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Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is the fifth species of Plasmodium recently identified to cause human malaria. Infections with P. knowlesi are currently being reported from South-East Asian countries and the incidence is on the rise with a possibility of spread to the geographically contiguous countries. P. knowlesi infections can result in a high degree of parasitemia causing severe malaria in a larger proportion of infected individuals. If detected early and treated with appropriate antimicrobials, these infections show a significant clinical improvement. The widely used microscopic methods usually misidentify P. knowlesi as the less pathogenic Plasmodium malariae leading to inadequate therapy and adverse clinical outcomes. The currently popular rapid immuno-chromatographic card tests have a very low sensitivity in diagnosing knowlesi malaria and can erroneously report P. knowlesi as other Plasmodia and vice-versa. At present molecular methods are the most efficacious in diagnosing P. knowlesi infections, but these tests can produce a false positive report in Plasmodium vivax infections and require expensive equipment and trained personnel. An ideal diagnostic test for P. knowlesi infections, which is potent, cost-effective and practically feasible in the resource limited setting is yet to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ss Jeremiah
- Department of Microbiology, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand B Janagond
- Department of Microbiology, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Abstract
The unicellular protist Blastocystis has long been an unsolved puzzle for taxonomists, microbiologists and clinicians. Over the years, the organism has been bounced on and off the different branches of the tree of life due the possession of unique phenotypic characters intermediary to different organisms. The organism is polymorphic with only few of forms such as vacuolar, granular, amoeboid, and the cyst form being commonly known. However it could exist in other forms much more frequently than the widely known forms which could be missed by the unaware observer. Certain older concepts in the life cycle of Blastocystis although has been proven wrong are still being followed in various textbooks and other trustworthy internet sources. The causal role of Blastocystis in human disease has long been a subject of controversy. It is widely believed that certain subtypes of the organism are virulent. But this is not so as other factors are also involved in the clinical outcome of the infection. In these contexts, this review intends to shed light on the past misconceptions and the recent findings on the taxonomy, biology and the virulence of this organism.
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3
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Unger K, Zurnadzhy L, Walch A, Mall M, Bogdanova T, Braselmann H, Hieber L, Tronko N, Hutzler P, Jeremiah S, Thomas G, Zitzelsberger H. RET rearrangements in post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas with a short latency analysed by interphase FISH. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1472-7. [PMID: 16641909 PMCID: PMC2365029 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue samples from 13 post-Chernobyl childhood thyroid tumours that occurred within a short period of time (4–8 years) after the Chernobyl accident have been investigated by interphase FISH analysis for rearrangements of RET. In all, 77% of cases showed RET/PTC rearrangements and a distinct intratumoural genetic heterogeneity. The data were compared to findings on 32 post-Chernobyl PTCs that occurred after a longer period of time (9–12 years) after the accident. In none of the cases from either group were 100% of cells positive for RET rearrangement. In addition, the pattern of RET-positive cells was different in the two groups (short vs longer latency). A significant clustering of aberrant cells could be detected in the long-latency subgroup, whereas the aberrant cells were more homogeneously distributed among the short-latency tumours. The findings suggest that oligoclonal tumour development occurs in post-Chernobyl PTCs. This pattern of different clones within the tumour appears to become more discrete in cases with longer latencies, suggesting either outgrowth of individual clones or development of later subclones with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Unger
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L Zurnadzhy
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academy of Medical Sciences of the Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - A Walch
- Institute of Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Mall
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - T Bogdanova
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academy of Medical Sciences of the Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - H Braselmann
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L Hieber
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - N Tronko
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academy of Medical Sciences of the Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - P Hutzler
- Institute of Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S Jeremiah
- South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - G Thomas
- South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - H Zitzelsberger
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, D-85764 Germany. E-mail:
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4
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Lovegrove JU, Jeremiah S, Gillett GT, Temple IK, Povey S, Whitehouse DB. A new alpha 1-antitrypsin mutation, Thr-Met 85, (PI Zbristol) associated with novel electrophoretic properties. Ann Hum Genet 1997; 61:385-91. [PMID: 9459000 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6150385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new AAT allele (PI Zbristol) has been discovered in a woman with an obstetric history of three perinatal deaths from fulminant liver disease and no living offspring. She and her father were both PI M1Zbristol heterozygotes. The Zbristol protein is active as a proteinase inhibitor but appeared to be deficient in the plasma to about the same degree as the S protein in MS heterozygotes. It focuses on the basic side of Z and lacks the normal pattern of secondary isoforms associated with the commonly occurring AAT variants and migrates faster than normal on an SDS electrophoresis gel. The Zbristol mutation was found to be a C to T transition at codon 85 changing ACG (Thr) to ATG (Met). This disrupts the N-glycosylation site starting at Asn 83 preventing glycosylation at residue 83 in the PI Zbristol protein and explains the protein isoelectric focusing and SDS gel electrophoresis results. An analysis of haplotypes in the propositus and her father indicated that the Zbristol mutation occurred on the common M1(Val 213) genetic background. The new mutation also led to the generation of an NlaIII restriction endonuclease recognition site. Cell lines from two offspring tested for the presence of this NlaIII site revealed that one had the variant and the other did not. Thus, the relationship between Zbristol and fulminant liver disease in the offspring is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Lovegrove
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London
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5
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Wolfe J, Jeremiah S, Young J, Burley MW, Stewart H, McCulley M, Grant C, Naz K, Povey S. Mapping ESTs to the TSC1 candidate interval by use of the 'Science 96' transcript map. Ann Hum Genet 1997; 61:401-9. [PMID: 9459002 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6150401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription map of the human genome published by Schuler et al. (1996) is a valuable resource in which approximately one quarter of all human genes have been mapped with respect to genetic framework markers using radiation hybrids. We have taken information from this map to provide potential genes within the TSC1 candidate region on chromosome 9q34. In so doing we have been able to provide an independent assay of the quality of the radiation hybrid mapping by using somatic cell hybrids and a 2 Mb cosmid contig covering the TSC1 region as mapping tools. In addition, we have built sequence contigs of ESTs for 25 clusters. This has shown that about 20% of the relevant EST clusters in the Unigene resource (Boguski & Schuler 1995) contain chimaeric clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolfe
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London.
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6
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van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C, Nellist M, Janssen B, Verhoef S, Lindhout D, van den Ouweland A, Halley D, Young J, Burley M, Jeremiah S, Woodward K, Nahmias J, Fox M, Ekong R, Osborne J, Wolfe J, Povey S, Snell RG, Cheadle JP, Jones AC, Tachataki M, Ravine D, Sampson JR, Reeve MP, Richardson P, Wilmer F, Munro C, Hawkins TL, Sepp T, Ali JB, Ward S, Green AJ, Yates JR, Kwiatkowska J, Henske EP, Short MP, Haines JH, Jozwiak S, Kwiatkowski DJ. Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science 1997; 277:805-8. [PMID: 9242607 DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5327.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1096] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the widespread development of distinctive tumors termed hamartomas. TSC-determining loci have been mapped to chromosomes 9q34 (TSC1) and 16p13 (TSC2). The TSC1 gene was identified from a 900-kilobase region containing at least 30 genes. The 8.6-kilobase TSC1 transcript is widely expressed and encodes a protein of 130 kilodaltons (hamartin) that has homology to a putative yeast protein of unknown function. Thirty-two distinct mutations were identified in TSC1, 30 of which were truncating, and a single mutation (2105delAAAG) was seen in six apparently unrelated patients. In one of these six, a somatic mutation in the wild-type allele was found in a TSC-associated renal carcinoma, which suggests that hamartin acts as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University and University Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Jeremiah S, McCann KP, Williams AC, Ramsden DB, Pilz AJ, Fox MF, Povey S. Chromosomal localisation of genes coding for human and mouse liver cytosolic cysteine dioxygenase. Ann Hum Genet 1996; 60:29-33. [PMID: 8835096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1996.tb01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A panel of 22 hybrids was tested for the presence of the gene coding for human cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) by using human specific oligonucleotide primers in the polymerase chain reaction. Detection of human CDO completely correlated with the presence of human chromosome 5. A human total genome cosmid library was screened with a PCR product from the coding region of human CDO cDNA and the two positive clones identified were used in fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis on metaphase chromosome spreads. Fluorescent signals were seen on chromosome 5q22-23. Interspecific backcross mapping in the mouse indicated that Cdo, the mouse homologue of CDO, is situated in the central region of mouse chromosome 18 which shares a region of homology with human chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jeremiah
- Galton Laboratory, University College London, UK
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8
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Abstract
The Friend virus susceptibility-1 (Fv1) gene maps to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 4 close to a cluster of four endogenous murine leukemia viruses (MLVs). To investigate the feasibility of cloning Fv1 by a positional approach, we have performed an extensive genetic analysis of this region of Chr 4. We have typed 368 backcross mice for the four proviruses, Nppa, Lck, and D4Smh6b. Recombinant animals were screened in a hierarchical fashion with a variety of other markers, including Fv1 and the isozyme marker Gpd1. A detailed genetic map of the region surrounding Fv1 was derived. Three markers, Xmv9, Nppa, and Iap3rc11, were identified that showed no recombination with Fv1. By combining backcross and recombinant inbred strain data, we estimated that Xmv9 and Nppa must lie within 0.6 cM of one another and Fv1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stoye
- National Institute for Medical Research, Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
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9
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Hamon-Benais C, Delagebeaudeuf C, Jeremiah S, Lecoq O, Cassio D. Efficiency of a specific albumin extinguisher locus in monochromosomal hepatoma hybrids. Exp Cell Res 1994; 213:295-304. [PMID: 8020602 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1994.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fusion of hepatoma cells with cells of similar ploidy (1s) from different histogenetic origin results in the systematic and stable extinction of hepatic traits. However, doubling the ploidy of the hepatoma parent (2s) leads to the formation of hybrids in which extinction is not observed. To establish if these dosage effects reflect, as generally thought, the ineffectiveness of the extinguishers in 2s hepatoma-derived hybrids, the efficiency of a specific extinguisher was improved. Rat hepatoma cells (1s) stably and selectively extinguished for albumin, owing to the presence of a single mouse fibroblast chromosome marker M1, were fused with the original albumin producing hepatoma cells. In the dozen independent hybrid clones isolated, the M1 chromosome was retained and the rat albumin gene silenced. This proves that the albumin extinguisher is still efficient when the number of its targets is doubled. However the extinction promoted by this extinguisher was not immediate after fusion. A detailed analysis of the time course of extinction revealed that a precise number of cell divisions, seven, is required for the monochromosomal 2s hybrid cells to become extinguished. This phenotype was stable but reversible, loss of M1 chromosome leading to albumin expression. Moreover, the M1 part carrying the specific albumin extinguisher locus, Tse a, was identified as mouse chromosome 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hamon-Benais
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 1343, Institute Curie, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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10
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Abstract
Mapping studies using a panel of 22 rodent-human somatic cell hybrids have helped to localize the Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodulin) gene (UMOD), which has previously been reported to map to 16p13.11, to the region 16p12.3-qter. The combined results indicate that UMOD is located distal to D16S295 and proximal to D16S287 and in the region 16p12.3-16p13.11. Uromodulin is known to affect the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones, and this localization of UMOD will help in studies of families with autosomal forms of nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pook
- MRC Molecular Medicine Group, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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11
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Beeson D, Brydson M, Betty M, Jeremiah S, Povey S, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Primary structure of the human muscle acetylcholine receptor. cDNA cloning of the gamma and epsilon subunits. Eur J Biochem 1993; 215:229-38. [PMID: 7688301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
cDNA sequences encompassing the full coding region for the human muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) epsilon and gamma subunits have been isolated. The deduced amino-acid sequences indicate that the mature epsilon subunit contains 473 amino acids and is preceded by a 20-amino-acid signal peptide. As predicted from genomic clones, the gamma subunit contains 495 amino acids preceded by a 22-amino-acid signal peptide. In common with the human alpha, beta, gamma and delta subunits the epsilon subunit is highly conserved between mammalian species. The epsilon subunit gene is not closely linked to the gamma and delta subunits on chromosome 2 but rather is located with the beta subunit on chromosome 17. Expression of the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- and epsilon-subunit cRNAs in rabbit-reticulocyte lysates followed by analysis on SDS/PAGE show glycosylated proteins with apparent molecular masses of 44-60 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beeson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England
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12
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Beeson D, Vincent A, Morris A, Brydson M, Jacobson L, Baggi F, Jeremiah S, Povey S, Newsom-Davis J. cDNA and genomic clones encoding the human muscle acetylcholine receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 681:165-7. [PMID: 8357162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Beeson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
We present a rapid and efficient method for the isolation of minisatellite loci from human DNA. The method combines cloning a size-selected fraction of human MboI DNA fragments in a charomid vector with hybridization screening of the library in ordered array. Size-selection of large MboI fragments enriches for the longer, more variable minisatellites and reduces the size of the library required. The library was screened with a series of multi-locus probes known to detect a large number of hypervariable loci in human DNA. The gridded library allowed both the rapid processing of positive clones and the comparative evaluation of the different multi-locus probes used, in terms of both the relative success in detecting hypervariable loci and the degree of overlap between the sets of loci detected. We report 23 new human minisatellite loci isolated by this method, which map to 14 autosomes and the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Armour
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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14
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Beeson D, Jeremiah S, West LF, Povey S, Newsom-Davis J. Assignment of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes: the alpha and delta subunit genes to chromosome 2 and the beta subunit gene to chromosome 17. Ann Hum Genet 1990; 54:199-208. [PMID: 2221824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1990.tb00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal assignments of the genes coding for the alpha, beta and delta subunits of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have been determined from a panel of somatic cell hybrids and by direct in situ hybridization. The results localize CHRNA to 2q24-2q32. CHRNB to 17p11-17p12, and CHRND to chromosome 2q33-2qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beeson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford
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15
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Abbott C, West L, Povey S, Jeremiah S, Murad Z, DiScipio R, Fey G. The gene for human complement component C9 mapped to chromosome 5 by polymerase chain reaction. Genomics 1989; 4:606-9. [PMID: 2744767 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The gene for human complement component C9 has been mapped to chromosome 5. This was achieved by using a novel application of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify specifically the human C9 gene on a background of rodent DNA in somatic cell hybrids. The assignment to chromosome 5 was confirmed by in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes, giving a regional localization of 5p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abbott
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
An electrophoretically detectable variant of peptidase-7 in Mus musculus has been found and used to locate the structural gene, Pep-7, on chromosome 5. Gene order and recombination frequencies are estimated as Pep-7, 3.5 +/- 2.0 Rw 8.8 +/- 2.2 go 20.0 +/- 4.6 bf.
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17
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Abstract
1. Two methods have been devised for the detection after electrophoresis of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABAT) isozymes. 2. GABAT isozymes can be detected in liver, brain, kidney, pancreas, heart, testis. spinal cord and upper jejunum. The greatest activity occurs in liver. 3. Three different commonly occurring electrophoretic types of GABAT have been identified. It seems likely that they are determined by two alleles at an autosomal locus (GABAT). 4. The gene frequencies of GABAT1 and GABAT2 in a random sample of European livers were 0.56 and 0.44 respectively. 5. The three banded patterns seen in heterozygotes suggest that GABAT is a dimeric enzyme. 6. GABA, beta-alanine and 5-aminovaleric acid can act as substrates for GABAT. 7. GABAT activity can be demonstrated in all areas of human brain with the exception of the corpus callosum. Brain samples from patients with Huntington's chorea show no abnormal GABAT activity or unusual phenotypes.
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Povey S, Jeremiah S, Arthur E, Ber R, Fialkow PJ, Gardiner E, Goodfellow PN, Karande A, Klein G, Quintero M, Steel CM, Zeuthen J. Deficiency of malic enzyme: a possible marker for malignancy in lymphoid cells. Ann Hum Genet 1981; 45:237-52. [PMID: 6946723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1981.tb00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soluble malic enzyme (MEs) has been examined in long-term human lymphoid cell lines cultured from 101 individuals. In 65 out of 66 lines derived from people without lymphoreticular malignancy the enzyme was very active. Lines established from 35 individuals with various forms of lymphoreticular malignancy were also examined, including in some cases more than 1 line derived from the same patient. In all cases where the cell line was thought to be derived from normal cells MEs was active, but in 27 out of 29 lines thought to be derived from malignant cells (from 25 patients) MEs was not detected. In the case of two patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia 'normal' lines active for malic enzyme, and 'leukaemic' lines lacking malic enzyme, had been cultured from the same individual. Preliminary investigations of the lack of malic enzyme in somatic cell hybrids derived from lymphoma and leukaemia cell lines are compatible with an alteration at the level of the structural locus MEs on chromosome 6. However, the restoration of MEs activity in one line by fusion with mouse teratocarcinoma cells suggests that the alteration may be of a regulatory nature.
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Povey S, Jeremiah S, Arthur E, Steel M, Klein G. Differences in genetic stability between human cell lines from patients with and without lymphoreticular malignancy. Ann Hum Genet 1980; 44:119-33. [PMID: 7316467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoenzymes determined by 11 loci have been examined in 137 human lymphoblastoid lines of various origins with a view to determining their phenotypic stability in culture. Lines of normal origin are stable and at these loci are phenotypically identical to the individuals from whom they are derived. Lymphomas and some lines from patients with leukaemias show a tendency to increased apparent homozygosity, presumably resulting from loss of expression of one or other allele during culture. Taken together with the cytogenetic evidence this suggests that progressive loss of functional parts of the genome with time in culture is a characteristic of lines derived from malignant lymphoid cells.
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