1
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Dey J, Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Nondirected Late-Stage C(sp2)-H Deuteration of Heteroarenes Enabled Through a Multi-Substrate Screening Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404421. [PMID: 38512005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The importance of deuterium labelling in a variety of applications, ranging from mechanistic studies to drug-discovery, has spurred immense interest in the development of new methods for its efficient incorporation in organic, and especially in bioactive molecules. The five-membered heteroarenes at the center of this work are ubiquitous motifs in bioactive molecules and efficient methods for the deuterium labelling of these compounds are therefore highly desirable. However, the profound differences in chemical properties encountered between different heteroarenes hamper the development of a single set of broadly applicable reaction conditions, often necessitating a separate optimization campaign for a given type of heteroarene. In this study we describe the use of a multi-substrate screening approach to identify optimal reaction conditions for different classes of heteroarenes from a minimal number of screening reactions. Using this approach, four sets of complementary reaction conditions derived from our dual ligand-based palladium catalysts for nondirected C(sp2)-H activation were identified, that together enable the deuteration of structurally diverse heteroarenes, including bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotiromy Dey
- Kiel University, Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | | | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, GERMANY
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2
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de Jesus R, Hiesinger K, van Gemmeren M. Preparative Scale Applications of C-H Activation in Medicinal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306659. [PMID: 37283078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation is an attractive methodology to increase molecular complexity without requiring substrate prefunctionalization. In contrast to well-established cross-coupling methods, C-H activation is less explored on large scales and its use in the production of pharmaceuticals faces substantial hurdles. However, the inherent advantages, such as shorter synthetic routes and simpler starting materials, motivate medicinal chemists and process chemists to overcome these challenges, and exploit C-H activation steps for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. In this review, we will cover examples of drugs/drug candidates where C-H activation has been implemented on a preparative synthetic scale (range between 355 mg and 130 kg). The optimization processes will be described, and each example will be examined in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, providing the reader with an in-depth understanding of the challenges and potential of C-H activation methodologies in the production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Jesus
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hiesinger
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Controlling Reactivity and Selectivity in the Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2459-2472. [PMID: 37639549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAromatic structures are widespread motifs throughout organic chemistry, and C-H activation has been recognized as a major tool for enabling their sustainable and efficient functionalization. Through C-H activation, arenes can be modified without the need for prefunctionalization, leading to inherent atom- and step-economic advantages over traditional methods. However, for the development of synthetically useful methods, several hurdles have to be overcome. The strength of C-H bonds necessitates the development of sufficiently reactive catalysts, while the presence of multiple C-H bonds within a substrate poses challenges in terms of site-selectivity. Traditionally these challenges have been addressed by substrate control. By attaching different directing groups (DGs), the reactivity of the respective arene was significantly enhanced and the DG guided the metal in close proximity to specific C-H bonds, resulting in high site-selectivity. However, the introduction and removal of the DG add additional steps to the synthetic sequence, and the scope of the reaction is limited to a specific substrate class. The development of complementary nondirected methods that can be applied to a broad range of arenes without the necessity to carry a specific functional group that coordinates to Pd (referred to as simple arenes) is therefore highly desirable. However, the intrinsically lower reactivity of such substrates and the absence of a selectivity-determining DG pose significant challenges that can be solved only by the development of highly efficient catalysts. Consequently, the field of nondirected C-H activation, especially with respect to Pd-catalyzed methods, remained comparatively underdeveloped when we initiated our research program in 2017. At that time, state-of-the-art methods required the arene to be used in large excess, precluding its use in late-stage functionalization. Since organopalladium species are among the most versatile synthetic intermediates, we realized that developing a system, which can effectively and selectively activate C-H bonds in simple arenes with the arene as the limiting reagent, would be a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. This account summarizes our groups' research toward the development and application of catalytic systems offering this desired reactivity and focuses explicitly on Pd-catalyzed nondirected C-H functionalization reactions of arenes, where the arene is employed as a limiting reagent. After an introduction that summarizes the state of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation of arenes before 2017 and the associated challenges, experimental and mechanistic details about the development of the first arene-limited, nondirected C-H functionalization of simple arenes with palladium will be discussed. This reactivity was enabled by the identification and combination of two complementary ligands, an N-heterocycle and an amino acid-derived ligand. Afterward we will discuss the expansion of this dual-ligand approach to further arene-limited transformations. Finally, we describe two methodologies that originated from the observations we made during our studies, namely, the late-stage deuteration of simple arenes and a highly selective olefination method that uses noncovalent interactions to induce meta selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaltenberger
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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4
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Bognar S, van Gemmeren M. A Modular Olefination of Aldehydes with Thiols as Coupling Partners. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203512. [PMID: 36455150 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Olefins range amongst the most important motifs in organic chemistry. Hence, the development of novel olefin syntheses has remained a constant field of research in synthetic chemistry to date. Herein, we report the development of a modular olefination that converts aldehydes into olefins with thiols as reaction partners. The simple, transition metal-free protocol proceeds via an unsymmetrical bissulfone intermediate which is converted into the respective alkene in a Ramberg-Bäcklund-type process. Differently substituted olefins can be synthesized from readily available starting materials in typically good yields and stereoselectivities using basic laboratory chemicals exclusively. Complementary reaction conditions differing in the choice of solvent favor the E/Z-products respectively under kinetic control rendering this protocol an interesting economical addition to the family of olefin syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bognar
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Farizyan M, de Jesus R, Dey J, van Gemmeren M. Sterically Controlled Isodesmic Late-Stage C–H Iodination of Arenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4357-4362. [PMID: 37123193 PMCID: PMC10132132 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00801k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl iodides are key motifs in organic chemistry due to their versatility as linchpins in metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions for synthesis and drug discovery. These scaffolds are typically prepared indirectly from...
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rita de Jesus
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jyotirmoy Dey
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
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6
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Mondal A, Díaz-Ruiz M, Deufel F, Maseras F, van Gemmeren M. Charge-controlled Pd catalysis enables the meta-C–H activation and olefination of arenes. Chem 2023; 9:1004-1016. [PMID: 37125236 PMCID: PMC10127283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The regioselective C-H activation of arenes remains one of the most promising techniques for accessing highly important functionalized motifs. Such functionalizations can generally be achieved through directed and non-directed processes. The directed approach requires a covalently attached directing group (DG) on the substrate to induce reactivity and selectivity and therefore intrinsically leaves a functional group at the point of attachment within the molecule, even after the tailored DG has been removed. Conversely, non-directed methods typically suffer from regioselectivity issues, especially for unbiased substrates. Herein, we report a unique approach that employs weak charge-charge and charge-dipole interactions to enable the meta-selective activation and olefination of arenes to address these challenges in Pd catalysis. The charged moiety can easily be converted to uncharged simple arenes by hydrogenation or cross-coupling. In-depth mechanistic studies prove that the charge is responsible for the observed selectivity. We expect our studies to be generalizable and thereby enable further regioselective transformations.
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7
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver-Free C-H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C-H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210825. [PMID: 36062882 PMCID: PMC9828228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C-H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver-free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C-H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver-based and silver-free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver-free C-H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
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8
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver‐Free C–H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C–H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Westfalische Wilhelms Universität Munster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches-Institut GERMANY
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel GERMANY
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9
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Abstract
![]()
We describe a palladium-catalyzed
nondirected late-stage deuteration
of arenes. Key aspects include the use of D2O as a convenient
and easily available deuterium source and the discovery of highly
active N,N-bidentate ligands containing an N-acylsulfonamide
group. The reported protocol enables high degrees of deuterium incorporation
via a reversible C–H activation step and features extraordinary
functional group tolerance, allowing for the deuteration of complex
substrates. This is exemplified by the late-stage isotopic labeling
of various pharmaceutically relevant motifs and related scaffolds.
We expect that this method, among other applications, will prove useful
as a tool in drug development processes and for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sourjya Mal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fritz Deufel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Carboxylic acids are highly abundant in bioactive molecules. In this study, we describe the late-stage β-C(sp3)-H deuteration of free carboxylic acids. On the basis of the finding that C-H activation with our catalysts is reversible, the de-deuteration process was first optimized. The resulting method uses ethylenediamine-based ligands and can be used to achieve the desired deuteration when using a deuterated solvent. The reported method allows for the functionalization of a wide range of free carboxylic acids with diverse substitution patterns, as well as the late-stage deuteration of bioactive molecules and related frameworks and enables the functionalization of nonactivated methylene β-C(sp3)-H bonds for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sourjya Mal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, van Gemmeren M. Mechanism of the Arene-Limited Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15641-15649. [PMID: 33998116 PMCID: PMC8361776 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently palladium catalysts have been discovered that enable the directing-group-free C-H activation of arenes without requiring an excess of the arene substrate, thereby enabling methods for the late-stage modification of complex organic molecules. The key to success has been the use of two complementary ligands, an N-acyl amino acid and an N-heterocycle. Detailed experimental and computational mechanistic studies on the dual-ligand-enabled C-H activation of arenes have led us to identify the catalytically active species and a transition state model that explains the exceptional activity and selectivity of these catalysts. These findings are expected to be highly useful for further method development using this powerful class of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Dithioacetals are a frequently used motif in synthetic organic chemistry and have recently seen increasing attention as structural motif in promising antiviral agents against plant pathogens. Most existing reports, however, only discuss symmetrical dithioacetals. Examples of mixed dithioacetals are scarce and no general method for the selective synthesis of these compounds exists. Herein, a synthetically simple general one‐step protocol was developed for the synthesis of a broad range of unsymmetrical dithioacetals consisting of one aromatic and one aliphatic thiol moiety from the corresponding aldehyde/thiol mixture. The mixed S,S‐acetals were obtained in high yields, and a great variety of functional groups was tolerated. Kinetic control enabled an excellent selectivity in regard to the unsymmetrical dithioacetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bognar
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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13
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Bognar S, van Gemmeren M. Direct Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dithioacetals. Chemistry 2021; 27:4759. [PMID: 33480445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sabine Bognar and Manuel van Gemmeren from the WWU Münster have been invited to contribute the cover of this issue. The image depicts a volcano to symbolize the general theme of sulfur chemistry, whereas the piles of rubble reflect the selectivity of the reaction. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202004835.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bognar
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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14
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Abstract
AbstractIn this study, we describe the use of dual ligand-based palladium catalysts for the late-stage olefination of arenes. Building upon a method previously developed for simple arenes, a variety of complex arene substrates were functionalized. Importantly, the method uses the arene as a limiting reactant and is therefore suitable for valuable starting materials that cannot be used in excess. The regioselectivity of the transformation is controlled by the steric and electronic properties of the substrate, providing access to regioisomers that would be challenging to prepare through other synthetic approaches.
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15
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Abstract
Alkynes are highly attractive motifs in organic synthesis due to their presence in natural products and bioactive molecules as well as their versatility in a plethora of subsequent transformations. A common procedure to insert alkynes into (hetero)arenes, such as the thiophenes studied herein, consists of a halogenation followed by a Sonogashira cross-coupling. The regioselectivity of this approach depends entirely on the halogenation step. Similarly, direct alkynylations of thiophenes have been described that follow the same regioselectivity patterns. Herein we report the development of a palladium catalyzed C-H activation/alkynylation of thiophenes. The method is applicable to a broad range of thiophene substrates. For 3-substituted substrates where controlling the regioselectivity between the C2 and C5 position is particularly challenging, two sets of reaction conditions enable a regiodivergent reaction, giving access to each regioisomer selectively. Both protocols use the thiophene as limiting reagent and show a broad scope, rendering our method suitable for late-stage modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
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16
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Ghiringhelli F, Uttry A, Ghosh KK, van Gemmeren M. Direct β- and γ-C(sp 3 )-H Alkynylation of Free Carboxylic Acids*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23127-23131. [PMID: 32898310 PMCID: PMC7756274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report the identification of a novel class of ligands for palladium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H activation that enables the direct alkynylation of free carboxylic acid substrates. In contrast to previous synthetic methods, no introduction/removal of an exogenous directing group is required. A broad scope of acids including both α-quaternary and challenging α-non-quaternary can be used as substrates. Additionally, the alkynylation in the distal γ-position is reported. Finally, this study encompasses preliminary findings on an enantioselective variant of the title transformation as well as synthetic applications of the products obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Kiron Kumar Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
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17
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Abstract
AbstractIn this Account, the development of Select Crowd Reviewing from the initial idea through a pilot phase to the present moment, when it is now used as the default method for the evaluation of manuscripts at Synlett and SynOpen is detailed. We describe the workflow through which a manuscript is evaluated when Select Crowd Reviewing is applied. A series of questions and answers is used to address typical concerns and the advantages Select Crowd Reviewing offers when compared to traditional peer review.1 Introduction: The History of Select Crowd Reviewing2 The Select Crowd Reviewing Workflow3 Questions We Have Received Regarding Select Crowd Reviewing4 Conclusion
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18
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Ghosh KK, Uttry A, Mondal A, Ghiringhelli F, Wedi P, van Gemmeren M. Ligand-Enabled γ-C(sp 3 )-H Olefination of Free Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12848-12852. [PMID: 32250014 PMCID: PMC7496353 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the ligand-enabled C-H activation/olefination of free carboxylic acids in the γ-position. Through an intramolecular Michael addition, δ-lactones are obtained as products. Two distinct ligand classes are identified that enable the challenging palladium-catalyzed activation of free carboxylic acids in the γ-position. The developed protocol features a wide range of acid substrates and olefin reaction partners and is shown to be applicable on a preparatively useful scale. Insights into the underlying reaction mechanism obtained through kinetic studies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiron Kumar Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Arup Mondal
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Philipp Wedi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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19
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Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of heteroarenes is a highly attractive synthetic target due to the prevalence of multiply substituted heteroarenes in nature and bioactive compounds. Some substitution patterns remain challenging: While highly efficient methods for the C2-selective olefination of 3-substituted five-membered heteroarenes have been reported, analogous methods to access the 5-olefinated products have remained limited by poor regioselectivities and/or the requirement to use an excess of the valuable heteroarene starting material. Herein we report a sterically controlled C-H olefination using heteroarenes as the limiting reagent. The method enables the highly C5-selective olefination of a wide range of heteroarenes and is shown to be useful in the context of late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lea Flämig
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Wedi
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Carboxylic acids are important in a variety of research fields and applications. As a result, substantial efforts have been directed towards the C–H functionalization of such compounds. While the use of the carboxylic acid moiety as a native directing group for C(sp2)–H functionalization reactions is well established, as yet there is no general solution for the C(sp3)–H activation of aliphatic carboxylic acids and most endeavors have instead relied on the introduction of stronger directing groups. Recently however, novel ligands, tools, and strategies have emerged, which enable the use of free aliphatic carboxylic acids in C–H-activation-based transformations.1 Introduction2 Challenges in the C(sp3)–H Bond Activation of Carboxylic Acids3 The Lactonization of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids4 The Directing Group Approach5 The Direct C–H Arylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids6 The Direct C–H Olefination of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids7 The Direct C–H Acetoxylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids8 Summary
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität-Münster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiron K. Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Aylin Koldemir
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mike Ong
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Arup Mondal
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Philipp Wedi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Alkynes are highly important functional groups in organic chemistry, both as part of target structures and as versatile synthetic intermediates. In this study, a protocol for the direct conversion of α-hydroxyketones to alkynes is reported. In combination with the variety of synthetic methods that generate the required starting materials by forming the central C-C bond, it enables a highly versatile fragment coupling approach toward alkynes. A broad scope for this novel transformation is shown alongside mechanistic insights. Furthermore, the utility of our protocol is demonstrated through its application in concert with varied α-hydroxyketone syntheses, giving access to a broad spectrum of alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Nattmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Sabine Bognar
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
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25
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Abstract
The nondirected C(sp2 )-H activation of simple arenes has advanced significantly in recent years through the discovery of new catalyst systems that are able to perform transformations with the arene as the limiting reagent. Important developments in catalyst and ligand design that have improved reactivity and selectivity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The carboxylic acid moiety is one of the most versatile and abundant functional groups. However, despite of tremendous progress in the field of C–H functionalization reactions its use as a directing group for C(sp3)–H activation has remained limited. In this Synpact article we present the challenges associated with the carboxylic acid moiety as a native directing group and report on the newest developments in this field, including our recent study in which we developed a generally applicable protocol for the direct palladium catalyzed β-C(sp3)–H arylation of propionic acid and related α-branched aliphatic acids giving access to hydrocinnamic acids derivatives in a highly straightforward manner.1 Introduction2 Challenges in the C(sp3)–H Bond Activation of Carboxylic Acids3 History/State of the Art4 Studies towards a General β-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Aliphatic Acids5 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel van Gemmeren
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität-Münster
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
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27
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Chen H, Wedi P, Meyer T, Tavakoli G, van Gemmeren M. Dual Ligand-Enabled Nondirected C-H Olefination of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2497-2501. [PMID: 29316127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of the Pd-catalyzed oxidative C-H olefination of arenes, also known as the Fujiwara-Moritani reaction, has traditionally been limited by the requirement for directing groups on the substrate or the need to use the arene in large excess, typically as a (co)solvent. Herein the development of a catalytic system is described that, through the combined action of two complementary ligands, makes it possible to use directing-group-free arenes as limiting reagents for the first time. The reactions proceed under a combination of both steric and electronic control and enable the application of this powerful reaction to valuable arenes, which cannot be utilized in excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Philipp Wedi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ghazal Tavakoli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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28
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Abstract
A generally applicable Pd-catalyzed protocol for the β-C(sp3 )-H arylation of propionic acid and related α-branched aliphatic acids is reported. Enabled by the use of N-acetyl-β-alanine as ligand our protocol delivers a broad range of arylation products. Notably, the highly challenging substrate, propionic acid, which lacks any acceleration through the Thorpe-Ingold effect, can be employed as substrate with synthetically useful yields. Furthermore, the scalability and synthetic applicability of the protocol are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiron K Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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29
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Zhang Z, Bae HY, Guin J, Rabalakos C, van Gemmeren M, Leutzsch M, Klussmann M, List B. Asymmetric counteranion-directed Lewis acid organocatalysis for the scalable cyanosilylation of aldehydes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12478. [PMID: 27530470 PMCID: PMC4992067 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high versatility of chiral cyanohydrins, the catalytic asymmetric cyanation reaction of carbonyl compounds has attracted widespread interest. However, efficient protocols that function at a preparative scale with low catalyst loading are still rare. Here, asymmetric counteranion-directed Lewis acid organocatalysis proves to be remarkably successful in addressing this problem and enabled a molar-scale cyanosilylation in quantitative yield and with excellent enantioselectivity. Also, the catalyst loading could be lowered to a part-per-million level (50 ppm: 0.005 mol%). A readily accessible chiral disulfonimide was used, which in combination with trimethylsilyl cyanide, turned into the active silylium Lewis acid organocatalyst. The nature of a peculiar phenomenon referred to as a "dormant period", which is mainly induced by water, was systematically investigated by means of in situ Fourier transform infrared analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Han Yong Bae
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Joyram Guin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Constantinos Rabalakos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Martin Klussmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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30
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Juliá-Hernández F, Gaydou M, Serrano E, van Gemmeren M, Martin R. Ni- and Fe-catalyzed Carboxylation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons with CO2. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Gatzenmeier T, van Gemmeren M, Xie Y, Höfler D, Leutzsch M, List B. Asymmetric Lewis acid organocatalysis of the Diels–Alder reaction by a silylated C–H acid. Science 2016; 351:949-52. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gatzenmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Youwei Xie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Denis Höfler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
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33
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Abstract
We report a catalytic enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-1,2-diols by monosilylation using a chiral enantiopure Brønsted acid as catalyst and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as silyl source.
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34
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Abstract
The first catalytic enantioselective Abramov reaction is described. The process is based on the utilization of a chiral disulfonimide catalyst, which efficiently avoids the difficulties encountered with metal-based catalysts. Several functionalized α-hydroxy phosphonates were synthesized in good yields and with excellent enantiomeric ratios of up to >99:1. The process was shown to be scalable and up to 1 g of starting material could be employed under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyram Guin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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35
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Wang Q, van Gemmeren M, List B. Asymmetric disulfonimide-catalyzed synthesis of δ-amino-β-ketoester derivatives by vinylogous Mukaiyama-Mannich reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13592-5. [PMID: 25348924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of δ-amino-β-ketoester derivatives has been developed. A chiral disulfonimide (DSI) serves as a highly efficient precatalyst for a vinylogous Mukaiyama-Mannich reaction of readily available dioxinone-derived silyloxydienes with N-Boc-protected imines, delivering products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The synthetic utility of this reaction is illustrated in various transformations, including a new CC bond-forming reaction, which provide useful enantioenriched building blocks. The methodology is applied in a formal synthesis of (-)-lasubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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36
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List B, Martínez A, van Gemmeren M. Unexpected Beneficial Effect of ortho-Substituents on the (S)-Proline-Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Acetone with Aromatic Aldehydes. Synlett 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1340920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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List B, Martínez A, Zumbansen K, Döhring A, van Gemmeren M. Improved Conditions for the Proline-Catalyzed Aldol Reaction of Acetone with Aliphatic Aldehydes. Synlett 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1340919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Wang Q, Leutzsch M, van Gemmeren M, List B. Disulfonimide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β3-Amino Esters Directly from N-Boc-Amino Sulfones. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15334-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408747m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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