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Nosková E, Sambucci KM, Petrželková KJ, Červená B, Modrý D, Pafčo B. Strongyloides in non-human primates: significance for public health control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230006. [PMID: 38008123 PMCID: PMC10676817 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates are an important source of infectious disease in humans. Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 600 million people worldwide, with a global distribution and hotspots of infection in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases, global attention has been demanded in the drive for its control. Through a literature review of Strongyloides in humans and non-human primates (NHP), we analysed the most common identification methods and gaps in knowledge about this nematode genus. The rise of molecular-based methods for Strongyloides detection is evident in both humans and NHP and provides an opportunity to analyse all data available from primates. Dogs were also included as an important host species of Strongyloides and a potential bridge host between humans and NHP. This review highlights the lack of molecular data across all hosts-humans, NHP and dogs-with the latter highly underrepresented in the database. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of Strongyloides, there are still large gaps in our knowledge for certain species when considering transmission and pathogenicity. We suggest that a unified approach to Strongyloides detection be taken, with an optimized, repeatable molecular-based method to improve our understanding of this parasitic infection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kelly M. Sambucci
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Brožová K, Jirků M, Lhotská Z, Květoňová D, Kadlecová O, Stensvold CR, Samaš P, Petrželková KJ, Jirků K. The opportunistic protist, Giardia intestinalis, occurs in gut-healthy humans in a high-income country. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2270077. [PMID: 37815802 PMCID: PMC10614719 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2270077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis, a cosmopolitan gastrointestinal protist, is detected mainly in patients with clinical giardiasis in high-income countries. In contrast, there is very little information on the presence of Giardia in asymptomatic individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of Giardia in gut-healthy volunteers in the Czech Republic and to perform a comparative evaluation of different diagnostic methods, since Giardia diagnostics is complicated. Our results confirmed that the qPCR method is the most sensitive method for detecting Giardia and revealed a prevalence of 7% (22/296) in asymptomatic individuals. In most cases, the colonization intensity ranged from 10-1-101. A conventional PCR protocol targeting the TPI gene was used to identify the assemblages. However, this protocol had limited sensitivity for Giardia amplification, effectively detecting colonization above an intensity of 104. In addition, Giardia was detected in 19% of the animals, which were closely associated with the study participants. However, due to methodological limitations, zoonotic transmission could not be clearly confirmed. Notably, contact with animals proved to be the only factor that had a significant impact on the incidence of Giardia in gut-healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Brožová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lhotská
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřiška Kadlecová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Nosková E, Modrý D, Baláž V, Červená B, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Zechmeisterová K, Leowski C, Petrželková KJ, Pšenková I, Vodička R, Kessler SE, Ngoubangoye B, Setchell JM, Pafčo B. Identification of potentially zoonotic parasites in captive orangutans and semi-captive mandrills: Phylogeny and morphological comparison. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23475. [PMID: 36776131 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Cysts and trophozoites of vestibuliferid ciliates and larvae of Strongyloides were found in fecal samples from captive orangutans Pongo pygmaeus and P. abelii from Czech and Slovak zoological gardens. As comparative material, ciliates from semi-captive mandrills Mandrillus sphinx from Gabon were included in the study. Phylogenetic analysis of the detected vestibuliferid ciliates using ITS1-5.8s-rRNA-ITS2 and partial 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) revealed that the ciliates from orangutans are conspecific with Balantioides coli lineage A, while the ciliates from mandrills clustered with Buxtonella-like ciliates from other primates. Morphological examination of the cysts and trophozoites using light microscopy did not reveal differences robust enough to identify the genera of the ciliates. Phylogenetic analysis of detected L1 larvae of Strongyloides using partial cox1 revealed Strongyloides stercoralis clustering within the cox1 lineage A infecting dogs, humans, and other primates. The sequences of 18S rDNA support these results. As both B. coli and S. stercoralis are zoonotic parasites and the conditions in captive and semi-captive settings may facilitate transmission to humans, prophylactic measures should reflect the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Baláž
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Clotilde Leowski
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Sharon E Kessler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Joanna M Setchell
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Jirků M, Kašparová A, Lhotská Z, Oborník M, Brožová K, Petrželková KJ, Samaš P, Kadlecová O, Stensvold CR, Jirků K. A Cross-Sectional Study on the Occurrence of the Intestinal Protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the Gut-Healthy Volunteers and Their Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315407. [PMID: 36499734 PMCID: PMC9737029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is a cosmopolitan intestinal protist colonizing the human gut with varying prevalence depending on the cohort studied and the diagnostic methods used. Its role in human health remains unclear mainly due to the very sporadic number of cross-sectional studies in gut-healthy populations. The main objective of this study was to expand knowledge of the epidemiology of D. fragilis in gut-healthy humans and their animals. A total of 296 stool samples from humans and 135 samples from 18 animal species were analyzed. Using qPCR, a prevalence of 24% was found in humans in contrast to conventional PCR (7%). In humans, several factors were found to influence the prevalence of D. fragilis. A more frequent occurrence of D. fragilis was associated with living in a village, traveling outside Europe and contact with farm animals. In addition, co-infection with Blastocystis spp. was observed in nearly half of the colonized humans. In animals, D. fragilis was detected in 13% of samples from eight species using qPCR. Our molecular phylogenies demonstrate a more frequent occurrence of Genotype 1 in gut-healthy humans and also revealed a likely a new protist species/lineage in rabbits related to D. fragilis and other related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Kašparová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lhotská
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Brožová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřiška Kadlecová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kateřina Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-38-777-5470
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5
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Šloufová M, Lhotská Z, Jirků M, Petrželková KJ, Stensvold CR, Cinek O, Pomajbíková KJ. Comparison of molecular diagnostic approaches for the detection and differentiation of the intestinal protist Blastocystis sp. in humans. Parasite 2022; 29:30. [PMID: 35638752 PMCID: PMC9153396 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most commonly found intestinal protist in the world. Accurate detection and differentiation of Blastocystis including its subtypes (arguably species) are essential to understand its epidemiology and role in human health. We compared (i) the sensitivity of conventional PCR (cPCR) and qPCR in a set of 288 DNA samples obtained from stool samples of gut-healthy individuals, and (ii) subtype diversity as detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS) versus Sanger sequencing. Real-time PCR resulted in more positive samples than cPCR, revealing high fecal load of Blastocystis based on the quantification curve in most samples. In subtype detection, NGS was largely in agreement with Sanger sequencing but showed higher sensitivity for mixed subtype colonization within one host. This fact together with use of the combination of qPCR and NGS and obtaining information on the fecal protist load will be beneficial for epidemiological and surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Šloufová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic - Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lhotská
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic - Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic - Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 603 65, Czech Republic
| | - C Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Ondřej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jirků Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic - Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
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Mason B, Piel AK, Modrý D, Petrželková KJ, Stewart FA, Pafčo B. Association of human disturbance and gastrointestinal parasite infection of yellow baboons in western Tanzania. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262481. [PMID: 35020760 PMCID: PMC8754341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human disturbance is an ongoing threat to many wildlife species, manifesting as habitat destruction, resource overuse, or increased disease exposure, among others. With increasing human: non-human primate (NHP) encounters, NHPs are increasingly susceptible to human-introduced diseases, including those with parasitic origins. As such, epidemiology of parasitic disease is becoming an important consideration for NHP conservation strategies. To investigate the relationship between parasite infections and human disturbance we studied yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) living outside of national park boundaries in western Tanzania, collecting 135 fresh faecal samples from nine troops occupying areas with varying levels of human disturbance. We fixed all samples in 10% formalin and later evaluated parasite prevalence and abundance (of isotrichid ciliates and Strongylida). We identified seven protozoan and four helminth taxa. Taxa showed varied relationships with human disturbance, baboon troop size and host age. In four taxa, we found a positive association between prevalence and troop size. We also report a trend towards higher parasite prevalence of two taxa in less disturbed areas. To the contrary, high levels of human disturbance predicted increased abundance of isotrichid ciliates, although no relationship was found between disturbance and Strongylida abundance. Our results provide mixed evidence that human disturbance is associated with NHP parasite infections, highlighting the need to consider monitoring parasite infections when developing NHP conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Mason
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alex K. Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation (GMERC) Project, Busongola, Tanzania
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fiona A. Stewart
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation (GMERC) Project, Busongola, Tanzania
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Schulz D, Pšenková-Profousová I, Červená B, Procter M, Neba TF, Modrý D, Petrželková KJ, Qablan MA. Occurrence and diversity of anaerobic gut fungi in wild forest elephants and buffaloes inhabiting two separated forest ecosystems in Central West Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Biology 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schulz
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Pšenková-Profousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miranda Procter
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; e-mail: ,
| | - Terence Fuh Neba
- World Wildlife Fund, Primate Habituation Project, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic; e-mail:
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
| | - Moneeb A. Qablan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; e-mail: ,
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Shutt-Phillips K, Pafčo B, Heistermann M, Kasim A, Petrželková KJ, Profousová-Pšenková I, Modrý D, Todd A, Fuh T, Dicky JF, Bopalanzognako JB, Setchell JM. Fecal glucocorticoids and gastrointestinal parasite infections in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) involved in ecotourism. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 312:113859. [PMID: 34298054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife ecotourism can offer a source of revenue which benefits local development and conservation simultaneously. However, habituation of wildlife for ecotourism can cause long-term elevation of glucocorticoid hormones, which may suppress immune function and increase an animal's vulnerability to disease. We have previously shown that western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) undergoing habituation in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, have higher fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGCM) levels than both habituated and unhabituated gorillas. Here, we tested the relationship between FGCM levels and strongylid infections in the same gorillas. If high FGCM levels suppress the immune system, we predicted that FGCM levels will be positively associated with strongylid egg counts and that gorillas undergoing habituation will have the highest strongylid egg counts, relative to both habituated and unhabituated gorillas. We collected fecal samples over 12 months in two habituated gorilla groups, one group undergoing habituation and completely unhabituated gorillas. We established FGCM levels and fecal egg counts of Necator/Oesophagostomum spp. and Mammomonogamus sp. Controlling for seasonal variation and age-sex category in strongylid infections we found no significant relationship between FGCMs and Nectator/Oesophagostomum spp. or Mammomonogamus sp. egg counts in a within group comparison in either a habituated group or a group undergoing habituation. However, across groups, egg counts of Nectator/Oesophagostomum spp. were lowest in unhabituated animals and highest in the group undergoing habituation, matching the differences in FGCM levels among these gorilla groups. Our findings partially support the hypothesis that elevated glucocorticoids reduce a host's ability to control the extent of parasitic infections, and show the importance of non-invasive monitoring of endocrine function and parasite infection in individuals exposed to human pressure including habituation process and ecotourism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Shutt-Phillips
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK; UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Adetayo Kasim
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus University Boulevard, Thornaby, UK
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | | | - David Modrý
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Terence Fuh
- WWF-CAR, BP 1053 Bangui, Central African Republic
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9
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Sirima C, Bizet C, Hamou H, Červená B, Lemarcis T, Esteban A, Peeters M, Mpoudi Ngole E, Mombo IM, Liégeois F, Petrželková KJ, Boussinesq M, Locatelli S. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in free-ranging non-human primates from Cameroon and Gabon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:354. [PMID: 34225777 PMCID: PMC8259424 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic diseases are a serious threat to both public health and animal conservation. Most non-human primates (NHP) are facing the threat of forest loss and fragmentation and are increasingly living in closer spatial proximity to humans. Humans are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) at a high prevalence, and bidirectional infection with NHP has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, distribution and presence of co-infections of STH in free-ranging gorillas, chimpanzees and other NHP species, and to determine the potential role of these NHP as reservoir hosts contributing to the environmental sustenance of zoonotic nematode infections in forested areas of Cameroon and Gabon. METHODS A total of 315 faecal samples from six species of NHPs were analysed. We performed PCR amplification, sequencing and maximum likelihood analysis of DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA to detect the presence and determine the genetic diversity of Oesophagostomum spp., Necator spp. and Trichuris spp., and of targeted DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) to detect the presence of Ascaris spp. RESULTS Necator spp. infections were most common in gorillas (35 of 65 individuals), but also present in chimpanzees (100 of 222 individuals) and in one of four samples from greater spot-nosed monkeys. These clustered with previously described type II and III Necator spp. Gorillas were also the most infected NHP with Oesophagostomum (51/65 individuals), followed by chimpanzees (157/222 individuals), mandrills (8/12 samples) and mangabeys (7/12 samples), with O. stephanostomum being the most prevalent species. Oesophagostomum bifurcum was detected in chimpanzees and a red-capped mangabey, and a non-classified Oesophagostomum species was detected in a mandrill and a red-capped mangabey. In addition, Ternidens deminutus was detected in samples from one chimpanzee and three greater spot-nosed monkeys. A significant relative overabundance of co-infections with Necator and Oesophagostomum was observed in chimpanzees and gorillas. Trichuris sp. was detected at low prevalence in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and a greater spot-nosed monkey. No Ascaris was observed in any of the samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS Our results on STH prevalence and genetic diversity in NHP from Cameroon and Gabon corroborate those obtained from other wild NHP populations in other African countries. Future research should focus on better identifying, at a molecular level, the species of Necator and Oesophagostomum infecting NHP and determining how human populations may be affected by increased proximity resulting from encroachment into sylvatic STH reservoir habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sirima
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Bizet
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - H Hamou
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Lemarcis
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A Esteban
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Peeters
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Mpoudi Ngole
- Projet Prévention du Sida Au Cameroun (PRESICA) and Virology Laboratory IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - I M Mombo
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - F Liégeois
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD 224-CNRS 5290-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - K J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - M Boussinesq
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Locatelli
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD 224-CNRS 5290-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Pafčo B, Kreisinger J, Čížková D, Pšenková-Profousová I, Shutt-Phillips K, Todd A, Fuh T, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms? Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4786-4797. [PMID: 31573713 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) can result in a high potential for pathogen exchange. In recent decades, NHP and human interactions have become more frequent due to increasing habitat encroachment and ecotourism. Strongylid communities, which include members of several genera, are typically found in NHPs. Using optimized high-throughput sequencing for strain-level identification of primate strongylids, we studied the structure of strongylid communities in NHPs and humans co-habiting a tropical forest ecosystem in the Central African Republic. General taxonomic assignment of 85 ITS-2 haplotypes indicated that the studied primates harbour at least nine genera of strongylid nematodes, with Oesophagostomum and Necator being the most prevalent. We detected both host-specific and shared strongylid haplotypes. Skin-penetrating Necator gorillaehaplotypes were shared between humans and gorillas but Necator americanus were much more restricted to humans. Strongylid communities of local hunter-gatherers employed as trackers were more similar to those of gorillas compared to their relatives, who spent more time in villages. This was due to lower abundance of human-origin N. americanus in both gorillas and trackers. Habituated gorillas or those under habituation did not show larger overlap of strongylids with humans compared to unhabituated. We concluded that the occurrence of the human-specific strongylids in gorillas does not increase with direct contact between gorillas and humans due to the habituation. Overall, our results indicate that the degree of habitat sharing between hosts, together with mode of parasite transmission, are important factors for parasite spillover among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Čížková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Pšenková-Profousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Sharma AK, Pafčo B, Vlčková K, Červená B, Kreisinger J, Davison S, Beeri K, Fuh T, Leigh SR, Burns MB, Blekhman R, Petrželková KJ, Gomez A. Mapping gastrointestinal gene expression patterns in wild primates and humans via fecal RNA-seq. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:493. [PMID: 31200636 PMCID: PMC6567582 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited accessibility to intestinal epithelial tissue in wild animals and humans makes it challenging to study patterns of intestinal gene regulation, and hence to monitor physiological status and health in field conditions. To explore solutions to this limitation, we have used a noninvasive approach via fecal RNA-seq, for the quantification of gene expression markers in gastrointestinal cells of free-range primates and a forager human population. Thus, a combination of poly(A) mRNA enrichment and rRNA depletion methods was used in tandem with RNA-seq to quantify and compare gastrointestinal gene expression patterns in fecal samples of wild Gorilla gorilla gorilla (n = 9) and BaAka hunter-gatherers (n = 10) from The Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Results Although only a small fraction (< 4.9%) of intestinal mRNA signals was recovered, the data was sufficient to detect significant functional differences between gorillas and humans, at the gene and pathway levels. These intestinal gene expression differences were specifically associated with metabolic and immune functions. Additionally, non-host RNA-seq reads were used to gain preliminary insights on the subjects’ dietary habits, intestinal microbiomes, and infection prevalence, via identification of fungi, nematode, arthropod and plant RNA. Conclusions Overall, the results suggest that fecal RNA-seq, targeting gastrointestinal epithelial cells can be used to evaluate primate intestinal physiology and gut gene regulation, in samples obtained in challenging conditions in situ. The approach used herein may be useful to obtain information on primate intestinal health, while revealing preliminary insights into foraging ecology, microbiome, and diet. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5813-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Vlčková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Davison
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Karen Beeri
- Vanderbilt University medical center Technologies for Advanced Genomics, Vanderbilt University medical center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Terence Fuh
- WWF Central African Republic, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael B Burns
- Loyola University Chicago, Quinlan Life Sciences Building, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic. .,The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Liberec Zoo, Lidové sady 425/1, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
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12
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Pafčo B, Sharma AK, Petrželková KJ, Vlčková K, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Wilson BA, Stumpf R, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh S, Gomez A. Gut microbiome composition of wild western lowland gorillas is associated with individual age and sex factors. Am J Phys Anthropol 2019; 169:575-585. [PMID: 31025322 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Environmental and ecological factors, such as geographic range, anthropogenic pressure, group identity, and feeding behavior are known to influence the gastrointestinal microbiomes of great apes. However, the influence of individual host traits such as age and sex, given specific dietary and social constraints, has been less studied. The objective of this investigation was to determine the associations between an individual's age and sex on the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome in wild western lowland gorillas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publicly available 16S rRNA data generated from fecal samples of different groups of Gorilla gorilla gorilla in the Central African Republic were downloaded and bioinformatically processed. The groups analyzed included habituated, partially habituated and unhabituated gorillas, sampled during low fruit (dry, n = 28) and high fruit (wet, n = 82) seasons. Microbial community analyses (alpha and beta diversity and analyses of discriminant taxa), in tandem with network-wide approaches, were used to (a) mine for specific age and sex based differences in gut bacterial community composition and to (b) asses for gut community modularity and bacterial taxa with potential functional roles, in the context of seasonal food variation, and social group affiliation. RESULTS Both age and sex significantly influenced gut microbiome diversity and composition in wild western lowland gorillas. However, the largest differences were observed between infants and adults in habituated groups and between adults and immature gorillas within all groups, and across dry and wet seasons. Specifically, although adults always showed greater bacterial richness than infants and immature gorillas, network-wide analyses showed higher microbial community complexity and modularity in the infant gorilla gut. Sex-based microbiome differences were not evident among adults, being only detected among immature gorillas. CONCLUSIONS The results presented point to a dynamic gut microbiome in Gorilla spp., associated with ontogeny and individual development. Of note, the gut microbiomes of breastfeeding infants seemed to reflect early exposure to complex, herbaceous vegetation. Whether increased compositional complexity of the infant gorilla gut microbiome is an adaptive response to an energy-limited diet and an underdeveloped gut needs to be further tested. Overall, age and sex based gut microbiome differences, as shown here, maybe mainly attributed to access to specific feeding sources, and social interactions between individuals within groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ashok K Sharma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Vlčková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Steven Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
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13
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Mapua MI, Fuehrer HP, Petrželková KJ, Todd A, Noedl H, Qablan MA, Modrý D. Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in Western Lowland Gorillas and Humans, Central African Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1581-1583. [PMID: 30016237 PMCID: PMC6056121 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.180010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malaria parasites have rarely been reported from free-ranging great apes. Our study confirms the presence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in western lowland gorillas and humans in Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, and discusses implications for malaria epidemiology.
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14
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Burgunder J, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Kato A, Juránková J, MacIntosh AJ. Corrigendum to “Fractal measures in activity patterns: Do gastrointestinal parasites affect the complexity of sheep behaviour” [Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 205 (2018) 44–53]. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Votýpka J, Pafčo B, Modrý D, Mbohli D, Tagg N, Petrželková KJ. An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:322-325. [PMID: 30225193 PMCID: PMC6139395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Charismatic great apes have been used widely and effectively as flagship species in conservation campaigns for decades. These iconic representatives of their ecosystems could also play a role as reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases. Recently it was demonstrated that African great apes can host Leishmania parasites (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae). Given that this finding raised a strong negative reaction from leishmania experts and the subsequent discussion did not lead to a clear resolution, we decided to analyze wild gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) fecal samples collected from the same area in Cameroon as in the original study. Fecal samples, used to circumvent the difficulties and ethics involved in obtaining blood samples from endangered wild apes, were screened by three different PCR assays for detection of Leishmania DNA. We did not detect any leishmania parasites in analyzed feces; however, sequencing of SSU rRNA revealed an unexpected diversity of free-living bodonids (Kinetoplastea: Bodonidae) and parasitic trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) other than Leishmania. A single detected Phytomonas species, found in chimpanzee feces, most likely originated from animal plant food. On the other hand, the presence of four free-living bodonid species and four parasitic insect monoxenous trypanosomatid, including two possible new species of the genus Herpetomonas, could be explained as ex post contamination of feces either from the environment or from flies (Diptera: Brachycera). We analyzed wild gorilla and chimpanzee fecal samples, from the area where a previous study detected Leishmania parasites. We detected leishmania DNA neither in great ape fecal samples nor in feces of experimentally infected rodents. We revealed unexpected diversity of bodonids, monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids other than Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Donald Mbohli
- Association de la Protection de Grands Singes, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Association de la Protection de Grands Singes, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
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16
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Vlčková K, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Relationships Between Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections and the Fecal Microbiome in Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 29963018 PMCID: PMC6013710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) and the gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) are widely discussed topics across mammalian species due to their possible impact on the host's health. GIPs may change the environment determining alterations in GIM composition. We evaluated the associations between GIP infections and fecal microbiome composition in two habituated and two unhabituated groups of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 43 fecal samples for GIPs and quantified strongylid nematodes. We characterized fecal microbiome composition through 454 pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Entamoeba spp. infections were associated with significant differences in abundances of bacterial taxa that likely play important roles in nutrition and metabolism for the host, besides being characteristic members of the gorilla gut microbiome. We did not observe any relationships between relative abundances of several bacterial taxa and strongylid egg counts. Based on our findings, we suggest that there is a significant relationship between fecal microbiome and Entamoeba infection in wild gorillas. This study contributes to the overall knowledge about factors involved in modulating GIM communities in great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States.,J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
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17
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Pafčo B, Čížková D, Kreisinger J, Hasegawa H, Vallo P, Shutt K, Todd A, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Metabarcoding analysis of strongylid nematode diversity in two sympatric primate species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5933. [PMID: 29651122 PMCID: PMC5897349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongylid nematodes in large terrestrial herbivores such as great apes, equids, elephants, and humans tend to occur in complex communities. However, identification of all species within strongylid communities using traditional methods based on coproscopy or single nematode amplification and sequencing is virtually impossible. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies provide opportunities to generate large amounts of sequence data and enable analyses of samples containing a mixture of DNA from multiple species/genotypes. We designed and tested an HTS approach for strain-level identification of gastrointestinal strongylids using ITS-2 metabarcoding at the MiSeq Illumina platform in samples from two free-ranging non-human primate species inhabiting the same environment, but differing significantly in their host traits and ecology. Although we observed overlapping of particular haplotypes, overall the studied primate species differed in their strongylid nematode community composition. Using HTS, we revealed hidden diversity in the strongylid nematode communities in non-human primates, more than one haplotype was found in more than 90% of samples and coinfections of more than one putative species occurred in 80% of samples. In conclusion, the HTS approach on strongylid nematodes, preferably using fecal samples, represents a time and cost-efficient way of studying strongylid communities and provides a resolution superior to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Čížková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Praha, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Oita University School of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Peter Vallo
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn Shutt
- Fauna & Flora International, Pembroke St, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Klára J Petrželková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
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Pafčo B, Tehlárová Z, Jirků Pomajbíková K, Todd A, Hasegawa H, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Gastrointestinal protists and helminths of habituated agile mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Am J Primatol 2018; 80. [PMID: 29350404 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases including those caused by parasites can be a major threat to the conservation of endangered species. There is thus a great need for studies describing parasite infections of these species in the wild. Here we present data on parasite diversity in an agile mangabey (Cercocebus agilis) group in Bai Hokou, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas (DSPA), Central African Republic. We coproscopically analyzed 140 mangabey fecal samples by concentration techniques (flotation and sedimentation). Agile mangabeys hosted a broad diversity of protistan parasites/commensals, namely amoebas (Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba buetschlli), a Buxtonella-like ciliate and several parasitic helminths: strongylid and spirurid nematodes, Primasubulura sp., Enterobius sp., and Trichuris sp. Importantly, some of the detected parasite taxa might be of potential zoonotic importance, such as Entamoeba spp. and the helminths Enterobius sp., Trichuris sp., and strongylid nematodes. Detailed morphological examination of ciliate cysts found in mangabeys and comparison with cysts of Balantioides coli from domestic pigs showed no distinguishing structures, although significant differences in cyst size were recorded. Scanning or transmission electron microscopy combined with molecular taxonomy methods are needed to properly identify these ciliates. Further studies using molecular epidemiology are warranted to better understand cross-species transmission and the zoonotic potential of parasites in sympatric non-human primates and humans cohabiting DSPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Tehlárová
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jirků Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Oita University School of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Vlčková K, Shutt-Phillips K, Heistermann M, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Todd A, Modrý D, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Impact of stress on the gut microbiome of free-ranging western lowland gorillas. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:40-44. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 60365, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michael Heistermann
- German Primate Centre, Endocrinology Laboratory, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 60365, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, Liberec, 46001, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053 Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Stumpf
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bryan A. White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0233, USA
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Aneue, St Paul, MN 55108-6118, USA
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Pafčo B, Benavides JA, Pšenková-Profousová I, Modrý D, Červená B, Shutt KA, Hasegawa H, Fuh T, Todd AF, Petrželková KJ. Correction to: Do habituation, host traits and seasonality have an impact on protist and helminth infections of wild western lowland gorillas? Parasitol Res 2017; 117:345. [PMID: 29218441 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Affiliation of Klára J. Petrželková was incorrectly assigned as 2, 9, 10 in the original version of this article when in fact it should have been 3, 9, 10. Correct affiliations are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Julio A Benavides
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, R205A Level 2, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Pšenková-Profousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn A Shutt
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Fauna & Flora International, Pembroke St, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Oita University School of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Terence Fuh
- Dzanga Sangha Project, World Wildlife Fund, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Angelique F Todd
- Dzanga Sangha Project, World Wildlife Fund, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, Lidové sady 425/1, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic
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21
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Mapua MI, Pafčo B, Burgunder J, Profousová-Pšenková I, Todd A, Hashimoto C, Qablan MA, Modrý D, Petrželková KJ. No impact of strongylid infections on the detection of Plasmodium spp. in faeces of western lowland gorillas and eastern chimpanzees. Malar J 2017; 16:175. [PMID: 28446233 PMCID: PMC5406944 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a high genetic diversity of Plasmodium spp. circulating in great apes has been revealed recently due to non-invasive methods enabling detection in faecal samples, little is known about the actual mechanisms underlying the presence of Plasmodium DNA in faeces. Great apes are commonly infected by strongylid nematodes, including hookworms, which cause intestinal bleeding. The impact of strongylid infections on the detection of Plasmodium DNA in faeces was assessed in wild, western, lowland gorillas from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic and eastern chimpanzees from Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. METHODS Fifty-one faecal samples from 22 habituated gorillas and 74 samples from 15 habituated chimpanzees were analysed using Cytochrome-b PCR assay and coprological methods. RESULTS Overall, 26.4% of the analysed samples were positive for both Plasmodium spp. and strongylids. However, the results showed no significant impact of intensity of infections of strongylids on detection of Plasmodium DNA in gorilla and chimpanzee faeces. CONCLUSION Bleeding caused by strongylid nematode Necator spp. cannot explain the presence of Plasmodium DNA in ape faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanahamisi I Mapua
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jade Burgunder
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Profousová-Pšenková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Moneeb A Qablan
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, Lidové sady 425/1, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic
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22
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Vlčková K, Gomez A, Petrželková KJ, Whittier CA, Todd AF, Yeoman CJ, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, Modrý D, White BA, Leigh SR. Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). Microb Ecol 2016; 72:943-954. [PMID: 26984253 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome, which plays indispensable roles in host nutrition and health, is affected by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among them, antibiotic (ATB) treatment is reported to have a significant effect on GI microbiome composition in humans and other animals. However, the impact of ATBs on the GI microbiome of free-ranging or even captive great apes remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of cephalosporin treatment (delivered by intramuscular dart injection during a serious respiratory outbreak) on the GI microbiome of a wild habituated group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 36 fecal samples from eight individuals, including samples before and after ATB treatment, and characterized the GI microbiome composition using Illumina-MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The GI microbial profiles of samples from the same individuals before and after ATB administration indicate that the ATB treatment impacts GI microbiome stability and the relative abundance of particular bacterial taxa within the colonic ecosystem of wild gorillas. We observed a statistically significant increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes levels after ATB treatment. We found disruption of the fibrolytic community linked with a decrease of Ruminoccocus levels as a result of ATB treatment. Nevertheless, the nature of the changes observed after ATB treatment differs among gorillas and thus is dependent on the individual host. This study has important implications for ecology, management, and conservation of wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Andres Gomez
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, Brno, 60365, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, Liberec, 46001, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher A Whittier
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
- Department of Wildlife Health Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Angelique F Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 172900, Bozeman, MT, 59717-2900, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0233, USA
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Mapua MI, Petrželková KJ, Burgunder J, Dadáková E, Brožová K, Hrazdilová K, Stewart FA, Piel AK, Vallo P, Fuehrer HP, Hashimoto C, Modrý D, Qablan MA. A comparative molecular survey of malaria prevalence among Eastern chimpanzee populations in Issa Valley (Tanzania) and Kalinzu (Uganda). Malar J 2016; 15:423. [PMID: 27543045 PMCID: PMC4992209 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitat types can affect vector and pathogen distribution and transmission dynamics. The prevalence and genetic diversity of Plasmodium spp. in two eastern chimpanzee populations-Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda and Issa Valley, Tanzania-inhabiting different habitat types was investigated. As a follow up study the effect of host sex and age on infections patterns in Kalinzu Forest Reserve chimpanzees was determined. METHODS Molecular methods were employed to detect Plasmodium DNA from faecal samples collected from savanna-woodland (Issa Valley) and forest (Kalinzu Forest Reserve) chimpanzee populations. RESULTS Based on a Cytochrome-b PCR assay, 32 out of 160 Kalinzu chimpanzee faecal samples were positive for Plasmodium DNA, whilst no positive sample was detected in 171 Issa Valley chimpanzee faecal samples. Sequence analysis revealed that previously known Laverania species (Plasmodium reichenowi, Plasmodium billbrayi and Plasmodium billcollinsi) are circulating in the Kalinzu chimpanzees. A significantly higher proportion of young individuals were tested positive for infections, and switching of Plasmodium spp. was reported in one individual. Amongst the positive individuals sampled more than once, the success of amplification of Plasmodium DNA from faeces varied over sampling time. CONCLUSION The study showed marked differences in the prevalence of malaria parasites among free ranging chimpanzee populations living in different habitats. In addition, a clear pattern of Plasmodium infections with respect to host age was found. The results presented in this study contribute to understanding the ecological aspects underlying the malaria infections in the wild. Nevertheless, integrative long-term studies on vector abundance, Plasmodium diversity during different seasons between sites would provide more insight on the occurrence, distribution and ecology of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanahamisi I Mapua
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech of the Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jade Burgunder
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Dadáková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Brožová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Hrazdilová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK
| | - Alex K Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L33AF, UK
| | - Peter Vallo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech of the Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Moneeb A Qablan
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Kalousová B, Hasegawa H, Petrželková KJ, Sakamaki T, Kooriyma T, Modrý D. Adult hookworms (Necator spp.) collected from researchers working with wild western lowland gorillas. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:75. [PMID: 26858023 PMCID: PMC4746918 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In general, studies on the diversity of strongylid nematodes in endangered host species are complicated as material obtained by non-invasive sampling methods has limited value for generic and species identification. While egg morphology barely allows assignment to family, the morphology of cultivated infective third stage larvae provides a better resolution at the generic level but cannot be used for exact species identification. Morphology-based taxonomic approaches greatly depend on the examination of adult worms that are usually not available. Methods Hookworm parasites in two European researchers, who participated in gorilla research in the Central African Republic, were expelled after anthelmintic treatment to the faeces, collected and morphologically examined. A male worm discharged naturally from a wild bonobo (Pan paniscus) in Congo was also examined for comparison. Results Two species of Necator were identified in researchers’ faecal material: Necator americanus (Stiles, 1902) and N. gorillae Noda & Yamada, 1964; the latter species differed in having a smaller body, smaller buccal cavity and shorter spicules with spade-shaped membranes situated distally. Males of N. gorillae also possessed unusual cuticular thickenings on the dorsal side of the prebursal region of the body. These characters, shared with the male worm from the bonobo, correspond well to the description of N. gorillae described from gorillas in Congo. Conclusions Based on the morphology of the hookworms recovered in this study and previous molecular analyses of larvae developed from both humans and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from this locality, we conclude that the researchers became infected with gorilla hookworms during their stay in the field. This is the first report of infection with a Necator species other than N. americanus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kalousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Liberec Zoo, Lidove sady 425/1, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Tetsuya Sakamaki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kooriyma
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Votýpka J, Rádrová J, Skalický T, Jirků M, Jirsová D, Mihalca AD, D'Amico G, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Lukeš J. A tsetse and tabanid fly survey of African great apes habitats reveals the presence of a novel trypanosome lineage but the absence of Trypanosoma brucei. Int J Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26219672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse and tabanid flies transmit several Trypanosoma species, some of which are human and livestock pathogens of major medical and socioeconomic impact in Africa. Recent advances in molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses have revealed a growing diversity of previously unidentified tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes potentially pathogenic to livestock and/or other domestic animals as well as wildlife, including African great apes. To map the distribution, prevalence and co-occurrence of known and novel trypanosome species, we analyzed tsetse and tabanid flies collected in the primary forested part of the Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, which hosts a broad spectrum of wildlife including primates and is virtually devoid of domestic animals. Altogether, 564 tsetse flies and 81 tabanid flies were individually screened for the presence of trypanosomes using 18S rRNA-specific nested PCR. Herein, we demonstrate that wildlife animals are parasitized by a surprisingly wide range of trypanosome species that in some cases may circulate via these insect vectors. While one-third of the examined tsetse flies harbored trypanosomes either from the Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma simiae complex, or one of the three new members of the genus Trypanosoma (strains 'Bai', 'Ngbanda' and 'Didon'), more than half of the tabanid flies exclusively carried T. theileri. To establish the putative vertebrate hosts of the novel trypanosome species, we further analyzed the provenance of blood meals of tsetse flies. DNA individually isolated from 1033 specimens of Glossina spp. and subjected to high-throughput library-based screening proved that most of the examined tsetse flies engorged on wild ruminants (buffalo, sitatunga, bongo), humans and suids. Moreover, they also fed (albeit more rarely) on other vertebrates, thus providing indirect but convincing evidence that trypanosomes can be transmitted via these vectors among a wide range of warm- and cold-blooded hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Rádrová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Skalický
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Jirsová
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada.
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Jirků M, Votýpka J, Petrželková KJ, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Kriegová E, Vodička R, Lankester F, Leendertz SAJ, Wittig RM, Boesch C, Modrý D, Ayala FJ, Leendertz FH, Lukeš J. Wild chimpanzees are infected by Trypanosoma brucei. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4:277-82. [PMID: 26110113 PMCID: PMC4477118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although wild chimpanzees and other African great apes live in regions endemic for African sleeping sickness, very little is known about their trypanosome infections, mainly due to major difficulties in obtaining their blood samples. In present work, we established a diagnostic ITS1-based PCR assay that allows detection of the DNA of all four Trypanosoma brucei subspecies (Trypanosoma bruceibrucei, Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense, Trypanosoma bruceigambiense, and Trypanosoma bruceievansi) in feces of experimentally infected mice. Next, using this assay we revealed the presence of trypanosomes in the fecal samples of wild chimpanzees and this finding was further supported by results obtained using a set of primate tissue samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 region showed that the majority of obtained sequences fell into the robust T. brucei group, providing strong evidence that these infections were caused by T. b. rhodesiense and/or T. b. gambiense. The optimized technique of trypanosome detection in feces will improve our knowledge about the epidemiology of trypanosomes in primates and possibly also other endangered mammals, from which blood and tissue samples cannot be obtained. Finally, we demonstrated that the mandrill serum was able to efficiently lyse T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense, and to some extent T. b. gambiense, while the chimpanzee serum failed to lyse any of these subspecies. ITS1-based PCR allows the detection of the Trypanosoma brucei in feces of non-human primates. Wild chimpanzees are frequently infected with the T. brucei subspecies. Mandrill serum efficiently lyses also Trypanosoma bruceigambiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kriegová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
| | | | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Siv Aina J. Leendertz
- Research Group for Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman M. Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | | | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco J. Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Fabian H. Leendertz
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
- Corresponding author. Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Sak B, Petrželková KJ, Květoňová D, Mynářová A, Pomajbíková K, Modrý D, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Kváč M. Diversity of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109751. [PMID: 25386754 PMCID: PMC4227647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases represent the greatest threats to endangered species, and transmission from humans to wildlife under increased anthropogenic pressure has been always stated as a major risk of habituation. AIMS To evaluate the impact of close contact with humans on the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protists in great apes, one hundred mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from seven groups habituated either for tourism or for research in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda were screened for the presence of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. using molecular diagnostics. RESULTS The most frequently detected parasites were Enterocytozoon bieneusi found in 18 samples (including genotype EbpA, D, C, gorilla 2 and five novel genotypes gorilla 4-8) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi with genotype II being more prevalent (10 cases) compared to genotype I (1 case). Cryptosporidium muris (2 cases) and C. meleagridis (2 cases) were documented in great apes for the first time. Cryptosporidium sp. infections were identified only in research groups and occurrence of E. cuniculi in research groups was significantly higher in comparison to tourist groups. No difference in prevalence of E. bieneusi was observed between research and tourist groups. CONCLUSION Although our data showed the presence and diversity of important opportunistic protists in Volcanoes gorillas, the source and the routes of the circulation remain unknown. Repeated individual sampling, broad sampling of other hosts sharing the habitat with gorillas and quantification of studied protists would be necessary to acquire more complex data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mynářová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael R. Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Flahou B, Modrý D, Pomajbíková K, Petrželková KJ, Smet A, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Sá RM, Todd A, Hashimoto C, Mulama M, Kiang J, Rossi M, Haesebrouck F. Diversity of zoonotic enterohepatic Helicobacter species and detection of a putative novel gastric Helicobacter species in wild and wild-born captive chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:186-94. [PMID: 25248691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of Helicobacter species cause gastrointestinal or hepatic disease in humans, including H. pylori, gastric non-H. pylori helicobacters from animal origin and enterohepatic Helicobacter species. Little is known on the presence of Helicobacter species in great apes, our closest living relatives and potential reservoirs of microorganisms that might emerge in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species in African chimpanzees and gorillas. Fresh fecal samples were collected from wild endangered chimpanzees and critically endangered western lowland gorillas from different African National Parks, as well as wild-born captive animals from primate sanctuaries. Intact Helicobacter bacteria were demonstrated in feces by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Screening using a Helicobacter genus-specific PCR revealed the presence of Helicobacter DNA in the majority of animals in all groups. Cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed a high homology to sequences from various zoonotic enterohepatic Helicobacter species, including H. cinaedi and H. canadensis. A number of gorillas and chimpanzees also tested positive using PCR assays designed to amplify part of the ureAB gene cluster and the hsp60 gene of gastric helicobacters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of a putative novel zoonotic gastric Helicobacter taxon/species. For this species, we propose the name 'Candidatus Helicobacter homininae', pending isolation and further genetic characterization. The presence of several Helicobacter species not only implies a possible health threat for these endangered great apes, but also a possible zoonotic transmission of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters from these primate reservoirs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; CEITEC, Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Mammal Ecology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; Liberec ZOO, Masarykova 1347/31, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rui M Sá
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Centre for Research in Anthropology, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Av. Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Martin Mulama
- Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, 10400 Nanyuki, Kenya
| | | | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Health and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hasegawa H, Modrý D, Kitagawa M, Shutt KA, Todd A, Kalousová B, Profousová I, Petrželková KJ. Humans and great apes cohabiting the forest ecosystem in central african republic harbour the same hookworms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2715. [PMID: 24651493 PMCID: PMC3961186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hookworms are important pathogens of humans. To date, Necator americanus is the sole, known species of the genus Necator infecting humans. In contrast, several Necator species have been described in African great apes and other primates. It has not yet been determined whether primate-originating Necator species are also parasitic in humans. Methodology/Principal Findings The infective larvae of Necator spp. were developed using modified Harada-Mori filter-paper cultures from faeces of humans and great apes inhabiting Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. The first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of mtDNA obtained from the hookworm larvae were sequenced and compared. Three sequence types (I–III) were recognized in the ITS region, and 34 cox1 haplotypes represented three phylogenetic groups (A–C). The combinations determined were I-A, II-B, II-C, III-B and III-C. Combination I-A, corresponding to N. americanus, was demonstrated in humans and western lowland gorillas; II-B and II-C were observed in humans, western lowland gorillas and chimpanzees; III-B and III-C were found only in humans. Pairwise nucleotide difference in the cox1 haplotypes between the groups was more than 8%, while the difference within each group was less than 2.1%. Conclusions/Significance The distinctness of ITS sequence variants and high number of pairwise nucleotide differences among cox1 variants indicate the possible presence of several species of Necator in both humans and great apes. We conclude that Necator hookworms are shared by humans and great apes co-habiting the same tropical forest ecosystems. We conducted analyses of DNA sequences obtained from the infective larvae of Necator spp. from humans and great apes inhabiting Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Three sequence types (I–III) were recognized in the in the ITS region, and 34 cox1 haplotypes represented three phylogenetic groups (A–C). I-A, II-B, II-C, III-B, III-C combinations were determined. Combination I-A, corresponding to Necator americanus, was demonstrated in humans and western lowland gorillas; II-B and II-C were observed in humans (local inhabitants and researchers), western lowland gorillas and chimpanzees; III-B and III-C were found only in humans. Pairwise nucleotide difference in the cox1 haplotypes between the groups was more than 8%, while the difference within each group was less than 2.1%, suggesting that each type represents a distinct species. This is the first molecular evidence that Necator species found in great apes can infect humans and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kathryn A. Shutt
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Barbora Kalousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Profousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Schovancová K, Pomajbíková K, Procházka P, Modrý D, Bolechová P, Petrželková KJ. Preliminary insights into the impact of dietary starch on the ciliate, Neobalantidium coli, in captive chimpanzees. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81374. [PMID: 24282589 PMCID: PMC3839902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the intestinal ciliate Neobalantidium coli are asymptomatic in most hosts. In humans and captive African great apes clinical infections occasionally occur, manifested mainly by dysentery; however, factors responsible for development of clinical balantidiasis have not been fully clarified. We studied the effect of dietary starch on the intensities of infection by N. coli in two groups of captive chimpanzees. Adult chimpanzees infected by N. coli from the Hodonín Zoo and from the Brno Zoo, Czech Republic, were fed with a high starch diet (HSD) (average 14.7% of starch) for 14 days, followed by a five-day transition period and subsequently with a period of low starch diet (LoSD) (average 0.1% of starch) for another 14 days. We collected fecal samples during the last seven days of HSD and LoSD and fixed them in 10% formalin. We quantified trophozoites of N. coli using the FLOTAC method. The numbers of N. coli trophozoites were higher during the HSD (mean ± SD: 49.0±134.7) than during the LoSD (3.5±6.8). A generalized linear mixed-effects model revealed significantly lower numbers of the N. coli trophozoites in the feces during the LoSD period in comparison to the HSD period (treatment contrast LoSD vs. HSD: 2.7±0.06 (SE), z = 47.7; p<<0.001). We conclude that our data provide a first indication that starch-rich diet might be responsible for high intensities of infection of N. coli in captive individuals and might predispose them for clinically manifested balantidiasis. We discuss the potential nutritional modifications to host diets that can be implemented in part to control N. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Petr Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute for Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bolechová
- Department of Husbandry and Ethology of Animals, CULS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
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Sá RM, Petrželková KJ. Book Review
Mittermeier R.A.,
Rylands A.B. &
Wilson D.E.: Handbook of the mammals of the world - vol. 3, Primates. Lynx, Barcelona , 2013, 951 p. ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7. Folia Zoologica 2013. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v62.i3.a11.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sá RM, Petrášová J, Pomajbíková K, Profousová I, Petrželková KJ, Sousa C, Cable J, Bruford MW, Modrý D. Gastrointestinal symbionts of chimpanzees in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau with respect to habitat fragmentation. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1032-41. [PMID: 23776090 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the major factors threatening chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Guinea-Bissau is habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation may cause changes in symbiont dynamics resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, changes in host specificity and virulence. We monitored gastrointestinal symbiotic fauna of three chimpanzee subpopulations living within Cantanhez National Park (CNP) in Guinea Bissau in the areas with different levels of anthropogenic fragmentation. Using standard coproscopical methods (merthiolate-iodine formalin concentration and Sheather's flotation) we examined 102 fecal samples and identified at least 13 different symbiotic genera (Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis, Chilomastix mesnili, Bertiella sp., Probstmayria gombensis, unidentified strongylids, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and Trichuris sp.). The symbiotic fauna of the CNP chimpanzees is comparable to that reported for other wild chimpanzee populations, although CNP chimpanzees have a higher prevalence of Trichuris sp. Symbiont richness was higher in chimpanzee subpopulations living in fragmented forests compared to the community inhabiting continuous forest area. We reported significantly higher prevalence of G. intestinalis in chimpanzees from fragmented areas, which could be attributed to increased contact with humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Sá
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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33
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Pomajbíková K, Oborník M, Horák A, Petrželková KJ, Grim JN, Levecke B, Todd A, Mulama M, Kiyang J, Modrý D. Novel insights into the genetic diversity of Balantidium and Balantidium-like cyst-forming ciliates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2140. [PMID: 23556024 PMCID: PMC3610628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Balantidiasis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease with pigs serving as reservoir hosts. However, Balantidium coli has been recorded in many other mammalian species, including primates. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity of B. coli in non-human primates using two gene markers (SSrDNA and ITS1-5.8SDNA-ITS2). We analyzed 49 isolates of ciliates from fecal samples originating from 11 species of captive and wild primates, domestic pigs and wild boar. The phylogenetic trees were computed using Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood. Balantidium entozoon from edible frog and Buxtonella sulcata from cattle were included in the analyses as the closest relatives of B. coli, as well as reference sequences of vestibuliferids. The SSrDNA tree showed the same phylogenetic diversification of B. coli at genus level as the tree constructed based on the ITS region. Based on the polymorphism of SSrDNA sequences, the type species of the genus, namely B. entozoon, appeared to be phylogenetically distinct from B. coli. Thus, we propose a new genus Neobalantidium for the homeothermic clade. Moreover, several isolates from both captive and wild primates (excluding great apes) clustered with B. sulcata with high support, suggesting the existence of a new species within this genus. The cysts of Buxtonella and Neobalantidium are morphologically indistinguishable and the presence of Buxtonella-like ciliates in primates opens the question about possible occurrence of these pathogens in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Domestic
- Animals, Wild
- Balantidiasis/parasitology
- Balantidiasis/veterinary
- Balantidium/classification
- Balantidium/genetics
- Balantidium/isolation & purification
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Genes, rRNA
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Primate Diseases/parasitology
- Primates
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Vlčková K, Mrázek J, Kopečný J, Petrželková KJ. Evaluation of different storage methods to characterize the fecal bacterial communities of captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Comparison of diagnostic methods for Plasmodium spp. in humans from Uganda and the Central African Republic showed that parasites can be efficiently detected by PCR in fecal samples. These results, which rely solely on PCR-based examination of feces, validate numerous estimates of the prevalence of malaria in great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jirků
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, ASCR, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Vallo P, Petrželková KJ, Profousová I, Petrášová J, Pomajbíková K, Leendertz F, Hashimoto C, Simmons N, Babweteera F, Machanda Z, Piel A, Robbins MM, Boesch C, Sanz C, Morgan D, Sommer V, Furuichi T, Fujita S, Matsuzawa T, Kaur T, Huffman MA, Modrý D. Molecular diversity of entodiniomorphid ciliateTroglodytella abrassartiand its coevolution with chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012; 148:525-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Petrželková KJ, Schovancová K, Profousová I, Kišidayová S, Váradyová Z, Pekár S, Kamler J, Modrý D. The effect of low- and high-fiber diets on the population of entodiniomorphid ciliates Troglodytella abrassarti in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 2012; 74:669-75. [PMID: 22553174 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Troglodytella abrassarti is an intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliate commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild and captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Entodiniomorphids could be considered to have a mutualistic relationship with the great apes, in that the ciliates benefit from the intestinal ecosystem of the host, while also contributing to the fiber fermentation process. We examined the effect of diet on the infection intensities of T. abrassarti in two captive chimpanzees in the Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic. The chimpanzees were fed a low-fiber diet (LFD) with 14% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and a high-fiber diet (HFD; 26% NDF) for 10 days with one transition, and two 10-day adaptation periods. Fecal samples were examined coproscopically with the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique, in order to quantify the number of ciliates per gram of feces. A significant trend of increasing T. abrassarti numbers was observed when the animals were fed the LFD, compared to when they were fed the HFD. Our results suggest, however, that infection intensities of T. abrassarti in captive chimpanzees are not influenced primarily by the amount of fiber in the diet, but rather by the dietary starch concentration (HFD: 1%; LFD: 8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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38
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Pomajbíková K, Petrželková KJ, Petrášová J, Profousová I, Kalousová B, Jirků M, Sá RM, Modrý D. Distribution of the entodiniomorphid ciliate Troglocorys cava Tokiwa, Modrý, Ito, Pomajbíková, Petrželková, & Imai, , (Entodiniomorphida: Blepharocorythidae) in wild and captive chimpanzees. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 59:97-9. [PMID: 22092556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trophozoites of Troglocorys cava were detected in all but one of the wild chimpanzee populations from Rubondo Island (Tanzania), with a prevalence ranging between 20% and 78%. However, the ciliate was absent in all captive groups. Prevalence appeared to increase with the number of sequential samples taken from a particular individual and reached 95.5% in wild individuals sampled at least 4 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Profousová I, Mihaliková K, Laho T, Váradyová Z, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Kišidayová S. The ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, contributes to polysaccharide hydrolytic activities in the chimpanzee colon. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:339-43. [PMID: 21818613 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Entodiniomorphid ciliates are intestinal protists inhabiting the colons of African great apes. The participation of intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates in ape hindgut digestion has been proposed, but little data have been available to support the hypothesis. We measured the specific activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, inulinase, and α-amylase against different polysaccharides in the feces of captive chimpanzees and evaluated the participation of the entodiniomorphid ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, in these activities. T. abrassarti contributed to the total fecal hydrolytic activities of CM-cellulase by 16.2%, α-amylase by 5.95%, and xylanase by 0.66%. Inulinase activity in T. abrassarti samples was not measurable at reaction conditions used. The ciliates, T. abrassarti, actively participate in the chimpanzee hindgut fermentation of fiber and starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Profousová
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, Brno, Czech Republic
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Siroký P, Erhart J, Petrželková KJ, Kamler M. Life cycle of tortoise tick Hyalomma aegyptium under laboratory conditions. Exp Appl Acarol 2011; 54:277-284. [PMID: 21431927 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The tortoise tick Hyalomma aegyptium has a typical three-host life-cycle. Whereas its larvae and nymphs are less host-specific feeding on a variety of tetrapods, tortoises of the genus Testudo are principal hosts of adults. Ticks retained this trait also in our study under laboratory conditions, while adults were reluctant to feed on mammalian hosts. Combination of feeding larvae and nymphs on guinea pigs and feeding of adults on Testudo marginata tortoises provided the best results. Feeding period of females was on average 25 days (range 17-44), whereas males remain after female engorgement on tortoise host. Female pre-oviposition period was 14 days (3-31), followed by 24 days of oviposition (18-29). Pre-eclosion and eclosion, both together, takes 31 days (21-43). Larvae fed 5 days (3-9), then molted to nymphs after 17 days (12-23). Feeding period of nymphs lasted 7 days (5-10), engorged nymphs molted to adults after 24 days (19-26). Sex ratio of laboratory hatched H. aegyptium was nearly equal (1:1.09). The average weight of engorged female was 0.95 (0.72-1.12) g. The average number of laid eggs was 6,900 (6,524-7,532) per female, it was significantly correlated with weight of engorged female. Only 2.8% of engorged larvae and 1.8% of engorged nymphs remained un-molted and died. Despite the use of natural host species, feeding success of females reached only 45%. The whole life-cycle was completed within 147 days (98-215).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Siroký
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Pomajbíková K, Petrželková KJ, Profousová I, Petrášová J, Modrý D. Discrepancies in the Occurrence of Balantidium coli Between Wild and Captive African Great Apes. J Parasitol 2010; 96:1139-44. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2433.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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42
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Petrželková KJ, Downs NC, Zukal J, Racey PA. A comparison between emergence and return activity in pipistrelle bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. Acta Chiropterologica 2006. [DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8[381:acbear]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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