1
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Ghosh AK, Shahabi D, Imhoff MEC, Kovela S, Sharma A, Hattori SI, Higashi-Kuwata N, Mitsuya H, Mesecar AD. SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitory and antiviral activity of small molecule derivatives for drug leads. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129489. [PMID: 37770002 PMCID: PMC10842477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of small molecule SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors. We compared the activity of selected compounds in both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitory and antiviral assays. We have synthesized and evaluated several new structural variants of previous leads against SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. The replacement of the carboxamide functionality with sulfonamide derivatives resulted in PLpro inhibitors with potent PLpro inhibitory and antiviral activity in VeroE6 cells similar to GRL0617. To obtain molecular insight, we created an optimized model of a potent sulfonamide derivative in the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
| | - Dana Shahabi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | | | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 Japan; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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2
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Ghosh AK, Mishevich JL, Kovela S, Shaktah R, Ghosh AK, Johnson M, Wang YF, Wong-Sam A, Agniswamy J, Amano M, Takamatsu Y, Hattori SI, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Exploration of imatinib and nilotinib-derived templates as the P2-Ligand for HIV-1 protease inhibitors: Design, synthesis, protein X-ray structural studies, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115385. [PMID: 37150084 PMCID: PMC10759558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Structure-based design, synthesis, X-ray structural studies, and biological evaluation of a new series of potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors are described. These inhibitors contain various pyridyl-pyrimidine, aryl thiazole or alkylthiazole derivatives as the P2 ligands in combination with darunavir-like hydroxyethylamine sulfonamide isosteres. These heterocyclic ligands are inherent to kinase inhibitor drugs, such as nilotinib and imatinib. These ligands are designed to make hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone atoms in the S2 subsite of HIV-1 protease. Various benzoic acid derivatives have been synthesized and incorporation of these ligands provided potent inhibitors that exhibited subnanomolar level protease inhibitory activity and low nanomolar level antiviral activity. Two high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease were determined. These structures provided important ligand-binding site interactions for further optimization of this class of protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Jennifer L Mishevich
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Ryan Shaktah
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Ajay K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Megan Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Andres Wong-Sam
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Irene T Weber
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
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3
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Ghosh AK, Kovela S, Sharma A, Shahabi D, Ghosh AK, Hopkins DR, Yadav M, Johnson ME, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Amano M, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design, Synthesis and X-ray Structural Studies of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing C-4 Substituted Tricyclic Hexahydro-furofuran derivatives as P2 ligands. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200058. [PMID: 35170223 PMCID: PMC9081228 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, X-ray structural, and biological evaluation of a series of highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors are reported herein. These inhibitors incorporated novel cyclohexane-fused tricyclic bis -tetrahydrofuran as P2 ligands in combination with a variety of P1 and P2'-ligands. Compound 4d with a difluoromethylphenyl P1 ligand and a cyclopropylaminobenzothiazole P2' ligand exhibited the most potent antiviral activity. Also, it maintained highly potent antiviral activity against a panel of highly multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The corresponding inhibitor 5d with an enantiomeric ligand was significantly less potent in these antiviral assays. The new P2 ligands were synthesized in optically active form using enzymatic desymmetrization of meso -diols as the key step. To obtain molecular insight, high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitors 4b and 5d -bound HIV-1 protease were determined and structural analyses are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Purdue University, Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, 47907, West Lafayette, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Georgia State University Department of Biology, Biology and Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Georgia State University Department of Biology, Biology and Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Kumamoto University: Kumamoto Daigaku, Department of Hematology and Infectious Disease, JAPAN
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Kumamoto University: Kumamoto Daigaku, Department of Hematology and Infectious Disease, JAPAN
| | - Irene T Weber
- Georgia State University Department of Biology, Biology and Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine: Kokuritsu Kenkyu Kaihatsu Hojin Kokuritsu Kokusai Iryo Kenkyu Center, Center for Clinical Sciences, JAPAN
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4
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Ghosh AK, Grillo A, Raghavaiah J, Kovela S, Johnson ME, Kneller DW, Wang YF, Hattori SI, Higashi-Kuwata N, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design, Synthesis, and X-ray Studies of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with P2-Carboxamide Functionalities. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1965-1972. [PMID: 33062180 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and X-ray structural studies are reported for a series of highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The inhibitors incorporated stereochemically defined amide-based bicyclic and tricyclic ether derivatives as the P2 ligands with (R)-hydroxyethylaminesulfonamide transition-state isosteres. A number of inhibitors showed excellent HIV-1 protease inhibitory and antiviral activity; however, ligand combination is critical for potency. Inhibitor 4h with a difluorophenylmethyl as the P1 ligand, crown-THF-derived acetamide as the P2 ligand, and a cyclopropylaminobenzothiazole P2'-ligand displayed very potent antiviral activity and maintained excellent antiviral activity against selected multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. A high resolution X-ray structure of inhibitor 4h-bound HIV-1 protease provided molecular insight into the binding properties of the new inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jakka Raghavaiah
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Megan E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kneller
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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5
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Ghosh AK, Kovela S, Osswald HL, Amano M, Aoki M, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Structure-Based Design of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing New Tricyclic Ring P2-Ligands: Design, Synthesis, Biological, and X-ray Structural Studies. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4867-4879. [PMID: 32348139 PMCID: PMC7425579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe here design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing stereochemically defined and unprecedented tricyclic furanofuran derivatives as P2 ligands in combination with a variety of sulfonamide derivatives as P2' ligands. These inhibitors were designed to enhance the ligand-backbone binding and van der Waals interactions in the protease active site. A number of inhibitors containing the new P2 ligand, an aminobenzothiazole as the P2' ligand and a difluorophenylmethyl as the P1 ligand, displayed very potent enzyme inhibitory potency and also showed excellent antiviral activity against a panel of highly multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The tricyclic P2 ligand has been synthesized efficiently in an optically active form using enzymatic desymmetrization of meso-1,2-(dihydroxymethyl)cyclohex-4-ene as the key step. We determined high-resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease. These structures revealed extensive interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease and provided molecular insights into the binding properties of these new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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6
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Ghosh AK, Grillo A, Kovela S, Brindisi M. Asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of 3-(acyloxy) acryloyl oxazolidinones: optically active synthesis of a high-affinity ligand for potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41755-41763. [PMID: 32655859 PMCID: PMC7351138 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10178k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here our investigation of the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of chiral 3-(acyloxy)acryloyl oxazolidinones as dienophiles in various Lewis-acid promoted reactions with cyclopentadiene. The resulting highly functionalized cycloadducts are useful intermediates for the synthesis, particularly for the optically active synthesis of 6-5-5 tricyclic hexahydro-4H-3,5-methanofuro[2,3-b]pyranol (3) with five contiguous chiral centers. This stereochemically defined crown-like heterocyclic derivative is an important high affinity ligand for a variety of highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Among the various dienophiles and Lewis acid-mediated reactions surveyed, 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)acryloyl oxazolidinone as the dienophile and diethylaluminum chloride as the Lewis-acid provided the desired endo product with excellent diastereoselectivity. The cycloaddition was carried out in multi-gram scale and the cycloadduct was efficiently converted to alcohol 3 with high enantiomeric purity. The optically active ligand was then transformed into potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University560 Oval DriveWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University560 Oval DriveWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University560 Oval DriveWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University560 Oval DriveWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University560 Oval DriveWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA
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7
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Ghosh AK, Xia Z, Kovela S, Robinson WL, Johnson ME, Kneller DW, Wang YF, Aoki M, Takamatsu Y, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing Carboxylic and Boronic Acids: Effect on Enzyme Inhibition and Antiviral Activity and Protein-Ligand X-ray Structural Studies. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1863-1872. [PMID: 31549492 PMCID: PMC6842059 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of phenylcarboxylic acid and phenylboronic acid containing HIV-1 protease inhibitors and their functional effect on enzyme inhibition and antiviral activity in MT-2 cell lines. Inhibitors bearing bis-THF ligand as P2 ligand and phenylcarboxylic acids and carboxamide as the P2' ligands, showed very potent HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity. However, carboxylic acid containing inhibitors showed very poor antiviral activity relative to carboxamide-derived inhibitors which showed good antiviral IC50 value. Boronic acid derived inhibitor with bis-THF as the P2 ligand showed very potent enzyme inhibitory activity, but it showed lower antiviral activity than darunavir in the same assay. Boronic acid containing inhibitor with a P2-Crn-THF ligand also showed potent enzyme Ki but significantly decreased antiviral activity. We have evaluated antiviral activity against a panel of highly drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. One of the inhibitors maintained good antiviral activity against HIVDRVRP20 and HIVDRVRP30 viruses. We have determined high resolution X-ray structures of two synthetic inhibitors bound to HIV-1 protease and obtained molecular insight into the ligand-binding site interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zilei Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - William L. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Megan E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Daniel W. Kneller
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy, Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy, Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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8
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Ghosh AK, Williams JN, Kovela S, Takayama J, Simpson HM, Walters DE, Hattori SI, Aoki M, Mitsuya H. Potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating squaramide-derived P2 ligands: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2565-2570. [PMID: 31416666 PMCID: PMC6711809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a squaramide-derived scaffold as the P2 ligand in combination with a (R)-hydroxyethylamine sulfonamide isostere. Inhibitor 3h with an N-methyl-3-(R)-aminotetrahydrofuranyl squaramide P2-ligand displayed an HIV-1 protease inhibitory Ki value of 0.51 nM. An energy minimized model of 3h revealed the major molecular interactions between HIV-1 protease active site and the tetrahydrofuranyl squaramide scaffold that may be responsible for its potent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jacqueline N Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jun Takayama
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hannah M Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D Eric Walters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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9
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Yen YC, Lendy EK, Kovela S, Cárdenas EL, Reddy BS, Rao KV, Downs D, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Cover Feature: Highly Selective and Potent Human β-Secretase 2 (BACE2) Inhibitors against Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (ChemMedChem 5/2019). ChemMedChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Emma K. Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Emilio Leal Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kalapala Venketeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Deborah Downs
- Protein Studies Program; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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10
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Yen YC, Lendy EK, Kovela S, Cárdenas EL, Reddy BS, Rao KV, Downs D, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Highly Selective and Potent Human β-Secretase 2 (BACE2) Inhibitors against Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:545-560. [PMID: 30637955 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potent and highly selective β-secretase 2 (memapsin 1, beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 2, or BACE 2) inhibitors. BACE2 has been recognized as an exciting new target for type 2 diabetes. The X-ray structure of BACE1 bound to inhibitor 2 a {N3 -[(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-[[(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(isobutylcarbamoyl)propyl]amino]propyl]-5-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-N1 -[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide} containing a hydroxyethylamine isostere was determined. Based on this structure, a computational docking study was performed which led to inhibitor 2 a-bound BACE2 models. These were used to optimize the potency and selectivity of inhibitors. A systematic structure-activity relationship study led to the identification of determinants of the inhibitors' potency and selectivity toward the BACE2 enzyme. Inhibitors 2 d [N3 -[(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-[[(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(isobutylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amino]propyl]-N1 -methyl-N1 -[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide; Ki =0.031 nm, selectivity over BACE1: ≈174 000-fold] and 3 l [N1 -((2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)butan-2-yl)-N3 ,5-dimethyl-N3 -((R)-1-phenylethyl)isophthalamide; Ki =1.6 nm, selectivity over BACE1: >500-fold] displayed outstanding potency and selectivity. Inhibitor 3 l is nonpeptide in nature and may pave the way to the development of a new class of potent and selective BACE2 inhibitors with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Emma K Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Emilio Leal Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kalapala Venketeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Deborah Downs
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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11
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Ghosh AK, Reddy GC, Kovela S, Relitti N, Urabe VK, Prichard BE, Jurica MS. Enantioselective Synthesis of a Cyclopropane Derivative of Spliceostatin A and Evaluation of Bioactivity. Org Lett 2018; 20:7293-7297. [PMID: 30394756 PMCID: PMC6519444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spliceostatin A is a potent inhibitor of spliceosomes and exhibits excellent anticancer activity against multiple human cancer cell lines. We describe here the design and synthesis of a stable cyclopropane derivative of spliceostatin A. The synthesis involved a cross-metathesis or a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction as the key step. The functionalized epoxy alcohol ring was constructed from commercially available optically active tri- O-acetyl-d-glucal. The biological properties of the cyclopropyl derivative revealed that it is active in human cells and inhibits splicing in vitro comparable to spliceostatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Guddeti Chandrashekar Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Veronica K Urabe
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Center for Molecular Biology of RNA , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Beth E Prichard
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Center for Molecular Biology of RNA , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Melissa S Jurica
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Center for Molecular Biology of RNA , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
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12
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Ghosh AK, Nyalapatla PR, Kovela S, Rao KV, Brindisi M, Osswald HL, Amano M, Aoki M, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design and Synthesis of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing Tricyclic Fused Ring Systems as Novel P2 Ligands: Structure-Activity Studies, Biological and X-ray Structural Analysis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4561-4577. [PMID: 29763303 PMCID: PMC6044451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing stereochemically defined fused tricyclic polyethers as the P2 ligands and a variety of sulfonamide derivatives as the P2' ligands are described. A number of ring sizes and various substituent effects were investigated to enhance the ligand-backbone interactions in the protease active site. Inhibitors 5c and 5d containing this unprecedented fused 6-5-5 ring system as the P2 ligand, an aminobenzothiazole as the P2' ligand, and a difluorophenylmethyl as the P1 ligand exhibited exceptional enzyme inhibitory potency and maintained excellent antiviral activity against a panel of highly multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The umbrella-like P2 ligand for these inhibitors has been synthesized efficiently in an optically active form using a Pauson-Khand cyclization reaction as the key step. The racemic alcohols were resolved efficiently using a lipase catalyzed enzymatic resolution. Two high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease revealed extensive interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease and provided molecular insight into the binding properties of these new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,The corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Phone: (765)-494-5323; Fax: (765)-496-1612,
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Kovela S, Brindisi M, Osswald HL, Reddy BS, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Hattori SI, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design of Highly Potent, Dual-Acting and Central-Nervous-System-Penetrating HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with Excellent Potency against Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:803-815. [PMID: 29437300 PMCID: PMC5912973 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the design, synthesis, X-ray structural, and biological studies of an exceptionally potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, compound 5 ((3S,7aS,8S)-hexahydro-4H-3,5-methanofuro[2,3-b]pyran-8-yl ((2S,3R)-4-((2-(cyclopropylamino)-N-isobutylbenzo[d]thiazole)-6-sulfonamido)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl)carbamate). Using structure-based design, we incorporated an unprecedented 6-5-5-ring-fused crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran as the P2-ligand, a cyclopropylaminobenzothiazole as the P2'-ligand, and a 3,5-difluorophenylmethyl group as the P1-ligand. The resulting inhibitor 5 exhibited exceptional HIV-1 protease inhibitory and antiviral potency at the picomolar level. Furthermore, it displayed antiviral IC50 values in the picomolar range against a wide panel of highly multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The inhibitor shows an extremely high genetic barrier against the emergence of drug-resistant variants. It also showed extremely potent inhibitory activity toward dimerization as well as favorable central nervous system penetration. We determined a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the complex between inhibitor 5 and HIV-1 protease, which provides molecular insight into the unprecedented activity profiles observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Satish Kovela
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Dr. J. Agniswamy, Y.-F. Wang, Prof. Dr. I. T. Weber Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Dr. J. Agniswamy, Y.-F. Wang, Prof. Dr. I. T. Weber Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan),Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA),Dr. M. Aoki, S.-i. Hattori, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- Dr. M. Aoki, S.-i. Hattori, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Dr. J. Agniswamy, Y.-F. Wang, Prof. Dr. I. T. Weber Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan),Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA),Dr. M. Aoki, S.-i. Hattori, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
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14
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Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Kovela S, Brindisi M, Osswald HL, Sekhara Reddy B, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Hattori SI, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Front Cover: Design of Highly Potent, Dual-Acting and Central-Nervous-System-Penetrating HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with Excellent Potency against Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants (ChemMedChem 8/2018). ChemMedChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases; Kumamoto University School of Medicine; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda MD 20892 USA
- Center for Clinical Sciences; National Center for Global Heath and Medicine; Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- Center for Clinical Sciences; National Center for Global Heath and Medicine; Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases; Kumamoto University School of Medicine; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda MD 20892 USA
- Center for Clinical Sciences; National Center for Global Heath and Medicine; Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
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