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Deng QY, Luo JT, Zheng JM, Tan WF, Pu ZJ, Wang F. Genome-wide systematic characterization of the NRT2 gene family and its expression profile in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during plant growth and in response to nitrate deficiency. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:353. [PMID: 37420192 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cereal crop that is grown worldwide, and it is highly dependent on sufficient N supply. The molecular mechanisms associated with nitrate uptake and assimilation are still poorly understood in wheat. In plants, NRT2 family proteins play a crucial role in NO3- acquisition and translocation under nitrate limited conditions. However, the biological functions of these genes in wheat are still unclear, especially their roles in NO3- uptake and assimilation. RESULTS In this study, a comprehensive analysis of wheat TaNRT2 genes was conducted using bioinformatics and molecular biology methods, and 49 TaNRT2 genes were identified. A phylogenetic analysis clustered the TaNRT2 genes into three clades. The genes that clustered on the same phylogenetic branch had similar gene structures and nitrate assimilation functions. The identified genes were further mapped onto the 13 wheat chromosomes, and the results showed that a large duplication event had occurred on chromosome 6. To explore the TaNRT2 gene expression profiles in wheat, we performed transcriptome sequencing after low nitrate treatment for three days. Transcriptome analysis revealed the expression levels of all TaNRT2 genes in shoots and roots, and based on the expression profiles, three highly expressed genes (TaNRT2-6A.2, TaNRT2-6A.6, and TaNRT2-6B.4) were selected for qPCR analysis in two different wheat cultivars ('Mianmai367' and 'Nanmai660') under nitrate-limited and normal conditions. All three genes were upregulated under nitrate-limited conditions and highly expressed in the high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) wheat 'Mianmai367' under low nitrate conditions. CONCLUSION We systematically identified 49 NRT2 genes in wheat and analysed the transcript levels of all TaNRT2s under nitrate deficient conditions and over the whole growth period. The results suggest that these genes play important roles in nitrate absorption, distribution, and accumulation. This study provides valuable information and key candidate genes for further studies on the function of TaNRT2s in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Deng
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southwestern China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R.C.), Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Luo
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southwestern China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R.C.), Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Jian-Min Zheng
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southwestern China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R.C.), Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Wen-Fang Tan
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zong-Jun Pu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southwestern China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R.C.), Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
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Li WD, Wang HT, Huang YM, Cheng BH, Xiang LJ, Zhou XH, Deng QY, Guo ZG, Yang ZF, Guan ZF, Wang Y. Circ_0003356 suppresses gastric cancer growth through targeting the miR-668-3p/SOCS3 axis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:787-809. [PMID: 37275445 PMCID: PMC10237019 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i5.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted extensive attention as therapeutic targets in gastric cancer (GC). Circ_0003356 is known to be downregulated in GC tissues, but its cellular function and mechanisms remain undefined.
AIM To investigate the role of circ_0003356 in GC at the molecular and cellular level.
METHODS Circ_0003356, miR-668-3p, and SOCS3 expression were assessed via quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Wound healing, EdU, CCK-8, flow cytometry and transwell assays were used to analyze the migration, proliferation, viability, apoptosis and invasion of GC cells. The subcellular localization of circ_0003356 was monitored using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The interaction of circ_0003356 with miR-668-3p was confirmed using RIP-qRT-PCR, RNA pull-down, and dual luciferase reporter assays. We observed protein levels of genes via western blot. We injected AGS cells into the upper back of mice and performed immunohistochemistry staining for examining E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Ki67, and SOCS3 expressions. TUNEL staining was performed for the assessment of apoptosis in mouse tumor tissues.
RESULTS Circ_0003356 and SOCS3 expression was downregulated in GC cells, whilst miR-668-3p was upregulated. Exogenous circ_0003356 expression and miR-668-3p silencing suppressed the migration, viability, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchy-mal transition (EMT) and invasion of GC cells and enhanced apoptosis. Circ_0003356 overexpression impaired tumor growth in xenograft mice. Targeting of miR-668-3p by circ_0003356 was confirmed through binding assays and SOCS3 was identified as a downstream target of miR-668-3p. The impacts of circ_0003356 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT were reversed by miR-668-3p up-regulation or SOCS3 down-regulation in GC cells.
CONCLUSION Circ_0003356 impaired GC development through its interaction with the miR-668-3p/SOCS3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yue-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo-Hao Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Hao Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing-Yan Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Fen Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China
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Ding KR, Ni CF, He SY, Wang KD, Deng QY, Liang C. [Identification of New Psychoactive Tryptamines 4-OH-MET and 4-AcO-DMT Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2021; 37:511-515. [PMID: 34726004 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.310305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective To detect the uncontrolled new psychoactive tryptamines involved in drug-related cases with high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Methods White and brown powder obtained in actual cases were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results After detection by GC-QTOF-MS, the components of white powder showed main characteristic fragment ion peaks at m/z 218.141 0 (molecular ion peak), 72.080 6 (base peak), etc. After detection by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS, its protonated molecular ion was m/z 219.149 4. The main ions in the secondary mass spectrum under the collision-induced dissociation (CID) mode were m/z 160.076 3 and 72.080 8. After detection by GC-QTOF-MS, the components of brown powder showed main characteristic fragment ion peaks at m/z 246.135 7 (molecular ion peak), 58.065 1 (base peak), etc. After detection by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS, its protonated molecular ion was m/z 247.145 0. The main ions in the secondary mass spectrum under CID mode were m/z 202.087 1, 160.076 3 and 134.060 5. NIST 17 library retrieval and 1H-NMR confirmed that the white powder and brown powder contained new psychoactive tryptamines 4-OH-MET and 4-AcO-DMT, respectively. Conclusion GC-QTOF-MS, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS and 1H-NMR can be used together to identify unknown new psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - C F Ni
- Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083
| | - S Y He
- Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083
| | - K D Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083
| | - Q Y Deng
- Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083
| | - C Liang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083
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Li MS, Zheng SQ, Sheng ZH, He SY, Deng QY, Liang C, Wu ZP, Cao FQ, Du M. Determination of Azide Ions in Blood by Pentafluorobenzyl Derivation Followed by GC-MS. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2021; 37:378-381. [PMID: 34379908 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective To establish a method for determination of the azide ions in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following pentafluorobenzyl derivatization. Methods A blood sample of 0.2 mL was placed into a 10 mL glass test tube, and the internal standard sodium cyanide, derivatization reagent pentafluorobenzyl bromide and catalyst tetradecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride were added in turn. After vortex mixing, the mixture was heated with low-power microwave for 3 min. After centrifugation, the organic phase was taken for GC-MS analysis. Results The azide ions in blood had a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 0.5 to 20 μg/mL. The lowest detection limit was 0.25 μg/mL and the relative recovery was 91.36%-94.58%. The method was successfully applied to a case of death from sodium azide poisoning. The mass concentration of azide ions in the blood of the dead was 11.11 μg/mL. Conclusion The method developed in this paper has strong specificity and is easy to operate, which is suitable for the rapid detection of azide ions in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - S Q Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Z H Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - S Y He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Q Y Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - C Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Z P Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - F Q Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - M Du
- Institute of Criminal Science, Jiading Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 201800, China
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Li SS, Wu BJ, Deng QY, Guo YB, Leng YX, Huang N. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of nano-carbon particles with different sp 2/sp 3 ratios. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2017; 75:854-862. [PMID: 28415539 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Graphitization occurs during the long-term service of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) modified artificial joint. Then, DLC wear debris, which are carbon particles with different sp2/sp3 ratios and sizes ranging from the nano- to micro-meter scale produced. In this paper, to promote the application of DLC coating for artificial joint modification, the cytotoxicity of DLC debris (nano-carbon particles, NCs) with different sp2/sp3 ratios was studied. The microstructure and physical characteristics of NCs with different sp2/sp3 ratios were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Meanwhile, osteoblasts and macrophages were applied to characterize the cytotoxicity of the NCs. In vitro cytotoxicity assay results indicated that cells incubated with NCs of different sp2/sp3 ratios had greater osteogenic capacity, and these particles caused a weaker immune response in comparison with CoCrMo particles. Taken together, the results indicated that NCs with different sp2/sp3 ratios presented a good cytocompatibility than CoCrMo particles. But no significant differences were observed among NCs with different sp2/sp3 ratios. The better cytocompatibility of NCs is mainly attributable to their surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - B J Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Q Y Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Y B Guo
- The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Y X Leng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - N Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
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Liao TT, Deng QY, Li SS, Li X, Ji L, Wang Q, Leng YX, Huang N. Evaluation of the Size-Dependent Cytotoxicity of DLC (Diamondlike Carbon) Wear Debris in Arthroplasty Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:530-539. [PMID: 33429620 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with DLC (diamond like carbon)-coated artificial joints may be exposed to a wide size range of DLC wear debris (DW). In this study, the cytotoxicity of DW of different size ranges (0-0.22, 0.22-0.65, 0.65-1.0, and 1.0-5.0 μm) was evaluated. The microstructure and physical characteristics of DW were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Macrophages, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts were incubated with DW of different size ranges respectively followed by cytotoxicity evaluations of inflammatory cytokines, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays, and related signal protein expression analysis. The results showed that, except for the size range of 0-0.22 μm, DW cytotoxicity showed a size-dependent (0.22-5.0 μm) decrease with increasing size. Within the range of 0.22-5.0 μm, DW of larger size resulted in lessened inflammatory response and enhanced osteoblastogenesis and fibrogenesis, with increased viability of cells (macrophages, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts), better morphology, less release of pro-inflammatory factors and more release of anti-inflammatory factors. The results demonstrated that DW sizes below 0.22 μm had less negative effects on cell adhesion and growth because of the BSA (bovine serum albumin) encapsulation effect. These findings provide valuable knowledge about the comprehensive mechanism of promotion of inflammatory response and inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and fibrogenesis induced by DW. In conclusion, an effective system of biocompatibility evaluation for different sizes of DW was derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Liao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Q Y Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - S S Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - X Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - L Ji
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Q Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Y X Leng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - N Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
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Liao TT, Deng QY, Wu BJ, Li SS, Li X, Wu J, Leng YX, Guo YB, Huang N. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity evaluation of graphite nanoparticles for diamond-like carbon film application on artificial joints. Biomed Mater 2017; 12:015018. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa52ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang YG, Xing QH, Deng QY, Liang FS, Yuan LP, Weng ML, Wang B. Fine mapping of the rice thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile gene tms5. Theor Appl Genet 2003; 107:917-921. [PMID: 12827251 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AnnongS-1, a thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile (TGMS) rice line, has a new TGMS gene. Genetic analysis indicated that the sterility of AnnongS-1 was controlled by a single resessive gene named tms5. In our previous studies based on an F(2) population from the cross between AnnongS-1 and Nanjing11, tms5 was mapped on chromosome 2. Recently, a RIL (recombinant inbred line) population from the same cross was developed and used for the fine mapping of the tms5 gene. Molecular marker techniques combined with BSA (bulked segregant analysis) were used. As a result, two AFLP markers (AF10, AF8), one RAPD marker (RA4), one STS marker (C365-1), one CAPs marker (G227-1) and four SSR markers (RM279, RM492, RM327, RM324) were found to be closely linked to tms5 gene. The DNA sequences of the RFLP marker of C365 and G227 were found in GenBank, and on the basis of these sequences, many primers were designed to amplify the two parents and their RIL population plants. Finally, the tms5 gene was mapped between STS marker C365-1 and CAPs marker G227-1 at a distance of 1.04 cM from C365-1 and 2.08 cM from G227-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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