflammatory effect. However, the effects and mechanisms of AnxA1 in skin keratinocyte and fibroblast have not been reported yet. In the current study, we hypothesized that Ac2-26, AnxA1 mimetic peptide, ameliorates inflammation and wrinkle formation in human skin cells. Therefore, we aimed to identify whether Ac2-26 has anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle effects in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and fibroblast (Detroit 551) cells, respectively. Human HaCaT cells were stimulated by TNF-α/IFN-γ with or without Ac2-26, to identify the anti-inflammatory effect. Human Detroit 551 cells were treated with Ac2-26 to verify the anti-wrinkle effect. Initially, cell cytotoxicity was carried out in each cell line treated using Ac2-26 by MTT assay. Human MDA, IL-8, and procollagen secretion were detected by ELISA assay. The inflammatory chemokines were measured by qRT-PCR analysis. To demonstrate the mechanism, MAPK, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MMPs were analyzed by Western blotting. As a result, we identified that Ac2-26 significantly decreased the expression of TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated pro-inflammatory chemokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MDC, TARC, and TNF-α, by inhibiting the activation of MAPK, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT pathway in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT human keratinocytes. In addition, we also identified that Ac2-26 significantly induced collagen synthesis by generating pro-collagen, and suppressed collagen degradation by inhibiting the collagenase MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that Ac2-26 shows anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkling effect. These effects may lead to the development of preventive and therapeutic application for inflammation-related skin disease and wrinkle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.M.K.); (S.E.H.); (P.V.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.)
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.M.K.); (S.E.H.); (P.V.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.)
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.M.K.); (S.E.H.); (P.V.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.)
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.M.K.); (S.E.H.); (P.V.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.)
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.M.K.); (S.E.H.); (P.V.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.)
| | - Jung Eun Park
- T-Stem Co., Ltd., Gyeongsangnam-do, Changwon 51573, Korea;
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea;
| | - Young Sil Kim
- T-Stem Co., Ltd., Gyeongsangnam-do, Changwon 51573, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.S.K.); (G.S.K.); Tel.: +82-55-607-0919 (Y.S.K.); +82-55-772-2346 (G.S.K.); Fax: +82-55-607-0914 (Y.S.K.); +82-55-772-2349 (G.S.K.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.M.K.); (S.E.H.); (P.V.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.K.); (G.S.K.); Tel.: +82-55-607-0919 (Y.S.K.); +82-55-772-2346 (G.S.K.); Fax: +82-55-607-0914 (Y.S.K.); +82-55-772-2349 (G.S.K.)
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17
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Saralamma VVG, Vetrivel P, Lee HJ, Kim SM, Ha SE, Murugesan R, Kim EH, Heo JD, Kim GS. Comparative proteomic analysis uncovers potential biomarkers involved in the anticancer effect of Scutellarein in human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:939-958. [PMID: 32705238 PMCID: PMC7388386 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellarein (SCU), a flavone that belongs to the flavonoid family and abundantly present in Scutellaria baicalensis a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, has been reported to exhibit anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines including gastric cancer (GC). Although our previous study documented the mechanisms of Scutellarein‑induced cytotoxic effects, the literature shows that the proteomic changes that are associated with the cellular response to SCU have been poorly understood. To avoid adverse side‑effects and significant toxicity of chemotherapy in patients who react poorly, biomarkers anticipating therapeutic responses are imperative. In the present study, we utilized a comparative proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with Scutellarein (SCU)‑induced cell death in GC cells (AGS and SNU484), by integrating two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‑DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and bioinformatics to analyze the proteins. Proteomic analysis between SCU‑treated and DMSO (control) samples successfully identified 41 (AGS) and 31 (SNU484) proteins by MALDI‑TOF/MS analysis and protein database search. Comparative proteomics analysis between AGS and SNU484 cells treated with SCU revealed a total of 7 protein identities commonly expressed and western blot analysis validated a subset of identified critical proteins, which were consistent with those of the 2‑DE outcome. Molecular docking studies also confirmed the binding affinity of SCU towards these critical proteins. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5‑bisphosphate 3‑kinase catalytic subunit β isoform (PIK3CB) protein expression was accompanied by a distinct group of cellular functions, including cell growth, and proliferation. Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), is one of the oncogenic molecules that have been shown to promote tumor growth and resistance to apoptosis and senescence‑inducing therapies. In the present study, both PIK3CB and CIP2A proteins were downregulated in SCU‑treated cells, which boosts our previous results of SCU to induce apoptosis and inhibits GC cell growth by regulating these critical proteins. The comparative proteomic analysis has yielded candidate biomarkers of response to SCU treatment in GC cell models and further validation of these biomarkers will help the future clinical development of SCU as a novel therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajeswari Murugesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641043, India
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52833, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
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18
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Park MJ, Han SE, Kim HJ, Heo JD, Choi HJ, Ha KT, Yang SW, Lee KS, Kim SC, Kim CW, Joo BS. Paeonia lactiflora improves ovarian function and oocyte quality in aged female mice. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200013. [PMID: 32714461 PMCID: PMC7375873 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ovarian aging is a key cause of decreased ovarian function and oocyte quality, it remains a problem in infertility treatment. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate whether Paeonia lactiflora (PL), a herb improves ovarian function and oocyte quality using aged female mice. C57BL/6 female mice aged 8 months were treated orally every day with PL of 26.5 mg/kg (n=7) and 53 mg/kg (n=7) of body weight for 4 weeks using an oral zoned needle. The control group (n=7) was treated with normal saline. Ovaries and serum were collected for the H&E stain and the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, respectively. In the second experiment, female mice were orally administered with PL (26.5 mg/kg: n=12, 53 mg/kg: n=12, control: n=12) and then superovulated with PMSG and hCG, and mated with male mice. Zygotes were retrieved and cultured for 4 days. Ovaries were provided for examination of expressions of genes associated with angiogenesis (VEGF and visfatin), anti-aging (Sirt1 and Sirt2), and follicular development (c-Kit, BMP-15, and GDF-9). PL significantly increased numbers of surviving follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, and antral), numbers of zygotes retrieved, embryo development rate, and ovarian expression of VEGF, visfatin, c-Kit, BMP-15, and GDF-9 at both doses. However, ovarian expression of Sirt1 and Sirt2 was increased at 53.0 mg/kg of PL. ROS levels were not affected by PL. These results suggest that PL may possess beneficial effects regarding ovarian function and oocyte quality, possibly by activation of ovarian angiogenesis and follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Park
- The Korea Institute for Public Sperm Bank, Busan, Repuplic of Korea
| | - Si-Eun Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Repuplic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- The Korea Institute for Public Sperm Bank, Busan, Repuplic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sup Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Repuplic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Repuplic of Korea
| | - Chang Woon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Sun Joo
- The Korea Institute for Public Sperm Bank, Busan, Repuplic of Korea.,Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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19
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Jeong P, Moon Y, Lee JH, Lee SD, Park J, Lee J, Kim J, Lee HJ, Kim NY, Choi J, Heo JD, Shin JE, Park HW, Kim YG, Han SY, Kim YC. Discovery of orally active indirubin-3'-oxime derivatives as potent type 1 FLT3 inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112205. [PMID: 32272419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) is expressed on acute leukemia cells and is implicated in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells in most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Despite recent achievements in the development of FLT3-targeted small-molecule drugs, there are still unmet medical needs related to kinase selectivity and the progression of some mutant forms of FLT3. Herein, we describe the discovery of novel orally available type 1 FLT3 inhibitors from structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies for the optimization of indirubin derivatives with biological and pharmacokinetic profiles as potential therapeutic agents for AML. The SAR exploration provided important structural insights into the key substituents for potent inhibitory activities of FLT3 and in MV4-11 cells. The profile of the most optimized inhibitor (36) showed IC50 values of 0.87 and 0.32 nM against FLT3 and FLT3/D835Y, respectively, along with potent inhibition against MV4-11 and FLT3/D835Y expressed MOLM14 cells with a GI50 value of 1.0 and 1.87 nM, respectively. With the high oral bioavailability of 42.6%, compound 36 displayed significant in vivo antitumor activity by oral administration of 20 mg/kg once daily dosing schedule for 21 days in a mouse xenograft model. The molecular docking study of 36 in the homology model of the DFG-in conformation of FLT3 resulted in a reasonable binding mode in type 1 kinases similar to the reported type 1 FLT3 inhibitors Crenolanib and Gilteritinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyeonghwa Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongyu Moon
- Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Heon Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Center for AI-applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Deok Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Center for AI-applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- School of Life Sciences and Center for AI-applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Center for AI-applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Center for AI-applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences and Center for AI-applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Park SM, Park SH, Ryu KJ, Kim IK, Han H, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Hong KS, Kim H, Kim M, Cho BI, Heo JD, Kim NH, Hwang EM, Park JY, Yook JI, Cho HJ, Hwangbo C, Kim KD, Song H, Yoo J. Downregulation of CHIP promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by inducing Snail-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1280-1295. [PMID: 30927556 PMCID: PMC6487736 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in the conversion of early‐stage tumors into invasive malignancies. The transcription factor Snail, an extremely unstable protein whose subcellular levels are regulated by many E3 ubiquitin ligases, promotes EMT as well as associated pathological characteristics including migration, invasion, and metastasis. Through yeast two‐hybrid screening, we identified the carboxyl terminus of Hsc70‐interacting protein (CHIP) as a novel Snail ubiquitin ligase that interacts with Snail to induce ubiquitin‐mediated proteasomal degradation. Inhibition of CHIP expression increases Snail protein levels, induces EMT, and enhances in vitro migration and invasion as well as in vivo metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. In turn, Snail depletion abrogates all phenomena induced by CHIP depletion. Finally, Snail and CHIP expression is inversely correlated in ovarian tumor tissues. These findings establish the CHIP–Snail axis as a post‐translational mechanism of EMT and cancer metastasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyeontak Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Keun-Seok Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Bok Im Cho
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Na Hyun Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hoseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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21
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Yoon KB, Lee HJ, Chung HJ, Lee J, Choi J, Heo JD, Kim YC, Han SY. Discovery of LDD-1075 as a potent FLT3 inhibitor. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4735-4741. [PMID: 30944659 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a valuable pharmacological target in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). LDD-1075 and LDD-1076 are indirubin derivatives, and LDD-1075 is the ester form of LDD-1076. LDD-1076 exhibited a potent in vitro FLT3 kinase activity inhibition with an IC50 of 7.89 nM, whereas, LDD-1075 demonstrated a relatively weak activity against FLT3 (IC50 of 3.19 µM). In contrast with the results of the FLT3 kinase activity inhibition assay, the LDD-1076 did not affect the growth of the MV4-11 cell line, which harbors the constitutively activated form of the FLT3 mutation. Notably, LDD-1075 exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect against the MV4-11 cells. When LDD-1075 was incubated with the MV4-11 cell lysate, the formation of LDD-1076 was observed. Treatment with LDD-1075 inhibited the FLT3 phosphorylation along with the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 protein, which is a downstream signal transducer of FLT3. Treatment with LDD-1075 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. The present study demonstrated that the LDD-1076 formed by the bioconversion of LDD-1075 is a potent FLT3 inhibitor with anti-leukemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Bin Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea
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22
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Raha S, Kim SM, Lee HJ, Lee SJ, Heo JD, Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Ha SE, Kim EH, Mun SP, Kim GS. Essential oil from Korean Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf ameliorates respiratory activity in Sprague‑Dawley rats and exhibits protection from NF-κB-induced inflammation in WI38 fibroblast cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:393-403. [PMID: 30387810 PMCID: PMC6257863 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, Korean hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), has been widely used for household and commercial purposes. Although the medicinal efficacy of hinoki cypress essential oil has been observed, that of the essential oil-derived terpenes, which exhibit a mechanism that acts against lung inflammation, remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hinoki cypress leaf extracted essential oil on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated WI38 fibroblast cells by inhibiting the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, which exhibited lung tissue protection through the olfactory administration of essential oil in Sprague-Dawley rats. GC/MS analysis derived 24 terpenes from the essential oil. The morphological observations revealed that, upon LPS stimulation of WI38 fibroblast cells, inflammation was induced, whereas the condition of the cells reverted to normal in the essential oil extract pre-treated group. The results of western blot analysis revealed the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, activation of cyclooxygnase-2, and the degradation of cytosolic p65 and inhibitor of NF-κB-α in the LPS-stimulated group. Additionally, confocal imaging of nuclei revealed the translocation of phosphorylated p65, which was recovered in the cytosol in the phytoncide essential oil pre-treated group. Histopathological observation revealed that the alveolar capacity was enhanced in the essential oil olfactory administered rat group, compared with that in the normal rat group. These findings suggest that terpenes in essential oil from the Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf have therapeutic potential against respiratory inflammation-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52833, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Phil Mun
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
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Yumnam S, Raha S, Kim SM, Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Lee HJ, Ha SE, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Kim EH, Lee WS, Kim JA, Kim GS. Identification of a novel biomarker in tangeretin‑induced cell death in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:3249-3260. [PMID: 30272339 PMCID: PMC6196609 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis serves as an important biological tool for identifying biological events. Novel biomarkers of a specific disease such as cancer may be identified using these promising techniques. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of tangeretin and to identify potential biomarkers in AGS gastric cancer cells using a proteomics approach. The results of the present study revealed that tangeretin inhibited AGS cell viability dose‑dependently with a half‑maximal inhibitory concentration of 100 µM. Two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed to determine the potential biomarker between control and tangeretin (100 µM)‑treated AGS cells. A total of 16 proteins was identified from 36 significant protein spots using matrix‑assisted laser‑desorption/ionization time‑of‑flight‑mass spectrometry using peptide fingerprinting. The bioinformatics tools Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) were used to identify the functional properties and association of the proteins obtained. Using western blot analysis, the regulatory pattern of four selected proteins, protein kinase Cε, mitogen‑activated protein kinase 4, phosphoinositide 4‑kinase and poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase 14, were successfully verified in replicate sample sets. These selected proteins are primarily involved in apoptosis signaling, angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, receptor kinase binding, intracellular cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations. Therefore, aim of the present study was to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers from the functional categories of altered protein expression in tangeretin‑inhibited AGS gastric cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52833, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52833, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
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Lee HJ, Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Kim SM, Ha SE, Raha S, Lee WS, Kim EH, Lee SJ, Heo JD, Kim GS. Pectolinarigenin Induced Cell Cycle Arrest, Autophagy, and Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer Cell via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081043. [PMID: 30096805 PMCID: PMC6115855 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectolinarigenin (PEC), a natural flavonoid present in Cirsium chanroenicum and in some species of Citrus fruits, has various pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In the present study, we investigated the anti-cancer mechanism of PEC induced cell death caused by autophagy and apoptosis in AGS and MKN28 human gastric cancer cells. The PEC treatment significantly inhibited the AGS and MKN28 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Further, PEC significantly elevated sub-G1 phase in AGS cells and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in both AGS and MKN28 cells. Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V and Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining. Moreover, Immunoblotting results revealed that PEC treatment down-regulated the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family protein XIAP that leads to the activation of caspase-3 thereby cleavage of PARP (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase) in both AGS and MKN28 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The autophagy-inducing effect was indicated by the increased formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) and increased protein levels of LC3-II conversion in both AGS and MKN28 cells. PEC shows the down regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway which is a major regulator of autophagic and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells that leads to the down-regulation of p-4EBP1, p-p70S6K, and p-eIF4E in PEC treated cells when compared with the untreated cells. In conclusion, PEC treatment might have anti-cancer effect by down-regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway leading to G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human gastric cancer cells. Further studies of PEC treatment can support to develop as a potential alternative therapeutic agent for human gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 15 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 15 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, 965 Dongbu-ro, Jinju 52833, Korea.
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Lee HJ, Lee J, Jeong P, Choi J, Baek J, Ahn SL, Moon Y, Heo JD, Choi YH, Chin YW, Kim YC, Han SY. Correction: Discovery of a FLT3 inhibitor LDD1937 as an anti-leukemic agent for acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20219. [PMID: 29733074 PMCID: PMC5929457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- School of Life Sciences,Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeonghwa Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institutes of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwa Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Lin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongyu Moon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institutes of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institutes of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences,Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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26
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Lee HJ, Lee J, Jeong P, Choi J, Baek J, Ahn SJ, Moon Y, Heo JD, Choi YH, Chin YW, Kim YC, Han SY. Discovery of a FLT3 inhibitor LDD1937 as an anti-leukemic agent for acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 9:924-936. [PMID: 29416667 PMCID: PMC5787524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) belongs to the family of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and the FLT3 mutation is observed in 1/3 of all acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Potential FLT3 inhibitors have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents of AML. In this study, we identified a potent FLT3 inhibitor LDD1937 containing an indirubin skeleton. The potent inhibitory activity of LDD1937 against FLT3 was shown with an in vitro kinase assay (IC50 = 3 nM). The LDD1937 compound selectively inhibited the growth of MV-4-11 cells (GI50 = 1 nM) and induced apoptotic cell death. LDD1937 caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and increased the cell population at the sub-G1 phase. Phosphorylation of STAT5, which is the downstream signaling of FLT3, was significantly reduced by LDD1937 in a dose-dependent manner. The pharmacokinetic properties of LDD1937 were investigated in mice. Then, the in vivo anti-tumor effect was investigated using a MV-4-11 xenograft. With the intravenous administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg in nu/nu mice, the tumor volume and weight were significantly reduced compared to the control. LDD1937 is a promising therapeutic candidate to treat AML patients because of its ability to suppress tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeonghwa Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institutes of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwa Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongyu Moon
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Gowda Saralamma VV, Lee HJ, Raha S, Lee WS, Kim EH, Lee SJ, Heo JD, Won C, Kang CK, Kim GS. Inhibition of IAP's and activation of p53 leads to caspase-dependent apoptosis in gastric cancer cells treated with Scutellarein. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5993-6006. [PMID: 29464049 PMCID: PMC5814189 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. South Korea is in first place with 9,180 death alone attributed to gastric cancer in 2013. Plenty of literature suggests the evasion of apoptosis is implicated in neurodegeneration, autoimmune diseases, and tumors development due to dysregulation in the apoptotic mechanism. Reduced apoptosis or its resistance in cancer cells plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. It’s imperative to understand apoptosis, which provides the basis for novel targeted therapies that can induce cancer cell death or sensitize them to cytotoxic agents by regulating key factors like IAPs, MDM2, p53, caspases and much more. Studies have demonstrated that Scutellarein have the ability to inhibit several cancer cells by inducing apoptosis with both: Scutellarein monomers as well as scutellarein containing flavonoids. MTT results revealed that scutellarein inhibited cell viability in both dose and time dependent manner. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis showed that scutellarein induces apoptosis in both AGS and SNU-484 human gastric cancer cells and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in SNU-484 cells. This study demonstrated that the Scutellarein on AGS and SNU-484 cells significantly inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death via down regulating MDM2 and activated the tumor suppresser protein p53, subsequently down regulating the IAP family proteins (cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP) leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis in AGS and SNU-484 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, Republic Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, Republic Korea
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, Republic Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Biological Resource Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Biological Resource Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungkil Won
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Keun Kang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, Republic Korea
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Kim NH, Heo JD, Kim JH, Hwang KH, Jeong EJ. Protective effect of Aronia melanocarpa (Chokeberry) extracts from benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NH Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 660 – 844, Jinju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - JD Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 660 – 844, Jinju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - JH Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 660 – 844, Jinju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - KH Hwang
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 660 – 844, Jinju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - EJ Jeong
- Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, 660 – 758, Jinju, Korea, Republic of (South)
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29
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Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Lee HJ, Hong GE, Park HS, Yumnam S, Raha S, Lee WS, Kim EH, Sung NJ, Lee SJ, Heo JD, Kim GS. Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:607-614. [PMID: 28693212 PMCID: PMC5494645 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been widely used in Korean folk medicines for its range of medicinal benefits, including its anticancer effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of action of a flavonoid extract from Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (FSB) on AGS human gastric cancer cells (gastric adenocarcinoma) in which FSB exhibits an anticancer effect. Treatment of AGS cells with FSB significantly inhibited cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, FSB significantly increased the proportion of cells in sub-G1 phase, and Annexin V and Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining confirmed the apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, western blotting results identified that treatment of AGS cells with FSB significantly downregulated the expression of caspase family members, namely procaspases 3 and 9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and subsequently upregulated cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP. It was observed that FSB treatment significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of AGS cells. In addition, the ratio of the mitochondrion-associated proteins B cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein and B cell lymphoma extra large was upregulated. The results of the present study provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of the anticancer effects of FSB on AGS human gastric cancer cells and indicate that FSB may be an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gajwa, Gyeongsangnam 660-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Ju Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Biological Resource Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Biological Resource Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
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30
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Saralamma VVG, Kim EH, Lee HJ, Raha S, Lee WS, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Won CK, Kim GS. Flavonoids: A new generation molecule to stimulate programmed cell deaths in cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12729/jbtr.2017.18.1.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Park KI, Park H, Nagappan A, Hong GE, Yumnam S, Lee HJ, Kim EH, Lee WS, Shin SC, Kim JA, Lee SJ, Ma JY, Min T, Heo JD, Kim GS. Polyphenolic compounds from Korean Lonicera japonica Thunb. induces apoptosis via AKT and caspase cascade activation in A549 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2521-2530. [PMID: 28454429 PMCID: PMC5403260 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonicera japonica Thunb. (L. japonica T.) has historically been used in Korean herbal medicine due to its anticancer and protective effects on the respiratory system. In the present study, the polyphenolic compounds in L. japonica T. were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and its anticancer effects on A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells were studied. Polyphenolic compounds potentially inhibit A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis demonstrated that polyphenolic compounds induce apoptosis by regulating the protein expression levels of caspases, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X-protein/B-cell lymphoma-extra large ratio. Furthermore, polyphenolic compounds inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential activity. Caspase-3 activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner and polyphenolic compounds inhibited the activation of protein kinase B by dephosphorylation. These results suggest that polyphenolic compounds in A549 cells indicate the anticancer activity through the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Park
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, North Gyeongsang 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Park
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 701-310, Republic of Korea
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Korea, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, North Gyeongsang 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Hong GE, Lee HJ, Kim JA, Yumnam S, Raha S, Saralamma VVG, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Kim EH, Won CK, Kim GS. Korean Byungkyul - Citrus platymamma Hort.et Tanaka flavonoids induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, regulating MMP protein expression in Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:575-586. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kim DW, Lee SM, Woo HS, Park JY, Ko BS, Heo JD, Ryu YB, Lee WS. Chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of the aerial parts of Curcuma longa. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Lee SH, Yumnam S, Hong GE, Raha S, Saralamma VVG, Lee HJ, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Lee WS, Kim EH, Park HS, Kim GS. Flavonoids of Korean Citrus aurantium L. Induce Apoptosis via Intrinsic Pathway in Human Hepatoblastoma HepG2 Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1940-9. [PMID: 26439681 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Korean Citrus aurantium L. has long been used as a medicinal herb for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The present study investigates the anticancer role of flavonoids extracted from C. aurantium on human hepatoblastoma cell, HepG2. The Citrus flavonoids inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This result was consistent with the in vivo xenograft results. Apoptosis was detected by cell morphology, cell cycle analysis, and immunoblot. Flavonoids decreased the level of pAkt and other downstream targets of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathway - P-4EBP1 and P-p70S6K. The expressions of cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and Bak were increased, while those of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were decreased with an increase in the expression of Bax/Bcl-xL ratio in treated cells. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was also observed in flavonoid-treated HepG2 cells. It was also observed that the P-p38 protein level was increased both dose and time dependently in flavonoid-treated cells. Collectively, these results suggest that flavonoid extracted from Citrus inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis via an intrinsic pathway. These findings suggest that flavonoids extracted from C. aurantium L. are potential chemotherapeutic agents against liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Won-Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, 660-702, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, 660-759, Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
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Saralamma VVG, Nagappan A, Hong GE, Lee HJ, Yumnam S, Raha S, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Lee WS, Kim EH, Kim GS. Poncirin Induces Apoptosis in AGS Human Gastric Cancer Cells through Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway by up-Regulation of Fas Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22676-91. [PMID: 26393583 PMCID: PMC4613330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poncirin, a natural bitter flavanone glycoside abundantly present in many species of citrus fruits, has various biological benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. The anti-cancer mechanism of Poncirin remains elusive to date. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of Poncirin in AGS human gastric cancer cells (gastric adenocarcinoma). The results revealed that Poncirin could inhibit the proliferation of AGS cells in a dose-dependent manner. It was observed Poncirin induced accumulation of sub-G1 DNA content, apoptotic cell population, apoptotic bodies, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner in AGS cells. The expression of Fas Ligand (FasL) protein was up-regulated dose dependently in Poncirin-treated AGS cells Moreover, Poncirin in AGS cells induced activation of Caspase-8 and -3, and subsequent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Inhibitor studies’ results confirm that the induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death in Poncirin-treated AGS cells was led by the Fas death receptor. Interestingly, Poncirin did not show any effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-xL) in AGS-treated cells followed by no activation in the mitochondrial apoptotic protein caspase-9. This result suggests that the mitochondrial-mediated pathway is not involved in Poncirin-induced cell death in gastric cancer. These findings suggest that Poncirin has a potential anti-cancer effect via extrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis, possibly making it a strong therapeutic agent for human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea.
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 666-844, Korea.
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 666-844, Korea.
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea.
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 660-759, Korea.
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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Raha S, Yumnam S, Hong GE, Lee HJ, Saralamma VVG, Park HS, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Kim EH, Kim JA, Kim GS. Naringin induces autophagy-mediated growth inhibition by downregulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade via activation of MAPK pathways in AGS cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26201693 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin, one of the major bioflavonoid of Citrus, has been demonstrated as potential anticancer agent. However, the underlying anticancer mechanism still needs to be explored further. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Naringin on human AGS cancer cells. AGS cell proliferation was inhibited by Naringin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Naringin did not induce apoptotic cell death, determined by no DNA fragmentation and the reduced Bax/Bcl-xL ratio. Growth inhibitory role of Naringin was observed by western blot analysis demonstrating downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade with an upregulated p21CIPI/WAFI. Formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and autophagosomes were observed in Naringin-treated AGS cells, further confirmed by the activation of autophagic proteins Beclin 1 and LC3B with a significant phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Collectively, our observed results determined that anti-proliferative activity of Naringin in AGS cancer cells is due to suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade via induction of autophagy with activated MAPKs. Thus, the present finding suggests that Naringin induced autophagy- mediated growth inhibition shows potential as an alternative therapeutic agent for human gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Moonsan, Jinju 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Korea, Moonsan, Jinju 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Park HS, Hwang YH, Kim MK, Hong GE, Lee HJ, Nagappan A, Yumnam S, Kim EH, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Won CK, Kim GS. Functional polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa aqueous extract inhibit atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:147-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.963500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Grifola frondosa (GF), distributed widely in far east Asia including Korea, is popularly used as traditional medicines and health supplementary foods, especially for enhancing the immune functions of the body. To extend the application of GF polysaccharides (GFP) for atopic dermatitis (AD), we investigated the effects of GFP on the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD-like skin lesion in NC/Nga mice. GFP treatment significantly reduced the dorsa skin dermatitis score and combination treatment with GFP, and dexamethasone has a synergistic effect in AD-like skin lesion by reduced Serum IgE, mast cells infiltration, and cytokines expression. These results indicate that GFP suppressed the AD-like skin lesions by controlling the Th-1/Th-2-type cytokines in NC/Nga mice. These findings strongly suggest that GFP can be useful for AD patients as a novel therapeutic agent and might be used for corticosteroids replacement or supplement agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Park
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyeon Hwang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ki Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicity Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Kim CY, Sung JH, Chung YH, Park JD, Han JH, Lee JS, Heo JD, Yu IJ. Home cage locomotor changes in non-human primates after prolonged welding-fume exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:794-801. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.849316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Han JH, Chung YH, Park JD, Kim CY, Yang SO, Khang HS, Cheong HK, Lee JS, Ha CS, Song CW, Kwon IH, Sung JH, Heo JD, Kim NY, Huang M, Cho MH, Yu IJ. Recovery from welding-fume-exposure-induced MRI T1 signal intensities after cessation of welding-fume exposure in brains of cynomolgus monkeys. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 20:1075-83. [PMID: 18728992 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time, indicative of a high signal intensity in a T1-weighted MRI, is known as a useful biomarker for Mn exposure after short-term welding-fume exposure. A previous monkey experimental study found that the T1 relaxation times decreased time-dependently after exposure, and a visually detectable high signal intensity appeared after 150 days of exposure. The nadir for the shortening of the T1 relaxation time was also previously found to correspond well with the blood Mn concentration in welders, suggesting a correlation between a prolonged high blood Mn concentration and shortened T1 relaxation time. Accordingly, to clarify the clearance of the brain Mn concentration after the cessation of welding-fume exposure, cynomolgus monkeys were assigned to 3 groups-unexposed, low dose (31 mg/m(3) total suspended particulate (TSP), 0.9 mg Mn/m(3)), and high dose (62 mg/m(3) TSP, 1.95 mg Mn/m(3))-and exposed to manual metal-arc stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes for 2 h per day for 8 mo in an inhalation chamber system equipped with an automatic fume generator. After reaching the peak MRI T1 signal intensity (shortest T1 relaxation time), the monkeys were allowed to recover by ceasing the welding-fume exposure. Within 2 mo, the MRI T1 signal intensities for the exposed monkeys returned to nearly the same level as those for the unexposed monkeys, indicating the potential for recovery from a high MRI T1 signal intensity induced by welding-fume exposure, even after prolonged exposure. Clearance of the Mn tissue concentration was also demonstrated in the globus pallidus, plus other tissues from the brain, liver, spleen, and blood. In contrast, there was no clearance of the lung concentrations of Mn, indicating that a soluble form of Mn was transported to the blood and brain. Therefore, the solubility of Mn in welding fumes would appear to be an important determinant as regards the retention of blood Mn levels and brain tissue Mn concentrations in welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Han
- Center for Occupational Toxicology, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety Health Agency, Daejeon, Korea
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Park JD, Chung YH, Kim CY, Ha CS, Yang SO, Khang HS, Yu IK, Cheong HK, Lee JS, Song CW, Kwon IH, Han JH, Sung JH, Heo JD, Choi BS, Im R, Jeong J, Yu IJ. Comparison of high MRI T1 signals with manganese concentration in brains of cynomolgus monkeys after 8 months of stainless steel welding-fume exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:965-71. [PMID: 17849280 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701516108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several pharmacokinetic studies on inhalation exposure to manganese (Mn) have already demonstrated that Mn readily accumulates in the olfactory and brain regions. However, a shortening of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 relaxation time or high T1 signal intensity in specific sites of the brain, including the globus pallidus and subcortical frontal white matter, as indicative of tissue manganese accumulation has not yet been clearly established for certain durations of known doses of welding-fume exposure in experimental animals. Accordingly, to investigate the movement of manganese after welding-fume exposure, six cynomolgus monkeys were acclimated and assigned to three dose groups: unexposed, low dose (31 mg/m(3) total suspended particulate [TSP], 0.9 mg/m(3) of Mn), and high dose (62 mg/m(3) TSP, 1.95 mg/m(3) of Mn) of total suspended particulate. The primates were exposed to manual metal arc stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes for 2 h per day in an inhalation chamber system equipped with an automatic fume generator. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were conducted before the initiation of exposure and thereafter every month. The tissue Mn concentrations were then measured after a plateau was reached regarding the shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time. A dose-dependent increase in the Mn concentration was found in the lungs, while noticeable increases in the Mn concentrations were found in certain tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, and testes. Slight increases in the Mn concentrations were found in the caudate, putamen, frontal lobe, and substantia nigra, while a dose-dependent noticeable increase was only found in the globus pallidus. Therefore, the present results indicated that a shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time corresponded well with the Mn concentration in the globus pallidus after prolonged welding-fume exposure.
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