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Bujila I, Troell K, Ögren J, Hansen A, Killander G, Agudelo L, Lebbad M, Beser J. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes identified in human domestic cases through the national microbiological surveillance programme in Sweden from 2018 to 2022. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:146. [PMID: 38291399 PMCID: PMC10826111 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. A national microbiological surveillance programme was implemented in Sweden in 2018 in order to increase knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. This article summarises the results of the first five years of the surveillance programme. METHODS Cryptosporidium-positive faecal and DNA samples from domestically acquired infections were collected from clinical microbiological laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was performed using 60 kDa glycoprotein and/or small subunit ribosomal RNA gene analysis. RESULTS Between 2018 and 2022, 1654 samples were analysed and 11 different species were identified: C. parvum (n = 1412), C. mortiferum (n = 59), C. hominis (n = 56), C. erinacei (n = 11), C. cuniculus (n = 5), C. meleagridis (n = 3), C. equi (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. canis, C. ditrichi and C. felis. Subtyping revealed seven subtype families of C. parvum (new subtype families IIy and IIz) and 69 different subtypes (11 new subtypes). The most common C. parvum subtypes were IIdA22G1c, IIdA24G1, IIdA15G2R1 and IIaA16G1R1b. For C. hominis, four different subtype families and nine different subtypes (two new subtypes) were identified. For additional species, two new subtype families (IIIk and VId) and nine new subtypes were identified. All successfully subtyped C. mortiferum cases were subtype XIVaA20G2T1, confirming previous findings in Sweden. Several outbreaks were identified of which the majority were foodborne and a few were due to direct contact with infected animals. CONCLUSION Infection with C. parvum is the leading cause of human cryptosporidiosis acquired in Sweden, where more than 90% of domestic cases are caused by this zoonotic species and only a small proportion of cases are due to infection with other species. The rodent-associated C. mortiferum is considered an emerging zoonotic species in Sweden and the number of domestically acquired human cases has surpassed that of infection with C. hominis. A high diversity of species and subtypes, as well as diversity within the same subtype, was detected. Also, cryptosporidiosis appears to affect adults to a great extent in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Bujila
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Jessica Ögren
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anette Hansen
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Health Protection, Unit of Zoonoses and Antibiotic Resistance, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gustav Killander
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lady Agudelo
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Groenheit R, Beser J, Kühlmann Berenzon S, Galanis I, van Straten E, Duracz J, Rapp M, Hansson D, Mansjö M, Söderholm S, Muradrasoli S, Risberg A, Ölund R, Wiklund A, Metzkes K, Lundberg M, Bacchus P, Tegmark Wisell K, Bråve A. Point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Sweden at six time points during 2020. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:861. [PMCID: PMC9672540 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In order to estimate the prevalence and understand the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Sweden, the Public Health Agency of Sweden, with support from the Swedish Armed Forces, conducted a series of point prevalence surveys between March and December 2020.
Methods
Sampling material and instructions on how to perform self-sampling of the upper respiratory tract were delivered to the homes of the participants. Samples were analysed by real-time PCR, and the participants completed questionnaires regarding symptoms.
Findings
The first survey in the Stockholm region in March 2020 included 707 participants and showed a SARS-CoV-2 prevalence of 2.5%. The following five surveys, performed on a national level, with between 2461 and 2983 participants, showed SARS-CoV-2 prevalences of 0.9% (April), 0.3% (May), 0.0% (August), 0.0% (September), and 0.7% (December). All positive cases who responded to questionnaires reported experiencing symptoms that occurred from 2 weeks before the date of sampling up to and including the date of sampling.
Interpretation
None of the individuals shown to be PCR-positive were asymptomatic at the time of sampling or in the 14 days prior to sampling. This is in contrast to many other surveys in which a substantial proportion of positive cases have been reported to be asymptomatic. Our surveys demonstrate a decreasing ratio between notified cases and the observed prevalence throughout the year, in line with increasing testing capacity and the consecutive inclusion of all symptomatic individuals in the case definition for testing.
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Beser J, Galanis I, Enkirch T, Kühlmann Berenzon S, van Straten E, Duracz J, Rapp M, Zakikhany K, Mansjö M, Wigren Byström J, Forsell MNE, Groenheit R, Tegmark Wisell K, Bråve A. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Sweden, April 26 to May 9, 2021. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10816. [PMID: 35752708 PMCID: PMC9233662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A national point seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in Sweden in April-May 2021. In total, 2860 individuals 3 to 90 years old from a probability-based web panel were included. Results showed that an estimated 32.6% of the population in Sweden had detectable levels of antibodies, and among non-vaccinated 20.1% had detectable levels of antibodies. We tested for differences in seroprevalence between age groups and by sex and estimated seroprevalence among previously infected participants by time since reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beser
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden. .,European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), Solna, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Duracz
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marie Rapp
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Lebbad M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Stensvold CR, Beser J. High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050523. [PMID: 33926039 PMCID: PMC8147002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype Vic) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.W.-K.)
| | | | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.W.-K.)
- Correspondence:
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Jiang W, Roellig DM, Lebbad M, Beser J, Troell K, Guo Y, Li N, Xiao L, Feng Y. Subtype distribution of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium felis in humans and animals in several countries. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2446-2454. [PMID: 33084542 PMCID: PMC7655080 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1840312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium felis is the major etiologic agent of cryptosporidiosis in felines and has been reported in numerous human cryptosporidiosis cases. Sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene has been developed for subtyping C. felis recently. In this study, 66 C. felis isolates from the United States, Jamaica, Peru, Portugal, Slovakia, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, China, India and Australia were subtyped using the newly established tool. Forty-four specimens yielded gp60 sequences, generating 23 subtypes clustered in 4 subtype families (XIXa, XIXc, XIXd and XIXe) with high bootstrap support in a phylogenetic analysis of sequence data. Among them, XIXa showed high genetic diversity at the nucleotide level, with the formation of 18 subtypes from both cats and humans with different geographic distribution. In contrast, all 11 XIXd isolates derived from humans from various countries had identical sequences. Results of this study improve our understanding of the genetic diversity, host specificity and transmission dynamics of C. felis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Rojas-Lopez L, Elwin K, Chalmers RM, Enemark HL, Beser J, Troell K. Development of a gp60-subtyping method for Cryptosporidium felis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:39. [PMID: 31973771 PMCID: PMC6979280 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline cryptosporidiosis is an increasing problem, especially in catteries. In humans, close contact with cats could be a potential source of infection although the risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium felis is considered to be relatively low. Sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene is a commonly used tool for investigation of the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium species. However, until now the sequence of gp60 from C. felis has not been available and genotyping has been limited to less discriminatory markers, such as 18S rRNA, COWP and HSP70. METHODS We have identified the gp60 orthologue within the genome sequence of C. felis, and used the sequence to design a nested PCR for subtyping purposes. A total of 128 clinical isolates of both feline and human origin, were used to evaluate the marker. RESULTS Sequence analysis revealed large variations between the different samples. The C. felis gp60 lack the characteristic serine-tract found in many other cryptosporidian orthologues, instead it has an insertion of variable length (361-742 nt). Also, two cases of suspected zoonotic transmission of C. felis between cats and humans were successfully confirmed. CONCLUSIONS We have identified the gp60 gene in C. felis and show how this highly variable marker can be used in epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rojas-Lopez
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Elwin
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Rachel M. Chalmers
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Heidi L. Enemark
- National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Beser
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Troell
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Stensvold CR, Lebbad M, Hansen A, Beser J, Belkessa S, O'Brien Andersen L, Clark CG. Differentiation of Blastocystis and parasitic archamoebids encountered in untreated wastewater samples by amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 9:e00131. [PMID: 31909230 PMCID: PMC6940715 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to genomic DNA extracted from sewage offers a unique and cost-effective opportunity to study the genetic diversity of intestinal parasites. In this study, we used amplicon-based NGS to reveal and differentiate several common luminal intestinal parasitic protists, specifically Entamoeba, Endolimax, Iodamoeba, and Blastocystis, in sewage samples from Swedish treatment plants. Materials and methods Influent sewage samples were subject to gradient centrifugation, DNA extraction and PCR-based amplification using three primer pairs designed for amplification of eukaryotic nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA. PCR products were sequenced using ILLUMINA® technology, and resulting sequences were annotated to species and subtype level using the in-house BION software, sequence clustering, and phylogenetic analysis. Results A total of 26 samples from eight treatment plants in central/southern Sweden were analysed. Blastocystis sp. and Entamoeba moshkovskii were detected in all samples, and most samples (n = 20) were positive for Entamoeba coli. Moreover, we detected Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, and Iodamoeba bütschlii in 1, 11, 4, 10, and 7 samples, respectively. The level of genetic divergence observed within E. nana and E. moshkovskii was 20.2% and 7.7%, respectively, across the ~400-bp region studied, and two clades of E. moshkovskii were found. As expected, Blastocystis sp. subtypes 1–4 were present in almost all samples; however, ST8 was present in 10 samples and was the only subtype not commonly found in humans that was present in multiple samples. Conclusions Entamoeba and Blastocystis were identified as universal members of the “sewage microbiome”. Blastocystis sp. ST8, which has been rarely reported in humans, was a very common finding, indicating that a hitherto unidentified but common host of ST8 contributed to the sewage influent. The study also provided substantial new insight into the intra-generic diversity of Entamoeba and Endolimax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Anette Hansen
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Salem Belkessa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou, 15000 Tizi Ouzou, Algeria.,Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
| | - Lee O'Brien Andersen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - C Graham Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Beser J, Bujila I, Wittesjö B, Lebbad M. From mice to men: Three cases of human infection with Cryptosporidium ditrichi. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 78:104120. [PMID: 31751756 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most human cases of cryptosporidiosis are caused by Cryptosporidium parvum or Cryptosporidium hominis. However, the number of recognised Cryptosporidium species, some of which are capable of infecting humans, is continuously increasing. Here we present three human cases infected with Cryptosporidium ditrichi, a recently described species in Apodemus spp. (striped field mouse, yellow-necked mouse, and wood mouse) from various European countries. All three patients were infected in Sweden, but in different years and in different parts of the country. Two patients, from whom clinical data were available, showed symptoms consistent with cryptosporidiosis. For one patient, epidemiological data indicated a possible close contact with mice. The obtained sequences at the small subunit rRNA, actin, and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein loci showed 100% identity to C. ditrichi isolates from Apodemus spp., while no 70 kDa heat shock protein gene sequences from C. ditrichi were available for comparison. This study shows the importance of including molecular typing in Cryptosporidium surveillance programmes, and it adds one more species to the plethora of Cryptosporidium spp. hitherto diagnosed in Swedish patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Ioana Bujila
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bengt Wittesjö
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Blekinge County, Sweden
| | - Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Morio F, Poirier P, Le Govic Y, Laude A, Valot S, Desoubeaux G, Argy N, Nourrisson C, Pomares C, Machouart M, Dalle F, Botterel F, Bourgeois N, Cateau E, Leterrier M, Beser J, Lavergne RA, Le Pape P. Assessment of the first commercial multiplex PCR kit (ParaGENIE Crypto-Micro Real-Time PCR) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis from fecal samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:34-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alsmark C, Nolskog P, Angervall AL, Toepfer M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Bouwmeester J, Bjelkmar P, Troell K, Lahti E, Beser J. Two outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with cattle spring pasture events. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2018; 14:71-74. [PMID: 31014741 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Over a period of less than four weeks, 50 human cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported from a relatively small geographical area in Sweden. All cases were associated with visits to cattle spring pasture events at two farms (referred to as Farm A and B). Epidemiological and microbiological evidence show that contact with calves at the farms was the most likely source of Cryptosporidium infections. Gp60 sequences from human and calf isolates at Farm A were identical to each other, but differed from those at Farm B where, again, human and calf gp60 sequences were identical, proving that the two outbreaks had no common origin. As a direct consequence of these two outbreaks, and guided by knowledge gained from the outbreak investigations, the Swedish Board of Agriculture and all relevant farmer advisory organizations have updated their hygiene instructions for farm visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Alsmark
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Peter Nolskog
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention of Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elina Lahti
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lebbad M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Insulander M, Beser J. Molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation of Cryptosporidium hominis IkA18G1 and C. hominis monkey genotype IiA17, two unusual subtypes diagnosed in Swedish patients. Exp Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29518449 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium hominis is considered a strictly human-adapted species, and it is only occasionally diagnosed in animals. However, two variants, C. hominis monkey genotype and C. hominis Ik, were originally described in non-human hosts, monkeys and horses, respectively. During a Swedish national Cryptosporidium study, where all samples were analyzed at the small subunit rRNA and the 60 kDa (gp60) glycoprotein loci, we identified two patients infected with C. hominis monkey genotype (subtype IiA17) and two infected with C. hominis subtype IkA18G1. The isolates were further analyzed at the actin and the 70 kDa heat shock protein loci, and these analyses showed that these two subtype families are closely related to each other and to human-adapted C. hominis as well as to Cryptosporidium cuniculus. The two patients with C. hominis monkey genotype infection (a father and son) had visited a monkey farm in Thailand prior to infection, while the two cases with C. hominis Ik were unrelated, both probably infected in Sweden. This is the first time that a monkey genotype infection in humans has been related to contact with monkeys and where the gp60 subtype was identified. It is also the first time that human infection caused by C. hominis subtype Ik is described. Even though we were not able to detect any parasites in the animal samples, zoonotic transmission cannot be ruled out in any of these cases because both subtype families are regarded as animal adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Mona Insulander
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
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Beser J, Hallström BM, Advani A, Andersson S, Östlund G, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Lebbad M, Alm E, Troell K, Arrighi RBG. Improving the genotyping resolution of Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2 using one step PCR-based amplicon sequencing. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 55:297-304. [PMID: 28919550 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium hominis gp60 subtype IbA10G2 is a common cause of cryptosporidiosis. This subtype is responsible for many waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic cases and is considered virulent and highly important in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. Due to low heterogeneity within the genome of C. hominis it has been difficult to identify epidemiological markers with higher resolution than gp60. However, new markers are required in order to improve outbreak investigations and studies of the transmission dynamics of this clinically important subtype. Based on the whole genome sequences of 17 C. hominis isolates, we have identified several differential loci and developed a new sequence based typing panel with higher resolution than gp60. An amplicon sequencing method was also developed which is based on a one-step PCR which can be sequenced using a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform. Such a system provides a rapid and high-throughput workflow. A panel of nine loci with 10 single nucleotide variants (SNV) was selected and evaluated using clinical IbA10G2 isolates from sporadic, cluster and outbreak associated cases. The specimens were separated into 10 different genetic profiles named sequence types (STs). All isolates within an outbreak or cluster belonged to the same ST, including several samples from the two large waterborne outbreaks which occurred in Sweden between 2010 and 2011 indicating that these outbreaks might be linked. The results demonstrate the methods suitability for improved genotyping of C. hominis IbA10G2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erik Alm
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Harvala H, Ögren J, Boman P, Riedel HM, Nilsson P, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Beser J. Cryptosporidium infections in Sweden-understanding the regional differences in reported incidence. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:1012-1013. [PMID: 27665706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Harvala
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Ögren
- Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Medical Diagnostics, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - P Boman
- Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H M Riedel
- Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Bacteriology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Halland County Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden
| | | | - J Beser
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
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Troell K, Hallström B, Divne AM, Alsmark C, Arrighi R, Huss M, Beser J, Bertilsson S. Cryptosporidium as a testbed for single cell genome characterization of unicellular eukaryotes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:471. [PMID: 27338614 PMCID: PMC4917956 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious disease involving multiple genetically distinct populations of pathogens is frequently concurrent, but difficult to detect or describe with current routine methodology. Cryptosporidium sp. is a widespread gastrointestinal protozoan of global significance in both animals and humans. It cannot be easily maintained in culture and infections of multiple strains have been reported. To explore the potential use of single cell genomics methodology for revealing genome-level variation in clinical samples from Cryptosporidium-infected hosts, we sorted individual oocysts for subsequent genome amplification and full-genome sequencing. Results Cells were identified with fluorescent antibodies with an 80 % success rate for the entire single cell genomics workflow, demonstrating that the methodology can be applied directly to purified fecal samples. Ten amplified genomes from sorted single cells were selected for genome sequencing and compared both to the original population and a reference genome in order to evaluate the accuracy and performance of the method. Single cell genome coverage was on average 81 % even with a moderate sequencing effort and by combining the 10 single cell genomes, the full genome was accounted for. By a comparison to the original sample, biological variation could be distinguished and separated from noise introduced in the amplification. Conclusions As a proof of principle, we have demonstrated the power of applying single cell genomics to dissect infectious disease caused by closely related parasite species or subtypes. The workflow can easily be expanded and adapted to target other protozoans, and potential applications include mapping genome-encoded traits, virulence, pathogenicity, host specificity and resistance at the level of cells as truly meaningful biological units. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2815-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Björn Hallström
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maria Divne
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics Facility, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Alsmark
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Romanico Arrighi
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikael Huss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Beser J, Toresson L, Eitrem R, Troell K, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Lebbad M. Possible zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium felis in a household. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:28463. [PMID: 26446304 PMCID: PMC4596888 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.28463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium felis is considered to be relatively low, and most of the confirmed cases have been observed in immunocompromised patients. Both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission routes have been suggested. Here, we report a case of suspected zoonotic transmission of C. felis from a cat to a human. The cat developed diarrhea several months before such symptoms were displayed by its owner, a 37-year-old immunocompetent woman. The presence of identical C. felis SSU rRNA, HSP70, and COWP gene sequences was verified in both hosts. In conclusion, it is highly probable that the cat was the initial source of infection and not the opposite. Our results show that Cryptosporidium infection can be transmitted from pets to humans and that molecular analysis is needed to confirm the identity of the oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Toresson
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Eitrem
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Blekinge County Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
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Andersson S, Sikora P, Karlberg ML, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Alm E, Beser J, Arrighi RB. It's a dirty job — A robust method for the purification and de novo genome assembly of Cryptosporidium from clinical material. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 113:10-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stensvold CR, Beser J, Ljungström B, Troell K, Lebbad M. Low host-specific Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype BEB6 is common in Swedish lambs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:371-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beser J, Dini L, Botero-Kleiven S, Krabbe M, Lindh J, Hagblom P. Absence of dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations inPneumocystis jiroveciiisolated from Swedish patients. Med Mycol 2012; 50:320-3. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.593051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Beser J, Botero-Kleiven S, Lebbad M, Hagblom P, Fernandez V. A limited number of ITS haplotypes defines the diversity of Pneumocystis jirovecii strains in Sweden. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 11:948-54. [PMID: 21419238 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The infectious fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii remains an important cause of pneumonia (PCP) in the immunocompromised host. To study the biodiversity of P. jirovecii in Sweden the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA locus were amplified, cloned and sequenced from a set of diagnostic respiratory specimens obtained from 64 patients with P. jirovecii infection during the years 1996-2003. The analysis of 408 cloned sequences from amplified products resulted in the identification of 10 ITS1 and 12 ITS2 established genotypes. Twelve ITS haplotypes (combinations of ITS1 and ITS2) were identified of which nine were found to recur during the time span of the study. Haplotype Eg was the most common, followed by Ne, Bi and Eb. A new ITS2 genotype denoted v was identified in specimens from four patients. There was no association between ITS haplotype and patient age, sex, underlying disease or geographical origin. Shannon and Simpson index analysis revealed no difference in diversity in Sweden compared to other countries studied and no changes in diversity were found during the study period in Sweden. Criteria were defined to enable the discrimination of genuine ITS types and a more accurate assessment of the previously overestimated genetic diversity of P. jirovecii populations. A model depicting the phylogenetic and genealogic relationships in a revised set of global types of this fungus is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beser
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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Israelsson E, Balogun H, Vasconcelos NM, Beser J, Roussilhon C, Rogier C, Trape JF, Berzins K. Antibody responses to a C-terminal fragment of the Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen Pf332 in Senegalese individuals naturally primed to the parasite. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:64-71. [PMID: 18279441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that antibodies from humans exposed continuously to malaria recognize the Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage antigen Pf332. Here we analysed the antibody responses to a C-terminal fragment of Pf332, designated C231, in individuals from Senegal, by measuring the serum levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG class and subclass and IgE antibodies. IgG antibody reactivity with crude P. falciparum antigen was detected in all the donors, while many of the children lacked or had low levels of such antibodies against C231. The antibody levels increased significantly with age for both crude P. falciparum antigen and C231, and in the older age groups most of the donors displayed antibodies to C231. This was also true for IgM, IgE and IgG subclass reactivity against C231. Moreover, the ratio of IgG1/IgG2 was considerably lower for C231 than for crude P. falciparum antigen, and in age groups 10-14 and 15-19 years the levels of IgG2 against C231 even exceeded that of IgG1. The IgG2/IgG3 ratios suggest that C231 gives similar levels of IgG2 and IgG3, except for children aged 4-9 years, where IgG3 was higher. Raw IgM, IgG class and subclass and IgE antibody levels to C231 tended to be higher in those who did not experience a malaria attack, but following linear multivariate analysis the trends were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Israelsson
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Beser J, Hagblom P, Fernandez V. Frequent in vitro recombination in internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 during genotyping of Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:881-6. [PMID: 17202274 PMCID: PMC1829102 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02245-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is the causative agent of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised persons. Knowledge of the transmission and epidemiology of PCP is still incipient, and investigations on these subjects are based exclusively on applications of molecular typing techniques. The polymorphic internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 in the ribosomal DNA operon, which in the P. jirovecii genome exist as single-copy DNA, are commonly used as target loci for isolate typing. In the course of genotyping P. jirovecii in respiratory specimens from PCP patients by amplification and cloning of a large number of ITS sequences, we found mixed infections (two or more types) in 50% of the samples. In a majority of the specimens with mixed infections, we detected many ITS haplotypes (combinations of ITS1 and ITS2 types) that appeared to be products of recombination between globally common ITS haplotypes present in the same sample. Here we present results of a series of experiments showing that essentially all ITS recombinants are chimeras formed during the genotyping process. Under standard conditions, as many as 37% of the amplified sequences could be hybrid DNA artifacts. We show that by modifying PCR amplification conditions, ITS chimera formation could be largely abolished and the erroneous establishment of artifactual haplotypes avoided. The accurate assessment of genetic diversity is fundamental for a better understanding of the epidemiology and biology of P. jirovecii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beser
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden
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