PLAS-20k: Extended Dataset of Protein-Ligand Affinities from MD Simulations for Machine Learning Applications

Computing binding affinities is of great importance in drug discovery pipeline and its prediction using advanced machine learning methods still remains a major challenge as the existing datasets and models do not consider the dynamic features of protein-ligand interactions. To this end, we have developed PLAS-20k dataset, an extension of previously developed PLAS-5k, with 97,500 independent simulations on a total of 19,500 different protein-ligand complexes. Our results show good correlation with the available experimental values, performing better than docking scores. This holds true even for a subset of ligands that follows Lipinski's rule, and for diverse clusters of complex structures, thereby highlighting the importance of PLAS-20k dataset in developing new ML models. Along with this, our dataset is also beneficial in classifying strong and weak binders compared to docking. Further, OnionNet model has been retrained on PLAS-20k dataset and is provided as a baseline for the prediction of binding affinities. We believe that large-scale MD-based datasets along with trajectories will form new synergy, paving the way for accelerating drug discovery.

Axion Paradigm with Color-Mediated Neutrino Masses

We propose a generalized Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov-type axion framework in which colored fermions and scalars act as two-loop Majorana neutrino-mass mediators. The global Peccei-Quinn symmetry under which exotic fermions are charged solves the strong CP problem. Within our general proposal, various setups can be distinguished by probing the axion-to-photon coupling at helioscopes and haloscopes. We also comment on axion dark-matter production in the early Universe.

Histone Demethylase Modulation: Epigenetic Strategy to Combat Cancer Progression

Epigenetic modifications are heritable, reversible changes in histones or the DNA that control gene functions, being exogenous to the genomic sequence itself. Human diseases, particularly cancer, are frequently connected to epigenetic dysregulations. One of them is histone methylation, which is a dynamically reversible and synchronously regulated process that orchestrates the three-dimensional epigenome, nuclear processes of transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, and epigenetic functions, by adding or removing methylation groups to histones. Over the past few years, reversible histone methylation has become recognized as a crucial regulatory mechanism for the epigenome. With the development of numerous medications that target epigenetic regulators, epigenome-targeted therapy has been used in the treatment of malignancies and has shown meaningful therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical trials. The present review focuses on the recent advances in our knowledge on the role of histone demethylases in tumor development and modulation, in emphasizing molecular mechanisms that control cancer cell progression. Finally, we emphasize current developments in the advent of new molecular inhibitors that target histone demethylases to regulate cancer progression.

Point Prevalence Study (PPS) of Antibiotic Usage and Bacterial Culture Rate (BCR) among Secondary Care Hospitals of Small Cities in Central India: Consolidating Indian Evidence

Objective Indian hospitals (especially government-run public sector hospitals) have a nonexistent antimicrobial stewardship program (AMSP). After successfully initiating AMSPs in tertiary care hospitals of India, the Indian Council of Medical Research envisages implementing AMSP in secondary care hospitals. This study is about the baseline data on antibiotic consumption in secondary care hospitals.

Materials and Methods It was a prospective longitudinal observational chart review type of study. Baseline data on antibiotic consumption was captured by a 24-hour point prevalence study of antibiotic usage and bacterial culture rate. The prescribed antibiotics were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, and Reserve classification. All data were collated in Microsoft Excel and summarized as percentages.

Results Out of the 864 patients surveyed, overall antibiotic usage was 78.9% (71.5% in low-priority areas vs. 92.2% in high-priority areas). Most of the antibiotic usage was empirical with an extremely low bacterial culture rate (21.9%). Out of the prescribed drugs, 53.1% were from the WHO watch category and 5.5% from the reserve category.

Conclusion Even after 5 years of the launch of the national action plan on AMR (NAP-AMR) of India, AMSP is still non-existent in small- and medium-level hospitals in urban cities. The importance of trained microbiologists in the health care system is identified as a fulcrum in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR); however, their absence in government-run district hospitals is a matter of grave concern and needs to be addressed sooner than later.

Epigenetic malleability at core promoter initiates tobacco PR-1a expression post salicylic acid treatment

BACKGROUND

Tobacco's PR-1a gene is induced by pathogen attack or exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA). Nucleosome mapping and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to delineate the histone modifications on the PR-1a promoter. However, the epigenetic modifications of the inducible promoter of the PR-1a gene are not fully understood yet.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Southern approach was used to scan the promoter of PR-1a to identify presence of nucleosomes, ChIP assays were performed using anti-histones antibodies of repressive chromatin by di- methylated at H3K9 and H4K20 or active chromatin by acetylated H3K9/14 and H4K16 to find epigenetic malleability of nucleosome over core promoter in uninduced or induced state post SA treatment. Class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor TSA treatment was used to enhance the expression of PR-1a by facilitating the histone acetylation post SA treatment. Here, we report correlated consequences of the epigenetic modifications correspond to disassembly of the nucleosome (spans from - 102 to + 55 bp, masks TATA and transcription initiation) and repressor complex from core promoter, eventually initiates the transcription of PR-1a gene post SA treatment. While active chromatin marks di and trimethylation of H3K4, acetylation of H3K9 and H4K16 are increased which are associated to the transcription initiation of PR-1a following SA treatment. However, in uninduced state constitutive expression of a negative regulator (SNI1) of AtPR1, suppresses AtPR1 expression by six-fold in Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, we report 50-to-1000-fold increased expression of AtPR1 in uninduced lsd1 mutant plants, up to threefold increased expression of AtPR1 in uninduced histone acetyl transferases (HATs) mutant plants, SNI1 dependent negative regulation of AtPR1, all together our results suggest that inactive state of PR-1a is indeed maintained by a repressive complex.

CONCLUSION

The study aimed to reveal the mechanism of transcription initiation of tobacco PR-1a gene in presence or absence of SA. This is the first study that reports nucleosome and repressor complex over core promoter region maintains the inactivation of gene in uninduced state, and upon induction disassembling of both initiates the downstream gene activation process.

Unraveling the ameliorative potentials of native lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., during COVID 19 phase

Due to the rapid increase in the novel coronavirus virulence, the entire world implemented the practice of lockdown along with the constraint of human movement. The obligation of quarantine halted most of the commercial and industrial movement that prominently disturbed the distinct key environmental parameters directly associated with the plant's and animal's health conditions. In this regard, the research aims to study the sudden shut-off of vehicular activity impact on the naturally growing lichen of the genus Pyxine cocoes. The results showed an increase in the pigments, Fv/Fm ratio, and phytohormones during the lockdown and concurrently the decreasing levels in the post-lockdown period. Interestingly, modulations in the phytohormones occur in the lockdown period as compared to the post-lockdown period. The metals Al, Cr, and Fe show the highest increasing trends in the unlocking period, whereas As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Zn show very little variation during the running and post-lockdown phases. The lichen photosynthetic activity justifies further examination as initial biological indicators of the abrupt environmental variations prompted by such types of atmospheric situations and, to a greater extent, for the risk assessment in the near future. In conclusion, stress-phytohormone and amino acids play a significant role as stress reducers. Although lichens are well known for long environmental assessment, the present study will provide qualitative and quantitative variation in physiochemical changes in the short term and sudden environmental fluctuations. HIGHLIGHTS: • Qualitative and quantitative variation in biochemical parameters in lichen during and post-lockdown period was analyzed. • Stress-phytohormone and amino acids play a significant role as stress reducers. • Selectivity sequence reflection in heavy metal accumulation may be used in future studies.

Discovering potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting Nsp13 Helicase

The rise in the incidence of COVID-19 as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection has threatened public health globally. Till now, there have been no proper prophylactics available to fight COVID-19, necessitating the advancement and evolution of effective curative against SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed at the nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13) helicase as a promising target for drug development against COVID-19. A unique collection of nucleoside analogs was screened against the SARS-CoV-2 helicase protein, for which a molecular docking experiment was executed to depict the selected ligand's binding affinity with the SARS-CoV-2 helicase proteins. Simultaneously, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to examine the protein's binding site's conformational stability, flexibility, and interaction with the ligands. Key nucleoside ligands were selected for pharmacokinetic analysis based on their docking scores. Selected ligands (cordycepin and pritelivir) showed excellent pharmacokinetics and were well stabilized at the proteins' binding site throughout the MD simulation. We have also performed binding free energy analysis or the binding characteristics of ligands with Nsp13 by using MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA. Free energy calculation by MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA analysis suggests that pritelivir may work as viable therapeutics for efficient drug advancement against SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 helicase, potentially arresting the SARS-CoV-2 replication.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Pentoxifylline - A Novel Adjunct in the Management of Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis in Terai Population of Nepal: A Prospective Case Control Study

Oral submucous fibrosis is a premalignant condition largely seen in the South-Asian countries mainly due to the consumption of areca nut. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative, with vasodilating, anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory properties and is believed to increase the vascularity of the mucosal layer. The study was conducted to clinically assess the effectiveness of orally given pentoxifylline with dexamethasone (4mg/ml) given intralesionally and hyaluronidase 1500 IU with 0.5ml of 2.0% lignocaine plus multivitamins in the management of Oral submucous fibrosis patients pertaining to the Terai belt of Nepal. This study was conducted as an experimental study consisting of 70 oral submucous fibrosis patients who were divided blindly into two groups i.e. control or standard drug group (n=35) and experimental drug group (n=35). Standard drug group were given biweekly intralesional injections of dexamethasone (4mg/ml) and hyaluronidase 1500IU with 0.5ml of 2.0% lignocaine plus one capsule of multivitamins daily for a period of 12 weeks whereas experimental drug group were given pentoxifylline tablets 400mg 3 times daily for 12 weeks in addition to the drugs given to the standard drug group. Variables considered in the study were burning sensation, mouth opening, tongue protrusion and cheek flexibility using visual analog scale, vernier caliper, cheek retractor and a metric scale. On comparing, statistically significant results were seen in experimental drug group as far as reduction in burning sensation (p<0.001) and increase in mouth opening (p<0.001) was concerned. As far as improvement in tongue protrusion and cheek flexibility were concerned, the results were appreciating but statistically not significant (p=0.231) and (p=0.251) respectively. This study showed the effectiveness of pentoxifylline as an adjunct in the routine management of oral submucous fibrosis.

Perinatal Stroke in Fetuses, Preterm and Term Infants

Perinatal stroke is a well-defined heterogenous group of disorders involving a focal disruption of cerebral blood flow between 20 weeks gestation and 28 days of postnatal life. The most focused lifetime risk for stroke occurs during the first week after birth. The morbidity of perinatal stroke is high, as it is the most common cause of hemiparetic cerebral palsy which results in lifelong disability that becomes more apparent throughout childhood. Perinatal strokes can be classified by the timing of diagnosis (acute or retrospective), vessel involved (arterial or venous), and underlying cause (hemorrhagic or ischemic). Perinatal stroke has primarily been reported as a disorder of term infants; however, the preterm brain possesses different vulnerabilities that predispose an infant to stroke injury both in utero and after birth. Accurate diagnosis of perinatal stroke syndromes has important implications for investigations, management, and prognosis. The classification of perinatal stroke by age at presentation (fetal, preterm neonatal, term neonatal, and infancy/childhood) is summarized in this review, and includes detailed descriptions of risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, controversies, and resources for family support.

Pre-treatment delay and out of pocket expenses by notified new tuberculosis patients in an Indian mega city

BACKGROUND

Study was carried out to find out delay from onset of symptoms and out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) until initiation of anti-TB treatment (ATT) by new Tuberculosis (TB) patients registered in public health facilities in Bengaluru.

METHODS

Notified patients (N = 228) selected purposively were interviewed at initiation of ATT regarding number and type of facilities visited and delay in initiating ATT. OOPE was elicited separately for in- and out-patient visits, towards consultation, purchase of medicines, diagnostic tests, transportation, hospitalization and food. Dissaving or money borrowed was ascertained.

RESULTS

Two-thirds of participants were 15-44 years of age and 56% were males, mean annual household income was $4357. About 75% first visited a private health facility; 68% and 87% respectively were diagnosed and started on ATT in public sector after visiting an average of three facilities and after a mean delay of 68 days; the median delay was 44 days. Of mean OOPE of $402, 54% was direct medical expenditure, 5% non-medical direct and 41% indirect. OOPE was higher for Extra-pulmonary TB compared to PTB and when number of health facilities visited before initiating treatment was >3 compared to those who visited ≤3 and when the time interval between onset of symptoms and treatment initiation (total delay) was >28 days compared to when this interval was ≤28 days. About 20% suffered catastrophic expenditure; 34% borrowed money and 37% sold assets.

CONCLUSION

Concerted efforts are needed to reduce delay and OOPE in pre-treatment period and social protection to account for indirect expenditure.

Gender Affirming Laryngeal and Voice Surgery

Gender affirmation laryngeal and voice surgeries are components of “voice-lift” or cosmetic voice surgeries. Feminization surgery can modify vocal folds (fundamental frequency [Fo]) and vocal tract (resonance frequency). For increased pitch, vocal folds should be shorter, thinner, and tighter. Cricothyroid approximation (CTA) surgery increases tension of the vocal folds. Endoscopic procedures for pitch raising are done by shortening the length and reducing mass of vocal folds. This shortening is achieved by surgically creating anterior glottic web. Comparing the results of various open and endoscopic surgical techniques, fundamental frequency (Fo) is raised maximally and remains stable after GL as compared with CTA.

Identifying the Novel Inhibitors Against the Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway Target "mtFabH" of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycolic acids are the key constituents of mycobacterial cell wall, which protect the bacteria from antibiotic susceptibility, helping to subvert and escape from the host immune system. Thus, the enzymes involved in regulating and biosynthesis of mycolic acids can be explored as potential drug targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Herein, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes is used to understand the fatty acid metabolism signaling pathway and integrative computational approach to identify the novel lead molecules against the mtFabH (β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III), the key regulatory enzyme of the mycolic acid pathway. The structure-based virtual screening of antimycobacterial compounds from ChEMBL library against mtFabH results in the selection of 10 lead molecules. Molecular binding and drug-likeness properties of lead molecules compared with mtFabH inhibitor suggest that only two compounds, ChEMBL414848 (C1) and ChEMBL363794 (C2), may be explored as potential lead molecules. However, the spatial stability and binding free energy estimation of thiolactomycin (TLM) and compounds C1 and C2 with mtFabH using molecular dynamics simulation, followed by molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) indicate the better activity of C2 (ΔG = -14.18 kcal/mol) as compared with TLM (ΔG = -9.21 kcal/mol) and C1 (ΔG = -13.50 kcal/mol). Thus, compound C1 may be explored as promising drug candidate for the structure-based drug designing of mtFabH inhibitors in the therapy of Mtb.

Immunity elicitors for induced resistance against the downy mildew pathogen in pearl millet

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a globally important cereal whose production is severely constrained by downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.). In this study, immunity eliciting properties of 3,5-dichloroanthranilic acid (DCA), Cell Wall Glucan (CWG), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Glycinebetaine (GB) was deciphered through enzymatic and protein studies based on elicitor treatment activated defense mechanisms. Glycinebetaine, LPS, CWS and DCA elicited enzyme activities and gene expression of the defense enzymes, such as β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), lipoxygenase (LOX) and defense protein hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). However, the speed and the extent of elicitation differed. High levels of enzyme activities and gene expression in elicitor-treated P. glaucum positively correlated with the increased downy mildew resistance. A very rapid and large changes in elicitor-treated seedlings, in contrast to the delayed, smaller changes in the untreated susceptible control seedlings suggests that the rate and magnitude of defense gene expression are important for effective manifestation of defense against pathogen. As compared to other elicitors and control, GB promoted increase in enzyme activities and gene expression, implicating that GB is a promising elicitor of downy mildew resistance in P. glaucum.

Identification and validation of the wound and insect bite early inducible promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana

A wound-inducible promoter facilitates the regulated gene expression at the targeted site during the time of mechanical stress or infestation by the pathogen. The present work has aimed to identify a wound-inducible promoter that expresses at early time points preceding wound-stress treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. The computational analysis of microarray data (GSE5627) resulted in the identification of five early inducible genes, viz., AT1G17380, AT1G80440, AT2G43530, AT3G48360, and AT5G13220. The RT-PCR analysis showed AT5G13220 (JASMONATE-ASSOCIATED 1) gene induced at a significantly higher level post 30 min of wounding. Thus, the promoter of the highly induced and early expressed wound-inducible gene, AT5G13220 (named PW220), was characterized by fusing with β-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter or Cry1EC genes. The fluorometric analysis and histochemical staining of the gusA gene and quantitative estimation of Cry1EC protein in Nicotiana tabacum transgenic lines confirmed wound-induced expression characteristic of the selected promoter. Insect bioassay suggested that wound-inducible and constitutive expression of Cry1EC protein in transgenic lines showed a similar level of protection against different instar Spodoptera litura larvae. Furthermore, we identified that abscisic acid influenced the wound-specific expression of the selected PW220 promoter in the transgenic lines, which correlates with the presence of conserved cis-regulatory elements associated with dehydration and abscisic acid responses. Altogether, our results suggested that the wound-inducible promoter PW220 provides an excellent alternative for developing insect-tolerant transgenic crops in the future.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03143-0.

Functional performance and patient satisfaction comparison between a 3D printed and a standard transradial prosthesis: a case report

Background

The delay between amputation and prosthesis fitting contributes to the high rate of prosthetic abandonment despite advances in technology. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has allowed for the rapid fabrication of prostheses. Allowing individuals with amputations to interact with a prosthesis shortly after their procedure may reduce rejection chances. The purpose of the current investigation is to compare functional outcomes and patient satisfaction between a standard transradial prosthesis fitted in a clinic with a 3D-printed prosthesis fitted remotely. The standard prosthesis featured a hook terminal device, while the 3D printed prosthesis’ terminal device was a functional hand.

Results

The main finding of this case study was that the use of a 3D printed arm prosthesis fitted remotely resulted in better functional performance, but lower overall patient satisfaction than the standard arm prosthesis. Use of the 3D printed arm resulted in improved gross manual dexterity as measured by the Box and Block test. The 3D printed prosthesis also allowed improved performance in bimanual coordination. However, the standard-hook device scored higher in patient satisfaction survey results. The patient's concerns with the 3D printed prosthesis were the durability and effectiveness of the device.

Conclusion

While durability and complex grip patterns remain a concern, the positive attributes of 3D printed prostheses include visual appeal, ease of donning, and customization of parameters to improve upper-limb symmetry offers a promising option to familiarize new amputee patients with the use of a prosthesis. Rapid manufacturing and remote fitting allows 3D printed devices to serve as postoperative transitional devices and may function as definitive devices with minimal loss of functionality if standard clinic-based prostheses are not available.

Methods

The patient was a 59-year-old male with a traumatic transradial amputation of the dominant arm. A 3D printed transradial prosthesis was remotely fitted and manufactured using photogrammetry. Assessments were performed initially with the standard-hook prosthesis and then with the 3D printed device after a 5-week familiarization period. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the Box and Block Test and Bimanual Coordination Tray Test. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using two self-reported questionnaires (the QUEST 2.0 and the modified OPUS).

1251 Risk Stratification in the Management of Post-Tonsillectomy Haemorrhage

Aim

Tonsillectomy represents 17% of the elective workload in ENT and post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage is the most significant complication of this procedure. Accordingly, the GIRFT (Getting It Right First Time) report for ENT surgery focusses on the prevention of post-tonsillectomy bleeding. However, there is little guidance on the management of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. A local guideline for the management of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage was introduced in 2020 based on expert consensus. This audit examines the management of patients readmitted with post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage in 2019 and compares this to the management suggested in the new guideline.

Method

Patients readmitted with post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage within 30 days of a tonsillectomy performed in 2019 were identified. These were retrospectively stratified into risk categories according to both patient and clinical factors. Management was audited against the new guideline including both the initial patient assessment and the treatment suggested for their respective risk category.

Results

Fifteen patients were identified and stratified into low, medium and high-risk categories. All patients in the “low risk” category were successfully treated conservatively. One patient from the “medium risk” category had a further bleed as an inpatient during the proposed period of observation in the new guideline and was thereafter treated as “high risk”. Within the “high risk” category two patients required return to theatre for arrest of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.

Conclusions

These results show that the risk stratification proposed in these guidelines may be useful in the management of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. Amendments to the guideline and a re-audit are in progress.

THIRVE in Foreign Body Bronchus Removal-A Novel Approach

We prospectively studied novel anesthetic and surgical approach to foreign body bronchus removal using HHFNC (heated humidified high flow nasal cannula)/THRIVE technique(Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation ventilatory Exchange) in eleven cases. MacIntosh Laryngoscope was used to expose laryngeal inlet and FB was removed with an optical forcep (mounted over 2.7 mm rigid bronchoscope) without using ventilating bronchosocope. Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) was given in all cases. FB was removed completely in all eleven cases. The average duration of procedure was 4.5 min. HHFNC improved the apnoea time with 6 min as maximum procedure time. Induction with Fentanyl, Intermittent Propofol injection and succinylcholine prevented excessive coughing, irritation, movement of the patient, vocal cords and posterior tracheal wall. Time management during this novel approach is crucial starting from removal of FB and check bronchoscopy.

Synthetic Tunability and Biophysical Basis for Fabricating Highly Fluorescent and Stable DNA Copper Nanoclusters

The real motivation in the present work is to tune the synthesis variables that can result in a highly fluorescent and stable DNA copper nanocluster (CuNC) and also to understand the intricate mechanism behind this process. Here, carefully optimized concentrations of various reactants enabled the creation of a DNA-encapsulated CuNC for AT-DNA, displaying a size of <1.0 nm as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The extremely small size of the AT-DNACuNC supports the discrete electronic transitions, also characterized by an exceptionally strong negative circular dichroism (CD) band around 350 nm, whose intensity is well correlated with the observed strong fluorescence emission intensity. This remarkably strong CD can open new applications in the detection and quantification of a specific DNACuNC. Further, time-dependent fluorescence analysis suggested stronger photostabilization of these DNACuNCs. The simulation study, based on Cu ion distribution, explained how AT-DNA is a better candidate for NC formation than GC-DNA. In conclusion, the better-tuned synthesis procedure has resulted in a highly compact, well-defined three-dimensional conformation that promotes a more favorable microenvironment to sequester a DNA-based CuNC with high brightness and outstanding photostability.

Transpiration efficiency: insights from comparisons of C4 cereal species

We have previously reported that there is a tight link between high transpiration efficiency (TE; shoot biomass per unit water transpired) and restriction of transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In this study, we examine other factors affecting TE among major C4 cereals, namely species' differences, soil type, and source-sink relationships. We found that TE in maize (10 genotypes) was higher overall than in pearl millet (10 genotypes), and somewhat higher than in sorghum (16 genotypes). Overall, transpiration efficiency was higher in high-clay than in sandy soil under high VPD, but the effect was species-dependent with maize showing large variations in TE and yield across different soil types whilst pearl millet showed no variation in TE. This suggested that species fitness was specific to soil type. Removal of cobs drastically decreased TE in maize under high VPD, but removal of panicles did not have the same effect in pearl millet, suggesting that source-sink balance also drove variations in TE. We interpret the differences in TE between species as being accounted for by differences in the capacity to restrict transpiration under high VPD, with breeding history possibly having favored the source-sink balance in maize. This suggests that there is also scope to increase TE in pearl millet and sorghum through breeding. With regards to soil conditions, our results indicate that it appears to be critical to consider hydraulic characteristics and the root system together in order to better understand stomatal regulation and restriction of transpiration under high VPD. Finally, our results highlight the importance of sink strength in regulating transpiration/photosynthesis, and hence in influencing TE.

Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of some new rohitukine analogs as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors

Rohitukine (RH) was extracted from the stem bark of Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook. It was derivatized to different arylsulphanmides by treating with the corresponding aryl sulphonyl chlorides. These derivatives were tested in-vitro on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition. Among these the active compounds K2, K3, K5, and K8 significantly inhibited the PTP1B by 51.3%, 65.6%, 71.9%, and 55.9% respectively at 10 µg/ml, the results were also supported by in-silico docking experiments. The most potent compound K5 was analyzed for antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity in vivo. It showed a marked reduction in blood glucose level (random and fasting) and serum insulin level in db/db mice. It improved glucose intolerance as ascertained by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). These NCEs (New Chemical Entities) also lowered cholesterol and triglyceride profiles while improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in db/db mice. The K5 was further evaluated for antiadipogenic activity on MDI (Methylisobutylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin)-induced adipogenesis. where it significantly inhibited MDI-induced adipogenesis in 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes, at 10 µM and 20 µM concentration. These results were compared with the parent compound RH which inhibited 35% and 45% lipid accumulation while the RH analog K5 inhibited the lipid accumulation by 41% and 51% at 10 and 20 µM concentration, respectively. These results well corroborated with in-silico studies.

Molecular docking and simulation studies of natural compounds of Vitex negundo L. against papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS CoV-2 (coronavirus) to conquer the pandemic situation in the world

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) is β-coronavirus that is responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) all over the world. The rapid spread of the novel SARS CoV-2 worldwide is raising a significant global public health issue with nearly 61.86 million people infected and 1.4 million deaths. To date, no specific drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19. The inhibition of proteases essential for the proteolytic treatment of viral polyproteins is a conventional therapeutic strategy for conquering viral infections. In the study, molecular docking approach was used to screen potential drug compounds among the phytochemicals of Vitex negundo L. against COVID-19 infection. Molecular docking analysis showed that oleanolic acid forms a stable complex and other phyto-compounds ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid and isovitexin of V. negundo natural compounds form a less-stable complex. When compared with the control the synergistic interaction of these compounds shows inhibitory activity against papain-like protease (PL^pro) of SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19). The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (50 ns) were performed on the complexes of PL^pro and the phyto-compounds viz. oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid and isovitexin followed by the binding free energy calculations using MM-GBSA and these molecules have stable interactions with PL^pro protein binding site. The MD simulation study provides more insight into the functional properties of the protein-ligand complex and suggests that these molecules can be considered as a potential drug molecule against COVID-19. In this pandemic situation, these herbal compounds provide a rich resource to produce new antivirals against COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Enhancing early detection of neurological and developmental disorders and provision of intervention in low-resource settings in Uttar Pradesh, India: study protocol of the G.A.N.E.S.H. programme

INTRODUCTION

Around 9% of India's children under six are diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Low-resource, rural communities often lack programmes for early identification and intervention. The Prechtl General Movement Assessment (GMA) is regarded as the best clinical tool to predict cerebral palsy in infants <5 months. In addition, children with developmental delay, intellectual disabilities, late detected genetic disorders or autism spectrum disorder show abnormal general movements (GMs) during infancy. General Movement Assessment in Neonates for Early Identification and Intervention, Social Support and Health Awareness (G.A.N.E.S.H.) aims to (1) provide evidence as to whether community health workers can support the identification of infants at high-risk for neurological and developmental disorders and disabilities, (2) monitor further development in those infants and (3) initiate early and targeted intervention procedures.

METHODS

This 3-year observational cohort study will comprise at least 2000 infants born across four districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Community health workers, certified for GMA, video record and assess the infants' GMs twice, that is, within 2 months after birth and at 3-5 months. In case of abnormal GMs and/or reduced MOSs, infants are further examined by a paediatrician and a neurologist. If necessary, early intervention strategies (treatment as usual) are introduced. After paediatric and neurodevelopmental assessments at 12-24 months, outcomes are categorised as normal or neurological/developmental disorders. Research objective (1): to relate the GMA to the outcome at 12-24 months. Research objective (2): to investigate the impact of predefined exposures. Research objective (3): to evaluate the interscorer agreement of GMA.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

G.A.N.E.S.H. received ethics approval from the Indian Government Chief Medical Officers of Varanasi and Mirzapur and from the Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service in Varanasi. GMA is a worldwide used diagnostic tool, approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Graz, Austria (27-388 ex 14/15). Apart from peer-reviewed publications, we are planning to deploy G.A.N.E.S.H. in other vulnerable settings.

Trajectories of Cotton Fiber Initiation: A Regulatory Perspective.. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202011.0060.v1]

The epidermal cells on the surface of the cotton ovules undergo differentiation to produce fibers, which are single-celled hair-like protrusions resembling the plant trichomes. The initiation of these unicellular fibers from the cotton ovule surface is a complex and tightly regulated process. The initiation step is the cell fate-determining stage, which leads to the commitment of cells that eventually developed into fibers, thus becomes the most crucial phase in fiber development. The in-depth knowledge of molecular regulation is a prerequisite to get a clear view of the fiber initiation process's genetic and epigenetic control. The identification and functional validation of cotton fiber initiation-related genes, few fibreless mutants, transcription factors, microRNAs, epigenetic regulators, as well as the elucidation of the role of phytohormones as signaling molecules, has played a significant role in understanding the cotton fiber initiation process at the molecular level. This review focuses on the comprehensive information regarding the genetic and epigenetic regulation of cotton fiber initiation. Thus, the review will provide readers insight into mechanistic details that operate during cotton fiber initiation.

Efficiency Enhancement in Organic Solar Cells by Use of Cobalt Phthalocyanine (CoPc) Thin Films

Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) nano thin films have been introduced as a hole buffer layer in organic solar cells with active layer of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The surface morphology and opto-electrical properties of the CoPc thin films have made it an applicable materials for organic solar cells. The nano-thin films of CoPc are continuously distributed over the studied area and the roughness are around 5 to 7 nm for all thickness. The dominant optical absorptions are in the visible range of wavelengths 500 to 800 nm. The CoPc buffer layer is suitable for energy level matching in energy level diagram and enhances the absorption spectrum as well, which facilitate the charge carrier generation, increases charge transport, decreases charge recombination, hence enhance the all device parameters short circuit current density (J_sc), open circuit voltage (V_oc) and fill factor (FF). The solar cells efficiency increases by ˜70% and the fill factor increases by ˜45% in comparison to the standard cells. The increase in efficiency and the fill factors of the solar cells may also be attributed to the increasing of shunt and lowering the series resistance of the cells. The cole-cole plots of the devices may be modeled in electrical circuit as a single parallel resistance R_b and capacitance C_b network with a series resistance R_c.

Distinct defensive activity of phenolics and phenylpropanoid pathway genes in different cotton varieties toward chewing pests

Identifying the maximum level of inherent defense against harmful insects in natural variation among wild lineages of crop plants may result in high yield tolerant varieties and reducing use of chemical insecticides. However, knowledge of natural cotton genotypes with high insect-resistance is still indistinguishable at the biochemical or molecular level. In the present study, different cultivated Gossypium hirsutum varieties were evaluated for their inherent insect-tolerance against two major cottons chewing pests. The insect bio-assay identified two tolerant and one susceptible cotton varieties. The study demonstrates difference in phenolic acids, proanthocyanidin and tannin accumulation in tolerant and susceptible varieties. The post-infestation of chewing pests increases transcript level of the phenylpropanoid pathway genes were detected in tolerant varieties as compared to the susceptible varieties. Altogether, chewing pest-tolerance level in cotton varieties is the cumulative effect of enhanced phenylpropanoid pathway genes expression and secondary metabolite leading to defense responses to conventional host plant.

Calculation of salt-dependent free energy of binding of β-lactoglobulin homodimer formation and mechanism of dimer formation using molecular dynamics simulation and three-dimensional reference interaction site model (3D-RISM): diffuse salt ions and non-polar interactions between the monomers favor the dimer formation

There are several important phenomena in chemistry, biology, and physics where molecules (or parts of a molecule) having charges of the same sign come closer together and become stable. DNA condensation, RNA folding, colloid-colloid interactions are some of the examples of this kind. In the current work, we have investigated how β-lactoglobulin, a protein found in milk, in spite of carrying +13 charge, favors the homodimer formation in the presence of salt. We have focussed on calculating the protein-protein binding free energy in the presence of salt and identifying the thermodynamic and microscopic mechanism of the process. Estimation of binding free energy of this salt-dependent process is done by combining molecular dynamics simulation with statistical mechanical theory of three-dimensional reference interaction site model (3D-RISM). Binding free energy is evaluated from the chemical potential of the solutes as opposed to potential of mean force calculation, which gives only a constrained free energy. Our calculated values semi-quantitatively match with the experimental results. By examining the different components of binding free energy, we have found that the role of salt ions (especially of Cl^-) is to shift the equilibrium towards the dimer. Non-polar (Lennard-Jones) interactions between the monomers is also favorable to the binding free energy. However, water slightly disfavors the dimer formation. For the microscopic mechanism, heterogeneous of both Na⁺ and Cl^- near the charged residues at the binding interface and change of this charge distribution on dimer formation contribute to the stability. A fine-tuning of enthalpic and entropic effects of salt ions is found to operate at different salt concentrations. Both thermodynamic and microscopic mechanism of dimer formation gives detailed insight into the complex electrostatics of charged protein-protein binding.

Structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA toward identifying the inhibitors for two-component regulatory system protein NarL of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

The nitrate/nitrite response regulatory protein NarL belongs to the two-component regulatory system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), plays a crucial role in anaerobic survival of mycobacteria in host. The absence of this protein in humans, makes it an attractive drug target for MTB treatment. However, the specific drug molecules targeting NarL are yet to be identified. In this study, we identified the promising drug candidates using structure based virtual screening of compounds from chemical libraries (ChEMBL and ZINC), followed by the extensive physicochemical properties analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. As the initial results, we obtained 4,754 bioactive compounds from ChEMBL having anti-tuberculosis activity which is finally narrowed down to the best 10 hits. A similar approach was applied to search for structurally similar compounds from ZINC data, corresponding to the top hits obtained from ChEMBL. Our collective results show that two compounds, ChEMBL509609 (Gscore - 5.054 kcal/mol, Xscore - 6.47 kcal/mol) and ZINC01843143 (Gscore - 5.114 kcal/mol, Xscore - 6.46 kcal/mol) having the best docking score and ADMET profile. The structural stability and dynamics of lead molecules at active site of NarL were examined using MD simulation and the binding free energies were estimated with MM-PBSA. Essential dynamics and MM-PBSA demonstrated that NarL-ChEMBL509609 complex remains the most stable during simulation of 100 ns with the higher binding free energy which may be a suitable candidate for further experimental analysis. AbbreviationsADMEAbsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, And ExcretionBCGBacillus Calmette-GuerinCNSCentral nervous systemDOTSDirectly observed treatment, short courseEDEssential dynamicsHIVHuman immunodeficiency virusHKHistidine kinaseHOAHuman oral absorptionHTVSHigh throughput virtual screeningIRRIIrritationMDMolecular dynamicsMDRMultidrug resistantMTBMycobacterium tuberculosisMUTMutagenicityMWMolecular weightPHOAPercentage of human oral absorptionREPReproductive developmentRgRadius of gyrationRMSDRoot mean square deviationRMSFRoot mean square fluctuationRO5Lipinski's rule of fiveRRResponse regulatorSPStandard precisionSPGStandard precision glideTBTuberculosisTCSTwo-component regulatory systemTDRTotally drug-resistantTUMOTumorigenicityWHOWorld health organizationXDRExtensively drug-resistantXPExtra precisionCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Multiple roles of CTDK-I throughout the cell

The heterotrimeric carboxy-terminal domain kinase I (CTDK-I) in yeast is a cyclin-dependent kinase complex that is evolutionally conserved throughout eukaryotes and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNApII) on the second-position serine (Ser2) residue of YSPTSPS heptapeptide repeats. CTDK-I plays indispensable roles in transcription elongation and transcription-coupled processing, such as the 3'-end processing of nascent mRNA transcripts. However, recent studies have revealed additional roles of CTDK-I beyond its primary effect on transcription by RNApII. Here, we describe recent advances in the regulation of genomic stability and rDNA integrity by CTDK-I and highlight the previously underappreciated cellular roles of CTDK-I in rRNA synthesis by RNA polymerase I and translational initiation and elongation. These multiple roles of CTDK-I throughout the cell expand our understanding of how this complex functions to coordinate diverse cellular processes through gene expression and how the human orthologue exerts its roles in diseased states such as tumorigenesis.

Abstract P3-16-01: Responding at patient's time of need: Scaling rapid access to evidence-based treatment plans

Background: Cancer patients worldwide feel intense anxiety, often racing to start treatments at non expert centers. Further, imbalanced oncologist to patient ratios (˜1600: 1.8 M in India, ˜23,000: 15M in USA), impedes access to expertise. We study the impact of rapid evidence based expert treatment plans in relieving patient anxiety. Navya, a health services technology, generates personalized treatment plans that maps within NCCN Resource Stratified Guidelines [SABCS 2017]. This is vetted on mobile by oncologists at tertiary centers like TMC NCG to provide expert opinion reports to patients. Since 2015, ˜19,457 patients from 57 countries have reached out for an online opinion. On the ground, 78% of patients received evidence based treatments recommended by Navya [ASCO 2017].

Methods: To assess impact of timeliness, a prospective series of patients (from Sep '17 to April '18) were asked: “Were you relieved to receive expert opinion report in [x] days?” “Does it matter to you to receive expert opinion report in 1 day?” To assess time savings, preliminary reports with treatment options from NCCN and TMC NCG guidelines were shared with patients who matched all guidelines criteria. Subsequently, expert opinion reports were shared as usual.

Results: 543/701 patients responded to phone follow-up. 97% [± 3.2] were relieved to receive expert opinion reports in 1-2 days (103/106) vs 83% [± 3.8 ] for 3+ days (365/437). Of those not relieved by 3+ day turnaround, 83% stated that it would matter to receive expert opinion reports in 1 day (60/72). The first 300 preliminary reports shared in median time of 3.37 hours, resulted in 90% time savings vs expert opinion reports. On 10% of the preliminary reports, experts added information such as de-/escalating therapy (18/31), and additional diagnostic tests (6/31).

Conclusions: Navya relieves patient anxieties by responding at the time of need with evidence based treatment plans. Scaling such health services technologies to patients worldwide is feasible.

Citation Format: Ramarajan N, Srivastava R, Begum F, Gupta S, Pramesh C, Badwe R. Responding at patient's time of need: Scaling rapid access to evidence-based treatment plans [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-16-01.

Remote fitting procedures for upper limb 3d printed prostheses

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current investigation was twofold: i) describe a remote fitting procedure for upper limb 3D printed prostheses and ii) assess patient satisfaction and comfort with 3D printed prostheses fitted remotely.

METHODS

A qualitative study using content and score analysis to describe patient satisfaction after remote prosthetic fitting. Research participants reported QUEST and OPUS scores that allow for perceived rating of general aspects and functionality of upper limb prostheses.

RESULTS

Six children (three girls & boys, 6-16 years of age) and 2 adult males (25 and 59 years of age) with congenital (n = 7) and acquired (n = 1) upper limb loss participated in this study. Highest device satisfaction items of the QUEST include weight (4.50 ± 0.76), safety (4.38 ± 0.52), and ease of use (4.13 ± 0.64). Functional tasks of the OPUS observe that prosthesis donning and doffing (1.5 ± 0.84) and drinking from a paper cup (1.75 ± 0.89) were the easiest functional tasks.

CONCLUSION

The presented methodology for remote fitting of 3D printed upper-limb prostheses exhibits significant potential for rapid fabrication of functional prostheses to developing countries due to increased availability of digital devices in rural areas.

Microscopic picture of water-ethylene glycol interaction near a model DNA by computer simulation: Concentration dependence, structure, and localized thermodynamics

It is known that crowded molecular environment affects the structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics of macromolecules. Most of the previous works on molecular crowding have majorly focused on the behavior of the macromolecule with less emphasis on the behavior of the crowder and water molecules. In the current study, we have precisely focused on the behavior of the crowder, (ethylene glycol (EG)), salt ions, and water in the presence of a DNA with the increase of the EG concentration. We have probed the behavior of water and crowder using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and by calculating localized thermodynamic properties. Our results show an interesting competition between EG and water molecules to make hydrogen bonds (H-bond) with DNA. Although the total number of H-bonds involving DNA with both EG and water remains essentially same irrespective of the increase in EG concentration, there is a proportional change in the H-bonding pattern between water-water, EG-EG, and EG-water near DNA and in bulk. At low concentrations of EG, the displacement of water molecules near DNA is relatively easy. However, the displacement of water becomes more difficult as the concentration of EG increases. The density of Na⁺ (Cl^-) near DNA increases (decreases) as the concentration of EG is increased. The density of Cl^- near Na⁺ increases with the increase in EG concentration. It was also found that the average free energy per water in the first solvation shell increases with the increase in EG concentration. Putting all these together, a microscopic picture of EG, water, salt interaction in the presence of DNA, as a function of EG concentration, has emerged.

AFOMP policy number 6: code of ethics for medical physicists in AFOMP Countries

This policy statement, which is the sixth of a series of documents prepared by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP) Professional Development Committee, gives guidance on how medical physicists in AFOMP countries should conduct themselves in an ethical manner in their professional practice (Ng et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 32:175-179, 2009; Round et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 33:7-10, 2010; Round et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 34:303-307, 2011; Round et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 35:393-398, 2012; Round et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 38:217-221, 2015). It was developed after the ethics policies and codes of conducts of several medical physics societies and other professional organisations were studied. The policy was adopted at the Annual General Meeting of AFOMP held in Jaipur, India, in November 2017.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced priming enhances NO-mediated activation of defense responses in pearl millet challenged with Sclerospora graminicola

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicitors isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens UOM SAR 14 effectively induced systemic and durable resistance against pearl millet downy mildew disease caused by the oomycete Sclerospora graminicola. Rapid and increased callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation were evidenced in downy mildew susceptible seeds pre-treated with LPS (SLPS) in comparison with the control seedlings, which also correlated with expression of various other defense responses. Biochemical analysis of enzymes and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data suggested that LPS protects pearl millet against downy mildew through the activation of plant defense mechanisms such as generation of nitric oxide (NO), increased expression, and activities of defense enzymes and proteins. Elevation of NO concentrations was shown to be essential for LPS-mediated defense manifestation in pearl millet and had an impact on the other downstream defense responses like enhanced activation of enzymes and pathogen-related (PR) proteins. Temporal expression analysis of defense enzymes and PR-proteins in SLPS seedlings challenged with the downy mildew pathogen revealed that the activity and expression of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and the PR-proteins (PR-1 and PR-5) were significantly enhanced compared to untreated control. Higher gene expression and protein activities of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) were observed in SLPS seedlings which were similar to that of the resistant check. Collectively, our results suggest that, in pearl millet-downy mildew interaction, LPS pre-treatment affects defense signaling through the central regulator NO which triggers the activities of PAL, POX, PR-1, PR-5, and HRGPs.

Coactivation index of children with congenital upper limb reduction deficiencies before and after using a wrist-driven 3D printed partial hand prosthesis

Background

Co-contraction is the simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles that produces forces around a joint. It is unknown if the use of a wrist-driven 3D printed transitional prostheses has any influence on the neuromuscular motor control strategies of the affected hand of children with unilateral upper-limb reduction deficiencies. Thus, the purpose of the current investigation was to examine the coactivation index (CI) of children with congenital upper-limb reduction deficiencies before and after 6 months of using a wrist-driven 3D printed partial hand prosthesis.

Methods

Electromyographic activity of wrist flexors and extensors (flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum) was recorded during maximal voluntary contraction of the affected and non-affected wrists. Co-contraction was calculated using the coactivation index and was expressed as percent activation of antagonist over agonist. Nine children (two girls and seven boys, 6 to 16 years of age) with congenital upper-limb deficiencies participated in this study and were fitted with a wrist-driven 3D printed prosthetic hand. From the nine children, five (two girls and three boys, 7 to 10 years of age) completed a second visit after using the wrist-driven 3D printed partial hand prosthesis for 6 months.

Results

Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to analyze the coactivation index and strength data. There was a significant main effect for hand with the affected hand resulting in a higher coactivation index for flexion and extension than the non-affected hand. For wrist flexion there was a significant main effect for time indicating that the affected and non-affected hand had a significantly lower coactivation index after a period of 6 months.

Conclusion

The use of a wrist-driven 3D printed hand prosthesis lowered the coactivation index by 70% in children with congenital upper limb reduction deficiencies. This reduction in coactivation and possible improvement in motor control strategies can potentially improve prosthetic rehabilitation outcomes.

Functional changes through the usage of 3D-printed transitional prostheses in children

INTRODUCTION

There is limited knowledge on the use of 3 D-printed transitional prostheses, as they relate to changes in function and strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify functional and strength changes after usage of 3 D-printed transitional prostheses for multiple weeks for children with upper-limb differences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gross manual dexterity was assessed using the Box and Block Test and wrist strength was measured using a dynamometer. This testing was conducted before and after a period of 24 ± 2.61 weeks of using a 3 D-printed transitional prosthesis. The 11 children (five girls and six boys; 3-15 years of age) who participated in the study, were fitted with a 3 D-printed transitional partial hand (n = 9) or an arm (n = 2) prosthesis.

RESULTS

Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to analyze function and strength data. There was a significant hand by time interaction for function, but not for strength. Conclusion and relevance to the study of disability and rehabilitation: The increase in manual gross dexterity suggests that the Cyborg Beast 2 3 D-printed prosthesis can be used as a transitional device to improve function in children with traumatic or congenital upper-limb differences. Implications for Rehabilitation Children's prosthetic needs are complex due to their small size, rapid growth, and psychosocial development. Advancements in computer-aided design and additive manufacturing offer the possibility of designing and printing transitional prostheses at a very low cost, but there is limited knowledge on the function of this type of devices. The use of 3D printed transitional prostheses may improve manual gross dexterity in children after several weeks of using it.

Risk of cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal tract disorders in relation to the impact of shift work among male workers of textile mills in Pali district of Rajasthan, India

he present study was conducted in textile mill of Pali city with the objective to study the risk of cardiac and gastric problems in relation to shift work among male workers. The results showed significant difference between Body Mass Index (χ2=14.2, p=0.0008) and waist hip ratio (χ2=5.2, p=0.0226) of shift and non shift workers. Results on food intake showed comparatively more deficient daily intake of nutrients like fiber (7.21 g), β carotene (1842.89 μg), and folic acid (99.03 μg) in shift workers with respect to recommended dietary allowances and an overconsumption of fats (37.72 g). Alcoholism (χ2=17.3, p=0.0001) and smoking habit (χ2=14, p=0.0029) was found to be significantly higher among shift workers. Comparatively higher segment of shift workers suffered from hypertension (56.0%), disturbed appetite (87.50%), stomach upsets (90.0%), nausea (88.50%), heartburn (85.0%) and breathlessness (34.0%). Shift workers also had higher mean levels of lipid profile fractions and relatively more subjects fell into the category of high risk (20.50%) of CVD. Longer duration of involvement in shift work also influenced the occurrence of gastric and cardiac problems like disturbed appetite (χ2=9.96, p=0.0411), stomach upsets (χ2=9.73, p=0.0452), stomach ache (χ2=10.1, p=0.0389), constipation (χ2=9.88, p=0.0424), dizziness (47.37%), breathlessness (50.0%) and swollen feet (44.74%). The study concludes that shift work affects food intake, BMI, WHR, BP, alcohol intake, smoking habits and lipid profile of the subjects, thus increasing the risk of health problems like cardiovascular and gastric diseases.

Kinetic study of furan and furfural generation during baking of cake models

This study describes the kinetics of furan and furfural generation in a cake model, for the first time. These process-induced compounds impact safety and sensory aspects of baked products. Understanding their generation with regards to process dynamics will serve food quality design. However, the complexity of real products makes this task challenging. This work provides a novel approach to understand and model chemical reactivity by implementing an inert cake model (starch, water and cellulose), specifically designed for mimicking a sponge cake structure. The addition of reaction precursors (glucose and leucine) to follow Maillard and caramelization reactions, resulted in browning and generated considerable levels of furanic compounds (up to 17.61ng/g for furan and 38.99μg/g for furfural, dry basis). Multiresponse data modeling resulted in a kinetic model which adequately describes experimental concentrations and makes it possible to estimate the degradation of precursors and the behavior of two hypothetic intermediates.