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Meyer UA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Insel PA. Introduction to the Theme "Pharmacological Individuality: New Insights and Strategies for Personalized and Precise Drug Treatment". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:27-31. [PMID: 37816308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-090123-010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 64 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology cover diverse topics. A common theme in many of the reviews is the interindividual variability in the clinical response to drugs. Highlighted areas include emerging developments in pharmacogenomics that can predict the personal risk for drug inefficacy and/or adverse drug reactions. Other reviews focus on the use of circulating biomarkers to define drug metabolism phenotypes and the effect of circadian regulation on drug response. Another emerging technology, digital twins that model individual patients, is used to generate computational simulations of drug effects and identify optimal personalized treatments. Another variable that may affect clinical outcomes, the nocebo response (an adverse reaction to a placebo), complicates clinical trials. These reviews further document that pharmacological individuality is an essential component of the concepts of personalized medicine and precision medicine and will likely have an important impact on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Meyer UA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Insel PA. Introduction to the Theme "Pharmacological Individuality: New Insights and Strategies for Personalized and Precise Drug Treatment". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 64. [PMID: 37816308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-090123-010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 64 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology cover diverse topics. A common theme in many of the reviews is the interindividual variability in the clinical response to drugs. Highlighted areas include emerging developments in pharmacogenomics that can predict the personal risk for drug inefficacy and/or adverse drug reactions. Other reviews focus on the use of circulating biomarkers to define drug metabolism phenotypes and the effect of circadian regulation on drug response. Another emerging technology, digital twins that model individual patients, is used to generate computational simulations of drug effects and identify optimal personalized treatments. Another variable that may affect clinical outcomes, the nocebo response (an adverse reaction to a placebo), complicates clinical trials. These reviews further document that pharmacological individuality is an essential component of the concepts of personalized medicine and precision medicine and will likely have an important impact on patient care. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 64 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Blaschke TF, Insel PA, Amara SG, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "Development of New Drugs: Moving from the Bench to Bedside and Improved Patient Care". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:15-18. [PMID: 36270297 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091222-022612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Investigations in pharmacology and toxicology range from molecular studies to clinical care. Studies in basic and clinical pharmacology and in preclinical and clinical toxicology are all essential in bringing new knowledge and new drugs into clinical use. The 30 reviews in Volume 63 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology explore topics across this spectrum. Examples include "Zebrafish as a Mainstream Model for In Vivo Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology" and "Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Lead-to-Candidate Decision-Making and Beyond." Other reviews discuss components important for drug discovery and development and the use of pharmaceuticals in a variety of diseases. Air pollution continues to increase globally; accordingly, "Air Pollution-Related Neurotoxicity Across the Life Span" is a timely and forward-thinking review. Volume 63 also explores the use of contemporary technologies such as electronic health records, pharmacogenetics, and new drug delivery systems that help enhance and improve the utility of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Insel PA, Blaschke TF, Amara SG, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "New Insights, Strategies, and Therapeutics for Common Diseases". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:19-24. [PMID: 34606327 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091421-094627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 62 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (ARPT) cover a diverse range of topics. A theme that encompasses many of these reviews is their relevance to common diseases and disorders, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure, cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and Down syndrome. Other reviews highlight important aspects of therapeutics, including placebos and patient-centric approaches to drug formulation. The reviews with this thematic focus, as well as other reviews in this volume, emphasize new mechanistic insights, experimental and therapeutic strategies, and novel insights regarding topics in the disciplines of pharmacology and toxicology. As the editors of ARPT, we believe that these reviews help advance those disciplines and, even more importantly, have the potential to improve the health care of the world's population. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | | | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The theme of Volume 61 is "Old and New Toxicology: Interfaces with Pharmacology." Old toxicology is exemplified by the authors of the autobiographical articles: B.M. Olivera's work on toxins and venoms from cone snails and P. Taylor's studies of acetylcholinesterase and the nicotinic cholinergic receptor, which serve as sites of action for numerous pesticides and venoms. Other articles in this volume focus on new understanding and new types of toxicology, including (a) arsenic toxicity, which is an ancient poison that, through evolution, has caused most multicellular organisms to express an active arsenic methyltransferase to methylate arsenite, which accelerates the excretion of arsenic from the body; (b) small molecules that react with lipid dicarbonyls, which are now considered the most toxic oxidative stress end products; (c) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have revolutionized cancer therapy but have numerous immune-related adverse events, including cardiovascular complications; (d) autoimmunity caused by the environment; (e) idiosyncratic drug-induced liver disease, which together with the toxicity of ICIs represents new toxicology interfacing with pharmacology; and (f) sex differences in the development of cardiovascular disease, with men more susceptible than women to vascular inflammation that initiates and perpetuates disease. These articles and others in Volume 61 reflect the interface and close integration of pharmacology and toxicology that began long ago but continues today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA;
| | | | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Abstract
"Ion Channels and Neuropharmacology: From the Past to the Future" is the main theme of articles in Volume 60 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Reviews in this volume discuss a wide spectrum of therapeutically relevant ion channels and GPCRs with a particular emphasis on structural studies that elucidate drug binding sites and mechanisms of action. The regulation of ion channels by second messengers, including Ca2+ and cyclic AMP, and lipid mediators is also highly relevant to several of the ion channels discussed, including KCNQ channels, HCN channels, L-type Ca2+ channels, and AMPA receptors, as well as the aquaporin channels. Molecular identification of exactly where drugs bind in the structure not only elucidates their mechanism of action but also aids future structure-based drug discovery efforts to focus on relevant pharmacophores. The ion channels discussed here are targets for multiple nervous system diseases, including epilepsy and neuropathic pain. This theme complements several previous themes, including "New Therapeutic Targets," "New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development," and "New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Dolphin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Terrence F Blaschke
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Mlakar V, Marc J, Manolopoulos VG, Cascorbi I, Stanković S, Llerena A, Simmaco M, Visvikis-Siest S, Amstutz U, Sipeky C, Meyer UA, Meier-Abt P, van Schaik RH, Ansari M. 4th ESPT summer school: precision medicine and personalised health. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 20:471-474. [PMID: 31124416 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2018, the European Society of Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Therapy (ESPT), with the support of the Swiss Personalized Health Network (SPHN), organized its 4th biennial summer school, entitled 'Precision Medicine and Personalised Health' (Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; www.esptsummerschool.eu/ ). The school's comprehensive and innovative educational program aimed to address the fundamentals of pharmacogenomics, the latest knowledge on established and new concepts in the field of precision medicine, as well as its advanced clinical applications in personalized health. The school consisted of 31 lectures, eight interactive workshops, visits to genome center and poster presentations, involving 40 speakers from distinguished international faculties. The meeting was a resounding success by generating informal environments between more than 80 participants from 26 different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Mlakar
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vangelis G Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sanja Stanković
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Adrian Llerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Center, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maurizio Simmaco
- Second Faculty of Medicine, St Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ursula Amstutz
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Csilla Sipeky
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meier-Abt
- Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and Swiss Personalized Health Network, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ron H van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Hospital, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Ansari
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Oncology and Haematology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Scott RJ, Taeschner W, Heinimann K, Müller H, Dobbie Z, Morgenthaler S, Hoffmann F, Peterli B, Meyer UA. Association of Extracolonic Manifestations of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis with Acetylation Phenotype in a Large FAP Kindred. Eur J Hum Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1159/000484730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Insel PA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme “New Therapeutic Targets”. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:15-20. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101018-112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
“New Therapeutic Targets” is the theme of articles in the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 59. Reviews in this volume discuss targets for a variety of conditions in need of new therapies, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, obesity, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, tinnitus, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, pain, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle wasting diseases, cancer, and anemia associated with chronic renal disease. Numerous articles in this volume focus on the identification, validation, and utility of novel therapeutic targets, in particular, ones that involve new or unexpected molecular entities. This theme complements several previous themes, including “New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development,” “Precision Medicine and Prediction in Pharmacology,” and “New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Susan G. Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Terrence F. Blaschke
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Urs A. Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Visvikis-Siest S, Aldasoro Arguinano AA, Stathopoulou M, Xie T, Petrelis A, Weryha G, Froguel P, Meier-Abt P, Meyer UA, Mlakar V, Ansari M, Papassotiropoulos A, Dedoussis G, Pan B, Bühlmann RP, Noyer-Weidner M, Dietrich PY, Van Schaik R, Innocenti F, März W, Bekris LM, Deloukas P. 8th Santorini Conference: Systems medicine and personalized health and therapy, Santorini, Greece, 3-5 October 2016. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2018; 32:119-127. [PMID: 28475488 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Amstutz U, Mlakar V, Curtis PHD, Samer C, Baumann P, Bühlmann RP, Meier-Abt P, Meyer UA, van Schaik RHN, Ansari M. Creation of the Swiss group of Pharmacogenomics and personalised Therapy (SPT). Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 32:173-174. [PMID: 29267167 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Amstutz
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vid Mlakar
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Caroline Samer
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry (DP-CHUV), University of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Ansari
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Insel PA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:33-36. [PMID: 29058990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-092617-121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The theme "New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development" links 13 articles in this volume of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (ARPT). The engaging prefatory articles by Arthur Cho and Robert Lefkowitz set the stage for this theme and for the reviews that insightfully describe new approaches that advance research and discovery in pharmacology and toxicology. Examples include the progress being made in developing Organs-on-Chips/microphysiological systems and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells to aid in understanding cell and tissue pharmacokinetics, action, and toxicity; the recognition of the importance of circadian rhythm, the microbiome, and epigenetics in drug and toxicant responses; and the application of results from new types of patient-derived information to create personalized/precision medicine, including therapeutics for pain, which may perhaps provide help in dealing with the opioid epidemic in the United States. Such new information energizes discovery efforts in pharmacology and toxicology that seek to improve the efficacy and safety of drugs in patients and to minimize the consequences of exposure to toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Terrence F Blaschke
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Baumann P, Amstutz U, Bühlmann RP, Meier-Abt P, Meyer UA, Samer C, Ansari M. [Not Available]. Rev Med Suisse 2017; 13:1544-1545. [PMID: 28876714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Baumann
- Département de psychiatrie (DP-CHUV), 1008 Prilly-Lausanne
| | - Ursula Amstutz
- Institut universitaire de chimie clinique, Inselspital, Hôpital Universitaire de Berne, Université de Berne, 3010 Berne
| | | | - Peter Meier-Abt
- Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, Laupenstrasse 7, 3001 Berne
| | | | - Caroline Samer
- Service de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, HUG, 1211 Genève 14
| | - Marc Ansari
- Département de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, unité d'onco-hématologie pédiatrique, HUG, 1211 Genève 14 et CANSEARCH research laboratory, University of Geneva, Medical School, 1211 Geneva
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Insel PA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 57:13-17. [PMID: 27732830 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091616-023708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in scientific discovery and insights can result from the development and use of new techniques, as exemplified by the work of Solomon Snyder, who writes a prefatory article in this volume. The Editors have chosen "New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology" as the Theme for a number of articles in this volume. These include ones that review the development and use of new experimental tools and approaches (e.g., nanobodies and techniques to explore protein-protein interactions), new types of therapeutics (e.g., aptamers and antisense oligonucleotides), and systems pharmacology, which assembles (big) data derived from omics studies together with information regarding drugs and patients. The application of these new methods and therapeutic approaches has the potential to have a major impact on basic and clinical research in pharmacology and toxicology as well as on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Terrence F Blaschke
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Kalman LV, Agúndez JA, Appell ML, Black JL, Bell GC, Boukouvala S, Bruckner C, Bruford E, Bruckner C, Caudle K, Coulthard S, Daly AK, Del Tredici AL, den Dunnen JT, Drozda K, Everts R, Flockhart D, Freimuth R, Gaedigk A, Hachad H, Hartshorne T, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Klein TE, Lauschke VM, Maglott DR, McLeod HL, McMillin GA, Meyer UA, Müller DJ, Nickerson DA, Oetting WS, Pacanowski M, Pratt VM, Relling MV, Roberts A, Rubinstein WS, Sangkuhl K, Schwab M, Scott SA, Sim SC, Thirumaran RK, Toji LH, Tyndale R, van Schaik RHN, Whirl-Carrillo M, Yeo KTJ, Zanger UM. Pharmacogenetic allele nomenclature: International workgroup recommendations for test result reporting. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 99:172-85. [PMID: 26479518 PMCID: PMC4724253 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article provides nomenclature recommendations developed by an international workgroup to increase transparency and standardization of pharmacogenetic (PGx) result reporting. Presently, sequence variants identified by PGx tests are described using different nomenclature systems. In addition, PGx analysis may detect different sets of variants for each gene, which can affect interpretation of results. This practice has caused confusion and may thereby impede the adoption of clinical PGx testing. Standardization is critical to move PGx forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Kalman
- Centers for Disease, Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MSG23, Atlanta GA 30333, 404 498-2707, 404 498-2231
| | - José A.G. Agúndez
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Avda de la, Universidad s/n., 10071 Cáceres, SPAIN, +34924289458, +34927257000
| | - Malin Lindqvist Appell
- Department of Medical and Health sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Division of Drug Research, Linköping University, SE-581 83, LINKÖPING, +4613286880
| | | | - Gillian C. Bell
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr Tampa, FL 33612, 813-745-6525, 813-745-3882
| | - Sotiria Boukouvala
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Building 10, University Campus, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece, +30-25510-30613, +30-25510-30632
| | - Carsten Bruckner
- Affymetrix, 3420 Central Expy, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA, 1-408-731-5879
| | - Elspeth Bruford
- HUGO Gene, Nomenclature, Committee (HGNC), EMBL-EBI, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, +44-1223-494468, +44-1223-492624
| | - Carsten Bruckner
- Affymetrix, 3420 Central Expy, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA, 1-408-731-5879
| | - Kelly Caudle
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 313 Memphis, TN 38105, 901-595-3125, 901-595-3994
| | - Sally Coulthard
- Newcastle University, Institute for Cellular Medicine, William Leech Building, Newcastle Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University NE2 4HH UK, +44 1912080723, +44 1912085232
| | - Ann K. Daly
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK, None, 44-191-208-7031
| | - Andria L. Del Tredici
- Millennium Health, LLC, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, CA 92127, none, (858) 451-3535 x1682
| | - Johan T den Dunnen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Human Genetics and Clinical Genetics, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, Nederland, none, +31-71-5269501
| | - Katarzyna Drozda
- Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave. Silver Spring, MD 20993, 240 402-0422
| | - Robin Everts
- Agena Bioscience, 3565 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, None, +1 858-882-2655
| | - David Flockhart
- Indiana University, 950 W. Walnut St., room 402, Indianaplis, IN 46202, 317-274-2810
| | - Robert Freimuth
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905, 507-284-0753
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Kansas City and School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, 816-234-1958, 816-234-3941
| | - Houda Hachad
- Translational Software, 12410 SE 32 Street Suite 150, Bellevue, WA 98005, 206-777-4132
| | - Toinette Hartshorne
- Genetic Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 180 Oyster Point Blvd. South San Francisco, CA 94080, 650-244-1669, 650-246-4080
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna Svartz väg 2, 17177 Stockholm, SwedenSE, +468337327, +46852487735+
| | - Teri E. Klein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega Avenue, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-725-3863, 650-736-0156
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna Svartz väg 2, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden, +46 8-337327, +46 8-5248-7711
| | - Donna R. Maglott
- National Institutes of Health / National Library of Medicine / National Center for Biotechnology Information, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20894, 301 435-4895
| | - Howard L. McLeod
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa FL 33612, 813-745-3347
| | - Gwendolyn A. McMillin
- University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City UT 84108, 801-584-5207, 801-583-2787
| | - Urs A. Meyer
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH 4056, Basel, Switzerland, +41612672208, +41 61 267 2220
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, CAMH, 250 College ST., R132, 416 979 4666, 416 535 8501 (x. 36851)
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195-5065, 206-221-6498, 206-685-7387
| | - William S. Oetting
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 7-115 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, 612-624-6645, 612-624-1139
| | - Michael Pacanowski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., WO Building 51, Rm 2132, HFD870, Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-847-8720, 301-796-3919
| | - Victoria M. Pratt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut St., IB-130, Indianapolis IN 46202, 317-274-2293, 317-274-8322
| | - Mary V. Relling
- Chair, Pharmaceutical Dept., St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Room I-5112 Memphis, TN 38105, ph 901 595 2348, fax 901 595 8869
| | - Ali Roberts
- Aegis Science Corporation, 515 Great Circle Road, Nashville, TN 37228, 615-255-3030, 615-477-9429
| | - Wendy S. Rubinstein
- National Institutes of Health / National Library of Medicine / National Center for Biotechnology Information, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20894, 301.480.4023, 301.435.5991
| | - Katrin Sangkuhl
- Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 213, MC4245, Stanford CA 94305, 650-725-3863, 650-725-0659
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70378 Stuttgart, +49 711 859295, +49 711 8101 3700
| | - Stuart A. Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1487, 212-241-0139, 212-241-3780
| | - Sarah C Sim
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna Svartz Väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, +468337327, +46852487735
| | - Ranjit K Thirumaran
- Genelex Corporation, 3101 Western Ave., Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98121., 206 219-4000, 206 826-1926
| | - Lorraine H. Toji
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, 856 757-9719
| | - Rachel Tyndale
- CAMH and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Rm 4326, Department of Pharmacology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A8., 416 978-6395, 416 978-6374
| | - Ron HN van Schaik
- 1Dept Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC Rotterdam; 2IFCC Task Force Pharmacogenetics, Room Na-415; Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands, +31-10-7033119
| | - Michelle Whirl-Carrillo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Rm 213 Stanford, CA 94305, 650-725-3863, 650-725-0659
| | - Kiang-Teck J Yeo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 0004, TW010, Chicago, IL 60637, 773-702-6268, 773-702-1318
| | - Ulrich M. Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany, +49-711-859295, +49-711-81013704
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Insel PA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "Cancer Pharmacology". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:19-22. [PMID: 26551200 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-102015-123106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Terrence F Blaschke
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Division of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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Shahabi P, Siest G, Meyer UA, Visvikis-Siest S. Human cytochrome P450 epoxygenases: Variability in expression and role in inflammation-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:134-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
A new generation of technologies commonly named omics permits assessment of the entirety of the components of biological systems and produces an explosion of data and a major shift in our concepts of disease. These technologies will likely shape the future of health care. One aspect of these advances is that the data generated document the uniqueness of each human being in regard to disease risk and treatment response. These developments have reemphasized the concept of personalized medicine. Here we review the impact of omics technologies on one key aspect of personalized medicine: the individual drug response. We describe how knowledge of different omics may affect treatment decisions, namely drug choice and drug dose, and how it can be used to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Division of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Personalized medicine is a strategy to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease so as to achieve an optimal result for the individual. The sequencing of the human genome and other technological advances have revealed the extent of genetic diversity and the relative contribution of genetic and nongenetic factors to human health, disease, and drug response. The challenge is to translate this knowledge into tangible benefits for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Meyer
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Tamasi V, Juvan P, Beer M, Rozman D, Meyer UA. Transcriptional activation of PPARalpha by phenobarbital in the absence of CAR and PXR. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1573-81. [PMID: 19708687 DOI: 10.1021/mp9001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and PXR (pregnane X receptor) mediate the effects of phenobarbital on gene transcription. To investigate the relative contribution of these nuclear receptors to the expression of specific genes we studied the effect of phenobarbital in livers of wild type, CAR(-/-), PXR(-/-) and CAR/PXR(-/-) knockout mice. Spotted Steroltalk v1 cDNA arrays were applied containing probes for genes involved in drug metabolism, sterol biosynthesis, steroid synthesis/transport and heme synthesis. In the absence of CAR and PXR, phenobarbital unexpectedly induced mRNAs of several nuclear receptors, including PPARalpha and its target genes Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a14. Interestingly, in primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from CAR/PXR(-/-) knockout mice, phenobarbital increased HNF-4alpha levels. In further experiments in these hepatocyte cultures we provide evidence that phenobarbital directly induces transcription of the PPARalpha gene via its HNF-4alpha response element, and indirectly by lack of inhibitory crosstalk of AMPK, CAR and PXR with HNF-4alpha. Our results provide further insight into CAR and PXR-independent effects of phenobarbital and the crosstalk between different nuclear receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Tamasi
- Genome Scale Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Rezen T, Tamasi V, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Björkhem I, Meyer UA, Rozman D. Effect of CAR activation on selected metabolic pathways in normal and hyperlipidemic mouse livers. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:384. [PMID: 19691840 PMCID: PMC2739862 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detoxification in the liver involves activation of nuclear receptors, such as the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), which regulate downstream genes of xenobiotic metabolism. Frequently, the metabolism of endobiotics is also modulated, resulting in potentially harmful effects. We therefore used 1,4-Bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) to study the effect of CAR activation on mouse hepatic transcriptome and lipid metabolome under conditions of diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Results Using gene expression profiling with a dedicated microarray, we show that xenobiotic metabolism, PPARα and adipocytokine signaling, and steroid synthesis are the pathways most affected by TCPOBOP in normal and hyperlipidemic mice. TCPOBOP-induced CAR activation prevented the increased hepatic and serum cholesterol caused by feeding mice a diet containing 1% cholesterol. We show that this is due to increased bile acid metabolism and up-regulated removal of LDL, even though TCPOBOP increased cholesterol synthesis under conditions of hyperlipidemia. Up-regulation of cholesterol synthesis was not accompanied by an increase in mature SREBP2 protein. As determined by studies in CAR -/- mice, up-regulation of cholesterol synthesis is however CAR-dependent; and no obvious CAR binding sites were detected in promoters of cholesterogenic genes. TCPOBOP also affected serum glucose and triglyceride levels and other metabolic processes in the liver, irrespective of the diet. Conclusion Our data show that CAR activation modulates hepatic metabolism by lowering cholesterol and glucose levels, through effects on PPARα and adiponectin signaling pathways, and by compromising liver adaptations to hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Rezen
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Warfarin is a challenging drug to accurately dose, both initially and for maintenance, because of its narrow therapeutic range, wide interpatient variability, and long list of factors that can influence dosing. Two million people in the United States are initiated on warfarin therapy annually, and this number is steadily increasing because of the increase in number of eligible patients. Recently, warfarin was reported to be the fourth leading cause of adverse events. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognizes that the adverse event rate of warfarin can be improved through better initial dosing, because many of the serious adverse events of warfarin occur soon after starting treatment. A substantial number of studies demonstrate that common variants of two genes, VKORC1 and CYP2C9, along with other nongenetic factors, correlate significantly with warfarin dosing. The genotypes of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 alone account for nearly 3 times more of the variability ( approximately 30%) in warfarin dosing than do age, weight, gender, and other clinical factors combined ( approximately 12%). Therefore, the purpose of this report is to review the current recommendations for warfarin therapy that involve genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Jin Kim
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rm 3188, Bldg 51, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
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Orolin J, Vecera R, Jung D, Meyer UA, Skottová N, Anzenbacher P. Hypolipidemic effects of silymarin are not mediated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:725-35. [PMID: 17620219 DOI: 10.1080/00498250701463333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is widely used in supportive therapy of liver diseases. It has been shown lately that silymarin has beneficial effects on some risk factors of atherosclerosis owing to its hypolipidemic properties. PPARalpha plays a key role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis as its target genes are involved in catabolism of fatty acids by beta-oxidation (e.g. acyl-CoA oxidase) and by omega-oxidation (e.g. cytochrome P4504A). Here we studied the possibility that hypolipidemic effects of silymarin may be mediated by PPARalpha. Rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet with either silymarin or fenofibrate (as a positive control both for PPARalpha expression as well as for lipid determination) were used. The effects of silymarin on expression of PPARalpha both at the mRNA (including selected target genes) as well as the protein level were determined. In parallel, the levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined. Our results confirmed the hypolipidemic effects of silymarin and demonstrated that these effects are probably not mediated by PPARalpha because of unchanged mRNA levels of PPARalpha target genes. Furthermore, this work shows for the first time that cholesterol itself inhibits expression of CYP4A mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Orolin
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Czech Republic
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Meyer UA, Meier PJ, Hirsiger H, Giger U, Althaus FR. Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by phenobarbitone: structural and biochemical aspects. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 76:101-18. [PMID: 6906260 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720592.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two aspects of the induction of microsomal monooxygenases by phenobarbitone have been investigated. First, structural associations between mitochondria and single cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (mitochondria--RER complexes) may operate as functional units in the biosynthesis of cytochrome P-450. This was deduced from (i) studies on the subcellular distribution of the phenobarbitone-induced incorporation of leucine into microsomal proteins including apocytochromes P-450 and (ii) the incorporation of labelled delta-aminolaevulinic acid into the haem prosthetic group of cytochrome P-450. Secondly, in hepatocytes from chick embryo in primary monolayer culture, induction of cytochrome P-450-haemoproteins was markedly influenced by changes in the proliferative activity of hepatocytes. Inducibility of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbitone and by beta-naphthoflavone was decreased in cultures with 'spontaneous' or experimentally increased proliferative activity of hepatocytes. Treatment with inhibitors of DNA synthesis increased the induction response.
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Rezen T, Juvan P, Fon Tacer K, Kuzman D, Roth A, Pompon D, Aggerbeck LP, Meyer UA, Rozman D. The Sterolgene v0 cDNA microarray: a systemic approach to studies of cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:76. [PMID: 18261244 PMCID: PMC2262072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol homeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism are complex biological processes, which are difficult to study with traditional methods. Deciphering complex regulation and response of these two processes to different factors is crucial also for understanding of disease development. Systems biology tools as are microarrays can importantly contribute to this knowledge and can also discover novel interactions between the two processes. Results We have developed a low density Sterolgene v0 cDNA microarray dedicated to studies of cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism in the mouse. To illustrate its performance, we have analyzed mouse liver samples from studies focused on regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism by diet, drugs and inflammation. We observed down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis during fasting and high-cholesterol diet and subsequent up-regulation by inflammation. Drug metabolism was down-regulated by fasting and inflammation, but up-regulated by phenobarbital treatment and high-cholesterol diet. Additionally, the performance of the Sterolgene v0 was compared to the two commercial high density microarray platforms: the Agilent cDNA (G4104A) and the Affymetrix MOE430A GeneChip. We hybridized identical RNA samples to the commercial microarrays and showed that the performance of Sterolgene is comparable to commercial arrays in terms of detection of changes in cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism. Conclusion Using the Sterolgene v0 microarray we were able to detect important changes in cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism caused by diet, drugs and inflammation. Together with its next generations the Sterolgene microarrays represent original and dedicated tools enabling focused and cost effective studies of cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism. These microarrays have the potential of being further developed into screening or diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Rezen
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Roth A, Looser R, Kaufmann M, Blättler SM, Rencurel F, Huang W, Moore DD, Meyer UA. Regulatory cross-talk between drug metabolism and lipid homeostasis: constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor increase Insig-1 expression. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1282-9. [PMID: 18187584 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) by xenobiotic inducers of cytochromes P450 is part of a pleiotropic response that includes liver hypertrophy, tumor promotion, effects on lipid homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Here, we describe an acute response to CAR and PXR activators that is associated with induction of Insig-1, a protein with antilipogenic properties. We first observed that activation of CAR and PXR in mouse liver results in activation of Insig-1 along with reduced protein levels of the active form of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (Srebp-1). Studies in mice deficient in CAR and PXR revealed that the effect on triglycerides involves these two nuclear receptors. Finally, we identified a functional binding site for CAR and PXR in the Insig-1 gene by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico genomic analysis. Our experiments suggest that activation Insig-1 by drugs leads to reduced levels of active Srebp-1 and consequently to reduced target gene expression including the genes responsible for triglyceride synthesis. The reduction nuclear Srebp-1 by drugs is not observed when Insig-1 expression is repressed by small interfering RNA. In addition, observed that Insig-1 is also a target of AMP-activated kinase, the hepatic activity of which is increased by activators of CAR and PXR and is known to cause a reduction of triglycerides. The fact that drugs that serve as CAR or PXR ligands induce Insig-1 might have clinical consequences and explains alterations lipid levels after drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Roth
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Evolution has provided organisms with an elaborate defense system against foreign compounds and against the accumulation of potentially toxic endogenous molecules, e.g. bile acids. Cytochromes P450 represent an important group of enzymes in this system. This article describes experiments started in the 1970's in Dallas on the coordination of heme and cytochrome P450 synthesis and how these studies evolved over the years into a concept of molecular links between xenobiotic metabolism and endogenous pathways of sterol, lipid, bile acid and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Kohalmy K, Tamási V, Kóbori L, Sárváry E, Pascussi JM, Porrogi P, Rozman D, Prough RA, Meyer UA, Monostory K. Dehydroepiandrosterone induces human CYP2B6 through the constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1495-501. [PMID: 17591676 PMCID: PMC2423426 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the major precursor of androgens and estrogens, has several beneficial effects on the immune system, on memory function, and in modulating the effects of diabetes, obesity, and chemical carcinogenesis. Treatment of rats with DHEA influences expression of cytochrome P450 (P450) genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha)- and pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated induction of CYP4As and CYP3A23, and suppression of CYP2C11. DHEA treatment elevated the expression and activities of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Induction of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes was consistent with studies in rats, but induction of CYP2Cs was unexpected. The role of PXR in this response was studied in transient transfection assays. DHEA activated hPXR in a concentration-dependent manner. Because CYP2B6 induction by DHEA in human hepatocytes might involve either PXR or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation, we performed experiments in primary hepatocytes from CAR knockout mice and observed that CAR was required for maximal induction of Cyp2b10 by DHEA. Furthermore, CAR-mediated Cyp2b10 induction by DHEA was inhibited by the inverse agonist of CAR, androstanol (5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha-ol). Further evidence for CAR activation was provided by cytoplasmic/nuclear transfer of CAR upon DHEA treatment. Elucidation of CAR activation and subsequent induction of CYP2B6 by DHEA presented an additional mechanism by which the sterol can modify the expression of P450s. The effect of DHEA on the activation of the xenosensors PPAR alpha, PXR, and CAR, and the consequent potential for adverse drug/toxicant interactions should be considered in humans treated with this nutriceutical agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kohalmy
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Oscarson M, Zanger UM, Rifki OF, Klein K, Eichelbaum M, Meyer UA. Transcriptional profiling of genes induced in the livers of patients treated with carbamazepine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 80:440-456. [PMID: 17112801 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is a potent inducer of human drug metabolism, resulting in serious interactions with many commonly prescribed drugs. The molecular mechanisms underlying this response are not well understood, however, and the spectrum of CBZ-inducible genes in human liver has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS The availability of liver ribonucleic acid from 2 epileptic patients treated with CBZ and from 7 control subjects enabled us to study the global induction response of drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and nuclear receptors in vivo. RESULTS Using expression profiling, we identified 64 significantly up-regulated transcripts but only 1 significantly down-regulated transcript (SLC22A5). We confirmed the induction of several genes that previously have been shown to be inducible by drugs in vitro, including multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A subfamilies, as well as glutathione S-transferase A1, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1As, the drug transporter ABCC2, and the nuclear receptors CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and PXR (pregnane X receptor). Moreover, we identified a number of additional genes not previously known to be induced by CBZ, including CYP39A1, sulfotransferase 1A1, glutathione S-transferase Z1, and the drug transporters SLCO1A2, ABCG2, and ABCB7, as well as the glucocorticoid and aldosterone receptors. In transactivation studies in CV-1 cells, we demonstrated that both CBZ and its major metabolite, CBZ-10,11-epoxide, activate the nuclear receptor PXR in a concentration-dependent fashion and at therapeutic concentrations with 50% inhibitory concentration values of approximately 50 micromol/L. CONCLUSIONS CBZ is a potent inducer of a broad spectrum of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in the human liver, and these effects are mediated at least in part by activation of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Oscarson
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Blättler SM, Rencurel F, Kaufmann MR, Meyer UA. In the regulation of cytochrome P450 genes, phenobarbital targets LKB1 for necessary activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1045-50. [PMID: 17213310 PMCID: PMC1783361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610216104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes and various drug metabolizing enzymes by the prototypical inducer phenobarbital (PB) and many other drugs and chemicals is an adaptive response of the organism to exposure to xenobiotics. The response to PB is mediated by the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), whereas the chicken xenobiotic receptor (CXR) has been characterized as the PB mediator in chicken hepatocytes. Our previous results suggested an involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the molecular mechanism of PB induction. Here, we show that the mechanism of AMPK activation is related to an effect of PB-type inducers on mitochondrial function with consequent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of AMPK by the upstream kinase LKB1. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that LKB1-activated AMPK is necessary in the mechanism of drug induction and that this is an evolutionary conserved pathway for detoxification of exogenous and endogenous chemicals. The activation of LKB1 adds a proximal target to the so far elusive sequence of events by which PB and other drugs induce the transcription of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Blättler
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50–70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franck Rencurel
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50–70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel R. Kaufmann
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50–70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs A. Meyer
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50–70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Scarsi M, Podvinec M, Roth A, Hug H, Kersten S, Albrecht H, Schwede T, Meyer UA, Rücker C. Sulfonylureas and glinides exhibit peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity: a combined virtual screening and biological assay approach. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:398-406. [PMID: 17082235 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.024596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most drugs currently employed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes either target the sulfonylurea receptor stimulating insulin release (sulfonylureas, glinides), or target the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARgamma) improving insulin resistance (thiazolidinediones). Our work shows that sulfonylureas and glinides additionally bind to PPARgamma and exhibit PPARgamma agonistic activity. This activity was predicted in silico by virtual screening and confirmed in vitro in a binding assay, a transactivation assay, and by measuring the expression of PPARgamma target genes. Among the measured compounds, gliquidone and glipizide (two sulfonylureas), as well as nateglinide (a glinide), exhibit PPARgamma agonistic activity at concentrations comparable with those reached under pharmacological treatment. The most active of these compounds, gliquidone, is shown to be as potent as pioglitazone at inducing PPARgamma target gene expression. This dual mode of action of sulfonylureas and glinides may open new perspectives for the molecular pharmacology of antidiabetic drugs, because it provides evidence that drugs can be designed that target both the sulfonylurea receptor and PPARgamma. Targeting both receptors could increase pancreatic insulin secretion and improve insulin resistance. Glinides, sulfonylureas, and other acidified sulfonamides may be promising leads in the development of new PPARgamma agonists. In addition, we provide a unified concept of the PPARgamma binding ability of seemingly disparate compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarsi
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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34
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Rencurel F, Foretz M, Kaufmann MR, Stroka D, Looser R, Leclerc I, da Silva Xavier G, Rutter GA, Viollet B, Meyer UA. Stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase is essential for the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by phenobarbital in human and mouse liver. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1925-34. [PMID: 16988011 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.029421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have suggested a role for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the induction of CYP2B6 by phenobarbital (PB) in hepatoma-derived cells (Rencurel et al., 2005). In this study, we showed in primary human hepatocytes that: 1) 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazol-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside and the biguanide metformin, known activators of AMPK, dose-dependently increase the expression of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 to an extent similar to that of PB. 2) PB, but not the human nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) ligand 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazol[2,1-6][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde, dose-dependently increase AMPK activity. 3) Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK activity with compound C or dominant-negative forms of AMPK blunt the inductive response to phenobarbital. Furthermore, in transgenic mice with a liver-specific deletion of both the alpha1 and alpha2 AMPK catalytic subunits, basal levels of Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 mRNA were increased but not in primary culture of mouse hepatocytes. However, phenobarbital or 1,4 bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, a mouse CAR ligand, failed to induce the expression of these genes in the liver or cultured hepatocytes from mice lacking hepatic expression of the alpha1 and alpha2 subunits of AMPK. The distribution of CAR between the nucleus and cytosol was not altered in hepatocytes from mice lacking both AMPK catalytic subunits. These data highlight the essential role of AMPK in the CAR-mediated signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Rencurel
- Division of Pharmacology-Neurobiology of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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35
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Podvinec M, Meyer UA. Prediction of cis-regulatory elements for drug-activated transcription factors in the regulation of drug-metabolising enzymes and drug transporters. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:367-79. [PMID: 16863440 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The expression of drug-metabolising enzymes is affected by many endogenous and exogenous factors, including sex, age, diet and exposure to xenobiotics and drugs. To understand fully how the organism metabolises a drug, these alterations in gene expression must be taken into account. The central process, the definition of likely regulatory elements in the genes coding for enzymes and transporters involved in drug disposition, can be vastly accelerated using existing and emerging bioinformatics methods to unravel the regulatory networks causing drug-mediated induction of genes. Here, various approaches to predict transcription factor interactions with regulatory DNA elements are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Podvinec
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is an essential component of the body's detoxification system. PXR is activated by a broad spectrum of xenobiotics and endobiotics, including bile acids and their precursors. Bile acids in high concentrations are toxic; therefore, their synthesis is tightly regulated by the farnesoid X receptor, and their catabolism involves several enzymes regulated by PXR. Here we demonstrate that the expression of PXR is regulated by farnesoid X receptor. Feeding mice with cholic acid or the synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 resulted in a robust PXR induction. This effect was abolished in FXR knock-out mice. Long time bile acid treatment resulted in an increase of PXR target genes in wild type mice. A region containing four FXR binding sites (IR1) was identified in the mouse Pxr gene. This region was able to trigger an 8-fold induction after GW4064 treatment in transactivation studies. Deletion or mutation of single IR1 sites caused a weakened response. The importance of each individual IR1 element was assessed by cloning a triple or a single copy and was tested in transactivation studies. Two elements were able to trigger a strong response, one a moderate response, and one no response to GW4064 treatment. Mobility shift assays demonstrated that the two stronger responding elements were able to bind FXR protein. This result was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These results strongly suggest that PXR is regulated by FXR. Bile acids activate FXR, which blocks synthesis of bile acids and also leads to the transcriptional activation of PXR, promoting breakdown of bile acids. The combination of the two mechanisms leads to an efficient protection of the liver against bile acid induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jung
- Division of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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37
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Haberl M, Anwald B, Klein K, Weil R, Fuss C, Gepdiremen A, Zanger UM, Meyer UA, Wojnowski L. Three haplotypes associated with CYP2A6 phenotypes in Caucasians. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2005; 15:609-24. [PMID: 16041240 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000171517.22258.f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) enzyme metabolizes several xenobiotic compounds of clinical or toxicological importance. We aimed to identify genetic variants and major CYP2A6 haplotypes associated with CYP2A6 phenotypic variation. CYP2A6 mRNA level, protein level, activity and haplotypes were determined in Caucasian liver samples via real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, coumarin 7-hydroxylation, DNA sequencing and genotyping, respectively. Phenotypes were then analyzed for associations with haplotypes. CYP2A6 transcript, protein and activity levels were correlated among each other. In 45 African-American, 156 Caucasian, 47 Chinese, 50 Japanese and 47 Korean DNA samples, we detected 95 different polymorphisms in the CYP2A6 gene, 49 of which had not been described previously. Caucasian variants formed 33 haplotypes which built four clades. Allele *9B and the CYP2A7/2A6 partial deletion allele CYP2A6*12B were both associated with decreased expression. The latter haplotype extends at least over 147 kb up into the CYP2B6 gene. A haplotype almost identical to allele *1A was associated with decreased expression and activity of CYP2A6 compared to all other haplotypes. In summary A CYP2A6*1A-like allele, *9B and *12B are major genetic determinants of CYP2A6 phenotype variation in Caucasians.
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Handschin C, Lin J, Rhee J, Peyer AK, Chin S, Wu PH, Meyer UA, Spiegelman BM. Nutritional regulation of hepatic heme biosynthesis and porphyria through PGC-1alpha. Cell 2005; 122:505-15. [PMID: 16122419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inducible hepatic porphyrias are inherited genetic disorders of enzymes of heme biosynthesis. The main clinical manifestations are acute attacks of neuropsychiatric symptoms frequently precipitated by drugs, hormones, or fasting, associated with increased urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Acute attacks are treated by heme infusion and glucose administration, but the mechanisms underlying the precipitating effects of fasting and the beneficial effects of glucose are unknown. We show that the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic heme biosynthesis, 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS-1), is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha). Elevation of PGC-1alpha in mice via adenoviral vectors increases the levels of heme precursors in vivo as observed in acute attacks. The induction of ALAS-1 by fasting is lost in liver-specific PGC-1alpha knockout animals, as is the ability of porphyrogenic drugs to dysregulate heme biosynthesis. These data show that PGC-1alpha links nutritional status to heme biosynthesis and acute hepatic porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Handschin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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39
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Gnerre C, Schuster GU, Roth A, Handschin C, Johansson L, Looser R, Parini P, Podvinec M, Robertsson K, Gustafsson JA, Meyer UA. LXR deficiency and cholesterol feeding affect the expression and phenobarbital-mediated induction of cytochromes P450 in mouse liver. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1633-42. [PMID: 15930522 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400453-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic transformation by the superfamily of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) plays an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics such as drugs, environmental pollutants, and food additives. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include fatty acids, sterols, steroids, and bile acids. Induction of CYPs via transcriptional activation by substrates and other xenobiotics is an important adaptive mechanism that increases the organism's defense capability against toxicity. Numerous in vivo and in vitro data have highlighted the concept that the molecular mechanism of hepatic drug induction is linked to endogenous regulatory pathways. In particular, in vitro data suggest that oxysterols via the liver X receptor (LXR) inhibit phenobarbital (PB)-mediated induction of CYPs. To study the link between LXR, cholesterol homeostasis, and drug induction in vivo, we designed experiments in wild-type, LXRalpha-, LXRbeta-, and LXRalpha/beta-deficient mice. Our data expose differential regulatory patterns for Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 dependent on the expression of LXR isoforms and on challenge of cholesterol homeostasis by excess dietary cholesterol. Our results suggest that, in the mouse, liver cholesterol status significantly alters the pattern of expression of Cyp3a11, whereas the absence of LXR leads to an increase in PB-mediated activation of Cyp2b10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gnerre
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Handschin C, Gnerre C, Fraser DJ, Martinez-Jimenez C, Jover R, Meyer UA. Species-specific mechanisms for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) regulation by drugs and bile acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 434:75-85. [PMID: 15629111 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is tightly regulated in order to control intrahepatic cholesterol and bile acid levels. Ligands of the xenobiotic-sensing pregnane X receptor inhibit CYP7A1 expression. To retrace the evolution of the molecular mechanisms underlying CYP7A1 inhibition, we used a chicken hepatoma cell system that retains the ability to be induced by phenobarbital and other drugs. Whereas bile acids regulate CYP7A1 via small heterodimer partner and liver receptor homolog-1, mRNA expression of these nuclear receptors is unchanged by xenobiotics. Instead, drugs repress chicken hepatic nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha) transcript levels concomitant with a reduction in CYP7A1 expression. Importantly, no reduction of HNF4alpha levels is found in mouse liver in vivo and in human primary hepatocyte cultures, respectively. Thus, besides the importance of HNF4alpha in CYP7A1 regulation in all species, birds and mammals use different signaling pathways to adjust CYP7A1 levels after exposure to xenobiotics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Bile Acids and Salts/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chickens
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenobarbital/pharmacology
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/deficiency
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Species Specificity
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Handschin
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that the function of extrahepatic cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 is dependent on the availability of heme. CYP1A1 is involved in the activation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In the present study we used a transgenic mouse model with chronic impairment of heme synthesis - female porphobilinogen deaminase-deficient (PBGD-/-) mice - to investigate the effects of limited heme in untreated and beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF)-treated animals on the function of CYP1A1 in brain. The heme content of PBGD-/- mice was diminished in the liver and brain compared to wild types. In the liver, partial heme deficiency led to less potent induction of CYP1A1 mRNA after beta-NF treatment. In the brain, CYP1A1 protein was detected not only at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but also in the cytosol of PBGD-/- mice. Furthermore, 7-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin, an indicator of CYP1A1 metabolic activity, could be restored by heme in cytosol of PBGD-/- mouse brain. Independent of the genotype, we found only one cyp1a1 gene product, indicating that the cytosolic appearance of CYP1A1 most likely did not originate from mutant alleles. We conclude that heme deficiency in the brain leads to incomplete heme saturation of CYP1A1, which causes its improper incorporation into the ER membrane and persistence in the cytosol. It is suggested that diseases caused by relative heme deficiency, such as hepatic porphyrias, may lead to impaired hemoprotein function in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Meyer
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurozentrum, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Handschin C, Meyer UA. Regulatory network of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors: roles for CAR, PXR, LXR, and FXR. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 433:387-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Handschin C, Blättler S, Roth A, Looser R, Oscarson M, Kaufmann MR, Podvinec M, Gnerre C, Meyer UA. The evolution of drug-activated nuclear receptors: one ancestral gene diverged into two xenosensor genes in mammals. Nucl Recept 2004; 2:7. [PMID: 15479477 PMCID: PMC524364 DOI: 10.1186/1478-1336-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Drugs and other xenobiotics alter gene expression of cytochromes P450 (CYP) by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in mammals. In non-mammalian species, only one xenosensor gene has been found. Using chicken as a model organism, the aim of our study was to elucidate whether non-mammalian species only have one or two xenosensors like mammals. RESULTS: To explore the evolutionary aspect of this divergence, we tried to identify additional xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptors in chicken using various experimental approaches. However, none of those revealed novel candidates. Ablation of chicken xenobiotic receptor (CXR) function by RNAi or dominant-negative alleles drastically reduced drug-induction in a chicken hepatoma cell line. Subsequently, we functionally and structurally characterized CXR and compared our results to PXR and CAR. Despite the high similarity in their amino acid sequence, PXR and CAR have very distinct modes of activation. Some aspects of CXR function, e.g. direct ligand activation and high promiscuity are very reminiscent of PXR. On the other hand, cellular localization studies revealed common characteristics of CXR and CAR in terms of cytoplasmic-nuclear distribution. Finally, CXR has unique properties regarding its regulation in comparison to PXR and CAR. CONCLUSION: Our finding thus strongly suggest that CXR constitutes an ancestral gene which has evolved into PXR and CAR in mammals. Future studies should elucidate the reason for this divergence in mammalian versus non-mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Handschin
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- (Present Address) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sharon Blättler
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Roth
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renate Looser
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Oscarson
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel R Kaufmann
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Podvinec
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- (Present Address) Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Abstract
Physicians have long been aware of the subtle differences in the responses of patients to medication. The recognition that a part of this variation is inherited, and therefore predictable, created the field of pharmacogenetics fifty years ago. Knowing the gene variants that cause differences among patients has the potential to allow 'personalized' drug therapy and to avoid therapeutic failure and serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Abstract
CYP3A4, the most abundant cytochrome P450 in human liver, is responsible for the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics and endobiotics. CYP3A4 expression is highly variable and is induced by numerous compounds of exogenous and endogenous origin, including elevated concentrations of secondary bile acids via the pregnane X receptor (PXR). We show that physiological concentrations of the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid regulate the expression of CYP3A4 via the bile acid receptor FXR. Experiments performed in vitro in different cell culture systems, gel-mobility shift assays and experiments performed in vivo in transgenic mice lacking FXR or PXR and treated with the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 were undertaken to study the implication of FXR in the regulation of CYP3A. Our data provide evidence for the presence of two functional FXR recognition sites located in a 345-bp element within the 5'-flanking region of CYP3A4. Mutational analysis of these sites and experiments in transgenic mice lacking FXR or PXR support the relevance of FXR activation for CYP3A regulation. Thus, whereas elevated concentrations of precursors of bile acids and secondary bile acids induce CYP3A via PXR, primary bile acids can modulate the expression of CYP3A via FXR. These findings may explain elevated CYP3A expression in cholestasis and part of the variability of drug responsiveness and toxicity between individuals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- DNA/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/agonists
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoxazoles/pharmacology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/deficiency
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/agonists
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gnerre
- Division of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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46
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Podvinec M, Handschin C, Looser R, Meyer UA. Identification of the xenosensors regulating human 5-aminolevulinate synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9127-32. [PMID: 15178759 PMCID: PMC428484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401845101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential component of numerous hemoproteins with functions including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and drug biotransformation. In nonerythropoietic cells, 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Upon exposure to drugs that induce cytochromes P450 and other drug-metabolizing enzymes, ALAS1 is transcriptionally up-regulated, increasing the rate of heme biosynthesis to provide heme for cytochrome P450 hemoproteins. We used a combined in silico-in vitro approach to identify sequences in the ALAS1 gene that mediate direct transcriptional response to xenobiotic challenge. We have characterized two enhancer elements, located 20 and 16 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site. Both elements respond to prototypic inducer drugs and interact with the human pregnane X receptor NR1I2 and the human constitutive androstane receptor NR1I3. Our results suggest that the fundamental mechanism of drug induction is the same for cytochromes P450 and ALAS1. Transcriptional activation of the ALAS1 gene is the first step in the coordinated up-regulation of apoprotein and heme synthesis in response to exogenous and endogenous signals controlling heme levels. Understanding the direct effects of drugs on heme synthesis is of clinical interest, particularly in patients with hepatic porphyrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Podvinec
- Division of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Abstract
Induction of drug metabolism was described more than 40 years ago. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes was made recently when the important roles of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, were discovered to act as sensors for lipophilic xenobiotics, including drugs. CAR and PXR bind as heterodimeric complexes with the retinoid X receptor to response elements in the regulatory regions of the induced genes. PXR is directly activated by xenobiotic ligands, whereas CAR is involved in a more complex and less well understood mechanism of signal transduction triggered by drugs. Most recently, analysis of these xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors and their nonmammalian precursors such as the chicken xenobiotic receptor suggests an important role of PXR and CAR also in endogenous pathways, such as cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis and metabolism. In this review, recent findings regarding xenosensors and their target genes are summarized and are put into an evolutionary perspective in regard to how a living organism has derived a system that is able to deal with potentially toxic compounds it has not encountered before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Handschin
- Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Fraser DJ, Zumsteg A, Meyer UA. Nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor activate a drug-responsive enhancer of the murine 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase gene. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:39392-401. [PMID: 12881517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306148200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors have been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of expression of a growing number of genes, including cytochromes P450 and 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Although drugs that induce cytochromes P450 also induce ALAS1, the regulatory mechanisms governing these pathways have not been fully elucidated. We have identified a drug-responsive enhancer in the murine ALAS1 gene. This sequence mediates transcriptional activation by a wide range of compounds including typical cytochrome P450 pan-inducers phenobarbital and metyrapone, as well as specific activators of the pregnane X receptor and the constitutive androstane receptor. ALAS1 drug-responsive enhancer sequences were identified by transient transfection of reporter gene constructs in the drug-responsive leghorn male hepatoma cell line. Using the NUBIScan algorithm, DR4 nuclear receptor binding sites were identified within the elements and their roles in mediating transcriptional activation of ALAS1 were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate clear interactions of mouse pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor on the ADRES. Transactivation assays in CV-1 cells implicate the nuclear receptors as major contributors to transcriptional activation of ALAS1. Moreover, in vivo studies in knock-out animals confirm the induction of ALAS1 is mediated at least in part by nuclear receptors. These studies are the first to explain drug induction via drug response elements for mammalian ALAS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fraser
- Department of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Sanyal S, Handschin C, Podvinec M, Song KH, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Seo YW, Kim SA, Kwon HB, Lee K, Kim WS, Meyer UA, Choi HS. Molecular cloning and characterization of chicken orphan nuclear receptor cTR2. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 132:474-84. [PMID: 12849971 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptors belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of liganded transcription factors, whose ligands either do not exist or remain to be identified. We report here the cloning and characterization of the chicken orphan nuclear receptor, cTR2 (chicken testicular receptor 2). The cTR2 gene encodes a protein of 569 amino acids which shows approximately 72% overall identity with TR2 (NR2C1) and 95% identity in the DNA-binding domain (DBD). The cTR2 gene is expressed in almost all adult tissues and embryonic stages examined unlike its mammalian relative TR2, which is specifically expressed in testis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that cTR2 binds the canonical direct repeat DNA recognition sequences spaced by one, four, and five nucleotides (DR1, DR4, and DR5), and in consistence with the results with canonical DNA-binding sequences, cTR2 forms specific DNA-protein complex with chicken phenobarbital response elements containing DR4 motifs. Both in vitro and in vivo interaction studies demonstrate that cTR2 forms homodimer. Moreover, transient transfection studies reveal its capability to transactivate canonical DR1, DR4, and DR5 sequences and the constitutive activity of cTR2 is mapped to the N-terminal region of this orphan receptor. Finally, cTR2 represses transactivation of estrogen receptor in a dose-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens/genetics
- Chickens/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Hormone Research Center, Chonnam National University, 500-757 Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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