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Rondello Bonatti T, Vidal Siqueira-Castro IC, Averaldo Guiguet Leal D, Durigan M, Pedroso Dias RJ, Bueno Franco RM. Molecular characterization of waterborne protozoa in surface water and sediment in Brazil: a taxonomic survey of ciliated protozoa and their correlation with Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:470. [PMID: 36922479 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was performed, along with the identification of the ciliated protozoa biodiversity, to evaluate the correlation between these protozoa in freshwater quality monitoring. Water and sediment samples from two sites in the Atibaia River (Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil) were collected monthly for 2 years (n = 96). Pathogenic protozoa in water and sediment were detected by using immunomagnetic separation, followed by visualization by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). All positive aliquots in IFA were subjected to DNA extraction and subsequently nested PCR. Qualitative (in vivo observation and silver impregnation) and quantitative (in vivo enumeration) analyses were performed for the ciliated protozoa. Giardia cysts were detected in 62.5% of the surface water samples and Cryptosporidium spp. in 25.0%. In the sediment, cysts were detected in 35.4% samples and oocysts in 16.6%. A total of 57 samples positive for Giardia cysts were subjected to sequencing, 40 of which were harboring G. duodenalis (24 were characterized as sub-assemblage AII). For ciliated protozoa, 73 taxa belonging to 53 genera were identified over the period of the study. These results revealed a high degree of contamination by waterborne protozoa in the main water source which supplies drinking water for more than one million people in Campinas (São Paulo), highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of this catchment site. In addition, the present study provides important data regarding the sources of the water body degradation, i.e., fecal contamination of human origin, in addition to the survey of the ciliated protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Rondello Bonatti
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Durigan
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pineda CO, Leal DAG, de Lima R, Ribeiro PP, Rodrigues A, Martini MH, Stancari RCA, Matosinhos FCL, Miné JC, Greinert-Goulart JA, Grott SC, Diefenbach LMG, Araújo B, Franco RMB. Parasites in Fresh Produce: a Brazilian Inter-laboratory Evaluation of a Standardized Methodology for the Detection of Ascaris sp. in Leafy Vegetables. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pineda CO, Leal DAG, Fiuza VRDS, Jose J, Borelli G, Durigan M, Pena HFJ, Bueno Franco RM. Toxoplasma
gondii
oocysts,
Giardia
cysts and
Cryptosporidium
oocysts in outdoor swimming pools in Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:785-795. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ortiz Pineda
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Diego Averaldo Guiguet Leal
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Ambiental Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Instituto de Biociências, Parasitologia Animal Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Juliana Jose
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Guilherme Borelli
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | | | - Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
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Yamashiro S, Foco MLR, Pineda CO, José J, Nour EAA, Siqueira-Castro ICV, Franco RMB. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. removal efficiency of a combined fixed-film system treating domestic wastewater receiving hospital effluent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:22756-22771. [PMID: 31172433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium have caused numerous outbreaks of diarrhea as a result of the ingestion of water contaminated with sewage. In Brazil, the efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium removal by combined fixed-film systems has rarely been studied. The aims of the present study were therefore to verify the removal efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium by a combined system (anaerobic/anoxic filter and aerated submerged biofilter) and to perform the genetic characterization of these parasites. The (oo)cysts were detected by centrifuge concentration and membrane filtration from raw sewage, effluents, adhered biomass, and sludge samples. Immunofluorescence assay and differential interference contrast microscopy were used for the visualization of the (oo)cysts. Nested PCR was applied to confirm Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 27% and 5.5% of the 144 analyzed samples of raw sewage and effluents, respectively. A total of 33,000 cysts/L were recovered in the adhered biomass samples (n = 25) from different points of the aerated submerged biofilter, while 6000 oocysts/L were registered in a single point. An average of 11,800 cysts/L were found in the sludge samples (n = 5). The combined system exhibited a removal efficiency of Giardia cysts of 1.8 ± 1.0 log removal. The C and BIV assemblages of Giardia were identified in the raw sewage while AII was found in the treated effluent sample. It was not possible to calculate the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the combined system. The combined system exhibited some potential as a suitable treatment for the removal of parasites from sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Mário Luiz Rodrigues Foco
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ortiz Pineda
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Nakada LYK, Franco RMB, Fiuza VRDS, Santos LUD, Branco N, Guimarães JR. Pre-ozonation of source water: Assessment of efficacy against Giardia duodenalis cysts and effects on natural organic matter. Chemosphere 2019; 214:764-770. [PMID: 30296764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan Giardia duodenalis is one of the parasites of primary concern in drinking water treatment plants, due to its resistance to chlorination. Another matter of concern regarding chlorination of drinking water is the formation of disinfection by-products in the presence of precursors such as natural organic matter (NOM). In this study, the effects of ozonation (5 mg L-1) on G. duodenalis cysts in raw surface water from a drinking water treatment plant were evaluated, and the presence and alteration of NOM were assessed, as an indicative of the potential to prevent total organic halogen (TOX) formation during post-chlorination. Following ozone treatment, the presence of damaged cysts was observed by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by the molecular approach propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (PMA-PCR). Using an animal model, analysis of the intestinal tissues revealed that 80% of the animals inoculated with ozonated water were positive for trophozoites. This study shows that analysis of intestinal fragments is imperative to accurately assess animal infection following inoculation of treated cysts. More importantly, considering the low infective dose of Giardia cysts in susceptible hosts, an ozone dosage usually applied in drinking water treatment plants did not completely inactivate G. duodenalis cysts in surface water. Nonetheless, the results suggest that competitive reactions with NOM have occurred, and the applied ozone dosage has proven useful to remove NOM reactivity, and thus prevent halogenated DBP formation during post-chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Institute of Biosciences, Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Universitário, 79070900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Padre Anchieta University Centre, Rua Bom Jesus de Pirapora - até, 848/849, Vila Vianelo, 13207270, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Branco
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Leal DAG, Souza DSM, Caumo KS, Fongaro G, Panatieri LF, Durigan M, Rott MB, Barardi CRM, Franco RMB. Genotypic characterization and assessment of infectivity of human waterborne pathogens recovered from oysters and estuarine waters in Brazil. Water Res 2018; 137:273-280. [PMID: 29550730 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne, food-borne and sewage-borne pathogens are a major global concern, with the annual recurrence, most notably during the summer, of outbreaks of gastroenteritis of unconfirmed etiology associated with recreational activities in marine environments. The consumption of contaminated water-based foodstuffs is also related to outbreaks of human illness. The main goals of the present study were: i) to identify the genetic assemblages of Giardia duodenalis cysts in growing and depurated oysters destined for human consumption on the southern coast of São Paulo, Brazil; ii) to verify the main circulating G. duodenalis assemblages and their subtypes in different brackish waters used for the production of mollusks and for recreational purposes; iii) to track the contamination of growing and depurated oysters by the human adenovirus and identify the infectivity of adenoviral particles recovered from oysters before and after depuration; iv) to evaluate the occurrence and genotype of the free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba in brackish water and oysters from all the sites described above. Four sampling sites in the Cananeia estuary were selected to search for pathogenic and amphizoic protozoa (Giardia and Acanthamoeba respectively): site 1: oyster growth, site 2: catchment water (before UV depuration procedure), site 3: filter backwash (filtration stage of water treatment) and site 4: oyster depuration tank. Oysters at sites 1 and 4 were evaluated for the presence of adenovirus (HAdV). Analysis consisted of conventional microbiological as well as molecular methods. Giardia duodenalis were detected in all the water sites analyzed and the molecular analysis revealed that sub-assemblage AII was the most frequently distributed throughout the estuarine environment, although one sample was identified as belonging to the assemblage C. Acanthamoeba were also isolated from different locations of the estuarine area, and were detected at all the analyzed sites. The majority of isolates belonged to the T3 genotype, while the T4 genotype was identified once. The sequencing reaction of Giardia duodenalis revealed the contamination of three batches of depurated oysters by the sub-assemblage AII. With respect to viruses, seven batches of oysters (four growing and three depurated) were found to be harboring infectious HAdV particles when submitted to plaque assay. Overall, the results of the sequencing reactions combined with the plaque assay revealed that the isolates of Giardia duodenalis and the infectious HAdV particles identified in oyster tissues have the potential to infect humans and pose a threat if consumed raw or lightly cooked. This is the first report on the sub-assemblage AII identified in oysters which are submitted to a cleaning and disinfection procedure prior to human consumption in Brazil. Acanthamoeba specific genotypes were also identified for the first time in a recreational estuarine area in Brazil, contributing to knowledge of their molecular and environmental epidemiology, which is considered scarce even in marine and estuarine areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Averaldo Guiguet Leal
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Parasitologia Ambiental, Curitiba, Paraná PO Box: 19031, CEP: 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Karin Silva Caumo
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Estudos de Protozoários Emergentes, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 900035-190, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Lua Ferreira Panatieri
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 900035-190, Brazil
| | | | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 900035-190, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Monte Barardi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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Bautista M, Bonatti TR, Fiuza VRDS, Terashima A, Canales-Ramos M, José J, Franco RMB. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rímac River, Peru. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:11454-11467. [PMID: 29423699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are potentially pathogenic protozoa which are ubiquitous in ambient surface water. The present study included 60 samples of surface water from three sampling sites from the Rímac River, Lima and Callao, Peru, to detect the occurrence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. and to perform molecular characterization of specimens found. Water samples were concentrated using the membrane filtration technique, and following elution, cysts and oocysts were visualized by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA). For molecular characterization, tpi and bg gene fragments and 18S rRNA were amplified by nested PCR for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Giardia cysts were found in 93.3% of the analyzed samples, whereas Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 15%. The positivity of the Giardia cysts was 86.6% (n = 26) in 2014, while Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. In 2015, both protozoa were found in raw water samples, with all 30 samples collected positive for Giardia cysts (100.0%) and 9 positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts (30.0%). Oocysts were detected in 20.0% of water samples from sites 1 (mean 5.25 oocysts/L) and 2 (mean 52.3 oocysts/L), while at site 3, oocysts were detected in 50.0% of raw water samples (mean 193.6 oocysts/L). The presence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A was confirmed in several samples by the phylogenetic positioning of the bg and tpi genes, and the sub-assemblage AII was predominant (8/9). Sequencing for Cryptosporidium resulted in profiles compatible with Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium baileyi. This is the first time that the presence of G. duodenalis assemblage A/sub-assemblage AII and Cryptosporidium species has been reported in surface water samples in Peru. These Cryptosporidium species and the Giardia duodenalis assemblage are associated with human disease which highlights the potential risk to public health and the need to increase environmental monitoring measures to protect this water body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meylin Bautista
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Taís Rondello Bonatti
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da S Fiuza
- Oxidative Processes Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelica Terashima
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco Canales-Ramos
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juliana José
- Laboratory of Genomics and Expression (LGE), Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Protozoology Laboratory, Animal Biology Department, Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, n° 255, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Coelho CH, Durigan M, Leal DAG, Schneider ADB, Franco RMB, Singer SM. Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006005. [PMID: 29065126 PMCID: PMC5678545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giardiasis is an intestinal infection that affects more than two hundred million people annually worldwide; it is caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis. In tropical countries and in low or middle-income settings, like Brazil, its prevalence can be high. There is currently no systematic review on the presence of G. duodenalis in patients, animals or water sources in Brazil. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to recommendations established by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). As databases for our searches, we have used PubMed, Embase, Scopus and the Brazilian database SciELO using the keywords «Giardia*» and «Brazil». RESULTS This systematic review identified research studies related to G. duodenalis in water, giardiasis in animals, prevalence of giardiasis across Brazilian regions, genotyping of strains isolated in humans, and giardiasis in indigenous populations. We also propose a network of G. duodenalis transmission in Brazil based on genotypes analyses. CONCLUSION This is the first time within the last twenty years that a review is being published on the occurrence of G. duodenalis in Brazil, addressing relevant issues such as prevalence, molecular epidemiology and analytical methods for parasite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriano de Bernardi Schneider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Steven M. Singer
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States
of America
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Yamashiro S, Fiuza VRDS, Teixeira ÂTLS, Branco N, Levy CE, Castro ICVSD, Franco RMB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi detected by molecular methods in raw sewage and treated effluent from a combined system in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:403-410. [PMID: 28591400 PMCID: PMC5446229 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the most common microsporidia associated with different clinical manifestations such as diarrhoea, respiratory tract inflammation and acalculous cholecystitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Infection usually occurs by ingestion of food and water contaminated with spores, but can also result from direct contact with spores through broken skin, eye lesions, and sexual transmission, depending on the microsporidian species. Although there are reports of E. bieneusi found in humans and animals in Brazil, there are no published studies of environmental samples examined by molecular methods. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of E. bieneusi in raw sewage and treated effluent from a combined system by molecular methods. METHODS Raw sewage and treated effluent samples collected from a combined system were analysed for the presence of E. bieneusi using the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction. FINDINGS The analysis revealed E. bieneusi presence and a novel genotype (EbRB) in one raw sewage sample and one treated effluent. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The presence of E. bieneusi in final effluent indicates that the combined system may not remove microsporidian spores. This study is the first report of E. bieneusi in environmental samples in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yamashiro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Departamento de Saneamento e Ambiente, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Nilson Branco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Emílio Levy
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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10
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Siqueira-Castro ICV, Greinert-Goulart JA, Rossetto R, Guimarães JR, Franco RMB. Ciliated protozoa community of a combined UASB-activated sludge system in southeastern Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:23804-23814. [PMID: 27623859 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the abundance and taxonomic composition of ciliated protozoa in the activated sludge of a full-scale combined anaerobic-aerobic system operating in a tropical country and (2) to study the relationship between the effluent quality, the physicochemical variables, and the ciliates present in the operating system. The total ciliate fauna of the activated sludge of the Piçarrão Wastewater Treatment Plant (Piçarrão WWTP) was composed of 36 morphospecies belonging to 33 genera. These included 21 species observed in the activated sludge samples on the day of collection and 15 species found in cultures. The activated sludge of the Piçarrão WWTP contained a diversified ciliate community composed mainly of indicator organisms. The most frequently occurring morphospecies were Aspidisca cicada, Vorticella spp., Gastronauta aloisi, Acineria uncinata, and Epistylis plicatilis complex. These results showed that satisfactory operating conditions prevailed at the Piçarrão WWTP. In the combined UASB-activated sludge system, the presence of Aspidisca cicada suggests the occurrence of denitrification in the process while the presence of Acineria uncinata and G. alosi indicates the removal of carbonaceous organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliane Araújo Greinert-Goulart
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, FURB, Campus I-Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140-Victor Konder, CEP 89012-900, Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
| | - Renato Rossetto
- Sociedade de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- Laboratório de Processos Oxidativos, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Bonatti TR, Franco RMB. Real scale environmental monitoring of zoonotic protozoa and helminth eggs in biosolid samples in Brazil. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:633-42. [PMID: 27605758 PMCID: PMC4996162 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosolid is the product of the activated sludge treatment system and its final disposition is subject of ongoing discussion as this residue can therefore harbor a great number and variety of pathogens. This study was aimed to (1) monitor the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in biosolid samples from a treatment plant in Campinas, SP, Brazil, (2) observe Giardia cyst wall morphological integrity in treated samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (3) verify the presence and viability of helminth eggs. Cysts were present in 33.3 % of the samples, whereas oocysts were detected in 8.3 %. Viable Ascaris sp. Toxocara sp. and similar to Trichuris sp. eggs were found through the use of Mexican Official Norm. Results demonstrate the difficulties inherent in working with biosolid as factors such as temperature, ionic strength and pH influenced the recovery of cysts and oocysts. Pores and ruptures were not observed in cyst wall visualized by SEM following 45 days of exposure to sunlight, only minimal morphological changes. These observations emphasize both the importance of adequate treatment of sewage sludge and the need to develop appropriate techniques for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in this type of sample. This is the first time that a study was done in a real scale for biosolid samples in determining the presence of pathogenic protozoa as Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Brazil, and also observed minimal cyst wall damage after sunlight treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Rondello Bonatti
- Animal Biology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Animal Biology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP CEP: 13083-970 Brazil
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Siqueira-Castro ICV, Greinert-Goulart JA, Bonatti TR, Yamashiro S, Franco RMB. First report of predation of Giardia sp. cysts by ciliated protozoa and confirmation of predation of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by ciliate species. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:11357-11362. [PMID: 27098881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ciliated protozoa are important components of the microbial food web in various habitats, especially aquatic environments. These organisms are useful bioindicators for both environmental quality assessment and the wastewater purification process. The pathogenic parasitic protozoan species Giardia and Cryptosporidium represent a significant concern for human health, being responsible for numerous disease outbreaks worldwide. The predation of cysts and oocysts in 15 ciliate species from water and sewage samples collected in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil were verified under laboratory conditions. The ciliated protozoan species were selected based on their mode of nutrition, and only bacterivorous and suspension-feeders were considered for the experiments. The species Blepharisma sinuosum, Euplotes aediculatus, Sterkiella cavicola, Oxytricha granulifera, Vorticella infusionum, Spirostomum minus, and Stentor coeruleus ingested cysts and oocysts, the resistance forms of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. This is the first time that the ingestion of Giardia cysts by ciliated protozoa has been reported. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the biological removal of these pathogens from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, CEP 13.083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Araújo Greinert-Goulart
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Tais Rondello Bonatti
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yamashiro
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rebolla MF, Silva EM, Gomes JF, Falcão AX, Rebolla MVF, Franco RMB. HIGH PREVALENCE OF Blastocystis spp. INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND STAFF MEMBERS ATTENDING PUBLIC URBAN SCHOOLS IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:31. [PMID: 27074325 PMCID: PMC4826084 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in the municipality of
Sebastião da Grama, SãoPaulo, Brazil, we
conducted a parasitological survey to establish the epidemiological profile of
enteroparasitosis in children and staff members attending the public urban schools in
operation in town. The cross-sectional study evaluated 172 children aged 11 months to
6 years old and 33 staff members aged 19 to 58 years old. Overall, 96 (55.81%)
children and 20 (60.61%) staff members were mono-parasitized, while 58 (33.72%)
children and 4 (12.12%) workers were poly-parasitized. Protozoa (88.37%; 72.73%) was
more prevalent than helminthes (3.48%; 0%) in children and staff members
respectively.Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent parasite in
children (86.63%) and staff members (66.67%). The age of 1 year old or less was found
to be associated with increased prevalence of giardiasis [OR = 13.04; 95%CI
2.89-58.91; p = 0.00] and public garbage collection was identified
as a protective factor against intestinal helminth infections [OR = 0.06; 95%CI
0.00-0.79; p = 0.03]. Although most of the children tested positive
for Blastocystis spp. and also presented clinical signs/symptoms
(62.2%), this association was not statistically significant [OR = 1.35; 95%CI
0.53-3.44; p = 0.51]. Intestinal parasites still represent a public
health concern and this study underscores the importance of further investigations to
better understand the pathogenic role of Blastocystis spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Frozoni Rebolla
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Brazil, ,
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Santos SRD, Branco N, Franco RMB, Paterniani JES, Katsumata M, Barlow PW, de Mello Gallep C. Fluorescence decay of dyed protozoa: differences between stressed and non-stressed cysts. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 30:1139-47. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ricardo dos Santos
- School of Technology; University of Campinas/Limeira; SP Brazil
- School of Agricultural Engineering; University of Campinas/Campinas; SP Brazil
| | - Nilson Branco
- Biology Institute; University of Campinas/Campinas; SP Brazil
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David ÉB, Guimarães S, de Oliveira AP, Goulart de Oliveira-Sequeira TC, Nogueira Bittencourt G, Moraes Nardi AR, Martins Ribolla PE, Bueno Franco RM, Branco N, Tosini F, Bella A, Pozio E, Cacciò SM. Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa in two poor communities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:103. [PMID: 25889093 PMCID: PMC4335703 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of protozoa cause acute or chronic gastroenteritis in humans, worldwide. The burden of disease is particularly high among children living in developing areas of the world, where transmission is favored by lower hygienic standards and scarce availability of safe water. However, asymptomatic infection and polyparasitism are also commonly observed in poor settings. Here, we investigated the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in two small fishing villages, Porto Said (PS) and Santa Maria da Serra (SM), situated along the river Tietê in the State of São Paolo, Brazil. The villages lack basic public infrastructure and services, such as roads, public water supply, electricity and public health services. Methods Multiple fecal samples were collected from 88 individuals in PS and from 38 individuals in SM, who were asymptomatic at the time of sampling and had no recent history of diarrheal disease. To gain insights into potential transmission routes, 49 dog fecal samples (38 from PS and 11 from SM) and 28 river water samples were also collected. All samples were tested by microscopy and PCR was used to genotype Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., Dientamoeba fragilis and Cryptosporidium spp. Results By molecular methods, the most common human parasite was Blastocystis sp. (prevalence, 45% in PS and 71% in SM), followed by D. fragilis (13.6% in PS, and 18.4% in SM) and G. duodenalis (18.2% in PS and 7.9% in SM); Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected. Sequence analysis revealed large genetic variation among Blastocystis samples, with subtypes (STs) 1 and 3 being predominant, and with the notable absence of ST4. Among G. duodenalis samples, assemblages A and B were detected in humans, whereas assemblages A, C and D were found in dogs. Finally, all D. fragilis samples from humans were genotype 1. A single dog was found infected with Cryptosporidium canis. River water samples were negative for the investigated parasites. Conclusions This study showed a high carriage of intestinal parasites in asymptomatic individuals from two poor Brazilian villages, and highlighted a large genetic variability of Blastocystis spp. and G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Boarato David
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Semíramis Guimarães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Oliveira
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Nogueira Bittencourt
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana Rita Moraes Nardi
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Nilson Branco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Tosini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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Durigan M, Abreu AG, Zucchi MI, Franco RMB, de Souza AP. Genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis: multilocus genotyping reveals zoonotic potential between clinical and environmental sources in a metropolitan region of Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115489. [PMID: 25536055 PMCID: PMC4275228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a flagellate protozoan that parasitizes humans and several other mammals. Protozoan contamination has been regularly documented at important environmental sites, although most of these studies were performed at the species level. There is a lack of studies that correlate environmental contamination and clinical infections in the same region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the genetic diversity of a set of clinical and environmental samples and to use the obtained data to characterize the genetic profile of the distribution of G. duodenalis and the potential for zoonotic transmission in a metropolitan region of Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The genetic assemblages and subtypes of G. duodenalis isolates obtained from hospitals, a veterinary clinic, a day-care center and important environmental sites were determined via multilocus sequence-based genotyping using three unlinked gene loci. Cysts of Giardia were detected at all of the environmental sites. Mixed assemblages were detected in 25% of the total samples, and an elevated number of haplotypes was identified. The main haplotypes were shared among the groups, and new subtypes were identified at all loci. Ten multilocus genotypes were identified: 7 for assemblage A and 3 for assemblage B. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There is persistent G. duodenalis contamination at important environmental sites in the city. The identified mixed assemblages likely represent mixed infections, suggesting high endemicity of Giardia in these hosts. Most Giardia isolates obtained in this study displayed zoonotic potential. The high degree of genetic diversity in the isolates obtained from both clinical and environmental samples suggests that multiple sources of infection are likely responsible for the detected contamination events. The finding that many multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and haplotypes are shared by different groups suggests that these sources of infection may be related and indicates that there is a notable risk of human infection caused by Giardia in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Durigan
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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de Lima Isaac R, Dos Santos LU, Tosetto MS, Franco RMB, Guimarães JR. Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection. J Water Health 2014; 12:465-473. [PMID: 25252350 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical treatment efficiency for unrestricted urban water reuse was evaluated at a conventional activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed by ultraviolet disinfection (dose of 95 mJ cm⁻²). Optimum aluminum sulfate dosage of 10 mg L⁻¹ and coagulation pH 7.0 were preset based on bench scale tests. Under WWTP stable operation, water quality met United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) suggested guidelines for unrestricted urban reuse regarding turbidity (mean value 1.3 NTU) and suspended solids (mean value 2.1 mg L⁻¹). When WWTP overall plant performance dropped from 90 to 80% (although BOD value stayed below 6 mg O₂ L⁻¹, suggesting unrestricted reuse), solids breakthrough in filtrate was observed. Microorganism removal rates were: total coliforms 60.0%, Escherichia coli 63.0%, Giardia spp. 81.0%, and helminth eggs 62.5%; thus organisms still remained in filtrate. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency was 4.1- and 3.8-log for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Considering low UV efficiency obtained for helminths and the survival of protozoa and helminths in the environment, effluent quality presents risk to public health if destined for unrestricted urban reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Lima Isaac
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, UNICAMP - P.O. Box 6021, ZIP Code 13083-852, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, UNICAMP - P.O. Box 6021, ZIP Code 13083-852, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil E-mail: ; Padre Anchieta University Center, UNIANCHIETA - Rua Bom Jesus de Pirapora, 100/140, ZIP Code 13207-270, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Tosetto
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, UNICAMP - P.O. Box 6021, ZIP Code 13083-852, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, UNICAMP - P.O. Box 6109, ZIP Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, UNICAMP - P.O. Box 6021, ZIP Code 13083-852, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil E-mail:
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Souza DSM, Piazza RS, Pilotto MR, Nascimento MDAD, Moresco V, Taniguchi S, Leal DAG, Schmidt ÉC, Cargin-Ferreira E, Bícego MC, Sasaki ST, Montone RC, de Araujo RA, Franco RMB, Bouzon ZL, Bainy ACD, Barardi CRM. Virus, protozoa and organic compounds decay in depurated oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dos Santos LU, Alves DP, Guaraldo AMA, Cantusio Neto R, Durigan M, Franco RMB. Infectivity of Giardia duodenalis Cysts from UV Light-Disinfected Wastewater Effluent Using a Nude BALB/c Mouse Model. ISRN Parasitol 2013; 2013:713958. [PMID: 27335858 PMCID: PMC4890921 DOI: 10.5402/2013/713958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan of public health interest that causes gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. In the city of Campinas in southeast Brazil, giardiasis is endemic, and this pathogen is detected at high concentrations in wastewater effluents, which are potential reservoirs for transmission. The Samambaia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Campinas employs an activated sludge system for sewage treatment and ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection of effluents. To evaluate this disinfection process with respect to inactivating G. duodenalis cysts, two sample types were investigated: (i) effluent without UV disinfection (EFL) and (ii) effluent with UV disinfection (EFL+UV). Nude immunodeficient BALB/c mice were intragastrically inoculated with a mean dose of 14 cysts of G. duodenalis recovered from effluent from this WWTP, EFL, or EFL+UV. All animals inoculated with G. duodenalis cysts developed the infection, but animals inoculated with UV-exposed cysts released a lower average concentration of cysts in their faeces than animals inoculated with cysts that were not UV disinfected. Trophozoites were also observed in both groups of animals. These findings suggest that G. duodenalis cysts exposed to UV light were damaged but were still able to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oxidation Processes, Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. Box 6021, 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Delma Pegolo Alves
- CEMIB Multidisciplinary Centre for Biological Investigation, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. Box 6095, 13083-877 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Aparecida Guaraldo
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Romeu Cantusio Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Society for Water Supply and Sanitation (SANASA), Street Abolição 2.375, 13045-750 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Durigan
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Analysis, Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. Box 6109, 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Guadagnini RA, dos Santos LU, Franco RMB, Guimarães JR. Inactivation of bacteria and helminth in wastewater treatment plant effluent using oxidation processes. Water Sci Technol 2013; 68:1825-9. [PMID: 24185066 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of bodies of water by raw and even treated sewage is worrying because pathogens that affect public health and the environment are not fully eliminated in wastewater treatment systems. The disinfection step is an important barrier to adopt to reduce this contamination. However, widely used disinfectants such as chlorine do not guarantee the inactivation of resistant organisms such as spore-forming bacteria and helminth eggs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of processes of peroxidation (H2O2), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV) in terms of reduction and inactivation of total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, helminth eggs and larvae present in a treated sewage. Doses of UV radiation of 70 mJ cm(-2) and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 mg L(-1) were used. The number of bacteria reduced after UV and H2O2/UV processes was 3 and 4 log, respectively. An average reduction of 59% in the number of eggs was verified when using H2O2, UV, and H2O2/UV processes. Helminth larvae were reduced by 24% after H2O2 and UV; the process H2O2/UV did not reduce the number of larvae. Statistically significant differences between the processes for both organisms were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regiane Aparecida Guadagnini
- Laboratory of Oxidation Processes, Department of Sanitation and Environmental, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil E-mail:
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Cordi L, Lima P, França RB, Franco RMB, Durán N. Activated Sludge and Ozonation Combined System of Sanitary Effluent Treatment to Bacterial and Protozoa Removal - A Case Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5539/eer.v2n2p149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Franco RMB, Branco N, Leal DAG. PARASITOLOGIA AMBIENTAL: MÉTODOS DE CONCENTRAÇÃO E DETECÇÃO DE Cryptosporidium spp. E Giardia spp. EM AMOSTRAS DE ÁGUA. Rev Patol Trop 2012. [DOI: 10.5216/rpt.v41i2.19320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Passos LAC, Guaraldo AMA, Barbosa RL, Dias VL, Pereira KS, Schmidt FL, Franco RMB, Alves DP. Sobrevivência e infectividade do Trypanosoma cruzi na polpa de açaí: estudo in vitro e in vivo. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2012. [DOI: 10.5123/s1679-49742012000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Franco RMB, Hachich EM, Sato MIZS, Naveira RML, Silva EDC, Campos MMDC, Cantúsio Neto R, Cerqueira DA, Branco N, Leal DAG. Avaliação da performance de metodologias de detecção de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em água destinada ao consumo humano, para o atendimento às demandas da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental no Brasil. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2012. [DOI: 10.5123/s1679-49742012000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Barbosa RL, Dias VL, Pereira KS, Schmidt FL, Franco RMB, Guaraldo AMA, Alves DP, Passos LAC. Survival in vitro and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in açaí pulp in experimental acute Chagas disease. J Food Prot 2012; 75:601-6. [PMID: 22410239 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection with high socioeconomic impact throughout Latin America. Although this severe, incurable disease can be transmitted by several routes, oral transmission is currently the most important route in the Amazon Basin. Açaí pulp has nutritional properties and is popular throughout Brazil and abroad. However, this pulp has been associated with microepidemics of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil, where açaí fruit is the main food supplement. In this study, we examined the in vitro survival and in vivo virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain in açaí pulp. Aliquots of in natura açaí pulp produced in Belém city in the northern Brazilian state of Pará were mixed with 10⁵ trypomastigotes. The samples were incubated at room temperature or at 4 or -20°C for various periods, and the parasites were isolated by forced sieving. The resulting eluates were examined by microscopy, and the trypomastigotes were administered intraperitoneally, orally, or by gavage to immunodeficient mice (C.B-17-Prkdc(scid)/PasUnib) that had been pretreated with antibiotics. Parasitemia was quantified by the Brener method, and mortality was recorded daily. All routes of administration resulted in ACD. A 5-day delay in the onset of parasitemia occurred with oral administration. The survival and virulence of the parasites were unaffected by prior incubation at room temperature for 24 h, at 4°C for 144 h, and at -20°C for 26 h. These results indicate that T. cruzi can survive and retain its virulence in açaí pulp under various conditions and that cooling and freezing are not suitable methods for preventing foodborne ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Labello Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Souza DSM, Ramos APD, Nunes FF, Moresco V, Taniguchi S, Leal DAG, Sasaki ST, Bícego MC, Montone RC, Durigan M, Teixeira AL, Pilotto MR, Delfino N, Franco RMB, Melo CMRD, Bainy ACD, Barardi CRM. Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2012; 76:153-61. [PMID: 22036209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Florianópolis, a city located in the Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, is the national leading producer of bivalve mollusks. The quality of bivalve mollusks is closely related to the sanitary conditions of surrounding waters where they are cultivated. Presently, cultivation areas receive large amounts of effluents derived mainly from treated and non-treated domestic, rural, and urban sewage. This contributes to the contamination of mollusks with trace metals, pesticides, other organic compounds, and human pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough diagnosis of the shellfish growing areas in Florianópolis, on the coast of Santa Catarina. The contamination levels of seawater, sediments, and oysters were evaluated for their microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters at five sea sites in Florianópolis, namely three regular oyster cultivation areas (Sites 1, 2, and oyster supplier), a polluted site (Site 3), and a heavily polluted site (Site 4). Samples were evaluated at day zero and after 14 days. Seawater and sediment samples were collected just once, at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant defenses, which may occur in contaminated environments in response to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by organisms, were analyzed in oysters, as well as organic compounds (in oysters and sediment samples) and microbiological contamination (in oysters and seawater samples). The results showed the presence of the following contaminants: fecal coliforms in seawater samples (four sites), human adenovirus (all sites), human noroviruses GI and GII (two sites), Hepatitis A viruses (one site), JC Polyomavirus in an oyster sample from the oyster supplier, Giardia duodenalis cysts, and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts (one site). Among organochlorine pesticides, only DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in some sediment and oysters samples in very low levels; site 4 had the highest concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) found either in oysters or in sediment samples. The major concentration of fecal sterol coprostanol was found at site 4, followed by site 3. After 14 days of allocation in the four selected sites, there was a significant difference in the enzymes analyzed at the monitored spots. The detection of different contaminants in oysters, seawater, and sediment samples in the present study shows the impact untreated or inadequately treated effluents have on coastal areas. These results highlight the need for public investment in adequate wastewater treatment and adequate treatment of oysters, ensuring safe areas for shellfish production as well as healthier bivalve mollusks for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-970, Brazil
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Branco N, Leal DAG, Franco RMB. A parasitological survey of natural water springs and inhabitants of a tourist city in southeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:410-7. [PMID: 22217166 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in main springs of Campos do Jordão, an important tourist city, in Brazil and to gather the largest amount of parasitological data from autochthonous population that live in rural areas of this city. The membrane filtration technique followed by direct immunofluorescence assay was employed for concentration and visualization of waterborne protozoa. In the period between June 2003 and May 2004, the presence of at least one pathogenic protozoa was detected in 25.0% (3/12) of the springs studied, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and 0.07 to 0.1 Giardia sp. cysts/L. The coproparasitological investigation conducted in dwellers from two rural communities from this city revealed that 49.2% (91/185) of people had intestinal parasites. Among pathogenic protozoa, Cryptosporidium was the most prevalent species (8.1%) followed by Giardia duodenalis (5.9%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (2.7%), and Blastocystis hominis (2.2%). The most prevalent geohelminths were Ascaris lumbricoides (14.9%) and Trichuris trichiura (9.7%). This study demonstrated the contamination and the distribution of intestinal parasites, especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia species, in different springs of an important tourist city in Brazil, highlighting the need of monitoring natural water sources. The high prevalence of intestinal parasitosis detected in some specific populations of this city may function as a link of transmission of different intestinal parasitosis due to soil and water contamination, contributing to the maintenance of parasite life cycles. Therefore, the inclusion of consistent public health interventions with measures that include the protection of springs, the installation of minimum health infrastructure, and primary education of the population are widely necessary, aiming the control and prevention of parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson Branco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Neto RC, dos Santos LU, Sato MIZ, Franco RMB. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in surface water supply of Campinas, southeast Brazil. Water Sci Technol 2010; 62:217-222. [PMID: 20595774 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface water contaminated by domestic sewage discharges is a potential source of pathogens, including protozoa. During 2005-2006, the source water (Atibaia River) of the Surface Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil was sampled to obtain an assessment of Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentrations. Calcium carbonate flocculation (CCF) and membrane filtration (MF) concentration techniques, with and without purification by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) were evaluated. The cysts and oocysts were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by differential interference contrast (DIC). Membrane filtration method generally produced higher recovery efficiency. Giardia spp. was detected in 87.5% of the water samples analyzed with densities ranging from 2.5 to 120 cysts per L. Cryptosporidium spp were detected in 62.5% and the concentrations ranged from 15 to 60 oocysts per L. Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentrations detected in this study were elevated and are associated with discharge of untreated sewage in Atibaia River. Measures should be taken to protect surface water from sources of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeu Cantusio Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Society for Water Supply and Sanitation (SANASA), R. Abolição, Swift, CEP 13045-610, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Guiguet Leal DA, Pereira MA, Bueno Franco RM, Branco N, Neto RC. First report of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (Tivela mactroides) in Brazil. J Water Health 2008; 6:527-532. [PMID: 18401118 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2008.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of oysters and cockles, which are usually eaten raw or lightly-cooked, can cause outbreaks of human diseases, especially if these shellfish are harvested from polluted areas. In Brazil data about the occurrence of pathogens, like hepatitis A virus, in shellfish have been reported but research on natural contamination for pathogenic protozoa is still non-existent. Cryptosporidium oocyst contamination of oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (Tivela mactroides) was evaluated during two different periods in a coastal area from São Paulo, Brazil. From June to November 2005, and from July to December 2006, 180 mollusks were harvested for tissue examination. The gills and gastrointestinal tract (n = 36 pools) were carefully extracted from the animals and homogenized in a tissue homogenizer by adding surfactant Tween 80 (0.1%). Immunofluorescence assays were performed and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 50.0% of gill pools of cockles and 10.0% of gill pools of oysters. In order to evaluate seawater quality in shellfish growing areas, total levels of thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were determined. This is the first time that Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in shellfish from the coastal region of Brazil, and to the best of our knowledge it is also the first report in Latin America and the case might be of public health importance, reflecting the extension of the contamination on seafood, requiring a need for quality control standards.
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Rondello Bonatti T, Bueno Franco RM, Cantusio Neto R. Hepatitis A virus in surface water in South Africa: what are the risks? J Water Health 2007; 5:609-14. [PMID: 17878571 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2007.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of infection constituted by HAV to persons using surface dam and river water for domestic and recreational purposes. It estimates the potential risk using a deterministic exponential risk assessment model with mean values and conservative assumptions. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 17.5% of river and 14.9% of dam water samples tested. The number of indicator organisms in these sources exceeded drinking and recreational water quality guidelines set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), indicating possible health risks to recreational water users. Based on the available data and taking all the assumptions into consideration, the probability of infection (Pinf) to the higher socio-economic population using the river water for recreational purposes was 1.1 x 10(-3) per day and 3.3 x 10(-1) per annum if 100 ml was ingested per day. For recreation in the dam water the Pinf value was 1.2 x 10(-4) per day and 4.2 x 10(-2) per annum. For the lower socio-economic population, risk values for drinking purposes (2 L day(-1)) were ten-fold greater. These surface waters therefore did not conform to the US EPA guidelines of 1 infection per 10,000 consumers per year for drinking water or eight gastrointestinal illnesses per 1,000 bathers per day in environmental waters used for recreational purposes. This is the first risk assessment study addressing the risk of infection by HAV in surface water to different socio-economic populations in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Rondello Bonatti
- Parasitology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, SP Brazil PO Box 6109, CEP:13083-970
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Neto RC, Santos LU, Santos JU, Franco RMB. Evaluation of activated sludge treatment and the efficiency of the disinfection of Giardia species cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts by UV at a sludge treatment plant in Campinas, south-east Brazil. Water Sci Technol 2006; 54:89-94. [PMID: 17037138 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2006.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Among many waterborne diseases the giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are of particular public health interest, because Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts can persist for long periods in the environment, and both pathogenic protozoa have been implicated as the cause of many outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the last 25 years. In order to evaluate the efficiency of cysts and oocysts' removal by the activated sludge process, and by UV reactor in inactivating cysts and oocysts in one wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Campinas, three sampling points were selected for study: (1) influent, (2) treated effluent without UV disinfection and (3) treated effluent with UV disinfection. Giardia spp. cysts prevailed with higher density in the three different sample types. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in only two samples of influent and just one sample of treated sewage with UV disinfection. In the animal infectivity assay for Giardia spp, one mouse of the UV treated group revealed trophozoites in intestinal scrapings. The results of the present study indicate that treatment by activated sludge process delivered a reduction of 98.9% of cysts and 99.7% of oocysts and UV disinfection was not completely efficient regarding the inactivation of Giardia cysts in the case of the WWTP studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cantusio Neto
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Dept of Parasitology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Santos LU, Bonatti TR, Cantusio Neto R, Franco RMB. Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in activated sludge samples in Campinas, SP, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:309-13. [PMID: 15654475 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium have caused several outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans associated with drinking water. Contaminated sewage effluents are recognized as a potential source of waterborne protozoa. Due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these parasites in sewage samples in Brazil, we compared the efficiency of two procedures for concentrating cysts and oocysts in activated sludge samples of one sewage treatment plant. For this, the samples were submitted to i) concentration by the ether clarification procedure (ECP) and to ii) purification by sucrose flotation method (SFM) and aliquots of the pellets were examined by immunofluorescence. Giardia cysts were present in all samples (100.0%; n = 8) when using ECP and kit 1 reagents, while kit 2 resulted in six positive samples (85.7%; n = 7). As for SFM, cysts were detected in 75.0% and 100.0% of these samples (for kit 1 and 2, respectively). Regarding Cryptosporidium, two samples (25.0%; kit 1 and 28.5% for kit 2) were detected positive by using ECP, while for SFM, only one sample (examined by kit 1) was positive (12.5%). The results of the control trial revealed Giardia and Cryptosporidium recovery efficiency rates for ECP of 54.5% and 9.6%, while SFM was 10.5% and 3.2%, respectively. Considering the high concentration detected, a previous evaluation of the activated sludge before its application in agriculture is recommended and with some improvement, ECP would be an appropriate simple technique for protozoa detection in sewage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Urbano Santos
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Franco RMB, Cantusio Neto R. Occurrence of cryptosporidial oocysts and giardia cysts in bottled mineral water commercialized in the city of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:205-7. [PMID: 12016445 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of bottled mineral water has significantly increased in Brazil so that it is in the interest of public health to determine the parasitological and microbiological status of some brands of Brazilian mineral water available in the town of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, detection of protozoa by direct immunofluorescence technique and microbiological parameters were determined for each specimen after membrane filtration. Giardia cysts were not present while cryptosporidial oocysts were detected in two samples. The counts of protozoa varied from 0.2 to 0.5 oocysts/l. The detected level of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and heterotrophic bacteria reflected the level of organic enrichment of the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M B Franco
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brasil
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Franco RMB. Infecções parasitárias em creches: estudo de uma área urbana, com ênfase em Cryptosporidium parvum e Giardia duodenalis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1997. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821997000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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