1
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Lunt AM, Fakhruldeen H, Pizzuto G, Longley L, White A, Rankin N, Clowes R, Alston B, Gigli L, Day GM, Cooper AI, Chong SY. Modular, multi-robot integration of laboratories: an autonomous workflow for solid-state chemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2456-2463. [PMID: 38362408 PMCID: PMC10866346 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Automation can transform productivity in research activities that use liquid handling, such as organic synthesis, but it has made less impact in materials laboratories, which require sample preparation steps and a range of solid-state characterization techniques. For example, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) is a key method in materials and pharmaceutical chemistry, but its end-to-end automation is challenging because it involves solid powder handling and sample processing. Here we present a fully autonomous solid-state workflow for PXRD experiments that can match or even surpass manual data quality, encompassing crystal growth, sample preparation, and automated data capture. The workflow involves 12 steps performed by a team of three multipurpose robots, illustrating the power of flexible, modular automation to integrate complex, multitask laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Lunt
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Hatem Fakhruldeen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Gabriella Pizzuto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Louis Longley
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Alexander White
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Nicola Rankin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Ben Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Lucia Gigli
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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2
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O'Shaughnessy M, Padgham AC, Clowes R, Little MA, Brand MC, Qu H, Slater AG, Cooper AI. Controlling the Crystallisation and Hydration State of Crystalline Porous Organic Salts. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302420. [PMID: 37615406 PMCID: PMC10946969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline porous organic salts (CPOS) are a subclass of molecular crystals. The low solubility of CPOS and their building blocks limits the choice of crystallisation solvents to water or polar alcohols, hindering the isolation, scale-up, and scope of the porous material. In this work, high throughput screening was used to expand the solvent scope, resulting in the identification of a new porous salt, CPOS-7, formed from tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)methane (TSPM) and tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAPM). CPOS-7 does not form with standard solvents for CPOS, rather a hydrated phase (Hydrate2920) previously reported is isolated. Initial attempts to translate the crystallisation to batch led to challenges with loss of crystallinity and Hydrate2920 forming favorably in the presence of excess water. Using acetic acid as a dehydrating agent hindered formation of Hydrate2920 and furthermore allowed for direct conversion to CPOS-7. To allow for direct formation of CPOS-7 in high crystallinity flow chemistry was used for the first time to circumvent the issues found in batch. CPOS-7 and Hydrate2920 were shown to have promise for water and CO2 capture, with CPOS-7 having a CO2 uptake of 4.3 mmol/g at 195 K, making it one of the most porous CPOS reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Shaughnessy
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Alex C. Padgham
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Michael C. Brand
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Hang Qu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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3
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Shields CE, Wang X, Fellowes T, Clowes R, Chen L, Day GM, Slater AG, Ward JW, Little MA, Cooper AI. Experimental Confirmation of a Predicted Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303167. [PMID: 37021635 PMCID: PMC10952618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with low densities and high porosities are rare and challenging to design because most molecules have a strong energetic preference for close packing. Crystal structure prediction (CSP) can rank the crystal packings available to an organic molecule based on their relative lattice energies. This has become a powerful tool for the a priori design of porous molecular crystals. Previously, we combined CSP with structure-property predictions to generate energy-structure-function (ESF) maps for a series of triptycene-based molecules with quinoxaline groups. From these ESF maps, triptycene trisquinoxalinedione (TH5) was predicted to form a previously unknown low-energy HOF (TH5-A) with a remarkably low density of 0.374 g cm-3 and three-dimensional (3D) pores. Here, we demonstrate the reliability of those ESF maps by discovering this TH5-A polymorph experimentally. This material has a high accessible surface area of 3,284 m2 g-1 , as measured by nitrogen adsorption, making it one of the most porous HOFs reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Shields
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Xue Wang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Thomas Fellowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and School of Computer SciencesUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton B27, East Highfield Campus, University RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - John W. Ward
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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4
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Kearsey RJ, Tarzia A, Little MA, Brand MC, Clowes R, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI, Greenaway RL. Competitive aminal formation during the synthesis of a highly soluble, isopropyl-decorated imine porous organic cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3731-3734. [PMID: 36896582 PMCID: PMC10035065 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new porous organic cage decorated with isopropyl moieties (CC21) was achieved from the reaction of triformylbenzene and an isopropyl functionalised diamine. Unlike structurally analogous porous organic cages, its synthesis proved challenging due to competitive aminal formation, rationalised using control experiments and computational modelling. The use of an additional amine was found to increase conversion to the desired cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Kearsey
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Michael C Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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5
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Yang H, Li C, Liu T, Fellowes T, Chong SY, Catalano L, Bahri M, Zhang W, Xu Y, Liu L, Zhao W, Gardner AM, Clowes R, Browning ND, Li X, Cowan AJ, Cooper AI. Packing-induced selectivity switching in molecular nanoparticle photocatalysts for hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide production. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:307-315. [PMID: 36702952 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular packing controls optoelectronic properties in organic molecular nanomaterials. Here we report a donor-acceptor organic molecule (2,6-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile) that exhibits two aggregate states in aqueous dispersions: amorphous nanospheres and ordered nanofibres with π-π molecular stacking. The nanofibres promote sacrificial photocatalytic H2 production (31.85 mmol g-1 h-1) while the nanospheres produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (3.20 mmol g-1 h-1 in the presence of O2). This is the first example of an organic photocatalyst that can be directed to produce these two different solar fuels simply by changing the molecular packing. These different packings affect energy band levels, the extent of excited state delocalization, the excited state dynamics, charge transfer to O2 and the light absorption profile. We use a combination of structural and photophysical measurements to understand how this influences photocatalytic selectivity. This illustrates the potential to achieve multiple photocatalytic functionalities with a single organic molecule by engineering nanomorphology and solid-state packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chao Li
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tao Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas Fellowes
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luca Catalano
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrian M Gardner
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Alexander J Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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6
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He D, Zhang L, Liu T, Clowes R, Little MA, Liu M, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Hydrogen Isotope Separation Using a Metal–Organic Cage Built from Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202450. [PMID: 35687266 PMCID: PMC9400858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials that contain ultrafine pore apertures can separate hydrogen isotopes via kinetic quantum sieving (KQS). However, it is challenging to design materials with suitably narrow pores for KQS that also show good adsorption capacities and operate at practical temperatures. Here, we investigate a metal–organic cage (MOC) assembled from organic macrocycles and ZnII ions that exhibits narrow windows (<3.0 Å). Two polymorphs, referred to as 2α and 2β, were observed. Both polymorphs exhibit D2/H2 selectivity in the temperature range 30–100 K. At higher temperature (77 K), the D2 adsorption capacity of 2β increases to about 2.7 times that of 2α, along with a reasonable D2/H2 selectivity. Gas sorption analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy suggest a gate‐opening effect of the MOCs pore aperture. This promotes KQS at temperatures above liquid nitrogen temperature, indicating that MOCs hold promise for hydrogen isotope separation in real industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Tao Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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7
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Osterrieth JWM, Rampersad J, Madden D, Rampal N, Skoric L, Connolly B, Allendorf MD, Stavila V, Snider JL, Ameloot R, Marreiros J, Ania C, Azevedo D, Vilarrasa-Garcia E, Santos BF, Bu XH, Chang Z, Bunzen H, Champness NR, Griffin SL, Chen B, Lin RB, Coasne B, Cohen S, Moreton JC, Colón YJ, Chen L, Clowes R, Coudert FX, Cui Y, Hou B, D'Alessandro DM, Doheny PW, Dincă M, Sun C, Doonan C, Huxley MT, Evans JD, Falcaro P, Ricco R, Farha O, Idrees KB, Islamoglu T, Feng P, Yang H, Forgan RS, Bara D, Furukawa S, Sanchez E, Gascon J, Telalović S, Ghosh SK, Mukherjee S, Hill MR, Sadiq MM, Horcajada P, Salcedo-Abraira P, Kaneko K, Kukobat R, Kenvin J, Keskin S, Kitagawa S, Otake KI, Lively RP, DeWitt SJA, Llewellyn P, Lotsch BV, Emmerling ST, Pütz AM, Martí-Gastaldo C, Padial NM, García-Martínez J, Linares N, Maspoch D, Suárez Del Pino JA, Moghadam P, Oktavian R, Morris RE, Wheatley PS, Navarro J, Petit C, Danaci D, Rosseinsky MJ, Katsoulidis AP, Schröder M, Han X, Yang S, Serre C, Mouchaham G, Sholl DS, Thyagarajan R, Siderius D, Snurr RQ, Goncalves RB, Telfer S, Lee SJ, Ting VP, Rowlandson JL, Uemura T, Iiyuka T, van der Veen MA, Rega D, Van Speybroeck V, Rogge SMJ, Lamaire A, Walton KS, Bingel LW, Wuttke S, Andreo J, Yaghi O, Zhang B, Yavuz CT, Nguyen TS, Zamora F, Montoro C, Zhou H, Kirchon A, Fairen-Jimenez D. How Reproducible are Surface Areas Calculated from the BET Equation? Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2201502. [PMID: 35603497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porosity and surface area analysis play a prominent role in modern materials science. At the heart of this sits the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, which has been a remarkably successful contribution to the field of materials science. The BET method was developed in the 1930s for open surfaces but is now the most widely used metric for the estimation of surface areas of micro- and mesoporous materials. Despite its widespread use, the calculation of BET surface areas causes a spread in reported areas, resulting in reproducibility problems in both academia and industry. To prove this, for this analysis, 18 already-measured raw adsorption isotherms were provided to sixty-one labs, who were asked to calculate the corresponding BET areas. This round-robin exercise resulted in a wide range of values. Here, the reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is demonstrated to be a largely ignored issue, raising critical concerns over the reliability of reported BET areas. To solve this major issue, a new computational approach to accurately and systematically determine the BET area of nanoporous materials is developed. The software, called "BET surface identification" (BETSI), expands on the well-known Rouquerol criteria and makes an unambiguous BET area assignment possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W M Osterrieth
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - James Rampersad
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - David Madden
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Nakul Rampal
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Bethany Connolly
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Snider
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Rob Ameloot
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M 2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - João Marreiros
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M 2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Conchi Ania
- CEMHTI, CNRS (UPR 3079), Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45071, France
| | - Diana Azevedo
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Santos
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ze Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sarah L Griffin
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0698, USA
| | - Rui-Biao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0698, USA
| | - Benoit Coasne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Seth Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jessica C Moreton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yamil J Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Patrick W Doheny
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian Doonan
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Thomas Huxley
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Raffaele Ricco
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Omar Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ross S Forgan
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dominic Bara
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eli Sanchez
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvedin Telalović
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujit K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Matthew R Hill
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Muhammed Munir Sadiq
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patricia Horcajada
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, (Móstoles) Madrid, E-28935, Spain
| | - Pablo Salcedo-Abraira
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, (Móstoles) Madrid, E-28935, Spain
| | - Katsumi Kaneko
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Radovan Kukobat
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Jeff Kenvin
- Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, GA, 30093, USA
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stephen J A DeWitt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Emmerling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander M Pütz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
| | - Natalia M Padial
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
| | - Javier García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690, Spain
| | - Noemi Linares
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jose A Suárez Del Pino
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Peyman Moghadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rama Oktavian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Russel E Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Paul S Wheatley
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Jorge Navarro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Danaci
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Alexandros P Katsoulidis
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Martin Schröder
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christian Serre
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Georges Mouchaham
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - David S Sholl
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Raghuram Thyagarajan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daniel Siderius
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8320, USA
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rebecca B Goncalves
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shane Telfer
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Seok J Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Valeska P Ting
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Jemma L Rowlandson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iiyuka
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Monique A van der Veen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Rega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Aran Lamaire
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Lukas W Bingel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Jacopo Andreo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Omar Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Thien S Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Felix Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Montoro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Hongcai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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8
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He D, Zhang L, Liu T, Clowes R, Little MA, Liu M, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Hydrogen isotope separation using a metal‐organic cage built from macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Intelligente Systeme Modern Magnetic Systems Department GERMANY
| | - Tao Liu
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Rob Clowes
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marc A. Little
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ming Liu
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Intelligente Systeme Modern Magnetic Systems Department GERMANY
| | - Andrew Ian Cooper
- University of Liverpool Chemistry Crown Street L69 3BX Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
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9
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Zhao W, Yan P, Li B, Bahri M, Liu L, Zhou X, Clowes R, Browning ND, Wu Y, Ward JW, Cooper AI. Accelerated Synthesis and Discovery of Covalent Organic Framework Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Production. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9902-9909. [PMID: 35635501 PMCID: PMC9185744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Peiyao Yan
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Boyu Li
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel D. Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Wu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Ward
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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10
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Gao H, Neale AR, Zhu Q, Bahri M, Wang X, Yang H, Xu Y, Clowes R, Browning ND, Little MA, Hardwick LJ, Cooper AI. A Pyrene-4,5,9,10-Tetraone-Based Covalent Organic Framework Delivers High Specific Capacity as a Li-Ion Positive Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9434-9442. [PMID: 35588159 PMCID: PMC9164232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically active covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, improving the specific capacities of COF-based electrodes requires materials with increased conductivity and a higher concentration of redox-active groups. Here, we designed a series of pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone COF (PT-COF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) composites (denoted as PT-COFX, where X = 10, 30, and 50 wt % of CNT) to address these challenges. Among the composites, PT-COF50 achieved a capacity of up to 280 mAh g-1 as normalized to the active COF material at a current density of 200 mA g-1, which is the highest capacity reported for a COF-based composite cathode electrode to date. Furthermore, PT-COF50 exhibited excellent rate performance, delivering a capacity of 229 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1 (18.5C). Using operando Raman microscopy the reversible transformation of the redox-active carbonyl groups of PT-COF was determined, which rationalizes an overall 4 e-/4 Li+ redox process per pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone unit, accounting for its superior performance as a Li-ion battery electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Alex R Neale
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Block C, 1-3 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Xue Wang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Block C, 1-3 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Laurence J Hardwick
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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11
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He D, Zhao C, Chen L, Little MA, Chong SY, Clowes R, McKie K, Roper MG, Day GM, Liu M, Cooper AI. Cover Feature: Inherent Ethyl Acetate Selectivity in a Trianglimine Molecular Solid (Chem. Eur. J. 41/2021). Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | | | - Graeme M. Day
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Computational Systems Chemistry School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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12
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Abstract
Macrocycles are usually non-porous or barely porous in the solid-state because of their small intrinsic cavity sizes and tendency to close-pack. Here, we use a heterochiral pairing strategy to introduce porosity in a trianglimine macrocycle, by co-crystallising two macrocycles with opposing chiralities. The stable racemic trianglimine crystal contains an interconnected pore network that has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 355 m2 g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
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13
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He D, Zhao C, Chen L, Little MA, Chong SY, Clowes R, McKie K, Roper MG, Day GM, Liu M, Cooper AI. Inherent Ethyl Acetate Selectivity in a Trianglimine Molecular Solid. Chemistry 2021; 27:10589-10594. [PMID: 33929053 PMCID: PMC8362070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl acetate is an important chemical raw material and solvent. It is also a key volatile organic compound in the brewing industry and a marker for lung cancer. Materials that are highly selective toward ethyl acetate are needed for its separation and detection. Here, we report a trianglimine macrocycle (TAMC) that selectively adsorbs ethyl acetate by forming a solvate. Crystal structure prediction showed this to be the lowest energy solvate structure available. This solvate leaves a metastable, “templated” cavity after solvent removal. Adsorption and breakthrough experiments confirmed that TAMC has adequate adsorption kinetics to separate ethyl acetate from azeotropic mixtures with ethanol, which is a challenging and energy‐intensive industrial separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | | | | | - Graeme M Day
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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14
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Zhu Q, Wang X, Clowes R, Cui P, Chen L, Little MA, Cooper AI. 3D Cage COFs: A Dynamic Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework with High-Connectivity Organic Cage Nodes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16842-16848. [PMID: 32893623 PMCID: PMC7586335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Three-dimensional
(3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are rare
because there is a limited choice of organic building blocks that
offer multiple reactive sites in a polyhedral geometry. Here, we synthesized
an organic cage molecule (Cage-6-NH2) that was used as a triangular prism node to yield the first
cage-based 3D COF, 3D-CageCOF-1. This COF adopts an unreported
2-fold interpenetrated acs topology and exhibits reversible
dynamic behavior, switching between a small-pore (sp)
structure and a large-pore (lp) structure. It also shows
high CO2 uptake and captures water at low humidity (<40%).
This demonstrates the potential for expanding the structural complexity
of 3D COFs by using organic cages as the building units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
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15
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Cui P, Svensson Grape E, Spackman PR, Wu Y, Clowes R, Day GM, Inge AK, Little MA, Cooper AI. An Expandable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Characterized by Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12743-12750. [PMID: 32597187 PMCID: PMC7467715 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A molecular crystal of a 2-D hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) undergoes an unusual structural transformation after solvent removal from the crystal pores during activation. The conformationally flexible host molecule, ABTPA, adapts its molecular conformation during activation to initiate a framework expansion. The microcrystalline activated phase was characterized by three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED), which revealed that ABTPA uses out-of-plane anthracene units as adaptive structural anchors. These units change orientation to generate an expanded, lower density framework material in the activated structure. The porous HOF, ABTPA-2, has robust dynamic porosity (SABET = 1183 m2 g-1) and exhibits negative area thermal expansion. We use crystal structure prediction (CSP) to understand the underlying energetics behind the structural transformation and discuss the challenges facing CSP for such flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Peter R Spackman
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - A Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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16
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Liu M, Zhang L, Little MA, Kapil V, Ceriotti M, Yang S, Ding L, Holden DL, Balderas-Xicohténcatl R, He D, Clowes R, Chong SY, Schütz G, Chen L, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Barely porous organic cages for hydrogen isotope separation. Science 2020; 366:613-620. [PMID: 31672893 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The separation of hydrogen isotopes for applications such as nuclear fusion is a major challenge. Current technologies are energy intensive and inefficient. Nanoporous materials have the potential to separate hydrogen isotopes by kinetic quantum sieving, but high separation selectivity tends to correlate with low adsorption capacity, which can prohibit process scale-up. In this study, we use organic synthesis to modify the internal cavities of cage molecules to produce hybrid materials that are excellent quantum sieves. By combining small-pore and large-pore cages together in a single solid, we produce a material with optimal separation performance that combines an excellent deuterium/hydrogen selectivity (8.0) with a high deuterium uptake (4.7 millimoles per gram).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Venkat Kapil
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Daniel L Holden
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | | | - Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK. .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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17
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Egleston BD, Luzyanin KV, Brand MC, Clowes R, Briggs ME, Greenaway RL, Cooper AI. Controlling Gas Selectivity in Molecular Porous Liquids by Tuning the Cage Window Size. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Egleston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | - Michael C. Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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18
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Egleston BD, Luzyanin KV, Brand MC, Clowes R, Briggs ME, Greenaway RL, Cooper AI. Controlling Gas Selectivity in Molecular Porous Liquids by Tuning the Cage Window Size. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7362-7366. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Egleston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | - Michael C. Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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19
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Fu Z, Wang X, Gardner AM, Wang X, Chong SY, Neri G, Cowan AJ, Liu L, Li X, Vogel A, Clowes R, Bilton M, Chen L, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. A stable covalent organic framework for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. Chem Sci 2019; 11:543-550. [PMID: 32206271 PMCID: PMC7069507 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03800k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-decorated alkene-linked covalent organic framework is a robust, selective photocatalyst for CO2 reduction.
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into fuels is an important challenge for clean energy research and has attracted considerable interest. Here we show that tethering molecular catalysts—a rhenium complex, [Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl]—together in the form of a crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) affords a heterogeneous photocatalyst with a strong visible light absorption, a high CO2 binding affinity, and ultimately an improved catalytic performance over its homogeneous Re counterpart. The COF incorporates bipyridine sites, allowing for ligation of the Re complex, into a fully π-conjugated backbone that is chemically robust and promotes light-harvesting. A maximum rate of 1040 μmol g–1 h–1 for CO production with 81% selectivity was measured. CO production rates were further increased up to 1400 μmol g–1 h–1, with an improved selectivity of 86%, when a photosensitizer was added. Addition of platinum resulted in production of syngas, hence, the co-formation of H2 and CO, the chemical composition of which could be adjusted by varying the ratio of COF to platinum. An amorphous analog of the COF showed significantly lower CO production rates, suggesting that crystallinity of the COF is beneficial to its photocatalytic performance in CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Adrian M Gardner
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy , University of Liverpool , Chadwick Building, Peach Street , Liverpool L69 7ZF , UK
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ; .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design , Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Gaia Neri
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy , University of Liverpool , Chadwick Building, Peach Street , Liverpool L69 7ZF , UK
| | - Alexander J Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy , University of Liverpool , Chadwick Building, Peach Street , Liverpool L69 7ZF , UK
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Anastasia Vogel
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Matthew Bilton
- Imaging Centre at Liverpool , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GL , UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ; .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design , Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ;
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK . ; ; .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design , Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , UK
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20
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Meier C, Clowes R, Berardo E, Jelfs KE, Zwijnenburg MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Structurally Diverse Covalent Triazine-Based Framework Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Water. Chem Mater 2019; 31:8830-8838. [PMID: 32063679 PMCID: PMC7011753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A structurally diverse family of 39 covalent triazine-based framework materials (CTFs) are synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation and tested as hydrogen evolution photocatalysts using a high-throughput workflow. The two best-performing CTFs are based on benzonitrile and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone linkers, respectively, with catalytic activities that are among the highest for this material class. The activities of the different CTFs are rationalized in terms of four variables: the predicted electron affinity, the predicted ionization potential, the optical gap, and the dispersibility of the CTFs particles in solution, as measured by optical transmittance. The electron affinity and dispersibility in solution are found to be the best predictors of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
B. Meier
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Enrico Berardo
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Martijn A. Zwijnenburg
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
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21
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Teng B, Little MA, Hasell T, Chong SY, Jelfs KE, Clowes R, Briggs M, Cooper AI. Synthesis of a Large, Shape-Flexible, Solvatomorphic Porous Organic Cage. Cryst Growth Des 2019; 19:3647-3651. [PMID: 31303868 PMCID: PMC6614879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic cages have emerged over the last 10 years as a subclass of functional microporous materials. However, among all of the organic cages reported, large multicomponent organic cages with 20 components or more are still rare. Here, we present an [8 + 12] porous organic imine cage, CC20, which has an apparent surface area up to 1752 m2 g-1, depending on the crystallization and activation conditions. The cage is solvatomorphic and displays distinct geometrical cage structures, caused by crystal-packing effects, in its crystal structures. This indicates that larger cages can display a certain range of shape flexibility in the solid state, while remaining shape persistent and porous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Teng
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Michael
E. Briggs
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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22
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Arkawazi HDJ, Clowes R, Cooper AI, Konno T, Kuwamura N, Pask CM, Hardie MJ. Complex Phase Behaviour and Structural Transformations of Metal-Organic Frameworks with Mixed Rigid and Flexible Bridging Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:1353-1362. [PMID: 30561822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two new heteroleptic metal-organic framework materials show strong adsorption of H2 and ethanol. [Co2 (L1)(bdc)2 ], where L1=N1 ,N4 -bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2,5-dimethylbenzene-1,4-diamine and bdc is benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, has a twofold interpenetrating pillared layer structure with pcu topology. It has a stepped, hysteretic EtOH adsorption that can be related to complicated phase and structural transformation behaviour that occurs on de-solvation and re-solvation, including major conformational changes to the geometry of the flexible L1 ligand. [Co2 (L1)(bpdc)2 ], where bpdc=biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate, has a unique six-connected self-catenating framework structure. Solvation changes occur without significant structural change and a partially-hydrolysed material binds its own decomposition products as guests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Naoto Kuwamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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23
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Klein P, Jötten HJ, Aitchison CM, Clowes R, Preis E, Cooper AI, Sprick RS, Scherf U. Aromatic polymers made by reductive polydehalogenation of oligocyclic monomers as conjugated polymers of intrinsic microporosity (C-PIMs). Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00869a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of tetrabenzohepta- or -pentafulvalene connectors into soluble, aromatic polymers results in significantly different optical spectra and intrinsic microporosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Klein
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Hauke J. Jötten
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | | | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Eduard Preis
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | | | | | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
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24
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Berardo E, Greenaway RL, Turcani L, Alston BM, Bennison MJ, Miklitz M, Clowes R, Briggs ME, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE. Computationally-inspired discovery of an unsymmetrical porous organic cage. Nanoscale 2018; 10:22381-22388. [PMID: 30474677 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06868b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A completely unsymmetrical porous organic cage was synthesised from a C2v symmetrical building block that was identified by a computational screen. The cage was formed through a 12-fold imine condensation of a tritopic C2v symmetric trialdehyde with a ditopic C2 symmetric diamine in a [4 + 6] reaction. The cage was rigid and microporous, as predicted by the simulations, with an apparent Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 578 m2 g-1. The reduced symmetry of the tritopic building block relative to its topicity meant there were 36 possible structural isomers of the cage. Experimental characterisation suggests a single isomer with 12 unique imine environments, but techniques such as NMR could not conclusively identify the isomer. Computational structural and electronic analysis of the possible isomers was used to identify the most likely candidates, and hence to construct a 3-dimensional model of the amorphous solid. The rational design of unsymmetrical cages using building blocks with reduced symmetry offers new possibilities in controlling the degree of crystallinity, porosity, and solubility, of self-assembled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Berardo
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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25
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Wang X, Chen L, Chong SY, Little MA, Wu Y, Zhu WH, Clowes R, Yan Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Sulfone-containing covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1180-1189. [PMID: 30275507 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses organic molecules for light harvesting and photosynthesis, but most man-made water splitting catalysts are inorganic semiconductors. Organic photocatalysts, while attractive because of their synthetic tunability, tend to have low quantum efficiencies for water splitting. Here we present a crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) based on a benzo-bis(benzothiophene sulfone) moiety that shows a much higher activity for photochemical hydrogen evolution than its amorphous or semicrystalline counterparts. The COF is stable under long-term visible irradiation and shows steady photochemical hydrogen evolution with a sacrificial electron donor for at least 50 hours. We attribute the high quantum efficiency of fused-sulfone-COF to its crystallinity, its strong visible light absorption, and its wettable, hydrophilic 3.2 nm mesopores. These pores allow the framework to be dye-sensitized, leading to a further 61% enhancement in the hydrogen evolution rate up to 16.3 mmol g-1 h-1. The COF also retained its photocatalytic activity when cast as a thin film onto a support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yongzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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26
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Jiang S, Du Y, Marcello M, Corcoran EW, Calabro DC, Chong SY, Chen L, Clowes R, Hasell T, Cooper AI. Core-Shell Crystals of Porous Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11228-11232. [PMID: 29888555 PMCID: PMC6120484 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of core-shell porous molecular crystals are described. The physical properties of the core-shell crystals, such as surface hydrophobicity, CO2 /CH4 selectivity, are controlled by the chemical composition of the shell. This shows that porous core-shell molecular crystals can exhibit synergistic properties that out-perform materials built from the individual, constituent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Yi Du
- Corporate Strategic ResearchExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company1545 U.S. Highway 22AnnandaleNJ08801USA
| | - Marco Marcello
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Edward W. Corcoran
- Corporate Strategic ResearchExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company1545 U.S. Highway 22AnnandaleNJ08801USA
| | - David C. Calabro
- Corporate Strategic ResearchExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company1545 U.S. Highway 22AnnandaleNJ08801USA
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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27
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Jiang S, Du Y, Marcello M, Corcoran EW, Calabro DC, Chong SY, Chen L, Clowes R, Hasell T, Cooper AI. Inside Cover: Core-Shell Crystals of Porous Organic Cages (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35/2018). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Yi Du
- Corporate Strategic Research; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; 1545 U.S. Highway 22 Annandale NJ 08801 USA
| | - Marco Marcello
- Institute of Integrative Biology; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Edward W. Corcoran
- Corporate Strategic Research; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; 1545 U.S. Highway 22 Annandale NJ 08801 USA
| | - David C. Calabro
- Corporate Strategic Research; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; 1545 U.S. Highway 22 Annandale NJ 08801 USA
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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28
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Jiang S, Du Y, Marcello M, Corcoran EW, Calabro DC, Chong SY, Chen L, Clowes R, Hasell T, Cooper AI. Innentitelbild: Core-Shell Crystals of Porous Organic Cages (Angew. Chem. 35/2018). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Yi Du
- Corporate Strategic Research; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; 1545 U.S. Highway 22 Annandale NJ 08801 USA
| | - Marco Marcello
- Institute of Integrative Biology; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Edward W. Corcoran
- Corporate Strategic Research; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; 1545 U.S. Highway 22 Annandale NJ 08801 USA
| | - David C. Calabro
- Corporate Strategic Research; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company; 1545 U.S. Highway 22 Annandale NJ 08801 USA
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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29
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Bennison MJ, Alston BM, Pugh CJ, Little MA, Miklitz M, Eden-Rump EGB, Clowes R, Shakil A, Cuthbertson HJ, Armstrong H, Briggs ME, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. High-throughput discovery of organic cages and catenanes using computational screening fused with robotic synthesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2849. [PMID: 30030426 PMCID: PMC6054661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular synthesis is a powerful strategy for assembling complex molecules, but to do this by targeted design is challenging. This is because multicomponent assembly reactions have the potential to form a wide variety of products. High-throughput screening can explore a broad synthetic space, but this is inefficient and inelegant when applied blindly. Here we fuse computation with robotic synthesis to create a hybrid discovery workflow for discovering new organic cage molecules, and by extension, other supramolecular systems. A total of 78 precursor combinations were investigated by computation and experiment, leading to 33 cages that were formed cleanly in one-pot syntheses. Comparison of calculations with experimental outcomes across this broad library shows that computation has the power to focus experiments, for example by identifying linkers that are less likely to be reliable for cage formation. Screening also led to the unplanned discovery of a new cage topology-doubly bridged, triply interlocked cage catenanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - V Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M J Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - B M Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - C J Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M Miklitz
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E G B Eden-Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - R Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - A Shakil
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H J Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M E Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - K E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - A I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
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30
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Ren SB, Li PX, Stephenson A, Chen L, Briggs ME, Clowes R, Alahmed A, Li KK, Jia WP, Han DM. 1,3-Diyne-Linked Conjugated Microporous Polymer for Selective CO2 Capture. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pei-Xian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
| | - Andrew Stephenson
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ammar Alahmed
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Kang-Kai Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
| | - Wen-Ping Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
| | - De-Man Han
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
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31
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Corrigendum: Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2520. [PMID: 29485756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Berichtigung: Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Slater AG, Reiss PS, Pulido A, Little MA, Holden DL, Chen L, Chong SY, Alston BM, Clowes R, Haranczyk M, Briggs ME, Hasell T, Day GM, Cooper AI. Computationally-Guided Synthetic Control over Pore Size in Isostructural Porous Organic Cages. ACS Cent Sci 2017; 3:734-742. [PMID: 28776015 PMCID: PMC5532722 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of 3-D porous solids are defined by their molecular geometry. Hence, precise control of pore size, pore shape, and pore connectivity are needed to tailor them for specific applications. However, for porous molecular crystals, the modification of pore size by adding pore-blocking groups can also affect crystal packing in an unpredictable way. This precludes strategies adopted for isoreticular metal-organic frameworks, where addition of a small group, such as a methyl group, does not affect the basic framework topology. Here, we narrow the pore size of a cage molecule, CC3, in a systematic way by introducing methyl groups into the cage windows. Computational crystal structure prediction was used to anticipate the packing preferences of two homochiral methylated cages, CC14-R and CC15-R, and to assess the structure-energy landscape of a CC15-R/CC3-S cocrystal, designed such that both component cages could be directed to pack with a 3-D, interconnected pore structure. The experimental gas sorption properties of these three cage systems agree well with physical properties predicted by computational energy-structure-function maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Reiss
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles Pulido
- School of
Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Holden
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Ben M. Alston
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Haranczyk
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme M. Day
- School of
Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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34
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Thakral N, Jivanjee M, Clowes R, Bethune R. Response to 'Colorectal cancer resection in the Australian nonagenarian patient'. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19:589. [PMID: 28494510 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Thakral
- Colorectal Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - M Jivanjee
- Colorectal Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - R Clowes
- Colorectal Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - R Bethune
- Colorectal Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
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35
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Pulido A, Chen L, Kaczorowski T, Holden D, Little MA, Chong SY, Slater BJ, McMahon DP, Bonillo B, Stackhouse CJ, Stephenson A, Kane CM, Clowes R, Hasell T, Cooper AI, Day GM. Functional materials discovery using energy-structure-function maps. Nature 2017; 543:657-664. [PMID: 28329756 PMCID: PMC5458805 DOI: 10.1038/nature21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular crystals cannot be designed in the same manner as macroscopic objects, because they do not assemble according to simple, intuitive rules. Their structures result from the balance of many weak interactions, rather than from the strong and predictable bonding patterns found in metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. Hence, design strategies that assume a topology or other structural blueprint will often fail. Here we combine computational crystal structure prediction and property prediction to build energy-structure-function maps that describe the possible structures and properties that are available to a candidate molecule. Using these maps, we identify a highly porous solid, which has the lowest density reported for a molecular crystal so far. Both the structure of the crystal and its physical properties, such as methane storage capacity and guest-molecule selectivity, are predicted using the molecular structure as the only input. More generally, energy-structure-function maps could be used to guide the experimental discovery of materials with any target function that can be calculated from predicted crystal structures, such as electronic structure or mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Pulido
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Daniel Holden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - David P McMahon
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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36
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Coletta M, McLellan R, Murphy P, Leube BT, Sanz S, Clowes R, Gagnon KJ, Teat SJ, Cooper AI, Paterson MJ, Brechin EK, Dalgarno SJ. Bis-Calix[4]arenes: From Ligand Design to the Directed Assembly of a Metal-Organic Trigonal Antiprism. Chemistry 2016; 22:8791-5. [PMID: 27166930 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arenes (C[4]s) are versatile platforms for the construction of polymetallic clusters containing paramagnetic metal ions. Synthetic modification at the C[4] methylene bridge allows for the design of bis-C[4]s that, depending on the linker employed, can be used to either dictate which clusters can be formed or direct the assembly of a new metal-organic polyhedron (MOP). The assembly resulting from the latter approach displays thermal stability and uptake of N2 or H2 gas, confirming that this is a viable route to the synthesis of new, functional supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coletta
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ross McLellan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Paul Murphy
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Bernhard T Leube
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Sergio Sanz
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 947240, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 947240, USA
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Euan K Brechin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Scott J Dalgarno
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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37
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Hasell T, Miklitz M, Stephenson A, Little MA, Chong S, Clowes R, Chen L, Holden D, Tribello GA, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. Porous Organic Cages for Sulfur Hexafluoride Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1653-9. [PMID: 26757885 PMCID: PMC5101576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of porous organic cages is examined for the selective adsorption of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) over nitrogen. Despite lacking any metal sites, a porous cage, CC3, shows the highest SF6/N2 selectivity reported for any material at ambient temperature and pressure, which translates to real separations in a gas breakthrough column. The SF6 uptake of these materials is considerably higher than would be expected from the static pore structures. The location of SF6 within these materials is elucidated by X-ray crystallography, and it is shown that cooperative diffusion and structural rearrangements in these molecular crystals can rationalize their superior SF6/N2 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hasell
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Miklitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha
Y. Chong
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Holden
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A. Tribello
- Atomistic
Simulation Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69
7ZD, United Kingdom
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38
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Sachs M, Clowes R, Durrant JR, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Extended conjugated microporous polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10008-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been used as photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Baltasar Bonillo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | | | - Dave J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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39
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1792-6. [PMID: 26696450 PMCID: PMC4755226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Linear poly(p‐phenylene)s are modestly active UV photocatalysts for hydrogen production in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor. Introduction of planarized fluorene, carbazole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene or dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone units greatly enhances the H2 evolution rate. The most active dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has a UV photocatalytic activity that rivals TiO2, but is much more active under visible light. The dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has an apparent quantum yield of 2.3 % at 420 nm, as compared to 0.1 % for platinized commercial pristine carbon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Baltasar Bonillo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Pierre Guiglion
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nick J Brownbill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Benjamin J Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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40
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 128:1824-1828. [PMID: 27478279 PMCID: PMC4950146 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Linear poly(p‐phenylene)s are modestly active UV photocatalysts for hydrogen production in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor. Introduction of planarized fluorene, carbazole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene or dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone units greatly enhances the H2 evolution rate. The most active dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has a UV photocatalytic activity that rivals TiO2, but is much more active under visible light. The dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has an apparent quantum yield of 2.3 % at 420 nm, as compared to 0.1 % for platinized commercial pristine carbon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Baltasar Bonillo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Pierre Guiglion
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Nick J Brownbill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Benjamin J Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK; Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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41
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Ahmed A, Hasell T, Clowes R, Myers P, Cooper AI, Zhang H. Aligned macroporous monoliths with intrinsic microporosity via a frozen-solvent-templating approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1717-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aligned macroporous monoliths of an organic cage, a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1), and a metal–organic framework (HKUST-1) are prepared by a controlled freezing approach. In addition to macropores, all the monoliths contain the intrinsic micropores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Peter Myers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | | | - Haifei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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42
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Henkelis JJ, Carruthers CJ, Chambers SE, Clowes R, Cooper AI, Fisher J, Hardie MJ. Metallo-Cryptophanes Decorated with Bis-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Self-Assembly and Guest Uptake into a Nonporous Crystalline Lattice. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14393-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508502u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Henkelis
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Scott E. Chambers
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fisher
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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43
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Abstract
The mechanism of network formation for a conjugated microporous polymer (CMP-1) has been investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Chemistry
- Functional Materials
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Dave J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
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44
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Abstract
A simple powder-packing synthesis is developed to produce crystalline MOF monoliths containing micropores and highly interconnected macropores. Fast HPLC separation using the monolithic column is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Forster
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Myers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Haifei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
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45
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Valappil S, Owens G, Miles E, Farmer N, Cooper L, Miller G, Clowes R, Lynch R, Higham S. Effect of Gallium on Growth of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 and Dental Tissues. Caries Res 2013; 48:137-46. [DOI: 10.1159/000354048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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46
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Jacobs T, Clowes R, Cooper AI, Hardie MJ. A Chiral, Self-Catenating and Porous Metal-Organic Framework and its Post-Synthetic Metal Uptake. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Jacobs T, Clowes R, Cooper AI, Hardie MJ. A Chiral, Self-Catenating and Porous Metal-Organic Framework and its Post-Synthetic Metal Uptake. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5192-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Laybourn A, Dawson R, Clowes R, Iggo JA, Cooper AI, Khimyak YZ, Adams DJ. Branching out with aminals: microporous organic polymers from difunctional monomers. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Mitra T, Wu X, Clowes R, Jones JTA, Jelfs KE, Adams DJ, Trewin A, Bacsa J, Steiner A, Cooper AI. A soft porous organic cage crystal with complex gas sorption behavior. Chemistry 2011; 17:10235-40. [PMID: 21837691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
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50
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Ahmed A, Clowes R, Myers P, Zhang H. Hierarchically porous silica monoliths with tuneable morphology, porosity, and mechanical stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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