Combined Vorinostat and Chloroquine Inhibit Sodium-Iodide Symporter Endocytosis and Enhance Radionuclide Uptake In Vivo

PURPOSE

Patients with aggressive thyroid cancer are frequently failed by the central therapy of ablative radioiodide (RAI) uptake, due to reduced plasma membrane (PM) localization of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). We aimed to understand how NIS is endocytosed away from the PM of human thyroid cancer cells, and whether this was druggable in vivo.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Informed by analysis of endocytic gene expression in patients with aggressive thyroid cancer, we used mutagenesis, NanoBiT interaction assays, cell surface biotinylation assays, RAI uptake, and NanoBRET to understand the mechanisms of NIS endocytosis in transformed cell lines and patient-derived human primary thyroid cells. Systemic drug responses were monitored via 99mTc pertechnetate gamma counting and gene expression in BALB/c mice.

RESULTS

We identified an acidic dipeptide within the NIS C-terminus that mediates binding to the σ2 subunit of the Adaptor Protein 2 (AP2) heterotetramer. We discovered that the FDA-approved drug chloroquine (CQ) modulates NIS accumulation at the PM in a functional manner that is AP2 dependent. In vivo, CQ treatment of BALB/c mice significantly enhanced thyroidal uptake of 99mTc pertechnetate in combination with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat/SAHA, accompanied by increased thyroidal NIS mRNA. Bioinformatic analyses validated the clinical relevance of AP2 genes with disease-free survival in RAI-treated DTC, enabling construction of an AP2 gene-related risk score classifier for predicting recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

NIS internalization is specifically druggable in vivo. Our data, therefore, provide new translatable potential for improving RAI therapy using FDA-approved drugs in patients with aggressive thyroid cancer. See related commentary by Lechner and Brent, p. 1220.

Harnessing ZnCr2O4/g-C3N4 nanosheet heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and ciprofloxacin

Utilizing semiconductors for photocatalytic processes in water bodies as an approach to environmental remediation has gained considerable attention. Theoretical band position calculations revealed a type-II step-scheme charge flow mechanism for ZnCr2O4/g-C3N4 (ZCr/gCN), emphasizing effective heterojunction formation due to synergies between the materials. A composite of agglomerated nanoparticle ZnCr2O4 (Zinc chromium oxide - ZCr)/g-C3N4 (graphitic carbon nitride - gCN) nanosheets was synthesized using the ultrasonication and leveraging the heterojunction to enhance degradation efficiency and active sites participation. The synthesized sample was characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, HRSEM, EDX, HRTEM, EIS PL, and UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of pure ZnCr2O4, g-C3N4 (gCN), and their composite without any secondary phases. Optical investigations demonstrated a red shift (444-470 nm) in UV-visible spectra as ZnCr2O4 content increased. Morphological assessment via HRSEM unveiled agglomerated nanoparticle and nanosheet structures. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of gCN with the tri-s-triazine breathing mode at 807 cm-1, and the identification of octahedral Zn-O (598.11 cm-1) and tetrahedral Cr-O (447.01 cm-1) metal bonds within the spinel structure of ZnCr2O4. A Surface area of 134.162 m2/g was noticed with a microporous structure of pore radius 1.484 nm. Notably, the 15% ZCr/gCN composite achieved a remarkable 93.94 % (Rhodamine B-RhB) and 74.36 % (Ciprofloxacin - CIP) within 100 and 120 min, surpassing the performance of pure gCN. Improved degradation was attributed to higher charge separation (photo-excited electrons and holes), reducing charge recombination, as supported by photoluminescence and photoelectrochemical analyses. The presence of active species like superoxide during degradation was confirmed through a scavenger test. The stability analysis confirms the sample's stable nature (without secondary phase formation) after degradation. This work underscores the potential of ZnCr2O4 based metal-free compounds intended for effective environmental remediation.

Influence of heat input on the mechanical characteristics, corrosion and microstructure of ASTM A36 steel welded by GTAW technique

The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process weld for the 4 mm thickness of the ASTM A36 steel plate with varied heat input parameters of 0.608 kJ/mm, 0.900 kJ/mm and 1.466 kJ/mm, respectively. The effect of different heat inputs on microstructure, corrosion, and mechanical characteristics of developed weld joints are examined by three zones: heat-affected zone, welded zone, and base metal zone. The optical microscopic results of weld joints illustrate that fine grain structure leads to enhance welding strength. It is revealed that the increased heat input parameter on the weld joint shows a decreased tensile strength and hardness of the weld joint. The corrosion resistance of the weld joint is evaluated by Potentio-dynamic polarization. It facilitates that the corrosion rate of the weld joint is decreased with increasing heat input, which results indicate the best and worst corrosion micrograph of the polygonal ferrite and ferrite plus polygonal ferrite. However, the weld joint prepared with 0.900 kJ/mm heat input found maximum corrosion resistance.

Prognostic of Soil Nutrients and Soil Fertility Index Using Machine Learning Classifier Techniques

Soil testing is a unique tool for finding the available soil reaction (pH), organic carbon, and nutrients status of the soil. It helps to select the suitable crops concerning available pH and soil nutrients level to increase crop production. In this current approach, the soil test prediction is used to differentiate several soil features like soil fertility indices of available pH, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, macro nutrients, and micro nutrients. The Classification and prediction of the soil parameters lead to reduce the artificial fertilizer inputs, increasing crop yield, improves soil health and crop growth and increase profitability. These problems are solved by using fast learning and classification techniques known as machine learning (ML) classifier techniques such as random forest, Gaussian naïve Bayes, logistic Regression, decision tree, k-nearest neighbour and support vector machine. After the analysis decision tree classifier attains the maximum performance to solve all problems which goes above 80% followed by other classifiers.

Analysis of in Situ Posterior Spinal Fusion with Pedicle Screws and Rods in Grade I and Grade Ii Isthmic

Spondylolysis has never been found in a newborn. Repetitive cyclic loading ultimately results in a stress fracture. Impingement between the inferior articular process of the cephalad verbetra and the superior articular process of the caudal vertebra creates pending moment that must be resisted by the pars. The hard cortical bone of the pars predisposes it to fatigue fracture, as well as nonunion, decreasing the likelihood of spontaneous healing. If healing occurs, the pars often heal in an elongated position. Either non-union or healing with elongation permits vertebral subluxation. This fundamental change in bony anatomy exposes the disc to increased shear load, even though the axial load remains unchanged. When the stiffness of the cortical bone is reduced by an underlying condition (congenital dysplasia), smaller amounts of tensile forces are required to produce a fatigue fracture. Another possible mechanism is an extension torque which is developed by the erector spinae acting through its attachment to the spinous process, resulting in a stress concentration at the pars. The aim of the study is to analyze the post-operative outcomes in, in-situ posterior spinal fusion with pedicle screws and rods in Grade I and Grade II isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Review on marine sponge alkaloid, aaptamine: A potential antibacterial and anticancer drug

In recent years, biological macromolecules have piqued the interest of researchers owing to their vast variety of biological uses. As a result, the marine sponge is a multicellular heterotrophic parazoan with chemicals for defence against predator assaults, biofouling and microbial diseases. These priceless molecules are known as secondary metabolites, and they are essential for survival in a highly competitive environment. So far, over 5,000 marine natural compounds have been extracted from marine sponges, making them an excellent option for drug formulation. One among them is, aaptamine, a marine alkaloid with a benzo[de][1,6]-napthyridine framework extensively distributed in marine sponges. Due to this reason, aaptamine has been intensively researched for various biological purposes, including cancer and protease inhibition, offering fresh insights into novel treatments. Keeping this in mind, we reviewed the biological significance of the marine sponge alkaloid aaptamine.

Crystal structure, spectral investigations, DFT and antimicrobial activity of brucinium benzilate (BBA)

The unreported brucinium benzilate (BBA) crystal and Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated the influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding network on the crystal structure. Protonation occurs at the tertiary nitrogen as it is the most basic site. The protonated N-H⁺ proton was observed at 7.08 ppm and the benzilate carbon COO^- at 178.41 ppm. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) studies showed the electron-rich and electron-deficient sites in the molecule for understanding BBA interaction with an enzyme. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) studies indicated that BBA molecule is thermodynamically stable and the HOMO-LUMO energy gap was found to be 4.454 eV. The highest interaction has the energy (322.86 kcal/mol) between tertiary ammonium N(LP) and H⁺. Inhibition tests showed that brucinium benzilate inhibits Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. ADMET properties indicated that BBA has drug characteristics in binding plasma protein.

Management of neurotrauma during COVID-19: a single centre experience and lessons for the future

INTRODUCTION

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is amongst the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The unprecedented emergence of COVID-19 has mandated neurosurgeons to limit viral spread and spare hospital resources whilst trying to adapt management plans for TBI. We aimed to characterize how this affects decision-making on TBI management and drive strategies to cope with future expected waves.

METHODS

Retrospective TBI data collection from a single tertiary referral unit was performed between: 01/04/2019 - 30/06/2019 ('Pre-Epidemic') and 01/04/2020 - 30/06/20 ('Epidemic'). Demographics, mechanism of injury, TBI severity, radiological findings, alcohol/anticoagulants/antiplatelets use, and management decisions were extracted.

RESULTS

646 TBI referrals were received in 'Pre-Epidemic' (N = 317) and 'Epidemic' (N = 280) groups. There was reduction in RTA-associated TBI (14.8 vs 9.3%; p = .04) and increase in patients on anticoagulants (14.2 vs 23.6%; p = .003) in the 'Epidemic' group. Despite similarities between other TBI-associated variables, a significantly greater proportion of patients were managed conservatively in local referring units without neurosurgical services (39.1 vs 56.8%; p < .0001), predominantly constituted by mild TBI.

CONCLUSION

Despite COVID-19 public health measures, the burden of TBI remains eminent. Increases in local TBI management warrant vigilance from primary healthcare services to meet post-TBI needs in the community.

A Novel Technique of Approach in a Skeletally Immature Case of Chondroblastoma - A Case Report

Introduction

Chondroblastoma is a rare benign cartilaginous neoplasm arising in the epiphysis of long bones in young patients. It is an uncommon benign but locally aggressive tumor, mostly located in the secondary centers of ossification. These tumors arise near a joint or growth plate and surgical excision is always challenging.

Case Report

A 13-year-old boy presented with intermittent knee pain, swelling, and limitation of movements for 1 year. On examination, magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hyperintense lesion in distal femoral epiphysis with superior transphyseal extension and inferior thinning of cortex with cartilage breach. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of chondroblastoma of distal femur. We report a novel technique of approach in a case of distal femoral chondroblastoma in a skeletally immature individual.

Conclusion

The technique we incorporated had an adequate exposure to reach the lesion for a complete curettage and bone grafting. It also reduced further injury to cartilage and physeal plate.

Endoscope-assisted techniques for evacuation of acute subdural haematoma in the elderly: The lesser of two evils? A scoping review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Surgical evacuation of acute subdural haematoma (ASDH) in the elderly remains a point of contention due to the significant associated mortality. Therefore, there is a dire need for alternative treatment options. Endoscope-assisted techniques (EAT) have been increasingly reported over the last decade with variable outcomes. In this scoping review, we identify studies reporting the use of EAT for ASDH evacuation in elderly patients. Outcomes and patient selection criteria are discussed to identify patients that may benefit from EAT.

METHODS

A multi-database literature search was performed between January 1990 and January 2021. Studies including patients aged 60 years or above who underwent EAT for ASDH evacuation with reported outcomes were included.

RESULTS

A total of 13 studies and 122 patients were eligible for inclusion. Patient age ranged from 65 to 101 years, and average age from 78.6 to 87.4 years. High comorbidity burden, advanced age, absence of adverse imaging features, and pre-operative neurological status were the most common eligibility criteria for EAT. 52% of all procedures were performed under local anaesthetic (LA). Mortality rates ranged between 0% and 40%, whilst favourable outcomes ranged between 26.7% and 96.4%. Re-bleed was the most commonly reported complication, ranging between 0% and 13%.

CONCLUSIONS

EAT pose a viable compromise for elderly patients with ASDH that may be unfit for GA. Heterogeneity of patient selection criteria prevents meaningful comparison between EAT and other approaches, and there is a clear impact of patient selection on outcome among studies reporting EAT. Further studies are required to identify the patient cohort that may benefit from this approach.

747 YouTube And Neurosurgery: Better Content, More Views

Introduction

YouTube is the world’s largest open-access media sharing platform and contains much content on Neurosurgery. Inserting an External Ventricular Drain is a common procedure, often performed by neurosurgical trainees to treat emergency hydrocephalus. We set out to evaluate the content on EVD insertion posted on YouTube and its usefulness for trainees in learning the procedure

Method

A YouTube keyword search was conducted to identify videos on EVD insertion. Inclusion criteria was used to find videos specifically aimed to EVD insertion. We devised a scoring sheet to give each video an educational score (0-20), which two independent reviewers used to analyse the included videos.

Results

A total of 12/556 videos met the inclusion criteria. Dates posted ranged from 01/07/2012 to 24/04/2019, with views ranging from 359 – 166,388 (mean 30531, SD 49, 570). The mean educational score was 6.91 (SD 3.86), with only four videos scoring 10 or greater. There was a strong correlation between viewership and educational score (R .085 p &lt;.001).

Conclusions

The majority of YouTube content relating to EVD insertion is not useful to trainees, but useful content can attract a greater viewership. There is an opportunity for Neurosurgeons and Institutions to gain exposure on YouTube with high-quality open-access educational content.

Disulfide HMGB1 acts via TLR2/4 receptors to reduce the numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after traumatic injury in vitro

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poor clinical outcomes; autopsy studies of TBI victims demonstrate significant oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) death post TBI; an observation, which may explain the lack of meaningful repair of injured axons. Whilst high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and its key receptors TLR2/4 are identified as key initiators of neuroinflammation post-TBI, they have been identified as attractive targets for development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve post-TBI clinical outcomes. In this report we establish unequivocal evidence that HMGB1 released in vitro impairs OPC response to mechanical injury; an effect that is pharmacologically reversible. We show that needle scratch injury hyper-acutely induced microglial HMGB1 nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation and subsequent release into culture medium. Application of injury-conditioned media resulted in significant decreases in OPC number through anti-proliferative effects. This effect was reversed by co-treatment with the TLR2/4 receptor antagonist BoxA. Furthermore, whilst injury conditioned medium drove OPCs towards an activated reactive morphology, this was also abolished after BoxA co-treatment. We conclude that HMGB1, through TLR2/4 dependant mechanisms, may be detrimental to OPC proliferation following injury in vitro, negatively affecting the potential for restoring a mature oligodendrocyte population, and subsequent axonal remyelination. Further study is required to assess how HMGB1-TLR signalling influences OPC maturation and myelination capacity.

A doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system: impacts on PI3K/AKT actuation and apoptosis in breast cancer cells

In recent years, the development of a nano-conjugate system for drug delivery applications has gained attention among researchers. Keeping this in mind, in this study, we developed a doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system that targeted breast cancer cell lines. To achieve this, we developed platinum nanoparticles using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed the occurrence of octopod-shaped platinum nanoparticles. Subsequently, doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated on the surface of the as-prepared platinum octopods via an in situ stirring method. The physicochemical characterization of the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system revealed that the PVP of PtNPs interacts with the NH2 group of doxorubicin via electrostatic interaction/hydrogen bonding. Besides, the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system exhibited a sustained drug release profile within the cancer cells. Furthermore, the evaluation of the in vitro anticancer efficacy of the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) unveiled the induction of apoptosis via intracellular ROS and DNA damage, rather than free DOX and PtNPs. Remarkably, we also perceived that the doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system was strong enough to down-regulate the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. As a result, the tumour suppressor gene PTEN was activated, which led to the stimulation of a mitochondrion-based intrinsic apoptotic pathway and its downstream caspases, triggering cell death. Hence, our findings suggested that a biologically stable doxorubicin-platinum conjugate system could be an imperative therapeutic agent for anticancer therapy in the near future.

Numerical approach to minimize mercury contamination by geometric and parametric optimization

Due to high vapour pressure at ambient conditions, exposed mercury contributes significant vapour concentration in working atmosphere. Ventilation is a conventional, cheap and very effective method to bring down the concentration of hazardous materials like mercury vapour below permissible limit. In this work a numerical model was developed to obtain intuitive understandings of the spatial distribution of mercury vapors from an exposed surface. The model was validated with experimental data generated using a precinct ventilation system with 8.14% absolute average error. a Validated model was used to study the effect of air flow rate (100–1200 LPM) and impact of architectural design of the containment for fixed exposed mercury surfaceon the final (diluted) mercury concentration. Comparative analysis shows that modification in structural design offers a reduced volume averaged exit mercury concentration and also the reduced peak mercury concentration(C_peak) in the computational domain. Computational approach outlined in this work can be used to estimate spatial variation of mercury vapor concentration and to locate and quantify regions of high local concentration of mercury in various geometries.

Neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury - The complex role of HMGB1 and neuroinflammation

INTRODUCTION

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is amongst the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite evidence of neurogenesis post-TBI, survival and integration of newborn neurons remains impaired. High Mobility Group Box protein 1 (HMGB1) is an 'alarmin' released hyper-acutely following TBI and implicated in hosting the neuro-inflammatory response to injury. It is also instrumental in mediating neurogenesis under physiological conditions. Given its dual role in mediating neuro-inflammation and neurogenesis, it serves as a promising putative target for therapeutic modulation. In this review, we discuss neurogenesis post-TBI, neuro-pharmacological aspects of HMGB1, and its potential as a therapeutic target.

METHODS

PubMed database was searched with varying combinations of the following search terms: HMGB1, isoforms, neurogenesis, traumatic brain injury, Toll-like receptor (TLR), receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE).

RESULTS

Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate evidence of neurogenesis post-injury. The HMGB1-RAGE axis mediates neurogenesis throughout development, whilst interaction with TLR-4 promotes the innate immune response. Studies in the context of injury demonstrate that these receptor effects are not mutually exclusive. Despite recognition of different HMGB1 isoforms based on redox/acetylation status, effects on neurogenesis post-injury remain unexplored. Recent animal in vivo studies examining HMGB1 antagonism post-TBI demonstrate predominantly positive results, but specific effects on neurogenesis and longer-term outcomes remain unclear.

CONCLUSION

HMGB1 is a promising therapeutic target but its effects on neurogenesis post-TBI remains unclear. Given the failure of several pharmacological strategies to improve outcomes following TBI, accurate delineation of HMGB1 signalling pathways and effects on post-injury neurogenesis are vital.

Perioperative intravenous contrast administration and the incidence of acute kidney injury after major gastrointestinal surgery: prospective, multicentre cohort study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the impact of preoperative exposure to intravenous contrast for CT and the risk of developing postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery.

METHODS

This prospective, multicentre cohort study included adults undergoing gastrointestinal resection, stoma reversal or liver resection. Both elective and emergency procedures were included. Preoperative exposure to intravenous contrast was defined as exposure to contrast administered for the purposes of CT up to 7 days before surgery. The primary endpoint was the rate of AKI within 7 days. Propensity score-matched models were adjusted for patient, disease and operative variables. In a sensitivity analysis, a propensity score-matched model explored the association between preoperative exposure to contrast and AKI in the first 48 h after surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 5378 patients were included across 173 centres. Overall, 1249 patients (23·2 per cent) received intravenous contrast. The overall rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery was 13·4 per cent (718 of 5378). In the propensity score-matched model, preoperative exposure to contrast was not associated with AKI within 7 days (odds ratio (OR) 0·95, 95 per cent c.i. 0·73 to 1·21; P = 0·669). The sensitivity analysis showed no association between preoperative contrast administration and AKI within 48 h after operation (OR 1·09, 0·84 to 1·41; P = 0·498).

CONCLUSION

There was no association between preoperative intravenous contrast administered for CT up to 7 days before surgery and postoperative AKI. Risk of contrast-induced nephropathy should not be used as a reason to avoid contrast-enhanced CT.

Quantum dots as a promising agent to combat COVID-19

Approximately every 100 years, as witnessed in the last two centuries, we are facing an influenza pandemic, necessitating the need to combat a novel virus strain. As a result of the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2] outbreak in January 2020, many clinical studies are being carried out with the aim of combating or eradicating the disease altogether. However, so far, developing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) detection kits or vaccines has remained elusive. In this regard, the development of antiviral nanomaterials by surface engineering with enhanced specificity might prove valuable to combat this novel virus. Quantum dots (QDs) are multifaceted agents with the ability to fight against/inhibit the activity of COVID‐19 virus. This article exclusively discusses the potential role of QDs as biosensors and antiviral agents for attenuation of viral infection.

The efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children 1 year of age or younger: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Hydrocephalus is a major cause of morbidity in the pediatric population, with potentially severe consequences if left untreated. Two viable strategies for management of non-communicating hydrocephalus are endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and ventriculoperitoneal shunting. However, there is uncertainty over the safety and efficacy of ETV in younger infants aged 1 year or below. In this systematic review, we aim to elucidate the success rate and procedural risks of ETV in this age group.

METHODS

A multi-database (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science) literature search between January 1990 and April 2018 was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were included if they (i) examined non-communicating hydrocephalus; (ii) quantified the success/failure rates of ETV; and (iii) assessed outcomes in children 1 year of age or younger.

RESULTS

A total of 19 articles with 399 patients were eligible for inclusion. Mean age at procedure was 4.2 months (range 34 weeks gestation to 12 months), with 116 females and 143 males. Commonest underlying aetiology was congenital aqueductal stenosis (AS) (60.4%). Remaining causes included post-haemorrhagic, post-infection, Chiari malformations, malignancies and others. Overall and AS mean success rates were 51.6% and 56.5% respectively. Overall complication rate was 10.0%, consisting mainly of CSF leak, infection, and haemorrhage. Younger age was significantly associated with poorer ETV success rate when divided into <6 months and 6-12 months of age (44.4 vs 66.7%; p = 0.0007). Underlying pathology had no significant association with ETV outcome when divided into AS and other pathologies (p = 0.53).

CONCLUSIONS

Age is significantly associated with ETV success rates. Pathology-dependent effects were not found in this age group. Despite a lower ETV success rate at younger ages (44.4 vs 66.7%), it offers a comparable safety profile that is independent of age. ETV remains a viable treatment option for non-communicating hydrocephalus for infants aged 1 year or younger.

Hansenula polymorpha Pex37 is a peroxisomal membrane protein required for organelle fission and segregation

Here, we describe a novel peroxin, Pex37, in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. H. polymorpha Pex37 is a peroxisomal membrane protein, which belongs to a protein family that includes, among others, the Neurospora crassa Woronin body protein Wsc, the human peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial inner membrane protein Sym1, and its mammalian homologue MPV17. We show that deletion of H. polymorpha PEX37 does not appear to have a significant effect on peroxisome biogenesis or proliferation in cells grown at peroxisome‐inducing growth conditions (methanol). However, the absence of Pex37 results in a reduction in peroxisome numbers and a defect in peroxisome segregation in cells grown at peroxisome‐repressing conditions (glucose). Conversely, overproduction of Pex37 in glucose‐grown cells results in an increase in peroxisome numbers in conjunction with a decrease in their size. The increase in numbers in PEX37‐overexpressing cells depends on the dynamin‐related protein Dnm1. Together our data suggest that Pex37 is involved in peroxisome fission in glucose‐grown cells. Introduction of human PXMP2 in H. polymorpha pex37 cells partially restored the peroxisomal phenotype, indicating that PXMP2 represents a functional homologue of Pex37. H.polymorpha pex37 cells did not show aberrant growth on any of the tested carbon and nitrogen sources that are metabolized by peroxisomal enzymes, suggesting that Pex37 may not fulfill an essential function in transport of these substrates or compounds required for their metabolism across the peroxisomal membrane.

The C7orf43/TRAPPC14 component links the TRAPPII complex to Rabin8 for preciliary vesicle tethering at the mother centriole during ciliogenesis

The primary cilium is a cellular sensor that detects light, chemicals, and movement and is important for morphogen and growth factor signaling. The small GTPase Rab11-Rab8 cascade is required for ciliogenesis. Rab11 traffics the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Rabin8 to the centrosome to activate Rab8, needed for ciliary growth. Rabin8 also requires the transport particle protein complex (TRAPPC) proteins for centrosome recruitment during ciliogenesis. Here, using an MS-based approach for identifying Rabin8-interacting proteins, we identified C7orf43 (also known as microtubule-associated protein 11 (MAP11)) as being required for ciliation both in human cells and zebrafish embryos. We find that C7orf43 directly binds to Rabin8 and that C7orf43 knockdown diminishes Rabin8 preciliary centrosome accumulation. Interestingly, we found that C7orf43 co-sediments with TRAPPII complex subunits and directly interacts with TRAPPC proteins. Our findings establish that C7orf43 is a TRAPPII-specific complex component, referred to here as TRAPPC14. Additionally, we show that TRAPPC14 is dispensable for TRAPPII complex integrity but mediates Rabin8 association with the TRAPPII complex. Finally, we demonstrate that TRAPPC14 interacts with the distal appendage proteins Fas-binding factor 1 (FBF1) and centrosomal protein 83 (CEP83), which we show here are required for GFP-Rabin8 centrosomal accumulation, supporting a role for the TRAPPII complex in tethering preciliary vesicles to the mother centriole during ciliogenesis. In summary, our findings have revealed an uncharacterized TRAPPII-specific component, C7orf43/TRAPPC14, that regulates preciliary trafficking of Rabin8 and ciliogenesis and support previous findings that the TRAPPII complex functions as a membrane tether.

Demographics, presentation, and clinical outcomes after traumatic bifrontal contusions: a systematic review

Traumatic bifrontal contusions (TBC) form a recognised clinical entity among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aims to systematically review current literature on demographics, management, and predictors of outcomes of patients with TBC. A multi-database literature search (PubMed, Cochrane, OVID Medline/Embase) was performed using PRISMA as a search strategy. Studies were selected by predefined selection criteria (PROSPERO: CRD42018055390), and risk of bias was assessed using an adapted form of ROBINS-I tool. Of the 275 studies yielded by the literature search, seven articles met the criteria for inclusion, all of which were level III evidence. Total cohort consisted of 468 patients; predominantly male (n = 5; 303/417 patients) with average age 44.3 years (range, 7–81). Falls (44.9%) and road traffic accidents (46.6%) were the commonest mechanisms of injury with an average presentation GCS of 9.2 (n = 3, 119 patients). GCS on admission of ≤ 13.1 and contusion volume at day 2 post-injury of ≥ 62.9cm³ were associated with increased risk of deterioration needing surgical interventions (n = 1, 7 patients). The majority of patients underwent surgery; the average GOS was 4, at an average follow-up duration of 11.7 months (n = 6, 356 patients). The currently available evidence on the management of TBC is scarce. Larger multicentre well-designed studies are needed to further delineate the factors behind acute deterioration, the effectiveness of management options. Once in place, this can be used to develop and test an algorithmic approach to management of TBC resulting in consistently improved outcomes.

P99 Neonatal subdural haematoma following forceps-assisted delivery: a systematic review of the literature

Objectives

Subdural haematoma (SDH) is a recognised complication of forceps-assisted delivery (FAD). There are no guidelines regarding its management. This study aims to provide a better insight into the management and outcomes of neonatal SDH post FAD.

Design

Retrospective review of our neonatal database and systematic review of the literature.

Subjects

Neonatal cases presented with SDH after FAD.

Methods

Retrospective database search of cases managed in our unit between January 20 111 and January 2018. Systematic review of the literature was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria: (i) neonates, (ii) forceps-assisted delivery, (iii) evidence of SDH on imaging, with or without other traumatic lesions.

Results

A literature search yielded 9 studies with 30 patients meeting our inclusion criteria, In addition three cases were identified from our institutional database. 42% (n=14) had their SDH managed surgically, with subsequent full neurological recovery in 57%. In comparison, 95% (n=18) of the conservatively managed patients made a full recovery. Hydrocephalus was present in 1 and 11 of the conservatively managed and surgically managed patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Conservative management can lead to a full neurological recovery in SDH following FAD in neonates. However, a significant number may still need neurosurgical intervention for the SDH or subsequent hydrocephalus, therefore we advocate early transfer to a specialist neuroscience centre.

Augmentation of pyrethrins content in callus of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and establishing its insecticidal activity by molecular docking of NavMS Sodium Channel Pore receptor

Pyrethrins are effective food-grade bio-pesticides obtained from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and this crop cannot be cultivated widely in India due to its specific agro-climatic requirement. Hence pyrethrins are mostly imported from Kenya. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a process for augmentation of pyrethrin contents in C. cinerariaefolium callus and establish the correlation between early knockdown effects through docking on grain storage insect. In vitro seedlings were used as explants to induce callus on MS medium with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Pyrethrin extracted from the callus was estimated by RP-HPLC. In callus, total pyrethrin was found to be 17.5 µg/g, which is higher than that found in natural flowers of certain Pyrethrum cultivars. The concentrations of cinerin II, pyrethrin II and jasmoline II were quite high in callus grown on solid medium. Bio-efficacy of pyrethrum extracts of flower and callus on insect Tribolium sp., showed higher repellency and early knock-down effect when compared with pure compound pestanal. Further, the rapid knockdown effect of all pyrethrins components was established by molecular docking studies targeting NavMS Sodium Channel Pore receptor docking followed by multiple ligands simultaneous docking, performed to investigate the concurrent binding of different combinations of pyrethrin. Among the six pyrethrin components, the pyrethrin I and II were found to be a more efficient, binding more firmly to the target, exhibiting higher possibilities of insecticidal effect by an early knockdown mechanism.

Potential of pyrethroid-synergised pyrethrum on stored product insects and implications for use as prophylactic sprays

The study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic effects of 2% pyrethrum extract with synthetic pyrethroids on the mortality of stored product insects. Contact toxicity was performed at variable concentrations observing mortality at 12, 24 and 48 h durations. The results of the present study indicated that, pyrethrum + deltamethrin combination (25:1 ratio) was effective on the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). On the other hand, pyrethrum + cypermethrin combination proved effective against Sitophilus oryzae (L.). The efficacy of the tested combination showed reasonable increase in mortality response in treated insects over increasing exposures. At 48 h, 450 ppm pyrethrum + deltamethrin combination induced 25, 90 and 97% mortalities in S. oryzae, T. castaneum and R. dominica adults; while, pyrethrum-cypermethrin combination recorded 75, 45 and 75% mortalities respectively. On the other hand, it was observed that, among the pyrethrum alone treatments i.e. at 300, 450 and 600 ppm concentrations, maximum mortality (62.5%) was observed in S. oryzae exposed to 600 ppm pyrethrum for 48 h. The effective LC50 concentrations for pyrethrum (600 ppm) + deltamethrin combination was estimated to be as 0.1987 and 0.7039 µl/cm2 for R. dominica and T. castaneum adults respectively. Contrastingly, for treatments with S. oryzae, a LC50 value of 0.8673 µl/cm2 was recorded for pyrethrum (600 ppm) + cypermethrin mixture. This investigation strengthens the fact that pyrethrum along with pyrethroids is effective against storage insect pests which can be promisingly a safer insecticidal combination.

Phytochemical residue profiles in rice grains fumigated with essential oils for the control of rice weevil

In the present study, we investigated the fumigant potential of five edible essential oils (EOs) against Sitophilus oryzae and their phytochemical residues in treated grains. Among the tested EOs, peppermint oil proved significantly effective (P ≤ 0.05) on S.oryzae at 400 μl/L air concentration, inducing 83 and 100% mortalities in with-food and without-food conditions respectively over 72 h exposure. In addition, it was also observed that the binary mixtures of peppermint + lemon oil (1:1 ratio) produced an equivalent effect to that of peppermint oil alone treatments. The phytochemical residue analysis by GC-MS revealed the presence of six compounds upon 72 h exposure to EOs. Further, the analysis of physico-chemical properties of the compounds indicated a positive correlation between polar surface area (PSA) and its residual nature. The residue levels of eugenol were significantly elevated corresponding to its high PSA value (29) in clove and cinnamon oils. On the other hand, the compounds with zero PSA value imparted very less or no (D-Limonene, caryophyllene, pinene and terpinolene) residues in treated grains. With respect to the most active peppermint oil, L-menthone, menthyl acetate and eucalyptol residues were at 67, 41 and 23% levels respectively. The outcome of the present study indicate the peppermint oil as a potent fumigant against S. oryzae, and although the residues of phytochemicals in treated grains is higher; they belong to the generally recognised as safe (GRAS) status leaving no harmful effect.

Phosphine gas generated from an aluminium phosphide tablet exhibits early knock down effects on tamarind pod borer

The tamarind pod borer, Sitophilus linearis (Herbst), is highly susceptible to phosphine fumigation compared to its congener, Sitophilus oryzae.

Toxicity of phosphine on the developmental stages of rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst over a range of concentrations and exposures

The susceptibility of the developmental stages of rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum to a range of concentrations of phosphine over varying durations from 24 to 168 h was reconnoitered in the laboratory at 25 ± 2 °C. Responses of the life stages exposed to phosphine were compared with those of un-treated controls over 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h exposures and mortality was assessed after 14 days. Among the life stages tested, pupae were more tolerant to phosphine followed by the egg and the larval instars. At 24 h, the maximum LC50 value was observed in case of egg; 1.571 mgL(-1); followed by the pupae, 6(th) instar, 4(th) instar and 2(nd) instar larvae with LC50 values of 1.184, 0.336, 0.212 and 0.081 mgL(-1) respectively. However, continued exposure of the developmental stages to phosphine, recorded maximum LC values in the pupae followed by egg and the larval instars. A linear increase in the mortality response was witnessed in all the insect stages when the exposure periods were extended from 24 to 168 h with increasing concentrations of phosphine, conversely significant increase in mortality was greatly apparent during the initial treatment periods.

Effect of functional groups on dielectric, optical gas sensing properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide at room temperature

Partial reduction of graphene oxide (GO) was accomplished through heat treatment at 110 and 220 °C. Role of various oxygen functional groups in graphene and their gas sensing and electrical properties at room temperature were reported.

Preperoxisomal vesicles can form in the absence of Pex3

Contrary to earlier findings, preperoxisomal membrane structures form in yeast cells lacking the peroxin Pex3 and are competent to mature into functional peroxisomes upon Pex3 reintroduction.

We demonstrate that the peroxin Pex3 is not required for the formation of peroxisomal membrane structures in yeast pex3 mutant cells. Notably, pex3 mutant cells already contain reticular and vesicular structures that harbor key proteins of the peroxisomal receptor docking complex—Pex13 and Pex14—as well as the matrix proteins Pex8 and alcohol oxidase. Other peroxisomal membrane proteins in these cells are unstable and transiently localized to the cytosol (Pex10, Pmp47) or endoplasmic reticulum (Pex11). These reticular and vesicular structures are more abundant in cells of a pex3 atg1 double deletion strain, as the absence of Pex3 may render them susceptible to autophagic degradation, which is blocked in this double mutant. Contrary to earlier suggestions, peroxisomes are not formed de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum when the PEX3 gene is reintroduced in pex3 cells. Instead, we find that reintroduced Pex3 sorts to the preperoxisomal structures in pex3 cells, after which these structures mature into normal peroxisomes.

Real-time analysis of the effects of toxic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic concentrations of digitoxin on lung cancer cells

Digitoxin belongs to a naturally occurring class of cardiac glycosides (CG); digitoxin is clinically approved for heart failure and known for its anti-cancer effects against non-small lung cancer cells (NSCLC). However, concerns associated with its narrow therapeutic index and its concentration-dependent mechanism of action are rising. Thus, before digitoxin implementation in designing and developing safer and more effective CG-based anti-cancer therapies, its pharmacological and safety profiles need to be fully elucidated. In this research we used a combinatorial approach to evaluate the anti-cancer mechanisms of digitoxin in real-time. Our approach employed a non-invasive electric cell impedance sensing technique as a proxy to monitor NSCLC behavior post-exposure to toxic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic concentrations of the drug. By developing structure-function combinatorial relations we showed that digitoxin targets cancer cells in a time and dose-dependant manner by activating pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative signaling cascades that results in strengthening cellular adhesion and sequestration of key regulatory proliferation protein from the nucleus.

4-Hy-droxy-1,2,6-tri-methyl-pyridinium chloride monohydrate

In the crystal of the title hydrated mol­ecular salt, C₈H₁₂NO⁺·Cl⁻·H₂O, the water mol­ecule makes two O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, generating [010] zigzag chains of alternating water mol­ecules and chloride ions. The cation is bonded to the chain by an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond and two weak C—H⋯Cl inter­actions. Weak aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid separation = 3.5175 (15) Å] occurs between the chains.

4-Hy-droxy-1,2,6-tri-methyl-pyridinium bromide monohydrate

The title salt, C₈H₁₂NO⁺·Br⁻·H₂O, is isomorphous with the chloride analogue [Seethalakshmi et al. (2013). Acta Cryst. E69, o835–o836]. In the solid state, the cations, anions and water mol­ecules are inter­linked by a network of O—H⋯O, O—H⋯Br and C—H⋯Br inter­actions. The water mol­ecule makes two O—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, generating [010] zigzag chains of alternating water mol­ecules and bromide anions. The cation is involved in two inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl inter­actions in the chloride salt, whereas three inter­molecular C—H⋯Br inter­actions are observed in the title bromide salt. This additional inter­molecular C—H⋯Br inter­action links the adjacent water and bromide zigzag chains via cationic mol­ecules. In addition, weak π–π stacking inter­actions are observed between pyridinium rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5664 (13) Å].

Lumenal peroxisomal protein aggregates are removed by concerted fission and autophagy events

We demonstrated that in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha peroxisome fission and degradation are coupled processes that are important to remove intra-organellar protein aggregates. Protein aggregates were formed in peroxisomes upon synthesis of a mutant catalase variant. We showed that the introduction of these aggregates in the peroxisomal lumen had physiological disadvantages as it affected growth and caused enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species. Formation of the protein aggregates was followed by asymmetric peroxisome fission to separate the aggregate from the mother organelle. Subsequently, these small, protein aggregate-containing organelles were degraded by autophagy. In line with this observation we showed that the degradation of the protein aggregates was strongly reduced in dnm1 and pex11 cells in which peroxisome fission is reduced. Moreover, this process was dependent on Atg1 and Atg11.

Role of complement activation and antibody in the interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human macrophages

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antibodies possess immunomodulatory effects during tuberculosis infection. Prior sensitization to environmental mycobacteria is known to suppress immune responses against BCG and M. tuberculosis. Mycobacteria-induced antibodies can influence events such as complement activation and phagocytosis during infectious process. In the present study role of anti-M. tuberculosis IgG (anti-M. tb IgG) antibody during interaction between M. tuberculosis and human macrophages mediated through complement has been examined in vitro. Anti-M. tb IgG antibody significantly enhanced complement activation by M. tuberculosis. Phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis by macrophages increased significantly in the presence of complement and/or antibody. Moreover, antibody enhanced phagocytosis in the presence of complement. Addition of antibody alone or in combination with complement also augmented intracellular viability of bacilli within macrophages. Results of this study showed that anti-mycobacterial antibody enhances complement activation and anti-M. tb IgG antibody probably modulates effects of complement during early stages of tuberculosis infection.

The impact of peroxisomes on cellular aging and death

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous eukaryotic organelles, which perform a plethora of functions including hydrogen peroxide metabolism and β-oxidation of fatty acids. Reactive oxygen species produced by peroxisomes are a major contributing factor to cellular oxidative stress, which is supposed to significantly accelerate aging and cell death according to the free radical theory of aging. However, relative to mitochondria, the role of the other oxidative organelles, the peroxisomes, in these degenerative pathways has not been extensively investigated. In this contribution we discuss our current knowledge on the role of peroxisomes in aging and cell death, with focus on studies performed in yeast.

Effect of vermicompost on soil fertility and crop productivity--beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Field experiments were conducted at Sivapuri, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the efficacy of vermicompost, in comparison to inorganic fertilizers-NPK, on the physio-chemical and biological characteristics of the soils--clay loam soil (CLS) and sandy loam soil (SLS) and on the growth, yield and nutrient content of beans--Phaseolus vulgaris. Results showed that the application of vermicompost @ 5 tonnes ha(-1) had enhanced significantly the pore space (1.09 and 1.02 times), water holding capacity (1.1 and 1.3 times), cation exchange capacity (1.2 and 1.2 times). It reduced particles (1.2 and 1.2 times), and bulk density (1.2 and 1.2 times), pH (1 and 1.02 times) and electrical conductivity (1.4 and 1.2 times) and increased organic carbon (37 and 47 times), micro (Ca 3.07 and 1.9 times, Mg 1.6 and 1.6 times, Na 2.4 and 3.8 times, Fe 7 and 7.6 times, Mn 8.2 and 10.6 times, Zn 50 and 52 times and Cu 14 and 22 times) and macro (N 1.6 and 1.7 times, P 1.5 and 1.7 times, K 1.5 and 1.4 times) nutrients and microbial activity (1.4 and 1.5 times) in both soil types, particularly more in CLS. The growth, yield (1.6 times) and quality (protein (1.05 times) and sugar (1.01 times) content in seed) of bean were enhanced in CLS than SLS. On the other hand, the application of inorganic fertilizers @ 20:80:40 kg ha(-1) has resulted in reduced porosity (1.03 and 1.01 times), organic carbon (1.04 and 9.5 times) and microbial activity (1.02 and 1.03 times) in both soil types.

Synthesis, spectral, optical and thermal studies of 1-methyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridinium chloride monohydrate and bromide monohydrate

Semiorganic 1-methyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridinium chloride monohydrate (MDMPCl.H(2)O) and bromide monohydrate (MDMPBr.H(2)O) salts have been synthesized. Single crystals of MDMPCl.H(2)O and MDMPBr.H(2)O were grown by the slow evaporation method from aqueous solution at constant temperatures 30 and 32 degrees C respectively. The grown crystals were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and FT-NMR techniques and their molecular structures were elucidated. Thermogravimetric, differential thermal analyses and differential scanning calorimetry reveal the presence of water molecules in the crystal lattices and thermal stabilities. Optical transmittance windows in aqueous solution were found as 300-1100 nm using UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer.

Spectral and optical studies of 2-amino-5-nitropyridinium dihydrogen phosphate: a semiorganic nonlinear optical material

2-Amino-5-nitropyridinium dihydrogen phosphate (2A5NPDP) was synthesized and the molecular structure was elucidated by FT-IR, FT-Raman and FT-NMR. The proton and carbon configurations of 2A5NPDP was confirmed through FT-NMR technique. UV-vis-NIR spectrum was recorded and the optical transmittance region was identified as 350 nm. Single crystals were grown from ethanol by slow evaporation technique at 35 degrees C and the unit cell constants were determined. Bulk and powder second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements were carried out using Nd:YAG laser (lambda=1064 nm) and its phase matching condition was determined.

Semiorganic nonlinear optical material for frequency doubling: preparation and properties of sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate (SPNP)

Sodium p-nitrophenolate (SPNP), a semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material useful for frequency doubling in the IR region, has been synthesized. The solubility studies have been carried out in the temperature range 30-50 degrees C. Single crystals (size 12 mmx7 mmx4 mm) have been grown by slow evaporation of the saturated aqueous solution (methanol as solvent) at 30 degrees C. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The UV-vis-NIR transmittance spectrum has been recorded in the range 200-1500 nm. The molecular structure was confirmed by FT-IR and FT-NMR. SPNP was thermally stable up to 103 degrees C as determined by TG/DTA curves. By a modified Kurtz and Perry method, the powder SHG efficiency was found to be five times that of KDP and its phase matching property was established. Laser damage threshold of SPNP was determined using a Nd:YAG laser.

Synthesis, structural, thermal and optical studies of 1-ethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy pyridinium halides

1-Ethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy pyridinium chloride dihydrate and bromide dihydrate salts have been synthesized and their single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation of aqueous solution at 30 degrees C. The grown crystals were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-NMR and FT-IR techniques to confirm the formation of the expected compound. Optical transmittance window in aqueous solution was found to be 275-1100 nm by UV-vis-NIR technique. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal thermal stability and the presence of two water molecules in the crystal lattices. The crystal structure of chloride salt was also determined by X-ray diffraction method.

Phase matchable semiorganic NLO material for frequency doubling: L-Arginine tetrafluoroborate

L-Arginine tetrafluoroborate (C6H15N4(+)O2BF4(-)) is a semiorganic crystalline material exhibiting second harmonic generation (SHG) down to the UV region. The material was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-NMR and FT-IR spectra. The lower cutoff wavelength was found to be 270 nm, with a good optical transmittance window covering UV-vis-NIR region. The thermal stability of the compound was determined by TG-DTA curves. The powder SHG efficiency was measured using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser assembly by a modified Kurtz and Perry powder technique and its phase matching property was established.