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Starkey T, Ionescu MC, Tilby M, Little M, Burke E, Fittall MW, Khan S, Liu JKH, Platt JR, Mew R, Tripathy AR, Watts I, Williams ST, Appanna N, Al-Hajji Y, Barnard M, Benny L, Burnett A, Bytyci J, Cattell EL, Cheng V, Clark JJ, Eastlake L, Gerrand K, Ghafoor Q, Grumett S, Harper-Wynne C, Kahn R, Lee AJX, Lomas O, Lydon A, Mckenzie H, Panneerselvam H, Pascoe JS, Patel G, Patel V, Potter VA, Randle A, Rigg AS, Robinson TM, Roylance R, Roques TW, Rozmanowski S, Roux RL, Shah K, Sheehan R, Sintler M, Swarup S, Taylor H, Tillett T, Tuthill M, Williams S, Ying Y, Beggs A, Iveson T, Lee SM, Middleton G, Middleton M, Protheroe A, Fowler T, Johnson P, Lee LYW. A population-scale temporal case-control evaluation of COVID-19 disease phenotype and related outcome rates in patients with cancer in England (UKCCP). Sci Rep 2023; 13:11327. [PMID: 37491478 PMCID: PMC10368624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at increased risk of hospitalisation and mortality following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the SARS-CoV-2 phenotype evolution in patients with cancer since 2020 has not previously been described. We therefore evaluated SARS-CoV-2 on a UK populationscale from 01/11/2020-31/08/2022, assessing case-outcome rates of hospital assessment(s), intensive care admission and mortality. We observed that the SARS-CoV-2 disease phenotype has become less severe in patients with cancer and the non-cancer population. Case-hospitalisation rates for patients with cancer dropped from 30.58% in early 2021 to 7.45% in 2022 while case-mortality rates decreased from 20.53% to 3.25%. However, the risk of hospitalisation and mortality remains 2.10x and 2.54x higher in patients with cancer, respectively. Overall, the SARS-CoV-2 disease phenotype is less severe in 2022 compared to 2020 but patients with cancer remain at higher risk than the non-cancer population. Patients with cancer must therefore be empowered to live more normal lives, to see loved ones and families, while also being safeguarded with expanded measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michael Tilby
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Emma Burke
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sam Khan
- University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - James R Platt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds, UK
| | - Rosie Mew
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Youssra Al-Hajji
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jola Bytyci
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qamar Ghafoor
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon Grumett
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Lomas
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Lydon
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
| | - Hayley Mckenzie
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Jennifer S Pascoe
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Vanessa A Potter
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Anne S Rigg
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Roylance
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom W Roques
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - René L Roux
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ketan Shah
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Remarez Sheehan
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Sintler
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Mark Tuthill
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Williams
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yuxin Ying
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tim Iveson
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Siow Ming Lee
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Fowler
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Lennard Y W Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Lee LYW, Tilby M, Starkey T, Ionescu MC, Burnett A, Hattersley R, Khan S, Little M, Liu JKH, Platt JR, Tripathy A, Watts I, Williams ST, Appanna N, Al-Hajji Y, Barnard M, Benny L, Buckley A, Cattell E, Cheng V, Clark J, Eastlake L, Gerrand K, Ghafoor Q, Grumett S, Harper-Wynne C, Kahn R, Lee AJX, Lydon A, McKenzie H, Panneerselvam H, Pascoe J, Patel G, Patel V, Potter V, Randle A, Rigg AS, Robinson T, Roylance R, Roques T, Rozmanowski S, Roux RL, Shah K, Sintler M, Taylor H, Tillett T, Tuthill M, Williams S, Beggs A, Iveson T, Lee SM, Middleton G, Middleton M, Protheroe AS, Fittall MW, Fowler T, Johnson P. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Antibody Vaccine Response With Infection Severity in Patients With Cancer: A National COVID Cancer Cross-sectional Evaluation. JAMA Oncol 2023; 9:188-196. [PMID: 36547970 PMCID: PMC9936347 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.5974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Importance Accurate identification of patient groups with the lowest level of protection following COVID-19 vaccination is important to better target resources and interventions for the most vulnerable populations. It is not known whether SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing has clinical utility for high-risk groups, such as people with cancer. Objective To evaluate whether spike protein antibody vaccine response (COV-S) following COVID-19 vaccination is associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection or hospitalization among patients with cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a population-based cross-sectional study of patients with cancer from the UK as part of the National COVID Cancer Antibody Survey. Adults with a known or reported cancer diagnosis who had completed their primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedule were included. This analysis ran from September 1, 2021, to March 4, 2022, a period covering the expansion of the UK's third-dose vaccination booster program. Interventions Anti-SARS-CoV-2 COV-S antibody test (Elecsys; Roche). Main Outcomes and Measures Odds of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and COVID-19 hospitalization. Results The evaluation comprised 4249 antibody test results from 3555 patients with cancer and 294 230 test results from 225 272 individuals in the noncancer population. The overall cohort of 228 827 individuals (patients with cancer and the noncancer population) comprised 298 479 antibody tests. The median age of the cohort was in the age band of 40 and 49 years and included 182 741 test results (61.22%) from women and 115 737 (38.78%) from men. There were 279 721 tests (93.72%) taken by individuals identifying as White or White British. Patients with cancer were more likely to have undetectable anti-S antibody responses than the general population (199 of 4249 test results [4.68%] vs 376 of 294 230 [0.13%]; P < .001). Patients with leukemia or lymphoma had the lowest antibody titers. In the cancer cohort, following multivariable correction, patients who had an undetectable antibody response were at much greater risk for SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection (odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% CI, 1.96-4.72; P < .001) and SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalization (OR, 6.48; 95% CI, 3.31-12.67; P < .001) than individuals who had a positive antibody response. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that COV-S antibody testing allows the identification of patients with cancer who have the lowest level of antibody-derived protection from COVID-19. This study supports larger evaluations of SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to patients with cancer should be prioritized to minimize impact on cancer treatments and maximize quality of life for individuals with cancer during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Y. W. Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Tilby
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Burnett
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Hattersley
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Khan
- University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Little
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - James R. Platt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Tripathy
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Youssra Al-Hajji
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Liza Benny
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Vinton Cheng
- University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - James Clark
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kate Gerrand
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qamar Ghafoor
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Grumett
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Anna Lydon
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Trust, Torquay, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley McKenzie
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jennifer Pascoe
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Vanessa Potter
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne S. Rigg
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca Roylance
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Roques
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | | | - René L. Roux
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan Shah
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Sintler
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Taylor
- Oxford Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Tuthill
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Williams
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Iveson
- Department of Oncology, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Siow Ming Lee
- UCLH/CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Protheroe
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tom Fowler
- William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Lee LYW, Starkey T, Ionescu MC, Little M, Tilby M, Tripathy AR, Mckenzie HS, Al-Hajji Y, Barnard M, Benny L, Burnett A, Cattell EL, Charman J, Clark JJ, Khan S, Ghafoor Q, Illsley G, Harper-Wynne C, Hattersley RJ, Lee AJX, Leonard PC, Liu JKH, Pang M, Pascoe JS, Platt JR, Potter VA, Randle A, Rigg AS, Robinson TM, Roques TW, Roux RL, Rozmanowski S, Tuthill MH, Watts I, Williams S, Iveson T, Lee SM, Middleton G, Middleton M, Protheroe A, Fittall MW, Fowler T, Johnson P. Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 breakthrough infections in patients with cancer (UKCCEP): a population-based test-negative case-control study. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:748-757. [PMID: 35617989 PMCID: PMC9126559 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with cancer are at increased risk of hospitalisation and death following infection with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we aimed to conduct one of the first evaluations of vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with cancer at a population level. METHODS In this population-based test-negative case-control study of the UK Coronavirus Cancer Evaluation Project (UKCCEP), we extracted data from the UKCCEP registry on all SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results (from the Second Generation Surveillance System), vaccination records (from the National Immunisation Management Service), patient demographics, and cancer records from England, UK, from Dec 8, 2020, to Oct 15, 2021. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with cancer in the UKCCEP registry were identified via Public Health England's Rapid Cancer Registration Dataset between Jan 1, 2018, and April 30, 2021, and comprised the cancer cohort. We constructed a control population cohort from adults with PCR tests in the UKCCEP registry who were not contained within the Rapid Cancer Registration Dataset. The coprimary endpoints were overall vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough infections after the second dose (positive PCR COVID-19 test) and vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough infections at 3-6 months after the second dose in the cancer cohort and control population. FINDINGS The cancer cohort comprised 377 194 individuals, of whom 42 882 had breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections. The control population consisted of 28 010 955 individuals, of whom 5 748 708 had SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 69·8% (95% CI 69·8-69·9) in the control population and 65·5% (65·1-65·9) in the cancer cohort. Vaccine effectiveness at 3-6 months was lower in the cancer cohort (47·0%, 46·3-47·6) than in the control population (61·4%, 61·4-61·5). INTERPRETATION COVID-19 vaccination is effective for individuals with cancer, conferring varying levels of protection against breakthrough infections. However, vaccine effectiveness is lower in patients with cancer than in the general population. COVID-19 vaccination for patients with cancer should be used in conjunction with non-pharmacological strategies and community-based antiviral treatment programmes to reduce the risk that COVID-19 poses to patients with cancer. FUNDING University of Oxford, University of Southampton, University of Birmingham, Department of Health and Social Care, and Blood Cancer UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Y W Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Martin Little
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Tilby
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arvind R Tripathy
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayley S Mckenzie
- Oncology Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Youssra Al-Hajji
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Emma L Cattell
- Department of Cancer, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Jackie Charman
- National Disease Registration Service, NHS Digital, London, UK
| | - James J Clark
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Khan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Qamar Ghafoor
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Catherine Harper-Wynne
- Kent Oncology Centre, University of Kent and Kent and Medway Medical School, Maidstone, UK
| | - Rosie J Hattersley
- Department of Oncology, Torbay Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
| | - Alvin J X Lee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust and University College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline C Leonard
- Cancer Services, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Romford, UK
| | - Justin K H Liu
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Pang
- Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Jennifer S Pascoe
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - James R Platt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Vanessa A Potter
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Anne S Rigg
- Department of Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim M Robinson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom W Roques
- Cancer Services, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - René L Roux
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark H Tuthill
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabella Watts
- Department of Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Williams
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tim Iveson
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Siow Ming Lee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust and University College London, London, UK; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust and University College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Johnson
- NHS England, London, UK; Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
Cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rapidly rising. This is particularly the case in the Western world, as a result of increasing rates of chronic liver disease, secondary to lifestyle-associated risk factors and the lack of an established screening programme for the general population. Traditionally, radical/curative treatment options for HCC, including liver transplantation and surgical resection are reserved for the minority of patients, presenting with an early stage cancer. For patients with advanced disease, Sorafenib and Lenvatinib were, until recently, the only licensed systemic treatments, and provided only limited survival benefits at the cost of a multitude of potential side effects. Recent scientific advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have renewed significant interest in advanced HCC, in order to fulfil this apparent area of unmet clinical need. This has led to the success and recent regulatory approval of an Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab combination for the first-line treatment of advanced HCC following results from the IMbrave150 clinical trial in 2019, with further immune checkpoint inhibitors currently undergoing testing in advanced clinical trials. Furthermore, other cancer immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, dendritic cell vaccines and oncolytic viruses are also in early stage clinical trials, for the treatment of advanced HCC. This review will summarise the major approaches that have been and are currently in development for the systemic treatment of advanced HCC, their advantages, drawbacks, and predictions of where this revolutionary treatment field will continue to travel for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. H. Liu
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's (LIMR)School of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsSt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Andrew F. Irvine
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's (LIMR)School of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsSt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Rebecca L. Jones
- Leeds Liver UnitSt James's University HospitalLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUK
| | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's (LIMR)School of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsSt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
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Liu JKH. The history of monoclonal antibody development - Progress, remaining challenges and future innovations. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2014; 3:113-6. [PMID: 25568796 PMCID: PMC4284445 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As medicine progresses into a new era of personalised therapy, the use of monoclonal antibodies to treat a wide range of diseases lies at the heart of this new forefront. Since the licencing of the first monoclonal antibody for clinical use 30 years ago, the monoclonal antibody industry has expanded exponentially and is now valued at billions of dollars. With major advances in genetic sequencing and biomedical research, much research into monoclonal antibodies now focuses on identifying new targets for development and maximising their efficacy for use in clinical practice. However, a balance has to be struck with regards to reducing numbers of side-effects and overall economic cost, which arguably somewhat blighted their early clinical and commercial successes. Nowadays, there are approximately 30 monoclonal antibodies that have been approved for use in clinical practice with many more currently being tested in clinical trials. Some of the current major limitations include: the use of inefficient models for generation, a lack of efficacy and issues of cost-effectiveness. Some of the current research focuses on ways to improve the efficacy of existing monoclonal antibodies through optimising their effects and the addition of beneficial modifications. This review will focus on the history of monoclonal antibody development - how it has increasingly moved away from using laborious animal models to a more effective phage display system, some of the major drawbacks from a clinical and economical point of view and future innovations that are currently being researched to maximise their effectiveness for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K H Liu
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
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Xu H, Abe T, Liu JKH, Zalivina I, Hohenester E, Leitinger B. Normal activation of discoidin domain receptor 1 mutants with disulfide cross-links, insertions, or deletions in the extracellular juxtamembrane region: mechanistic implications. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13565-74. [PMID: 24671415 PMCID: PMC4036362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are receptor tyrosine kinases that are activated by collagen. DDR activation does not appear to occur by the common mechanism of ligand-induced receptor dimerization: the DDRs form stable noncovalent dimers in the absence of ligand, and ligand-induced autophosphorylation of cytoplasmic tyrosines is unusually slow and sustained. Here we sought to identify functionally important dimer contacts within the extracellular region of DDR1 by using cysteine-scanning mutagenesis. Cysteine substitutions close to the transmembrane domain resulted in receptors that formed covalent dimers with high efficiency, both in the absence and presence of collagen. Enforced covalent dimerization did not result in constitutive activation and did not affect the ability of collagen to induce receptor autophosphorylation. Cysteines farther away from the transmembrane domain were also cross-linked with high efficiency, but some of these mutants could no longer be activated. Furthermore, the extracellular juxtamembrane region of DDR1 tolerated large deletions as well as insertions of flexible segments, with no adverse effect on activation. These findings indicate that the extracellular juxtamembrane region of DDR1 is exceptionally flexible and does not constrain the basal or ligand-activated state of the receptor. DDR1 transmembrane signaling thus appears to occur without conformational coupling through the juxtamembrane region, but requires specific receptor interactions farther away from the cell membrane. A plausible mechanism to explain these findings is signaling by DDR1 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Xu
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom and
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