MiR-4521 affects the propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cells through targeting foxm1 by regulating cell apoptosis

Cryptosporidium parvum could regulate the expression of microRNAs of epithelial cells to facilitate its intracellular propagation. MiR-4521 has been reported to play an important role during the development and progression of tumors and infectious diseases by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the implication of miR-4521 during C. parvum infection was still unknown. In this study, the expression of miR-4521 was found to be upregulated in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum from 8 h post-infection (pi) to 48 hpi, and its upregulation would be related with the TLR/NF-κB signal pathway during C. parvum infection. One potential target of miR-4521, foxm1, was down-regulated in HCT-8 cells from 24 hpi to 48 hpi, and the expression of foxm1 was negatively regulated by miR-4521. The target relationship between miR-4521 and foxm1 was further validated by using dual luciferase reporter assay. Further studies showed that miR-4521 promoted the propagation of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells through targeting foxm1 by regulating BCL2-mediating cell apoptosis. These results contribute to further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of host miRNAs during Cryptosporidium infection.

High genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in yaks (Bos grunniens) from Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common pathogen in humans and various animals, threatening the breeding industry and public health. However, there is limited information on the molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in yaks, an economically important animal mainly domesticated in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in China. In the present study, nested PCR targeting the ITS gene region was applied to investigate the positive rates and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in 223 faecal samples of yaks from three locations in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The total positive rate of E. bieneusi was 23.8% (53/223). Significant differences in positive rates were identified among yaks from three locations (χ2 = 8.535, p = 0.014) and four age groups (χ2 = 17.259, p = 0.001), with the highest positive rates in yaks from Yajiang and aged < 6 months, respectively. Sequence analysis identified seven known (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, J and BEB4) and five novel (Ganzi1-5) ITS genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed eight genotypes (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, Ganzi1, Ganzi2 and Ganzi4) in group 1 and three genotypes (J, BEB4 and Ganzi3) in group 2, indicating high genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in yaks from Ganzi. Considering the increasing zoonotic genotypes in yaks in the present study compared with previous findings, interventions should be developed to reduce the potential transmission of E. bieneusi between humans and animals.

Circular RNA ciRS-7 affects the propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cells via regulating miR-135a-5p/stat1 axis

Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that mainly inhabit intestinal epithelial cells, causing diarrheal diseases in humans and a great number of animals. Cryptosporidium parvum is the most common zoonotic species, responsible for nearly 45% of human cryptosporidiosis worldwide. Understanding the interaction mechanisms between C. parvum and host gastrointestinal epithelial cells has significant implications to control cryptosporidiosis. One up-regulated circRNA ciRS-7 was found previously by our group to promote in vitro propagation of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells. In the present study, miR-135a-5p, was found to be a miRNA target of ciRS-7. Cryptosporidium parvum infection induced significantly down-regulation of miR-135a-5p and dramatic up-regulation of its potential target stat1 gene at mRNA and protein levels. Dual luciferase reporter assays validated the physical interactions between miR-135a-5p and stat1, and between ciRS-7 and miR-135a-5p. Further study revealed that ciRS-7 could sponge miR-135a-5p to positively regulate the protein levels of STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1) and thus promote C. parvum propagation in HCT-8 cells. Our findings further reveal the mystery of regulatory roles of host circRNAs during Cryptosporidium infection, and provide a novel insight to develop strategies to control cryptosporidiosis.

Characterization of CpCaM, a protein potentially involved in the growth of Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum is an important apicomplexan parasite causing severe diarrhea in both humans and animals. Calmodulin (CaM), a multifunctional and universal calcium-binding protein, contributes to the growth and development of apicomplexan parasites, but the role of CaM in C. parvum remains unknown. In this study, the CaM of C. parvum encoded by the cgd2_810 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the biological functions of CpCaM were preliminarily investigated. The transcriptional level of the cgd2_810 gene peaked at 36 h post infection (pi), and the CpCaM protein was mainly located around the nucleus of the whole oocysts, in the middle of sporozoites and around the nucleus of merozoites. Anti-CpCaM antibody reduced the invasion of C. parvum sporozoites by 30.69%. The present study indicates that CpCaM is potentially involved in the growth of C. parvum. Results of the study expand our knowledge on the interaction between host and Cryptosporidium.

Temporal transcriptomic changes in microRNAs involved in the host immune response and metabolism during Neospora caninum infection

BACKGROUND

Neospora caninum infection is a major cause of abortion in cattle, which results in serious economic losses to the cattle industry. However, there are no effective drugs or vaccines for the control of N. caninum infections. There is increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, and dysregulated expression of host miRNAs and the biological implications of this have been reported for infections by various protozoan parasites. However, to our knowledge, there is presently no published information on host miRNA expression during N. caninum infection.

METHODS

The expression profiles of miRNAs were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) infected with N. caninum at 24 h post infection (pi) and 48 hpi, and the functions of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were predicted by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. The transcriptome data were validated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. One of the upregulated DEmiRNAs, namely chi-miR-146a, was selected to study the effect of DEmiRNAs on the propagation of N. caninum tachyzoites in caprine EECs.

RESULTS

RNA-seq showed 18 (17 up- and one downregulated) and 79 (54 up- and 25 downregulated) DEmiRNAs at 24 hpi and 48 hpi, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 13 randomly selected DEmiRNAs (10 up- and three downregulated miRNAs) confirmed the validity of the RNA-seq data. A total of 7835 messenger RNAs were predicted to be potential targets for 66 DEmiRNAs, and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these predicted targets revealed that DEmiRNAs altered by N. caninum infection may be involved in host immune responses (e.g. Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway) and metabolic pathways (e.g. lysine degradation, insulin signaling pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway). Upregulated chi-miR-146a was found to promote N. caninum propagation in caprine EECs.

CONCLUSIONS

This is, to our knowledge, the first report on the expression profiles of host miRNAs during infection with N. caninum, and shows that chi-miR-146a may promote N. caninum propagation in host cells. The novel findings of the present study should help to elucidate the interactions between host cells and N. caninum.

RNA sequencing reveals dynamic expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs in caprine endometrial epithelial cells induced by Neospora caninum infection

Background

The effective transmission mode of Neospora caninum, with infection leading to reproductive failure in ruminants, is vertical transmission. The uterus is an important reproductive organ that forms the maternal–fetal interface. Neospora caninum can successfully invade and proliferate in the uterus, but the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial-pathogen interactions remain unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cellular molecular regulatory networks, with reports that these RNA molecules are closely related to the pathogenesis of apicomplexan parasites. However, the expression profiles of host lncRNAs during N. caninum infection has not been reported.

Methods

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to investigate the expression profiles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and lncRNAs in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) infected with N. caninum for 24 h (TZ_24h) and 48 h (TZ_48 h), and the potential functions of differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were predicted by using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of their mRNA targets.

Results

RNA-seq analysis identified 1280.15 M clean reads in 12 RNA samples, including six samples infected with N. caninum for 24 h (TZ1_24h-TZ3_24h) and 48 h (TZ1_48h-TZ3_48h), and six corresponding control samples (C1_24h-C3_24h and C1_48h-C3_48h). Within the categories TZ_24h-vs-C_24h, TZ_48h-vs-C_48h and TZ_48h-vs-TZ_24h, there were 934 (665 upregulated and 269 downregulated), 1238 (785 upregulated and 453 downregulated) and 489 (252 upregulated and 237 downregulated) DEmRNAs, respectively. GO enrichment and KEGG analysis revealed that these DEmRNAs were mainly involved in the regulation of host immune response (e.g. TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway), signaling molecules and interaction (e.g. cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules and ECM-receptor interaction). A total of 88 (59 upregulated and 29 downregulated), 129 (80 upregulated and 49 downregulated) and 32 (20 upregulated and 12 downregulated) DElncRNAs were found within the categories TZ_24h-vs-C_24h, TZ_48h-vs-C_48h and TZ_48h-vs-TZ_24h, respectively. Functional prediction indicated that these DElncRNAs would be involved in signal transduction (e.g. MAPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway), neural transmission (e.g. GABAergic synapse, serotonergic synapse, cholinergic synapse), metabolism processes (e.g. glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-lacto and neolacto series, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-heparan sulfate/heparin) and signaling molecules and interaction (e.g. cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules and ECM-receptor interaction).

Conclusions

This is the first investigation of global gene expression profiles of lncRNAs during N. caninum infection. The results provide valuable information for further studies of the roles of lncRNAs during N. caninum infection.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05405-5.

Neospora caninum infection induced mitochondrial dysfunction in caprine endometrial epithelial cells via downregulating SIRT1

Background

Infection of Neospora caninum, an important obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, causes reproductive dysfunctions (e.g. abortions) in ruminants (e.g. cattle, sheep and goats), leading to serious economic losses of livestock worldwide, but the pathogenic mechanisms of N. caninum are poorly understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to be closely associated with pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. However, the effect of N. caninum infection on the mitochondrial function of hosts remains unclear.

Methods

The effects of N. caninum infection on mitochondrial dysfunction in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), including intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers and ultrastructure of mitochondria, were studied by using JC-1, DCFH-DA, ATP assay kits, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and transmission electron microscopy, respectively, and the regulatory roles of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) on mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and N. caninum propagation in caprine EECs were investigated by using two drugs, namely resveratrol (an activator of SIRT1) and Ex 527 (an inhibitor of SIRT1).

Results

The current study found that N. caninum infection induced mitochondrial dysfunction of caprine EECs, including accumulation of intracellular ROS, significant reductions of MMP, ATP contents, mtDNA copy numbers and damaged ultrastructure of mitochondria. Downregulated expression of SIRT1 was also detected in caprine EECs infected with N. caninum. Treatments using resveratrol and Ex 527 to caprine EECs showed that dysregulation of SIRT1 significantly reversed mitochondrial dysfunction of cells caused by N. caninum infection. Furthermore, using resveratrol and Ex 527, SIRT1 expression was found to be negatively associated with autophagy induced by N. caninum infection in caprine EECs, and the intracellular propagation of N. caninum tachyzoites in caprine EECs was negatively affected by SIRT1 expression.

Conclusions

These results indicated that N. caninum infection induced mitochondrial dysfunction by downregulating SIRT1, and downregulation of SIRT1 promoted cell autophagy and intracellular proliferation of N. caninum tachyzoites in caprine EECs. The findings suggested a potential role of SIRT1 as a target to develop control strategies against N. caninum infection.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05406-4.

Quercetin attenuates ischemia reperfusion injury by protecting the blood-brain barrier through Sirt1 in MCAO rats

The purpose of the present study was to examine the protective action and mechanisms of quercetin on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and reperfusion. Quercetin (10, 30, 50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered at the onset of reperfusion. The results showed that quercetin significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, neurological deficit, BBB permeability and ROS generation via Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Moreover, EX527, a selective inhibitor of Sirt1, reversed these neuroprotective effects. Our findings indicate that quercetin has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by protecting BBB through Sirt1 signaling pathway in MCAO rats.

Seasonal Prevalence and Novel Multilocus Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai Province, Western China

Background:

Giardia duodenalis is an important opportunistic zoonotic intestinal protozoon, which could parasitize yaks. However, a few studies have been conducted on the seasonal infection of G. duodenalis in yaks in China.

Methods:

Overall, 1,027 fecal samples were collected from yaks of two age groups in seven cities of Qinghai Province, China at four seasons between May 2016 and Sep 2017. The prevalence and assemblages were analyzed by nested PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

Results:

The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 2.04% (21/1027) based on triose phosphate isomease (tpi) locus. No significant differences in prevalence of the organism in yaks were found among different sampling areas. Additionally, same result was also presented in different seasons. However, there was statistically significant difference between young yaks within 6 months (8.33%, 4/48) and adult yaks over 6 months (1.73%, 17/979). The assemblage A recognized as a zoonotic assemblage (n=3) was found in yaks (>6 months) from Xining, while assemblage E (n=18) was detected from yaks in six cities. There were 5, 2 and 3 G. duodenalis subtypes detected positive at the tpi, the β-giardin (bg), and the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 2, 2 and 3 novel subtypes, respectively. Three samples were successfully sequenced at all three loci, forming 1 assemblages A multilocus genotype (MLG) and 2 assemblages E MLGs, not reported.

Conclusion:

This study indicated a zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis in yaks from Qinghai Province and provides basic information about the epidemiology of G. duodenalis.

Serum metabolomics in chickens infected with Cryptosporidium baileyi

Background

Cryptosporidium baileyi is an economically important zoonotic pathogen that causes serious respiratory symptoms in chickens for which no effective control measures are currently available. An accumulating body of evidence indicates the potential and usefulness of metabolomics to further our understanding of the interaction between pathogens and hosts, and to search for new diagnostic or pharmacological biomarkers of complex microorganisms. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of C. baileyi infection on the serum metabolism of chickens and to assess several metabolites as potential diagnostic biomarkers for C. baileyi infection.

Methods

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and subsequent multivariate statistical analysis were applied to investigate metabolomics profiles in the serum samples of chickens infected with C. baileyi, and to identify potential metabolites that can be used to distinguish chickens infected with C. baileyi from non-infected birds.

Results

Multivariate statistical analysis identified 138 differential serum metabolites between mock- and C. baileyi-infected chickens at 5 days post-infection (dpi), including 115 upregulated and 23 downregulated compounds. These metabolites were significantly enriched into six pathways, of which two pathways associated with energy and lipid metabolism, namely glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism, respectively, were the most enriched. Interestingly, some important immune-related pathways were also significantly enriched, including the intestinal immune network for IgA production, autophagy and cellular senescence. Nine potential C. baileyi-responsive metabolites were identified, including choline, sirolimus, all-trans retinoic acid, PC(14:0/22:1(13Z)), PC(15:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), PE(16:1(9Z)/24:1(15Z)), phosphocholine, SM(d18:0/16:1(9Z)(OH)) and sphinganine.

Conclusions

This is the first report on serum metabolic profiling of chickens with early-stage C. baileyi infection. The results provide novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of C. baileyi in chickens.

Graphic abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04834-y.

Circular RNA ciRS-7 affects the propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cells by sponging miR-1270 to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidium is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe enteric diseases in humans and animals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying host and Cryptosporidium interactions are still not clear.

METHODS

To study the roles of circRNAs in host cells during Cryptosporidium infection, the expression profiles of circRNAs in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum were investigated using a microarray assay, and the regulatory role of a significantly upregulated circRNA, ciRS-7, was investigated during C. parvum infection.

RESULTS

C. parvum infection caused notable alterations in the expression profiles of circRNAs in HCT-8 cells, and a total of 178 (including 128 up- and 50 downregulated) circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed following C. parvum infection. Among them, ciRS-7 was significantly upregulated and regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway by sponging miR-1270 during C. parvum infection. Furthermore, the ciRS-7/miR-1270/relA axis markedly affected the propagation of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that ciRS-7 would promote C. parvum propagation by regulating the miR-1270/relA axis and affecting the NF-κB pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of circRNA during Cryptosporidium infection, and the findings provide a novel view for implementing control strategies against Cryptosporidium infection.

Establishment and preliminary application of nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for detection of Cryptosporidium spp

Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal protozoan parasite that causes diarrhoea in humans and animals. To rapidly and specifically detect Cryptosporidium spp., we designed a pair of primers based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. to be used in a new nanoparticle-assisted PCR (nano-PCR) assay. The minimum detectable concentration (1.02 pg) of this nano-PCR was 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR using the same primer pair. The DNA samples of C. parvum, C. baileyi, C. xiaoi, C. ryanae, and C. andersoni were successfully detected by the nano-PCR. No amplifications were evident with DNA samples of some common intestinal pathogens, including Eimeria tenella, Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Balantidium coli. To validate the clinical usefulness of the novel nano-PCR, a total of 40 faecal samples from goats, camels, calves, and chickens were examined. The positive rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 27.5% (11/40), which was consistent with that of an established nested PCR. These results indicate that the novel nano-PCR assay enables the rapid, specific, and accurate detection of Cryptosporidium infection in animals. The findings provide a technical basis for the clinical diagnosis, prevention, and control of cryptosporidiosis.

Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China

The protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is known to infect humans and a wide range of animals globally. However, no studies on G. duodenalis infection in Bactrian camels have been reported. In the present study, in order to examine the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in Bactrian camels, 852 fecal samples were collected from 24 sampling sites in three geographical areas (Gansu province, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous regions) of northwestern China, and subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis targeting the 18S rRNA, β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. About 84 fecal samples tested positive for Giardia infection, with an overall prevalence of 9.8%, including three samples from camel calves with diarrhea. Significant differences (χ² = 80.7, df = 2, P < 0.01) in the prevalence were found in Bactrian camels belonging to three geographical areas, with the highest (33.3%) in Gansu province and the lowest (4.2%) in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Furthermore, significantly different prevalences (χ² = 34.2, df = 2, P < 0.01) were revealed among age groups, with the highest (35.7%) in camels aged 3 to 6 years old, and the lowest (7.5%) in camels aged > 6 years old. Sequence analysis identified two assemblages, including zoonotic assemblage A and ungulate-adapted assemblage E, with the latter as the dominant G. duodenalis assemblage in each age group and at all sampling sites having positive samples except Hotan. Genetic variations were detected among G. duodenalis isolates in these camels, and eight, three, and seven haplotypes were identified at loci bg, gdh, and tpi, respectively, forming two multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of zoonotic assemblage A and one MLG of assemblage E. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on G. duodenalis infection in Bactrian camels, and the data indicate that G. duodenalis have a broad host range.

Molecular characterization of Balantioides coli in pigs from Shaanxi province, northwestern China

Balantioides coli (syn. Balantidium coli) is an important zoonotic but usually neglected protozoa infecting human and a great number of animals, and the pig was considered to be the most important natural host and reservoir. However, no information about the infection of B. coli in pigs in northwestern China was available. In the present study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of B. coli in pigs in Shaanxi province were investigated. A total of 560 fecal samples were collected from pigs of four age groups in five different geographical regions and analyzed by using PCR targeting the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 gene fragment. The infection of B. coli was detected in all age groups and regions, with the total prevalence of 16.8% (94/560). Significant differences (P < 0.01) in prevalence were found among four investigated age groups, with the highest in fatteners (38.8%) and the lowest in adults (5.7%). The prevalence was also significantly (P < 0.01) different among pigs from five sampling regions. Sequence analysis revealed two genetic variants, namely, A and B, in these investigated pigs, and both of them were detected in all age groups and regions, with the latter as the predominant one. Further, sixty-eight different haplotypes were found, with 19 and 49 belonged to genetic variants A and B, respectively. The findings in the present study indicated wide distribution and high diversity of B. coli in pigs in Shaanxi province and provided fundamental data for implementing control strategies on B. coli infection in pigs as well as other hosts in this province.

Genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in chickens during Eimeria necatrix infection

BACKGROUND

Eimeria necatrix, the most highly pathogenic coccidian in chicken small intestines, can cause high morbidity and mortality in susceptible birds and devastating economic losses in poultry production, but the underlying molecular mechanisms in interaction between chicken and E. necatrix are not entirely revealed. Accumulating evidence shows that the long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are key regulators in various infectious diseases. However, the expression profiles and roles of these two non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) during E. necatrix infection are still unclear.

METHODS

The expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in mid-segments of chicken small intestines at 108 h post-infection (pi) with E. necatrix were analyzed by using the RNA-seq technique.

RESULTS

After strict filtering of raw data, we putatively identified 49,183 mRNAs, 818 lncRNAs and 4153 circRNAs. The obtained lncRNAs were classified into four types, including 228 (27.87%) intergenic, 67 (8.19%) intronic, 166 (20.29%) anti-sense and 357 (43.64%) sense-overlapping lncRNAs; of these, 571 were found to be novel. Five types were also predicted for putative circRNAs, including 180 exonic, 54 intronic, 113 antisense, 109 intergenic and 3697 sense-overlapping circRNAs. Eimeria necatrix infection significantly altered the expression of 1543 mRNAs (707 upregulated and 836 downregulated), 95 lncRNAs (49 upregulated and 46 downregulated) and 13 circRNAs (9 upregulated and 4 downregulated). Target predictions revealed that 38 aberrantly expressed lncRNAs would cis-regulate 73 mRNAs, and 1453 mRNAs could be trans-regulated by 87 differentially regulated lncRNAs. Additionally, 109 potential sponging miRNAs were also identified for 9 circRNAs. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of target mRNAs for lncRNAs, and sponging miRNA targets and source genes for circRNAs identified associations of both lncRNAs and circRNAs with host immune defense and pathogenesis during E. necatrix infection.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first genome-wide analysis of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in chicken small intestines infected with E. necatrix. The obtained data will offer novel clues for exploring the interaction mechanisms between chickens and Eimeria spp.

Micro-RNA expression profile of chicken small intestines during Eimeria necatrix infection

Eimeria necatrix is a high pathogenic pathogen second to Eimeria tenella causing chicken coccidiosis. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms of interaction between E. necatrix and chickens are not fully understood. Accumulating evidences suggest that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal regulatory roles in various diseases, including parasitic diseases. In the present study, the expression profile of miRNAs in Hy-line variety white chicken small intestines infected with E. necatrix was studied by using deep sequencing. A total of 35 miRNAs (including 16 significantly upregulated and 19 significantly downregulated miRNAs) were significantly differentially expressed (DE) in infected tissues at 108 h post-infection (pi). Real-time polymerase chain of 10 miRNAs (including 5 upregulated and 5 downregulated) randomly selected successfully confirmed the effectiveness of deep sequencing. Target prediction showed that 4,568 mRNAs could be regulated by 21 (including 12 upregulated and 9 downregulated) of 35 differentially expressed miRNAs. Functional analysis indicated that target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs would be involved in pathways related to infection of E. necatrix, including cell differentiation, adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis (e.g., MAPK signaling pathway and PPAR signaling pathway). To our best knowledge, this is the first study on the miRNA expression profile of small intestines during E. necatrix infection, and the findings in the present study suggested that these DE miRNAs would play important regulatory role in the interaction between E. necatrix and chicken intestines.

P914 Changes of echocardiographic parameters in primary mitral regurgitation and determinants of symptom: an assessment from the Asian valve registry data

[Background]Clinicians often have a difficulty in determining the presence of mitral regurgitation (MR)-relatedsymptoms because of subjectivity.However, there are few actual measurement data for echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) size related to the severity of MR and the relationship between MR-related symptoms and these echocardiographic parameters.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify actual values for echocardiographic parameters related to severity of MR and determinant factors of MR-related symptoms.

[Methods] Among patients enrolled in the Asian Valve Registry, we investigated 778 consecutive patients with primary MR showing sinus rhythm. Symptoms were determined by NYHA (≤ II or ≥ III).

[Results]MR severity was mild in 106, moderate in 285, and severe in 387 patients. LA volume index, LV end-diastolic diameter, and LV mass index increased with increasing MR grade [LA volume index: 47.9 (mild), 56.2 (moderate), and 64.9 ml/m2(severe) (p &lt; 0.001), LV end-diastolic diameter: 51.2, 54.5, 58.1 mm (p &lt; 0.001), and LV mass index: 101, 109, 123 g/m2(p &lt; 0.001)]. Regarding moderate and severe MR, 70 patients (10.4%) were symptomatic. Table shows multivariable analysis for being symptomatic in moderate and severe MR patients. LV mass index (p = 0.040), ejection fraction (p &lt; 0.001), female gender (p = 0.004), and heart rate (p = 0.007) were independent factors for MR-related symptoms.

[Conclusions] LV and LA parameters on echocardiography worsened as MR severity progressed. Larger LV mass index and lower ejection fraction were independent determinant factors for MR-related symptoms. We should also pay attention to LV hypertrophy in patients with primary MR.

Determinant factors for mitral regurgita Model 1 Model 2 OR (95% CI) P-value OR (95% CI) P-value Age, per 1-y increment 1.03 (1.00-1.05) 0.035 1.02 (0.99-1.05) 0.053 Sex (female) 2.23 (1.20-4.16) 0.011 2.28 (1.31-3.98) 0.004 Hear rate, per 1 bpm increment 1.03 (1.00-1.05) 0.025 1.03 (1.01-1.05) 0.007 LVDs index, per 1 mm increment 0.99 (0.90-1.09) 0.90 EF, per 1% increment 0.95 (0.92-0.99) 0.019 0.96 (0.93-0.98) &lt;0.001 LV mass index, per 10 g/m2increment 1.12 (1.01-1.25) 0.033 1.09 (1.005-1.18) 0.040 LA volume index, per 10 mL/m2increment 0.96 (0.90-1.03) 0.23 E wave, per 1cm/s increment 1.81 (0.70-4.66) 0.23 TR pressure gradient &gt;40 mmHg 2.11 (0.97-4.57) 0.057 Hypertention 1.40 (0.75-2.63) 0.29

P5989Effect of neprilysin inhibitor for ischemic mitral regurgitation after myocardial injury

Background

After myocardial infarction (MI), mitral valve (MV) tethering and fibrosis stimulate functional mitral regurgitation (MR), resulting in high morbidity of heart failure and cardiac mortality. However, pharmacological treatment has not been proven effective in reducing ischemic MR. MV change post-MI is associated with an excessive endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β overexpression and also with left ventricular (LV) remodeling. In a recent clinical study using echocardiography, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) reduced functional MR to a greater extent than did valsartan, but the mechanism was not revealed.

Purpose

This study tested the hypothesis that treatment of neprilysin inhibitor attenuates functional MR after MI by facilitating LV reverse remodeling and suppressing EMT which mitigates inadequate leaflet adaptation.

Methods

In male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=31), functional MR was induced by occluding the left circumflex coronary artery. Two weeks after MI, MR and LV dilatation were confirmed by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Rats were randomly assigned to LCZ696 treatment (ARNI, 60 mg/kg/d, n=10), valsartan treatment (30mg/kg/d, n=10), or corn oil only (MR control group; n=11). After 6 weeks, LV volumes, functions and MR extent were quantified by using echocardiography, cardiac MRI and pressure-volume loop analysis. Also, excised mitral leaflets and LV were analyzed by histopathology and primary cultured valvular endothelial cells (VECs) were evaluated focusing on molecular changes.

Results

LCZ696 significantly attenuated post-MI LV dilatation after 6 weeks when compared with the control group (LV end-diastolic volume (EDV), 461.3±41.3 uL versus 525.1±78.2 uL; p<0.05), while valsartan did not (LV EDV, 471.2±26.8 uL; p>0.05 to control). There were no significant differences in the change of arterial pressure and ejection fraction between the treatment groups, however, dP/dt was greater in the LCZ696 group than in the MR control group (8203±286 mmHg/s for LCZ696 versus 6936±555 mmHg/s for MR control; p=0.01). MR extent and LA volume were significantly decreased in the LCZ696 group compared with the valsartan group. Pathological analysis showed that fibrosis was more prominent in the MR control than in the LCZ696 group. LCZ696 strongly reduced leaflet thickness, TGF-β, and downstream phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and EMT (25.4±11.8% vs. 53.4±12.6% α-smooth muscle actin-positive VECs; p<0.05). Leaflet area increased comparably (5%) in the LCZ696 group compared with the valsartan group.

Conclusions

Neprilysin inhibitor has positive effects on LV reverse remodeling and also directly modulates profibrotic changes of MV leaflets post-MI without eliminating adaptive growth. Understanding the mechanisms could provide new opportunities to ARNI reducing ischemic MR.

Acknowledgement/Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2014R1A6A3A04056205). It was also

First report of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in Zangxiang pigs from China

Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic intestinal protozoan of animals and humans. We collected 450 faecal specimens from four age groups (pre-weaned piglets, weaned piglets, juveniles, adults) of Zangxiang pigs from Shaanxi and Qinghai provinces, to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis at the β-giardin (bg), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci using nested PCRs in the present study. A total of 28 faecal samples were positive for presence of G. duodenalis, with an overall prevalence of 6.2%. Giardia duodenalis was detected in pigs from all age groups and in both investigated provinces. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) in prevalence were observed among the four age groups with prevalence decreasing with age. Sequence analysis indicated existence of genetic diversity of G. duodenalis isolates from Zangxiang pigs, with 4, 2 and 4 haplotypes at the bg, tpi and gdh loci, respectively. Two assemblages were identified, including the zoonotic assemblage B and assemblage E, with the latter as the predominant assemblage found in both locations and all age groups except adults. The present study expanded the host range of G. duodenalis and provided fundamental data for controlling G. duodenalis infection in Zangxiang pigs.

First genotyping of Blastocystis in yaks from Qinghai Province, northwestern China

Background

Blastocystis is a common protist that can infect domestic and wild animals worldwide. Yak (Bos grunniens), an ancient species which can survive in alpine regions, has supplied necessities to local residents in plateau areas for generations. However, the infections with Blastocystis in yaks has been ignored for a long time. In the present study, the infections and genotypes of Blastocystis spp. in domestic yaks from Qinghai Province (northwestern China) were explored.

Results

Of 1027 faecal samples collected from yaks in seven regions of Qinghai Province, northwestern China, the total prevalence of Blastocystis was 27.07% (278/1027) targeting the small subunit ribosome rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene. This protist was detected in yaks within each examined age group, geographical origin and season. Significant difference in prevalence was found in yaks from different geographical origins. The highest prevalence (48.94%) was observed in animals from Haixi county. Sequence analysis revealed three animal-specific subtypes (ST10, ST12 and ST14) of Blastocystis spp. in these yaks, with ST10 being the predominant subtype widely distributed in all investigated regions, seasons and age groups. Interestingly, this is the first report about subtype ST12 infecting yaks.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first systematic report on Blastocystis prevalence in yaks from China, and the findings provide fundamental data for establishing effective control measures for this protist in yaks as well as other animals in China.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THEILERIA SPP. IN GOATS FROM SHAANXI PROVINCE, NORTHWESTERN CHINA

Theileriosis is an important tick-borne pathogen of livestock globally, causing severe reduction of livestock productivity and economic loss. To systematically investigate the prevalence and species of Theileria spp. in goats from Shaanxi province, a total of 509 blood samples were collected from dairy, cashmere and meat goats from 7 counties, and examined by using the microscopic examination and the nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. Of them, 268 (52.7%, 268/509) were positive for Theileria infection. The prevalence was closely associated with ages and production categories. The highest infection was found in meat goats of 7 to 12-months, and lowest was detected in cashmere goats of 3 to 6 months. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of 2 Theileria species, with Theileria luwenshuni as the prevalent species and the first report of Theileria sp. OT3 in goats in China. These findings indicated the wide distribution of Theileria spp. in goats of Shaanxi province, and would shed new light on the distribution of this parasite in China.

Salvianolic acid A attenuates ischemia reperfusion induced rat brain damage by protecting the blood brain barrier through MMP-9 inhibition and anti-inflammation

Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a water-soluble component from the root of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bge, a traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases for centuries. The present study aimed to determine the brain protective effects of SAA against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, and to figure out whether SAA could protect the blood brain barrier (BBB) through matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) inhibition. A focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1.5-h followed by 24-h reperfusion. SAA was administered intravenously at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg·kg^-1. SAA significantly reduced the infarct volumes and neurological deficit scores. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that SAA treatments could also improve the morphology of neurons in hippocampus CA1 and CA3 regions and increase the number of neurons. Western blotting analyses showed that SAA downregulated the levels of MMP-9 and upregulated the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) to attenuate BBB injury. SAA treatment significantly prevented MMP-9-induced degradation of ZO-1, claudin-5 and occludin proteins. SAA also prevented cerebral NF-κB p65 activation and reduced inflammation response. Our results suggested that SAA could be a promising agent to attenuate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury through MMP-9 inhibition and anti-inflammation activities.

Correction to: Molecular characterization of Blastocystis sp. in captive wild animals in Qinling Mountains

There were errors in Fig. 1 of the originally published article. Correct fig. 1 is presented here.

First genotyping of Blastocystis sp. in dairy, meat, and cashmere goats in northwestern China

Blastocystis is one of the most common parasites inhabiting in small intestines of human and animals. Although its pathogenicity has been remaining controversial, the possibility of zoonotic transmission between human and animals was recognized. The goat was one of the most important economic animals supplying people with cashmere, meat, and dairy products. However, few studies were to investigate Blastocystis infection in goats. A total of 789 faecal specimens of goats (including 362 of dairy, 193 of meat and 234 of cashmere goats) were collected from multiple regions of Shaanxi province in northwestern China to investigate the colonization frequency and subtypes of Blastocystis, and to assess the zoonotic potential of these goats. The respective colonization frequencies of Blastocystis in dairy, meat and cashmere goats were 54.1% (196/362), 40.4% (78/193) and 78.6% (184/234). The prevalence of Blastocystis in pre-weaned (0-2-month) goats was significantly lower than that in goats of other age groups, and the highest colonization was observed in goats of 7-11-month age group. Sequence analysis of Blastocystis positive samples indicated the presence of seven subtypes in these goats, including six known subtypes (STs1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14) and one possible novel subtype (isolate Sd26), with the subtype 10 as the predominant one. Additionally, zoonotic subtypes were found in dairy (ST1, ST3 and ST5) and cashmere (ST4 and ST5) goats, but not detected in meat goats. These results showed that Blastocystis is highly prevalent, widely distributed and genetically diverse in goats in Shaanxi province, northwestern China, and zoonotic potential of dairy and cashmere goats to transmit Blastocystis.

Molecular characterization of Blastocystis from pigs in Shaanxi province of China

Blastocystis is an enteric eukaryote of mystery for its ubiquitous presence in animals and humans worldwide and a broad diversity genetically. The animals have been suggested to be an important reservoir to transmit Blastocystis to humans because of high colonization frequency and the presence of zoonotic subtypes. In the present study, the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis in pigs in Shaanxi province of China were determined using the molecular technique based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragment. Of 560 pig faecal samples collected from different geographical origins, 419 (74.8%) were positive for Blastocystis colonization. The prevalence was significant affected by the age and the geographical origin. Four subtypes, including three zoonotic (ST1, ST3 and ST5) and one animal specific (ST10) subtypes, were identified. To our knowledge, this study provides the first run-through information for colonization of Blastocystis in pigs in China.

Effects of the Nrf2 Protein Modulator Salvianolic Acid A Alone or Combined with Metformin on Diabetes-associated Macrovascular and Renal Injury

Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is considered a promising target against diabetic complications such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetic nephropathy. Herein, we investigated the effects of a potential Nrf2 modulator, salvianolic acid A (SAA), which is a natural polyphenol, on diabetes-associated macrovascular and renal injuries in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Given that lowering glucose is the first objective of diabetic patients, we also examined the effects of SAA combined with metformin (MET) on both complications. Our results showed that SAA significantly increased the macrovascular relaxation response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in diabetic mice. Interestingly, treatment with SAA alone only provided minor protection against renal injury, as reflected by minor improvements in impaired renal function and structure, despite significantly reduced oxidative stress observed in the diabetic kidney. We demonstrated that decreased oxidative stress and NF-κB p65 expression were associated with SAA-induced expression of Nrf2-responsive antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO-1), and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) in vivo or in vitro, which suggested that SAA was a potential Nrf2 modulator. More significantly, compared with treatment with either SAA or MET alone, we found that their combination provided further protection against the macrovascular and renal injury, which was at least partly due to therapeutic activation of both MET-mediated AMP-activated protein kinase and SAA-mediated Nrf2/antioxidant-response element pathways. These findings suggested that polyphenol Nrf2 modulators, especially combined with drugs activating AMP-activated protein kinase, including hypoglycemic drugs, are worthy of further investigation to combat diabetic complications.

[Pharmacokinetic comparison of two ozagrel polymorph forms in SD rats]

To enhance the quality and efficiency of ozagrel by investigating the differences between the ozagrel polymorphs in bioavailability. Solid ozagrel in different polymorph forms were orally administered to SD rats. An HPLC method was established to determinate plasma level of ozagrel. The bioavailabilities of two polymorph forms were calculated and compared. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ozagrel, were as follows: Cmax was 32.72 ± 17.04 and 34.01 ± 19.13 mg · L(-1), respectively; AUC0-t was 61.14 ± 14.76 and 85.56 ± 18.08 mg · L(-1) · h, respectively; t½ was 1.53 ± 0.51 and 4.73 ± 3.00 h, respectively. There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between form I and II polymorphs of ozagrel while the t½ of form II is longer, which indicates that the use of form II polymorph as pharmaceutical product may prolong the effective action time in clinics. This would help the polymorph quality control in drug production.

Pseudanoplocephala crawfordi is a member of genus Hymenolepis based on phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences

Pseudanoplocephala crawfordi is one of the important zoonotic cestodes causing economic significance and public health concern. In the present study, the phylogenetic position of P. crawfordi isolated from pigs was re-inferred using molecular markers of internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1) mitochondrial DNA. The lengths of ITS1, ITS2 rDNA and pnad1 were 757 bp, 628 bp and 458 bp, respectively. Sequence differences in the ITS1, ITS2 rDNA and pnad1 between P. crawfordi and Hymenolepis species were smaller than that between cestodes within genus Hymenolepis. Phylogenetic analyses based on three gene fragments showed that P. crawfordi was grouped into cluster of Hymenolepis species. These results suggested that P. crawfordi would be one member of genus Hymenolepis but not in a new genus Pseudanoplocephala.

Genetic variability among Dicrocoelium dendriticum isolates from different regions in Shaanxi Province, China revealed by sequences of three mitochondrial genes

The genetic variations in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely portion of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1) and cytochrome b (pcytb), were examined for Dicrocoelium dendriticum samples isolated from different origins in Shaanxi Province, northwestern China. The intra-specific sequence differences within D. dendriticum samples were 0-0.52% for pcox1, 0-0.73% for pnad1 and 0-0.58% for pcytb. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined sequences of three mtDNA showed that all D. dendriticum samples were clustered together in same clade of Paragonimus westermani. But the phylogenetic trees could not reveal geographically genetic relationships of D. dendriticum isolates in this province. These findings will provide basic information for further study of molecular epidemiology and control of D. dendriticum infection in this province as well as in China.

Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on body composition and vascular compliance in obese boys

AIM

This study tested the hypothesis that 12 weeks of air board exercise would enhance cardiorespiratory fitness and vascular compliance and reduce % body fat in obese Korean boys.

METHODS

Twenty-two obese boys (>30% body fat) were studied. They were divided into 2 groups- an aerobic exercise group (N.=12), which trained 3 days/week, 50 min/day for 12 weeks, and a control group (N.=10). Control subjects only performed activities involved in their physical education classes. Body composition, cardiovascular fitness (20 m multistage endurance test performance) and vascular compliance were assessed before and after the completion of exercise training.

RESULTS

The % changes in body fat (-4.6±0.9 vs. -1.5±1.0%), fat mass (-5.4±1.5 vs. -0.1±1.6%) and performance on the cardiovascular fitness test (14.3±2.5 vs. 3.7±1.6%) were greater in the exercise group than in the controls Compared to controls, % increases in vascular compliance were greater in the arms and legs of the exercise group (left arm: 2.8±0.5 vs. 2.0±2.9%; left leg: 2.6±1.2 vs. -0.5±2.0%; right arm: 2.9±0.9 vs. 0.3±2.9%; right leg: 4.8±1.8 vs. 1.5±2.0%).

CONCLUSION

Results suggest that exercise training can reduce % body fat and enhance vascular compliance in obese male adolescents; changes that may reduce the risk for later development of cardiovascular disease.

Use of Dyna-CT Angiography in Neuroendovascular Decision-Making. A Case Report

SUMMARY

A successful neuroendovascular procedure depends on accurate anatomical understanding of a target vessel in relation to surrounding anatomical structures or endovascular devices, such as coils and stents. During an endovascular procedure, with conventional or three dimensional (3D) rotational angiography, this type of information is extremely difficult to obtain in a timely manner. To overcome this drawback, a DynaCT was combined with low dose contrast injection to create CT angiography (CTA)-like images (DynaCTA). The images obtained were similar to those of conventional CTA but with better quality in analyzing vessels to surrounding anatomical structures and endovascular devices while the patient was on the table. The authors present three illustrative cases in which information added by the DynaCTA helped improve understanding of anatomy, and affected our clinical decision-making. Although better quality images may be obtained by other imaging modalities or careful angiographic interpretations, DynaCTA can be an easy and effective rescue technique worth keeping in mind in clarifying the relation of a vessel to surrounding anatomy.

Immediate and late clinical and angiographic outcomes after GFX coronary stenting: is high-pressure balloon dilatation necessary?

BACKGROUND

The GFX stent is a balloon-expandable stent made of sinusoidal element of stainless steel. The adjunct high-pressure balloon dilatations were usually recommended in routine stenting procedure.

HYPOTHESIS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes and to investigate the necessity of high-pressure balloon dilatation during GFX stenting.

METHODS

In all, 172 consecutive patients underwent single 12 or 18 mm GFX stent implantation in 188 native coronary lesions. Two types of stenting technique were used: (1) stent size of a final stent-to-artery ratio of 1:1 (inflation pressure > 10 atm, high-pressure group), and (2) stent size of 0.5 mm bigger than reference vessel (inflation pressure < or = 10 atm, low-pressure group). The adjunct high-pressure balloon dilatations were performed only in cases of suboptimal results.

RESULTS

The adjunct high-pressure balloon dilatation was required in 11 of 83 lesions (13%) in the high-pressure group and in 7 of 105 lesions (7%) in the low-pressure group (p = 0.203). Procedural success rate was 100%. There were no significant differences of in-hospital and long-term clinical events between the two groups. The overall angiographic restenosis rate was 17.7%; 18.4% in the high-pressure group and 17.1% in the low-pressure group (p = 0.991).

CONCLUSIONS

The GFX stent is a safe and effective device with a high procedural success rate and favorable late clinical outcome for treatment of native coronary artery disease. Further randomized trials may be needed to compare stenting techniques in GFX stent implantation.

Rescue use of abciximab improves regional left ventricular function after early incomplete reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Abciximab was shown to have important beneficial effects beyond the maintenance of epicardial coronary artery patency. However, it remains uncertain whether abciximab may lead to a better functional outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and with incomplete reperfusion after primary angioplasty (PA).

HYPOTHESIS

The study aimed to evaluate whether rescue use of abciximab may lead to a better functional outcome in such patients.

METHODS

The study included 25 patients with first AMI who met the following criteria: (1) total occlusion of the infarct-related artery, (2) PA within 12 h of symptom onset, (3) postprocedural diameter stenosis < 30%, and final Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 2. Echocardiographic examination was performed before and on Days 7 and 30 after PA. The study population was divided into two groups: Group 1 (usual care, n = 13) and Group 2 (rescue use of abciximab, n = 12). Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups.

RESULTS

Peak level of creatine kinase was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (5,800+/-2,700 vs. 3,800+/-2,000 U/I, p < 0.05). At 1 month follow-up, infarct zone wall motion score index (2.71+/-0.26 vs. 2.05+/-0.63, p < 0.01) and left ventricular (LV) volume indices were smaller in Group 2 than in Group 1, whereas LV ejection fraction was higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (52.1+/-7.8 vs. 42.1+/-6.4, p < 0.01). At 1-month, abciximab was the only independent predictor of wall motion recovery index by multiple regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Rescue use of abciximab may reduce the infarct size in patients with AMI and TIMI grade 2 flow after PA, which may improve the recovery of regional LV function.

Emergent image-guided treatment of a large CSF leak to reverse "in-extremis" signs of intracranial hypotension

We report the use of an emergent, targeted fibrin spinal epidural blood patch with subarachnoid saline infusion to rapidly reverse "in-extremis" clinical and imaging signs of posterior-fossa coning brought about by acute-on-chronic intracranial hypotension, itself consequent to a cervicothoracic CSF leak. Treatment resulted in a dramatic recovery and eventual discharge with return to normal lifestyle and occupation. The clinical and imaging danger signs are reviewed; fibrin patch technique and potential pitfalls in postprocedure management are analyzed.

Interval change in size of venous pouch canine bifurcation aneurysms over a 10-month period

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The natural history study of experimental aneurysms is important for the evaluation of new endovascular occlusion devices. Our purpose was to evaluate the natural history of experimental venous pouch bifurcation aneurysms in mongrel dogs up to a 10-month period.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Serial digital subtraction angiography was performed in 5 bifurcation aneurysms 1, 4, 7, and 10 months after surgical creation. Aneurysm dimensions, including height, width, and neck diameter, and animal body weights were measured. Comparisons of each parameter were performed using the Friedman test and the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

RESULTS

Four of 5 aneurysms were patent during a 10-month follow-up period. One aneurysm was regarded as a partially thrombosed aneurysm at 1 month, though the extent of partial thrombosis lessened at 10 months. Bifurcation aneurysms progressively increased in size (aneurysm height, width, and neck diameter) during the first several months.

CONCLUSION

If this experimental model is used to evaluate new endovascular devices for cerebral aneurysm treatment, investigators should be aware of early progressive aneurysm enlargement.

Experimental study of high-temperature smectic- C_{FI2}{ *} phase in chiral smectic liquid crystals that exhibit phase-sequence reversal

We report the results of an experimental study of a recently observed phase sequence reversal of smectic-C_{FI2}{ *} [ SmC;{ *}(q_{T}=1/2); a four layer antiferroelectric] phase appearing in the temperature range above the smectic-C{ *} (SmC;{ *}) phase from the results of optical birefringence, spontaneous polarization, selective reflection, conoscopy, and dielectric spectroscopy. The SmC_{FI2}{ *} phase is observed in an antiferroelectric liquid crystalline compound, 10OHF, in a temperature range above that of SmC{ *} phase and is found to be thermodynamically monotropic, i.e., it appears only upon cooling from SmC_{alpha}{ *} phase. This is also unstable as if it is once transformed to SmC{ *} by the application of the bias, it does not return to its original state unless the sample is heated and cooled again in the absence of the bias. Nevertheless this phase is stabilized by the addition of a chiral smectic compound 9OTBBB1M7 (abbreviated as C9), having a wide temperature range of the SmC_{FI2}{ *} phase. The temperature range of the low temperature SmC{ *} decreases with increase in the concentration of C9 and for a concentration of 55 wt. %, SmC{ *} disappears and the transition takes place directly from SmC_{FI2}{ *} to the crystalline phase on cooling. The existence of such a high-temperature SmC_{FI2}{ *} phase is also supported by a phenomenological model.

Caspase-8 has an essential role in resveratrol-induced apoptosis of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes

OBJECTIVE

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol, which possesses chemotherapeutic potential through its ability to trigger apoptosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the major determinant for the apoptotic cell death induction by resveratrol in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from patients with RA.

METHODS

The effect of resveratrol on apoptotic cell death was quantified in a population of subG1 in RA FLS by flow cytometry. The underlying signalling mechanism for apoptotic death was examined by analysing mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of the caspase cascade and translocation of Bid.

RESULTS

We show that activation of caspase-8 is essential for triggering resveratrol-induced apoptotic signalling via the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in RA FLS. Our findings also suggest that this enhanced apoptosis caused by resveratrol occurred in RA FLS irrespective of p53 status. Exposure to resveratrol caused extensive apoptotic cell death, along with a caspase-dependent (activation of caspase-9 and -3, poly ADPribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and mitochondrial cytochrome c release) or caspase-independent [translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus] signalling pathway. Analysis of upstream signalling events affected by resveratrol revealed that the activated caspase-8 triggered mitochondrial apoptotic events by inducing Bid cleavage without any alteration in the levels of Bax, Bcl-xL or Bcl2. The caspase-8 inhibitor or over-expression of crmA abrogated cell death induced by resveratrol and prevented processing of the downstream cascade.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that resveratrol causes activation of caspase-8, which in turn results in modulation of mitochondrial apoptotic machinery to promote apoptosis of RA FLS.

Serum galectin-3 and galectin-3 binding protein levels in Behçet's disease and their association with disease activity

OBJECTIVE

To determine the serum levels of galectin-3 (Gal-3) and galectin-3 binding protein (G3BP) and to evaluate the associations between clinical features and these levels in patients with Behçet's disease (BD).

METHODS

Fifty patients with BD (mean age 40.6 +/- SEM 1.4 years; 21 males, 29 females; 26 active and 24 inactive patients), 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were enrolled. Clinical features of BD patients including BD activity and severity over the previous 4 weeks were reviewed and serum levels of Gal-3 and G3BP were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

RESULTS

Serum Gal-3 levels were significantly higher in total BD patients than in healthy controls (mean +/- SEM, 10.68 +/- 0.93 versus 7.59 +/- 0.48 ng/mL; p = 0.0042 by Student's t-test), and active BD patients had significantly higher levels of serum Gal-3 than inactive patients and controls (13.08 +/- 1.53 in active BD, 8.08 +/- 0.71 ng/mL in inactive BD; p = 0.000039 by one way ANOVA). Although mean G3BP serum levels were not different in total BD patients and controls, active BD patients (6806.63 +/- 468.58 ng/mL) had higher G3BP levels than controls (5421.05 +/- 286.02 ng/mL; p = 0.031 by one way ANOVA). Additionally, serum Gal-3 significantly increased in patients with RA (p = 0.019 by t-test) and SLE (p = 0.00069) and G3BP increased in patients with SLE (p = 0.000012), compared to those in healthy controls. When we analyzed for associations with clinical features over the previous 4 weeks, Gal-3 was associated with orogenital ulcers (p = 0.036 by t-test) and time elapsed from symptom onset (p = 0.032, Pearson's coefficient = 0.314). Serum concentrations of Gal-3 (p = 0.013) and G3BP (p = 0.032) were positively correlated with the BD severity score for the previous 4 weeks. Gal-3 levels were significantly correlated with TNF-alpha (p = 0.048, Pearson's coefficient = 0.281) and G3BP levels were correlated with levels of C-reactive protein (p = 0.021, Pearson's coefficient = 0.329) in total BD patients. In multivariate analysis of all cytokines levels, only Gal-3 was significantly related to BD activity or severity for the previous 4 weeks.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that serum levels of Gal-3 and G3BP are increased in active BD patients and Gal-3 can be a new biomarker indicating disease activity in BD although their increments are not disease-specific.

Operative treatment of ventral hernia using prosthetic materials

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to summarize the clinical experiences in repairing abdominal incisional hernia with prosthetic materials.

METHODS

Eighty-three patients with ventral hernia were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Two patients developed pulmonary infection, one developed adhesive ileus, and five developed wound infection. All wounds healed completely during follow-up. Seventy-three (88%) patients were free of pain, and ten patients (12%) felt pain in the operated area within the last month; only one patient required pain-relieving drugs. Twenty-nine patients (35%) felt discomfort, such as stiffness. Four cases experienced postoperative recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Incisional herniorrhaphy with prosthetic materials is safe and effective but has a high discomfort rate. Open giant incisional hernia or recurrent incisional hernia should be performed by trained surgeons. Placing mesh in a suitable position and using a patch with minimal reaction and enough tensile strength may improve the prognosis. Further studies are necessary utilizing light polypropylene mesh.

Preparation and properties of electrophoretic microcapsules for electronic paper

This paper shows two types of microcapsules used for electrophoretic display. One is prepared by in-situ polymerization which is based on urea, melamine and formaldehyde and another by complex coacervation, which is composed of gelatin and gum Arabic. Microcapsules attract interests of many research groups for longer lifetime of electrophoretic display by reducing agglomerization or lateral movements of nanoparticles. The gelatin microcapsules were more attractive in providing more uniform microcapsule coverage on electrodes due to their flexibility as compared to the melamine-urea microcapsules. The properties of microcapsules were characterized by FTIR, OM, SEM and TGA. Migration of nanoparticles in the two types of microcapsules was also observed when an electric field was applied.

A new hemostasis valve for neuroendovascular procedures

SUMMARY

A hemostasis valve is routinely used in neuroendovascular procedures to decrease the risk of thromboembolism (1,2) . Recently, a new hemostasis valve that is designed to minimize blood loss has been introduced. We report our initial experience in using this new hemostasis valve. In neuroendovascular procedures, a hemostasis valve is commonly used for continuous irrigation of guide and microcatheters to decrease the risk of thromboembolism(1,2,3). A conventional hemostasis valve has a rotating seal at the end, which is turned open or closed each time a wire or microcatheter/guidewire is introduced or extracted. Often this results in significant back bleeding. When a rotating seal is adjusted suboptimally during a wire or microcatheter manipulation, leakage of pressurized saline from the end of a hemostasis valve results in stagnation of blood within a guiding catheter, which becomes a potential source of emboli during a procedure. The Guardian Haemostasis Valve (Zerusa Limited, Galway, Ireland) is a new hemostasis valve that is designed to minimize blood loss during interventional procedures by minimizing the opening time of the valve during wire or microcatheter insertion. A continuous sealing mechanism during wire or microcatheter positioning minimizes blood loss and stagnation of blood within the guide catheter. We report our initial experience with the Guardian hemostasis valve.

Treatment of cerebral aneurysms with hydrogel-coated platinum coils (HydroCoil): early single-center experience

PURPOSE

The authors report their experience using HydroCoils in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of the first 100 nonrandomized patients (104 coiled saccular cerebral aneurysms) treated with HydroCoils during a 27-month period.

RESULTS

The average percentage of HydroCoil by length detached in treated aneurysms was 45.5% (range, 9.9-100%). Immediate postprocedure angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm occlusion in 34%, neck remnant in 35%, and incomplete occlusion in 32%. Immediate procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates were 5.8% and 0%, respectively. Angiographic follow-up was obtained in 51% (51/100 patients; 53/104 aneurysms; average, 10.3 months; range, 0-31 months). In these 53 angiographically followed aneurysms, the overall recanalization rate was 21%: no recanalization occurred in 23 aneurysms with small size (<10 mm)/small neck (<4 mm) (S/S); 4 recanalizations occurred in 7 aneurysms with small size/wide neck (>4 mm) (S/W); 6 recanalizations (27%) occurred in 22 large (L) aneurysms (>10-25 mm, 70% angiographic follow-up); and 1 giant (G) (>25 mm) aneurysm recanalized. A large proportion of aneurysms that were not initially completely occluded were completely occluded on follow-up (15/43 [35%]). Clinical follow-up was obtained in 73 patients (73%; average, 5.3 months; range, 0-24 months): 93% of these patients were neurologically improved or unchanged. Three patients rehemorrhaged and 3 patients with unruptured aneurysms developed delayed hydrocephalus.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall safety profile of HydroCoils appears acceptable. Preliminary midterm observations suggest less coil compaction/aneurysm recanalization in large aneurysms. However, HydroCoil-related delayed hydrocephalus is a concern.

Cervical juxtafacet cysts: case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Juxtafacet cysts of the cervical and thoracic spine are rare and often present with myelopathy. Juxtafacet cysts are well recognized entities found commonly in the lumbar spine but are unusual in the cervical and thoracic spine. We present a case of a patient with gait disturbance and early myelopathy who was found to have a juxtafacet cyst at the cervico-thoracic junction. We further review the literature.

PURPOSE

To describe a case of a cervico-thoracic juxtafacet cyst and review the literature.

STUDY DESIGN

Case report and subject review.

METHODS

One patient presenting with early myelopathy and pain underwent surgery for resection of the lesion. Pathologic analysis revealed a juxtafacet cyst.

RESULTS

The patient recovered uneventfully with relief of his pain. Pubmed review revealed less than 30 similar cases in the literature.

CONCLUSION

Juxtafacet cysts of the cervical spine are rare entities. These lesions comprise both synovial cysts and ganglion cysts. The benign lesions present with myelopathy and should be considered in patients with cystic lesions in the cervical spinal canal.

The utility of DynaCT in neuroendovascular procedures

The authors present 3 patients who underwent neuroendovascular procedures in which DynaCT produced by a flat-panel detector facilitated management of complications. As part of a combined CT/angiography suite, DynaCT offered the major advantage of immediate detection or exclusion of intracranial complication without patient transfer. The quality of cone-volume CT-generated images produced by DynaCT was sufficient to make a diagnosis.

Pediatric Thoraco-lumbar Paraspinal Arteriovenous Fistulas along the Segmental Nerve. Diagnosis and Endovascular Treatment

SUMMARY

To characterize the clinical presentation, imaging features and endovascular treatment of paraspinal non-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas along the segmental nerve. Retrospective review was performed on the five patients identified in our database covering 1985 to 2003. All patients presented with an incidentally found continuous murmur over the upper paraspinal or parasternal regions before three years old. In four patients, the AV fistula was in the mid-thoracic level and at L3 in one. All AV fistulas were a high-flow single-hole fistula at the neural foramen with venous drainage into paraspinal and epidural veins without intradural reflux. All fistulas were endovascularly occluded in the same session as the diagnostic angiography. The fistula was occluded with detachable coils in one case and with N-butylcyanoacrylate (NBCA) with flow control in four cases. Complete occlusion of the fistula was obtained in all cases and all patients remained neurologically intact at the last follow up (average six years). Non-vertebral paraspinal arteriovenous fistula along the segmental nerve is a specific disease entity seen in children. Embolization is the first choice of treatment for this disease.

Postpartum cerebral angiopathy: atypical features and treatment with intracranial balloon angioplasty

Postpartum cerebral angiopathy (PCA) is an uncommon cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in young women. It is usually clinically benign and not relapsing. We describe a patient with nonhemorrhagic PCA who had an atypical progressive neurological deficit from bilateral hemisphere watershed ischemia despite treatment with aggressive medical therapy and intracranial balloon angioplasty.