Serological investigation on the prevalence of poliovirus in Guangdong province: A cross-sectional study

In 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study for polio virus seroprevalence in Guangdong province, China. We assessed the positivity rates of poliomyelitis NA and GMT in serum across various demographic groups, and the current findings were compared with pre-switch data from 2014. Using multistage random sampling method, four counties/districts were randomly selected per city, and within each, one general hospital and two township hospitals were chosen. Healthy individuals coming for medical checkups or vaccination were invited. A total of 1318 individual samples were collected and tested. In non-newborn population, age-dependent positivity rates ranged from 77.8% to 100% for PV1 NA and 70.3% to 98.9% for PV3 NA (p < .01). The lowest GMT values for both types (17.03 and 8.46) occurred in the 20 to <30 years age group, while peak GMTs for PV1 and PV3 were observed in 1 to <2 (340.14) and 0 to <1-year (168.90) age groups, respectively. GMTs for PV1 (P = .002) and PV3 (P = .007) in Eastern Guangdong were lower than those in the other three regions. Male participants showed higher GMTs than females (P = .016 and .033, respectively). In newborn population, both males and females showed higher PV1 NA positivity rates and GMTs compared to PV3 (p < .05). Post-switch PV3 NA positivity rates were higher than pre-switch rates (p = .016). GMTs of both PV1 and PV3 were significantly higher post-switch (p < .001). The positivity rates of NAs and GMTs remain high level, which play an important role in resisting poliomyelitis infection. Effect of the converted immunization program was more pronounced than that before.

Streptococcal arginine deiminase system defences macrophage bactericidal effect mediated by XRE family protein XtrSs

The arginine deiminase system (ADS) has been identified in various bacteria and functions to supplement energy production and enhance biological adaptability. The current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of ADS and its effect on bacterial pathogenesis is still limited. Here, we found that the XRE family transcriptional regulator XtrSs negatively affected Streptococcus suis virulence and significantly repressed ADS transcription when the bacteria were incubated in blood. Electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and lacZ fusion assays further showed that XtrSs directly bind to the promoter of ArgR, an acknowledged positive regulator of bacterial ADS, to repress ArgR transcription. Moreover, we provided compelling evidence that S. suis could utilize arginine via ADS to adapt to acid stress, while ΔxtrSs enhanced this acid resistance by upregulating the ADS operon. Moreover, whole ADS-knockout S. suis increased arginine and antimicrobial NO in the infected macrophage cells, decreased intracellular survival, and even caused significant attenuation of bacterial virulence in a mouse infection model, while ΔxtrSs consistently presented the opposite results. Our experiments identified a novel ADS regulatory mechanism in S. suis, whereby XtrSs regulated ADS to modulate NO content in macrophages, promoting S. suis intracellular survival. Meanwhile, our findings provide a new perspective on how Streptococci evade the host's innate immune system.

Plasma methylated GNB4 and Riplet as a novel dual-marker panel for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can greatly improve the survival rate of patients. We aimed to develop a novel marker panel based on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation for the detection of HCC. The differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) specific for HCC blood diagnosis were selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, then validated by the whole genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) of 12 paired HCC and paracancerous tissues. The clinical performance of the panel was evaluated using tissue samples [32 HCC, chronic liver disease (CLD), and healthy individuals] and plasma cohorts (173 HCC, 199 CLD, and 98 healthy individuals). The combination of G protein subunit beta 4 (GNB4) and Riplet had the optimal area under the curve (AUC) in seven candidates through TCGA, GEO, and WGBS analyses. In tissue validation, the GNB4 and Riplet showed an AUC of 100% with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for detecting any-stage HCC. In plasma, it demonstrated a high sensitivity of 84.39% at 91.92% specificity, with an AUC of 92.51% for detecting any-stage HCC. The dual-marker panel had a higher sensitivity of 78.26% for stage I HCC than alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) of 47.83%, and a high sensitivity of 70.27% for detecting a single tumour (size ≤3 cm). In conclusion, we developed a novel dual-marker panel that demonstrates high accuracy in detecting HCC, surpassing the performance of AFP testing.

Physical activity changes and influencing factors among Chinese pregnant women: a longitudinal study

OBJECTIVE

Participating in physical activity during pregnancy has benefited a lot from maternal and child health. However, there are few longitudinal studies describing activity patterns and related factors during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate longitudinal physical activity changes and the influencing factors of Chinese pregnant women.

METHODS

From January to August 2020, 240 pregnant women were recruited in Hangzhou, China. Physical activity during pregnancy was assessed in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy by using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire.

RESULTS

The daily energy consumption during first, second, and third trimesters was 20.55, 20.76, 17.19 METs-h/d. The results of repeated-measure analysis of variance and pairwise comparison showed that the total daily energy consumption of physical activity in the third trimester was significantly lower than that in the first and second trimesters, with statistical significance (p < 0.001). The generalized estimation equation showed that education level, pre-pregnancy BMI, gravidity, unnaturally conceived and pre-pregnancy exercise habits were the influencing factors of physical activity during pregnancy (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Physical activity levels of pregnant women during different trimester were not optimistic. In order to improve physical activity during pregnancy and promote the health status of both mother and the developing baby, more attention should be paid on pregnant women with low education level, high BMI before pregnancy, primipara, unnaturally conceived and no good exercise habits before pregnancy.

Production of cello-oligosaccharides from corncob residue by degradation-synthesis reactions

The cellulose-rich corncob residue (CCR) is an abundant and renewable agricultural biomass that has been under-exploited. In this study, two strategies were compared for their ability to transform CCR into cello-oligosaccharides (COS). The first strategy employed the use of endo-glucanases. Although selected endo-glucanases from GH9, GH12, GH45, and GH131 could release COS with degrees of polymerization from 2 to 4, the degrading efficiency was low. For the second strategy, first, CCR was efficiently depolymerized to glucose and cellobiose using the cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. Then, using these simple sugars and sucrose as the starting materials, phosphorylases from different microorganisms were combined to generate COS to a level up to 100.3 g/L with different patterns and degrees of polymerization. Using tomato as a model plant, the representative COS obtained from BaSP (a sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adolescens), CuCbP (a cellobiose phosphorylase from Cellulomonas uda), and CcCdP (a cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium cellulosi) were shown to be able to promote plant growth. The current study pointed to an approach to make use of CCR for production of the value-added COS. KEY POINTS: • Sequential use of cellulase and phosphorylases effectively generated cello-oligosaccharides from corncob residue. • Cello-oligosaccharides patterns varied in accordance to cellobiose/cellodextrin phosphorylases. • Spraying cello-oligosaccharides promoted tomato growth.

Critical evaluation of the reliability of DNA methylation probes on the Illumina MethylationEPIC v1.0 BeadChip microarrays

DNA methylation (DNAm) plays a crucial role in a number of complex diseases. However, the reliability of DNAm levels measured using Illumina arrays varies across different probes. Previous research primarily assessed probe reliability by comparing duplicate samples between the 450k-450k or 450k-EPIC platforms, with limited investigations on Illumina EPIC v1.0 arrays. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the EPIC v1.0 array probe reliability using 69 blood DNA samples, each measured twice, generated by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. We observed higher reliability in probes with average methylation beta values of 0.2 to 0.8, and lower reliability in type I probes or those within the promoter and CpG island regions. Importantly, we found that probe reliability has significant implications in the analyses of Epigenome-wide Association Studies (EWAS). Higher reliability is associated with more consistent effect sizes in different studies, the identification of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTLs), and significant correlations with downstream gene expression. Moreover, blood DNAm measurements obtained from probes with higher reliability are more likely to show concordance with brain DNAm measurements. Our findings, which provide crucial reliability information for probes on the EPIC v1.0 array, will serve as a valuable resource for future DNAm studies.

Combined analysis of cross-population healthy adult human microbiome reveals consistent differences in gut microbial characteristics between Western and non-Western countries

Despite extensive research on the gut microbiome of healthy individuals from a single country, there are still a limited number of population-level comparative studies. Moreover, the sequencing approach used in most related studies involves 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing with a limited resolution, which cannot provide detailed functional profiles. In the present study, we applied a combined analysis approach to analyze whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing data from 2035 healthy adult samples from six countries across four continents. Analysis of core species revealed that 13 species were present in more than 90 % of all investigated individuals, the majority of which produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Our analysis revealed consistently significant differences in gut microbial species and pathways between Western and non-Western countries, such as Escherichia coli and the relation of MetaCyc pathways to the TCA cycle. Specific changes in microbial species and pathways are potentially related to lifestyle and diet. Furthermore, we identified several noteworthy microbial species and pathways that exhibit distinct characteristics specific to China. Interestingly, we observed that China (CHN) was more similar to the United States (USA) and United Kingdom (GBR) in terms of the taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiome than India (IND) and Madagascar (MDG), which were more similar to the China (CHN) diet. The current study identified consistent microbial features associated with population and geography, which will inspire further clinical translations that consider paying attention to differences in microbiota backgrounds and confounding factors.

Mining and rational design of psychrophilic catalases using metagenomics and deep learning models

A complete catalase-encoding gene, designated soiCat1, was obtained from soil samples via metagenomic sequencing, assembly, and gene prediction. soiCat1 showed 73% identity to a catalase-encoding gene of Mucilaginibacter rubeus strain P1, and the amino acid sequence of soiCAT1 showed 99% similarity to the catalase of a psychrophilic bacterium, Pedobacter cryoconitis. soiCAT1 was identified as a psychrophilic enzyme due to the low optimum temperature predicted by the deep learning model Preoptem, which was subsequently validated through analysis of enzymatic properties. Experimental results showed that soiCAT1 has a very narrow range of optimum temperature, with maximal specific activity occurring at the lowest test temperature (4 °C) and decreasing with increasing reaction temperature from 4 to 50 °C. To rationally design soiCAT1 with an improved temperature range, soiCAT1 was engineered through site-directed mutagenesis based on molecular evolution data analyzed through position-specific amino acid possibility calculation. Compared with the wild type, one mutant, soiCAT1S205K, exhibited an extended range of optimum temperature ranging from 4 to 20 °C. The strategies used in this study may shed light on the mining of genes of interest and rational design of desirable proteins. KEY POINTS: • Numerous putative catalases were mined from soil samples via metagenomics. • A complete sequence encoding a psychrophilic catalase was obtained. • A mutant psychrophilic catalase with an extended range of optimum temperature was engineered through site-directed mutagenesis.

Screening and identification of functional bacterial attachment genes in aerobic granular sludge

The screening and identification of attachment genes is important to exploring the formation mechanism of biofilms at the gene level. It is helpful to the development of key culture technologies for aerobic granular sludge (AGS). In this study, genome-wide sequencing and gene editing were employed for the first time to investigate the effects and functions of attachment genes in AGS. With the help of whole-genome analysis, ten attachment genes were screened from thirteen genes, and the efficiency of gene screening was greatly improved. Then, two attachment genes were selected as examples to further confirm the gene functions by constructing gene-knockout recombinant mutants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; when the two attachment genes were knocked out, the attachment potential was reduced by 50.67% and 43.93%, respectively. The results provide a new theoretical principle and efficient method for the development of AGS from the perspective of attachment genes.

Insights into the aspect ratio effects of ordered mesoporous carbon on the electrochemical performance of sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries

Tailoring porous host materials, as an effective strategy for storing sulfur and restraining the shuttling of soluble polysulfides in electrolyte, is crucial in the design of high-performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, for the widely studied conductive hosts such as mesoporous carbon, how the aspect ratio affects the confining ability to polysulfides, ion diffusion as well as the performances of Li-S batteries has been rarely studied. Herein, ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) is chosen as a proof-of-concept prototype of sulfur host, and its aspect ratio is tuned from over ∼ 2 down to below ∼ 1.2 by using ordered mesoporous silica hard templates with variable length/width scales. The correlation between the aspect ratio of OMCs and the electrochemical performances of the corresponding sulfur-carbon cathodes are systematically studied with combined electrochemical measurements and microscopic characterizations. Moreover, the evolution of sulfur species in OMCs at different discharge states is scrutinized by small-angle X-ray scattering. This study gives insight into the aspect ratio effects of mesoporous host on battery performances of sulfur cathodes, providing guidelines for designing porous host materials for high-energy sulfur cathodes.

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes promote mitochondrial biogenesis and restore abnormal protein distribution in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

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Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. We previously showed that neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improved mitochondrial function in the cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Because Alzheimer's disease affects the entire brain, further research is needed to elucidate alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in the brain as a whole. Here, we investigated the expression of several important mitochondrial biogenesis-related cytokines in multiple brain regions after treatment with neural stem cell-derived exosomes and used a combination of whole brain clearing, immunostaining, and lightsheet imaging to clarify their spatial distribution. Additionally, to clarify whether the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-related pathway plays a regulatory role in neural stem cell-derived exosomes interfering with mitochondrial functional changes, we generated a novel nervous system-SIRT1 conditional knockout APP/PS1 mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that neural stem cell-derived exosomes significantly increase SIRT1 levels, enhance the production of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, and inhibit astrocyte activation, but do not suppress amyloid-β production. Thus, neural stem cell-derived exosomes may be a useful therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease that activates the SIRT1-PGC1α signaling pathway and increases NRF1 and COXIV synthesis to improve mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, we showed that the spatial distribution of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease, and that neural stem cell-derived exosome treatment can reverse this effect, indicating that neural stem cell-derived exosomes promote mitochondrial biogenesis.

Buyang huanwu decoction promotes remyelination via miR-760-3p/GPR17 axis after intracerebral hemorrhage

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The repairment of myelin sheaths is crucial for mitigating neurological impairments of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the current research on remyelination processes in ICH remains limited. A representative traditional Chinese medicine, Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD), shows a promising therapeutic strategy for ICH treatment.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the pro-remyelination effects of BYHWD on ICH and explore the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The collagenase-induced mice ICH model was created for investigation. BYHWD's protective effects were assessed by behavioral tests and histological staining. Transmission electron microscopy was used for displaying the structure of myelin sheaths. The remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation were evaluated by the expressions of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP), MBP/TAU, Olig2/CC1, and PDGFRα/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. Transcriptomics integrated with disease database analysis and experiments in vivo and in vitro revealed the microRNA-related underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

Here, we reported that BYHWD promoted the neurological function of ICH mice and improved remyelination by increasing PLP, MBP, and TAU, as well as restoring myelin structure. Besides, we showed that BYHWD promoted remyelination by boosting the differentiation of PDGFRα+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells into olig2+/CC1+ oligodendrocytes. Additionally, we demonstrated that the remyelination effects of BYHWD worked by inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17). miRNA sequencing integrated with miRNA database prediction screened potential miRNAs targeting GPR17. By applying immunofluorescence, RNA in situ hybridization and dual luciferase reporter gene assay, we confirmed that BYHWD suppressed GPR17 and improved remyelination by increasing miR-760-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

BYHWD improves remyelination and neurological function in ICH mice by targeting miR-760-3p to inhibit GPR17. This study may shed light on the orchestration of remyelination mechanisms after ICH, thus providing novel insights for developing innovative prescriptions with brain-protective properties.

Gegen Qinlian decoction ameliorates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells balance, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reshaping gut microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chinese herbal medicine Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) has been clinically shown to be an effective treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in China. However, the underlying mechanism of GQD's anti-ulcerative colitis properties and its effect on gut microbiota still deserve further exploration.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study observed the regulatory effects of GQD on Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells balance, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) infammasome and gut microbiota in TNBS-induced UC in BALB/c mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

61 main chemical compounds in the GQD were determined by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The UC BALB/c model was established by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and GQD was orally administered at low and high dosages of 2.96 and 11.83 g/kg/day, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of GQD for ulcerative colitis were evaluated by survival rate, body weight, disease activity index (DAI) score, colonic weight and index, spleen index, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scores. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of CD4, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs cells. The levels of Th1-/Th2-/Th17-/Tregs-related inflammatory cytokines and additional proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) were detected by CBA, ELISA, and RT-PCR. The expressions of GATA3, T-bet, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-Iβ, Occludin and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) on colon tissues were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using colon tissue and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on intestinal contents. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to assess the contribution of intestinal microbiota and its correlation with CD4 T cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

RESULTS

GQD increased the survival rate of TNBS-induced UC in BALB/c mice, and significantly improved their body weight, DAI score, colonic weight and index, spleen index, and histological characteristics. The intestinal barrier dysfunction was repaired after GQD administration through promoting the expression of tight junction proteins (Occludin and ZO-1). GQD restored the balance of Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells immune response of colitis mice, primarily inhibiting the increase in Th2/Th1 ratio and their transcription factor production (GATA3 and T-bet). Morever, GQD changed the secretion of Th1-/Th2-/Th17-/Tregs-related cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A) and reduced the expressions of IL-1β, IL-18. Transcriptome results suggested that GQD could also remodel the immune inflammatory response of colitis by inhibiting NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Western blot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR further revealed that GQD exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, such as down-regulating the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β. More interestingly, GQD regulated gut microbiota dysbiosis, suppressed the overgrowth of conditional pathogenic gut bacteria like Helicobacter, Proteobacteria, and Mucispirillum, while the probiotic gut microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, Muribaculaceae, Ruminiclostridium_6, Akkermansia, and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified were increased. We further confirmed that GQD-treated gut microbiota was sufficient to relieve TNBS-induced colitis by FMT, involving the modulation of Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 balance, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and enhancement of colonic barrier function.

CONCLUSIONS

GQD might alleviate TNBS-induced UC via regulating Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells Balance, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and reshaping gut microbiota, which may provide a novel strategy for patients with colitis.

TREM-1 mediates interaction between substantia nigra microglia and peripheral neutrophils

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Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered a pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1) can amplify the inherent immune response, and crucially, regulate inflammation. In this study, we found marked elevation of serum soluble TREM-1 in patients with Parkinson’s disease that positively correlated with Parkinson’s disease severity and dyskinesia. In a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease, we found that microglial TREM-1 expression also increased in the substantia nigra. Further, TREM-1 knockout alleviated dyskinesia in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease and reduced dopaminergic neuronal injury. Meanwhile, TREM-1 knockout attenuated the neuroinflammatory response, dopaminergic neuronal injury, and neutrophil migration. Next, we established an in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-induced BV2 microglia model of Parkinson’s disease and treated the cells with the TREM-1 inhibitory peptide LP17. We found that LP17 treatment reduced apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neutrophil migration. Moreover, inhibition of neutrophil TREM-1 activation diminished dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide. TREM-1 can activate the downstream CARD9/NF-κB proinflammatory pathway via interaction with SYK. These findings suggest that TREM-1 may play a key role in mediating the damage to dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease by regulating the interaction between microglia and peripheral neutrophils.

Identification of biomimetic nanoplatform-mediated delivery of si-ISG15 for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is recognized as the most malicious form of breast cancer and exhibits an alarming tendency for recurrence, a heightened propensity for metastasis, and an overwhelmingly grim prognosis. Therefore, effective therapy approaches for TNBC are urgently required. In this study, the interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) expression level was analyzed by bioinformatics and verified by Western blot analysis. The effects of ISG15 on the proliferation and metastasis of TNBC cells were assessed using MTT, Colony formation, EdU, Transwell, and Flow cytometry assays. We also developed a cancer cell-biomimetic nanoparticle delivery system and evaluated its therapeutic efficacy in vivo. In this study, we reported that ISG15 was upregulated in TNBC, and its high expression level correlated with an increased risk of tumorigenesis. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we discovered that ISG15 knockdown drastically suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and induced apoptosis in TNBC cells. Our findings revealed that ISG15 was a candidate therapeutic target in TNBC because of its key role in malignant growth and invasion. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation showed that ISG15 exerted oncogenic functions through its interaction with ATP binding cassette subfamily E member 1 and activated the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of the transcription signaling pathway. Furthermore, we created a nanoparticle-based siRNA camouflaged using a cancer cell membrane vesicle delivery system (the CM@NP complex) and confirmed its therapeutic effects in vivo. Our findings confirmed that ISG15 may play a pivotal oncogenic role in the development of TNBC and that CM@siRNA-NP complexes are an effective delivery system and a novel biological strategy for treating TNBC.

Transcriptome analysis of the synergistic mechanisms between two strains of potato virus Y in Solanum tuberosum L

Many viruses employ a process known as superinfection exclusion (SIE) to block subsequent entry or replication of the same or closely related viruses in the cells they occupy. SIE is also referred to as Cross-protection refers to the situation where a host plant infected by a mild strain of a virus or viroid gains immunity against a more severe strain closely related to the initial infectant. The mechanisms underlying cross-protection are not fully understood. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves. The strains PVYN-Wi-HLJ-BDH-2 and PVYNTN-NW-INM-W-369-12 are henceforth designated as BDH and 369, respectively. In total, 806 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the Control and JZ (preinfected with BDH and challenge with 369) treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the response to external biological stimulation, signal transduction, kinase, immunity, redox pathways were significantly enriched. Among these pathways, we identified numerous differentially expressed metabolites related to virus infection. Moreover, our data also identified a small set of genes that likely play important roles in the establishment of cross-protection. Specifically, we observed significant differential expression of the A1-II gamma-like gene, elongation factor 1-alpha-like gene, and subtilisin-like protease StSBT1.7 gene, with StSBT1.7 being the most significant in our transcriptome data. These genes can stimulate the expression of defense plant genes, induce plant chemical defense, and participate in the induction of trauma and pathogenic bacteria. Our findings provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the ability of mild viruses to protect host plants against subsequent closely related virus infection in Solanum tuberosum L.

Aberrant DNA methylation distorts developmental trajectories in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are pediatric brain tumors known for their aggressiveness and aberrant but still unresolved epigenetic regulation. To better understand their malignancy, we investigated how AT/RT-specific DNA hypermethylation was associated with gene expression and altered transcription factor binding and how it is linked to upstream regulation. Medulloblastomas, choroid plexus tumors, pluripotent stem cells, and fetal brain were used as references. A part of the genomic regions, which were hypermethylated in AT/RTs similarly as in pluripotent stem cells and demethylated in the fetal brain, were targeted by neural transcriptional regulators. AT/RT-unique DNA hypermethylation was associated with polycomb repressive complex 2 and linked to suppressed genes with a role in neural development and tumorigenesis. Activity of the several NEUROG/NEUROD pioneer factors, which are unable to bind to methylated DNA, was compromised via the suppressed expression or DNA hypermethylation of their target sites, which was also experimentally validated for NEUROD1 in medulloblastomas and AT/RT samples. These results highlight and characterize the role of DNA hypermethylation in AT/RT malignancy and halted neural cell differentiation.

A comparative analysis of phage classification methods in light of the recent ICTV taxonomic revisions

Recent ICTV taxonomy updates significantly changed phage taxonomy, yet a thorough phage classification workflow doesn't exist. This study compares six categorization tools and establishes a novel multi-method approach, combining genome similarity and specialized protein analysis. Applying the method to APEC phage P151 showed consistent categorization across platforms. A possible workflow for phage classification is proposed; offering a versatile tool for phage research and development.

Guhan Yangsheng Jing mitigates hippocampal neuronal pyroptotic injury and manifies learning and memory capabilities in sleep deprived mice via the NLRP3/Caspase1/GSDMD signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Guhan Yangsheng Jing (GHYSJ) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine, that has the function of nourishing the kidney and replenishing the essence, invigorating the brain and calming the mind. It is often used to treat dizziness, memory loss, sleep disorders, fatigue, and weakness, etc. However, its mechanism for improving sleep has not yet been determined.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the effects of GHYSJ on Sleep Deprivation (SD)-induced hippocampal neuronal pyroptotic injury, learning and cognitive abilities, and sleep quality in mice.

METHODS

In this study, a PCPA-induced SD mouse model was established. We assessed the influence of GHYSJ on sleep quality and mood by using the pentobarbital-induced sleep test (PIST) and sucrose preference test (SPT). The pharmacological effects of GHYSJ on learning and memory impairment were evaluated by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Open Field Test (OFT). Pathological changes in the hippocampal tissue of the SD rats were observed via HE staining and Nissl staining. The severity of neuronal damage was evaluated by detecting the expression of the neuronal marker Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, the levels of neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and Glutamic acid (Glu) in hippocampal tissues, as well as the expression of inflammatory factors Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) in serum, were determined by ELISA. The expressions of mRNA and protein NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), Gasdermin D (GSDMD), Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase1 (Caspase1), High mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) and Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) related to the cellular ferroptosis pathway were tested and analyzed by RT-PCR and WB respectively.

RESULTS

PCPA significantly diminishes the sleep span of experimental animals by expediting the expenditure of 5-HT, consequently establishing an essentially direct SD model. The intervention of GHYSJ displays remarkable efficacy in mitigating insomnia symptoms, encompassing difficulties in initiating sleep and insufficient sleep duration. Likewise, it ameliorates memory function impairments induced by sleep deprivation, along with symptoms such as fatigue and depletion of vitality. GHYSJ exerts a protective influence on hippocampal neurons facilitated by inhibiting the down regulation of MAP2 and maintaining the equilibrium of neurotransmitters (5-HTP, 5-HT, GABA, and Glu). It diminishes the expression of intracellular pyroptosis-associated inflammatory factors (IL-1β and IL-18) and curbs the activation of the NLRP3/Caspase1/GSDMD pyroptosis-related signaling pathways, thereby alleviating the damage caused by hippocampal neuronal pyroptosis.

Allosteric SHP2 inhibition enhances regorafenib's effectiveness in colorectal cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally. Regorafenib, a multi-target kinase inhibitor, has been approved for treating metastatic colorectal cancer patients who have undergone at least two prior standard anti-cancer therapies. However, regorafenib efficacy as a single agent remains suboptimal. A promising target at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways is the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2). However, a combination approach using SHP2 inhibitors (SHP099) and anti-angiogenic drugs (Regorafenib) has not been reported in current research. In this study, we conducted in vitro experiments combining SHP099 and regorafenib and established an MC-38 colon cancer allograft mouse model. Our results revealed that co-treatment with SHP099 and regorafenib significantly inhibited cell viability and altered the biological characteristics of tumor cells compared with treatment alone in vitro. Furthermore, the combination strategy demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared to monotherapy with either drug. This was evidenced by reduced tumor size, decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, normalized tumor microvasculature, and improved antitumor immune response in vivo. These findings suggest that the combination of an SHP2 inhibitor and regorafenib is a promising therapeutic approach for patients with colorectal cancer.

Copper-based nanomaterials: Opportunities for sustainable agriculture

The exponential growth of the global population has resulted in a significant surge in the demand for food worldwide. Additionally, the impact of climate change has exacerbated crop losses caused by pests and pathogens. The transportation and utilization of traditional agrochemicals in the soil are highly inefficient, resulting in significant environmental losses and causing severe pollution of both the soil and aquatic ecosystems. Nanotechnology is an emerging field with significant potential for market applications. Among metal-based nanomaterials, copper-based nanomaterials have demonstrated remarkable potential in agriculture, which are anticipated to offer a promising alternative approach for enhancing crop yields and managing diseases, among other benefits. This review firstly performed co-occurrence and clustering analyses of previous studies on copper-based nanomaterials used in agriculture. Then a comprehensive review of the applications of copper-based nanomaterials in agricultural production was summarized. These applications primarily involved in nano-fertilizers, nano-regulators, nano-stimulants, and nano-pesticides for enhancing crop yields, improving crop resistance, promoting crop seed germination, and controlling crop diseases. Besides, the paper concluded the potential impact of copper-based nanomaterials on the soil micro-environment, including soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial communities. Additionally, the potential mechanisms were proposed underlying the interactions between copper-based nanomaterials, pathogenic microorganisms, and crops. Furthermore, the review summarized the factors affecting the application of copper-based nanomaterials, and highlighted the advantages and limitations of employing copper-based nanomaterials in agriculture. Finally, insights into the future research directions of nano-agriculture were put forward. The purpose of this review is to encourage more researches and applications of copper-based nanomaterials in agriculture, offering a novel and sustainable strategy for agricultural development.

Combined exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether and nano zero-valent iron aggravated oxidative stress and interfered with metabolism in earthworms

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a common brominated flame retardant in electronic waste, and nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a new material in the field of environmental remediation. Little is known about how BDE-209 and nZVI combined exposure influences soil organisms. During the 28 days study, we determined the effects of single and combined exposures to BDE-209 and nZVI on the oxidative stress and metabolic response of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). On day 7, compared to CK, malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in most combined exposure groups. To remove MDA and reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities were induced in most combined exposure groups. On day 28, compared to CK, the activities of SOD and CAT were inhibited, while POD activity was significantly induced, indicating that POD plays an important role in scavenging ROS. Combined exposure to BDE-209 and nZVI significantly affected amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, purine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways, interfered with energy metabolism, and aggravated oxidative stress in earthworms. These findings provide a basis for assessing the ecological impacts of using nZVI to remediate soils contaminated with BDE-209 from electronic waste.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol for sleep deprivation-induced hyperalgesia

Hyperalgesia resulting from sleep deprivation (SD) poses a significant a global public health challenge with limited treatment options. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a crucial role in the modulation of pain and sleep, with its activity regulated by two distinct types of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing dopamine 1 or dopamine 2 (D1-or D2) receptors (referred to as D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs, respectively). However, the specific involvement of the NAc in SD-induced hyperalgesia remains uncertain. Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid, has demonstrated analgesic effects in clinical and preclinical studies. Nevertheless, its potency in addressing this particular issue remains to be determined. Here, we report that SD induced a pronounced pronociceptive effect attributed to the heightened intrinsic excitability of D2-MSNs within the NAc in Male C57BL/6N mice. CBD (30 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited an anti-hyperalgesic effect. CBD significantly improved the thresholds for thermal and mechanical pain and increased wakefulness by reducing delta power. Additionally, CBD inhibited the intrinsic excitability of D2-MSNs both in vitro and in vivo. Bilateral microinjection of the selective D2 receptor antagonist raclopride into the NAc partially reversed the antinociceptive effect of CBD. Thus, these findings strongly suggested that SD activates NAc D2-MSNs, contributing heightened to pain sensitivity. CBD exhibits antinociceptive effects by activating D2R, thereby inhibiting the excitability of D2-MSNs and promoting wakefulness under SD conditions.

Nitrogen deposition caused higher increases in plant-derived organic carbon than microbial-derived organic carbon in forest soils

Plant- and microbial-derived organic carbon, two components of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in terrestrial ecosystems, are regulated by increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the spatial patterns and driving factors of the responses of plant- and microbial-derived SOC to N deposition in forests are not clear, which hinders our understanding of SOC sequestration. In this study, we explored the spatial patterns of plant- and microbial-derived SOC, and their responses to N addition and elucidated their underlying mechanisms in forest soils receiving N addition at four sites with various soil and climate conditions. Plant- and microbial-derived SOC were quantified using lignin phenols and amino sugars, respectively. N addition increased the total microbial residues by 20.5% on average ranging from 9.4% to 34.0% in temperate forests but not in tropical forests, and the increase was mainly derived from fungal residues. Lignin phenols increased more in temperate forests (average of 63.8%) than in tropical forests (average of 15.7%) following N addition. The ratio of total amino sugars to lignin phenols was higher in temperate forests than in tropical forests and decreased with N addition in temperate forests. N addition mainly regulated soil microbial residues by affecting pH, SOC, exchangeable Ca2+, gram-negative bacteria biomass, and the C:N ratio, while it mainly had indirect effects on lignin phenols by altering SOC, soil C:N ratio, and gram-negative bacteria biomass. Overall, our findings suggested that N deposition caused a greater increase in plant-derived SOC than in microbial-derived SOC and that plant-derived SOC would have a more important role in sequestering SOC under increasing N deposition in forest ecosystems, particularly in temperate forests.

Advanced oxidation process/coagulation coupled with membrane distillation (AOP/Coag-MD) for efficient ammonia recovery: Elucidating biofouling control performance and mechanism

The inadequate understanding of the biofouling formation mechanism and the absence of effective control have inhibited the commercial application of membrane distillation (MD). In this study, an advanced oxidation process (AOP)/coagulation-coupled (Coag) membrane distillation system was proposed and exhibited the potential for MD ammonia recovery (recovery rate: 94.1%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) components such as humic acid and tryptophan-like proteins were disrupted and degraded in the digestate. The curtailment and sterilizing efficiency of AOP on biofilm growth was also verified by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in situ real-time monitoring and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated to generate sulfate (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•), which altered the microbial community. After oxidative treatment, 16 S rRNA sequencing indicated that the dominant phylum of the microbial community evolved into Firmicutes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated that free radicals produced by PMS could disrupt cells' signaling molecules and interactions. In conjunction with these analyses, the mechanisms of response to free radical attack by Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were revealed. This research provided new insights into the field of membrane fouling control for membrane technology resource recovery processes, broadening the impact of AOP applications on microbiological response and fate in the environment.

The potential for reducing aflatoxin B1 contamination of stored peanuts by soil disinfection

Aflatoxins from the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) that contaminate stored peanuts is a major hazard to human health worldwide. Reducing A. flavus in soil can decrease the risk of aflatoxins in stored peanuts. In this experiment, we determined whether peanuts grown on soil fumigated with dazomet (DZ), metham sodium (MS), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), chloropicrin (PIC) or dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) would reduce of the quantity of A. flavus and its toxin's presence. The results of bioassays and field tests showed that PIC was the most effective fumigant for preventing and controlling A. flavus, followed by MS. PIC and MS applied to the soil for 14 d resulted in LD50 values against A. flavus of 3.558 and 4.893 mg kg-1, respectively, leading to almost 100% and 98.82% effectiveness of A. flavus, respectively. Peanuts harvested from fumigated soil and then stored for 60 d resulted in undetectable levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compared to unfumigated soil that contained 0.64 ug kg-1 of AFB1, which suggested that soil fumigation can reduce the probability of aflatoxin contamination during peanut storage and showed the potential to increase the safety of peanuts consumed by humans. Further research is planned to determine the practical value of our research in commercial practice.

Deterministic assembly of grassland soil microbial communities driven by climate warming amplifies soil carbon loss

Perturbations in soil microbial communities caused by climate warming are expected to have a strong impact on biodiversity and future climate-carbon (C) feedback, especially in vulnerable habitats that are highly sensitive to environmental change. Here, we investigate the impact of four-year experimental warming on soil microbes and C cycling in the Loess Hilly Region of China. The results showed that warming led to soil C loss, mainly from labile C, and this C loss is associated with microbial response. Warming significantly decreased soil bacterial diversity and altered its community structure, especially increasing the abundance of heat-tolerant microorganisms, but had no effect on fungi. Warming also significantly increased the relative importance of homogeneous selection and decreased "drift" of bacterial and fungal communities. Moreover, warming decreased bacterial network stability but increased fungal network stability. Notably, the magnitude of soil C loss was significantly and positively correlated with differences in bacterial community characteristics under ambient and warming conditions, including diversity, composition, network stability, and community assembly. This result suggests that microbial responses to warming may amplify soil C loss. Combined, these results provide insights into soil microbial responses and C feedback in vulnerable ecosystems under climate warming scenarios.

TMED3 stabilizes SMAD2 by counteracting NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination to promote ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a major cause of death among cancer patients. Recent research has shown that the transmembrane emp24 domain (TMED) protein family plays a role in the progression of various types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression of TMED3 in ovarian cancer tumors compared to nontumor tissues using immunohistochemical staining. We found that TMED3 was overexpressed in ovarian cancer tumors, and its high expression was associated with poor disease-free and overall survival. To understand the functional implications of TMED3 overexpression in ovarian cancer, we conducted experiments to knockdown TMED3 using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). We observed that TMED3 knockdown resulted in reduced cell viability and migration, as well as increased cell apoptosis. Additionally, in subcutaneous xenograft models in BALB-c nude mice, TMED3 knockdown inhibited tumor growth. Further investigation revealed that SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) was a downstream target of TMED3, driving ovarian cancer progression. TMED3 stabilized SMAD2 by inhibiting the E3 ligase NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination of SMAD2. To confirm the importance of SMAD2 in TMED3-mediated ovarian cancer, we performed functional rescue experiments and found that SMAD2 played a critical role in this process. Moreover, we discovered that the PI3K-AKT pathway was involved in the promoting effects of TMED3 overexpression on ovarian cancer cells. Overall, our study identifies TMED3 as a prognostic indicator and tumor promoter in ovarian cancer. Its function is likely mediated through the regulation of the SMAD2 and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian cancer progression and provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Effects of microplastics on sedimentary geochemical properties and microbial ecosystems combined with hydraulic disturbance

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is widely investigated owing to its potential threats to river ecosystems. However, it remains unclear whether hydraulic disturbance deepens or mitigates the effects of MPs-contaminated sediments on the river environment. Herein, we studied the impact of sediment aggregates, organic matter, and enzyme activity, with emphasis on microbial community structure and function in sediments exposed to MPs (1 %, 5 %, and 10 % w/w) in conjunction with hydraulic disturbance. The experimental results showed that the influence of MPs on the sediment under hydraulic disturbance is more significant than that of static culture, especially for various environmental factors (MWD, MBC, and sucrase activity etc.). The proportions of the >0.05 mm-fraction aggregates increased from 74-76 % to 82-88 % in the sediment throughout the entire disturbance process. It has been found that the disturbance generally promotes the interaction between MPs and sediments. FAPROTAX analysis demonstrated that the disturbance reduced the difference in effects on microbial functional genes between the control group and the MPs-added groups by up to 10 times, suggesting that the effects of disturbance on MPs-contaminated sediments are relatively complex. This work provides new insights into the effects of hydraulic disturbance on physicochemical properties and microbial communities of MPs-contaminated sediment.

Acid rain reduced soil carbon emissions and increased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration: A comprehensive meta-analysis

Soil respiration the second-largest carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems, has been extensively studied across a wide range of biomes. Surprisingly, no consensus exist on how acid rain (AR) impacts the spatiotemporal pattern of soil respiration. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis using 318 soil respiration and 263 soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q10) data points obtained from 48 studies to assess the impact of AR on soil respiration components and their Q10. The results showed that AR reduced soil total respiration (Rt) and soil autotrophic respiration (Ra) by 7.41 % and 20.75 %, respectively. As the H+ input increased, the response rates of Ra to AR (RR-Ra) and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) to AR (RR-Rh) decreased and increased, respectively. With increased AR duration, the RR-Ra increased, whereas the RR-Rh did not change. AR increased the Q10 of Rt (Rt-Q10) and Rh (Rh-Q10) by 1.92 % and 9.47 %, respectively, and decreased the Q10 of Ra (Ra-Q10) by 2.77 %. Increased mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and initial soil organic carbon increased the response rate of Ra-Q10 to AR (RR-Ra-Q10) and decreased the response rate of Rh-Q10 to AR (RR-Rh-Q10). However, as the AR frequency and initial soil pH increased, both RR-Ra-Q10 and RR-Rh-Q10 also increased. In summary, AR decreased Rt but increased Q10, likely due to soil acidification (soil pH decreased by 7.84 %), reducing plant root biomass (decreased by 5.67 %) and soil microbial biomass (decreased by 5.67 %), changing microbial communities (increased fungi to bacteria ratio of 15.91 %), and regulated by climate, vegetation, soil and AR regimes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the large-scale, varied response patterns of soil respiration components and their Q10 to AR. It highlights the importance of applying the reductionism theory in soil respiration research to enhance our understanding of soil carbon cycling processes with in the context of global climate change.

Mental health status among children and adolescents in one-child and multichild families: a meta-analysis of comparative studies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Controversy remains about the difference in mental health status among children and adolescents between one-child and multichild families in China. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing mental health status between both groups and explored their potential moderating factors.

RECENT FINDINGS

Totally, 113 eligible studies encompassing 237 899 participants (one-child families: 83 125; multichild families: 154 774) were included. The pooled SMD of SCL-90 total score was -0.115 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): -0.152; -0.078; I2  = 86.9%]. Specifically, children and adolescents from one-child families exhibited lower scores in terms of somatization (SMD = -0.056; 95% CI: -0.087; -0.026), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (SMD = -0.116; 95% CI: -0.154; -0.079), interpersonal sensitivity (SMD = -0.140; 95% CI: -0.171; -0.109), depression (SMD = -0.123; 95% CI: -0.159; -0.088); anxiety (SMD = -0.121; 95% CI: -0.151; -0.092); phobic anxiety (SMD = -0.124; 95% CI: -0.166; -0.081); paranoid ideation (SMD = -0.040; 95% CI: -0.070; -0.009); and psychoticism (SMD = -0.119; 95% CI: -0.148; -0.089). Study publication year was significantly associated with differences in mental health status between both groups ( P  = 0.015).

SUMMARY

Children and adolescents from one-child families had better mental health status compared to those from multichild families in China. Future studies should investigate the underlying factors contributing to such mental health differences, and the potential interventions that could address these mental health problems.

Effects of abiotic stress on chlorophyll metabolism

Chlorophyll, an essential pigment in the photosynthetic machinery of plants, plays a pivotal role in the absorption of light energy and its subsequent transfer to reaction centers. Given that the global production of chlorophyll reaches billions of tons annually, a comprehensive understanding of its biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms is important. The metabolic pathways governing chlorophyll biosynthesis and catabolism are complex, encompassing a series of interconnected reactions mediated by a spectrum of enzymes. Environmental fluctuations, particularly abiotic stressors such as drought, extreme temperature variations, and excessive light exposure, can significantly perturb these processes. Such disruptions in chlorophyll metabolism have profound implications for plant growth and development. This review delves into the core aspects of chlorophyll metabolism, encompassing both biosynthetic and degradative pathways. It elucidates key genes and enzymes instrumental in these processes and underscores the impact of abiotic stress on chlorophyll metabolism. Furthermore, the review aims to deepen the understanding of the interplay between chlorophyll metabolic dynamics and stress responses, thereby shedding light on potential regulatory mechanisms.

Study of IL-17 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Conjunctivochalasis Using Correlation Analysis

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to observe the expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in conjunctivochalasis (CCH) and to analyze the correlations between cytokines and the severity of CCH.

METHODS

Serum samples were collected from 22 patients with CCH and 18 normal controls (NCs). The Ocular Surface Disease Index, tear film break-up time, Schirmer I test, and corneal fluorescein staining were used to evaluate the ocular surface signs and symptoms. The concentrations of IL-17, IL-23, and ICAM-1 in serum and cellular supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the gene expression levels of cytokines were measured by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The relationships between serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-23, and ICAM-1 with clinical ocular surface parameters in CCH were analyzed using the Spearman correlation analysis.

RESULTS

The concentrations of IL-17 and ICAM-1 in serum and cellular supernatants of CCH were significantly higher than those of NCs (all P < 0.001). The concentrations of IL-23 in serum and cellular supernatants of CCH showed no significant difference from those of NCs ( P > 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-17 and ICAM-1 in conjunctival fibroblasts of CCH were significantly higher than those of NCs (all P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of IL-23 in conjunctival fibroblasts of CCH was higher than that of NCs, without a significant difference ( P > 0.05). Furthermore, the serum concentrations of IL-17 and ICAM-1 were positively correlated with Ocular Surface Disease Index and fluorescein staining (all P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with break-up time and Schirmer I test of CCH (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The expression levels of IL-17 and ICAM-1 were significantly increased in CCH serum and associated with the disease severity. We postulate that IL-17 and ICAM-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of CCH. IL-17 and ICAM-1 antagonists may be a potential treatment option for CCH in the future.

Combined Therapy of Paravertebral Nerve Pulsed Radiofrequency and Subcutaneous Block for Acute/Subacute Herpetic Neuralgia: A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVES

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of early combined therapy with CT-guided paravertebral nerve (PVN), pulsed radiofrequency (PRF), and subcutaneous block on acute/subacute herpes zoster (HZ).

METHODS

A total of 98 medical records were analyzed. All patients underwent CT-guided PRF on PVN immediately followed by a single subcutaneous block with lidocaine and dexamethasone in acute/subacute phase. The therapy efficacy was evaluated by pain numeric rating scale (NRS) and effective rate, which was defined as a percent of cases with a reduction in pain NRS>50% at day 1, week 2, 4, 12, and 24 after the procedure. The incidences of medication reduction and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) were also retrieved. Further comparison was conducted between acute group (disease duration<30 days from HZ onset) and subacute group (30 day

RESULTS

Early combined therapy indicated an immediate and sustained improvement in pain NRS as compared with before treatment ( P <0.0001), with effective rates of 74%, 79%, 80%, 76%, and 79% at day 1, week 2, 4, 12, and 24 after procedure, respectively. At the end of follow-up, the proportion of patients with a reduction of >50% in prior medications amounted to 83% and the incidence of clinically meaningful PHN decreased to 23%. The clinical efficacy was more profound in acute group than in subacute group at every time points ( P <0.05). No severe complications occurred.

DISCUSSION

Our data revealed surprising levels of pain relief by combination therapies of PRF and subcutaneous block targeting different sites of pain pathway, thus suggesting a valuable treatment option for acute/subacute herpetic neuralgia.

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Key Words Collapse

MESH Headings

• Humans
• Retrospective Studies
• Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment/methods
• Neuralgia/complications
• Neuralgia, Postherpetic/therapy
• Herpes Zoster/complications
• Herpes Zoster/therapy

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Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Wei Zhang Departments of Day Surgery
Bin Yu Departments of Day Surgery
Zipu Jia Departments of Day Surgery
Chunmei Zhao Day Surgery and Pain Management, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
Fang Luo Day Surgery and Pain Management, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China

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From homeostasis to defense: Exploring the role of selective autophagy in innate immunity and viral infections

The process of autophagy, a conservative evolutionary mechanism, is responsible for the removal of surplus and undesirable cytoplasmic components, thereby ensuring cellular homeostasis. Autophagy exhibits a remarkable level of selectivity by employing a multitude of cargo receptors that possess the ability to bind both ubiquitinated cargoes and autophagosomes. In the context of viral infections, selective autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating the innate immune system. Notably, numerous viruses have developed strategies to counteract, evade, or exploit the antiviral effects of selective autophagy. This review encompasses the latest research progress of selective autophagy in regulating innate immunity and virus infectious.

Effectiveness of family centred interventions for family caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To examine the effectiveness of family-centred interventions among family caregivers.

BACKGROUND

Family-centred interventions are an emerging form of intervention that can be effective at improving physical and mental health outcomes for patients and family caregivers. To date, no reviews have examined the effectiveness of family-centred interventions for family caregivers.

DESIGN

A systematic review, including a meta-analysis, was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) checklist.

METHODS

Seven English and two Chinese electronic databases were compressively searched from the outset to March 2023. Two researchers independently reviewed the abstracts and full texts, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias independently by using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias assessment tool'.

RESULTS

This systematic review and meta-analysis included 20 articles. The results of the meta-analysis showed that family-centred interventions could significantly improve caregiver burden (p=0.003), quality of life (p = 0.007), depression (p = 0.0002), and stress (p < 0.0001) but not anxiety or family functioning. According to our subgroup analysis, the family-centred empowerment model (p = 0.009) was superior to the other family intervention (p=0.004) in reducing caregiver burden. Family-centred interventions are more effective at reducing the burden of caregiving on family caregivers of adolescent patients (SMD=-0.79, 95% CI[-1.22,-0.36], p = 0.0003) than on adult patients (SMD=-0.37, 95% CI [-0.61,-0.12], p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

Family-centred interventions could enhance family caregivers' burden, quality of life, stress and depression but had no significant impact on anxiety or family functioning.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Family-centred interventions have the potential to improve the health status and caregiving burden of family caregivers. Rigorous and high-quality evidence is needed to confirm the long-term effects of these interventions on family caregivers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS

The protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (Protocol registration ID: CRD42023453607).

Facile fabrication of 3D Janus foams of electrospun cellulose nanofibers/rGO for high efficiency solar interface evaporation

Solar-powered interfacial evaporation is one of the most efficient state-of-the-art technologies for producing clean water via desalination. Herein, we report a novel bio-based nanofibrous foam for high efficiency solar interface evaporation. To this end, a hybrid membrane of cellulose nanofibers/graphene oxide (GO) is first fabricated by electrospinning coupled with in situ layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. After that, the membrane is subjected to a foaming process in an aqueous NaBH4, which effectively transforms the 2D membrane into a 3D foam. This structure can improve the photothermal conversion efficiency and also facilitate the water transport at the gas-water interface. In the meantime, the GO is converted to the reduced GO (rGO) with a higher light absorption efficiency. Finally, one side of the foam is hydrophobically modified via spray-coating with a fluorocarbon resin (FR) to obtain the Janus type 3D foam, namely FR@EC/rGO. The resultant 3D foam combines the functions of solar energy absorption in the upper layer and water pumping capability in the lower layer. It exhibits an extraordinary solar vapor conversion efficiency of 94.2 % and a fast evaporation rate of 1.83 kg m-2 h-1, showing high potential in future seawater desalination.

Angiographic demonstration of a cutoff sign as an unfavorable prognostic indicator for patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing mechanical thrombectomy

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to investigate whether the angiographic demonstration of a cutoff sign on the initial angiogram could predict recanalization and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients treated by endovascular thrombectomy.

METHODS

The angiographic and clinical data of patients who underwent endovascular treatment from October 2018 to April 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The pretreatment angiographic appearance of the thrombus's proximal part was assessed and classified as either the cutoff sign (+) or (-). Patients' baseline characteristics and angiographic and clinical outcomes between the two groups were analyzed using propensity score matching. Then, the two commonly used techniques, stent retrieval and contact aspiration, were compared in terms of successful reperfusion and clinical outcome in patients with the cutoff sign.

RESULTS

The cutoff sign was observed in 77 (36.2%) of 213 patients. Patients with the cutoff sign were younger and were less likely to have involvement of the anterior circulation. Compared with the cutoff sign (-) group, the cutoff sign (+) group had a significantly longer procedure time (103 versus 80 min, P =0.002) and a lower percentage of 3-month good functional outcomes (18.2% versus 36%, P =0.006). After propensity score matching, the procedure time (100 versus 75 min, P =0.002) and the 3-month good outcome (19.2% versus 41.4%, P =0.004) remained significantly different. No significant differences were observed in the radiological (OR 0.758, 95% CI 0.157 to 3.658; P =0.730) and clinical (OR 0.747, 95% CI 0.147 to 3.787; P =0.725) outcomes between the two techniques.

CONCLUSIONS

The cutoff sign might be an unfavorable prognostic indicator in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy, and the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy techniques does not differ in patients positive for the cutoff sign.

A cardiomyocyte-based biosensing platform for dynamic and quantitative investigation of excessive autophagy

Autophagy is an important physiological phenomenon in eukaryotes that helps maintain the cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is involved in the development of various cardiovascular diseases, affecting the maintenance of cardiac function and disease prognosis. Physiological levels of autophagy serve as a defense mechanism for cardiomyocytes against environmental stimuli, but an overabundance of autophagy may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, conventional biological methods are difficult to monitor the autophagy process in a dynamic and chronic manner. Here, we developed a cardiomyocyte-based biosensing platform that records electrophysiological evolutions in action potentials to reflect the degree of autophagy. Different concentrations of rapamycin-mediated autophagy were administrated in the culture environment to simulate the autophagy model. Moreover, the 3-methyladenine (3-MA)-mediated autophagy inhibition was also investigated the protection on the autophagy. The recorded action potentials can precisely reflect different degrees of autophagy. Our study confirms the possibility of visualizing and characterizing the process of cardiomyocyte autophagy using cardiomyocyte-based biosensing platform, allowing to monitor the whole autophagy process in a non-invasive, real-time, and continuous way. We believe it will pave a promising avenue to precisely study the autophagy-related cardiovascular diseases.

SUGAR: Spherical ultrafast graph attention framework for cortical surface registration

Cortical surface registration plays a crucial role in aligning cortical functional and anatomical features across individuals. However, conventional registration algorithms are computationally inefficient. Recently, learning-based registration algorithms have emerged as a promising solution, significantly improving processing efficiency. Nonetheless, there remains a gap in the development of a learning-based method that exceeds the state-of-the-art conventional methods simultaneously in computational efficiency, registration accuracy, and distortion control, despite the theoretically greater representational capabilities of deep learning approaches. To address the challenge, we present SUGAR, a unified unsupervised deep-learning framework for both rigid and non-rigid registration. SUGAR incorporates a U-Net-based spherical graph attention network and leverages the Euler angle representation for deformation. In addition to the similarity loss, we introduce fold and multiple distortion losses to preserve topology and minimize various types of distortions. Furthermore, we propose a data augmentation strategy specifically tailored for spherical surface registration to enhance the registration performance. Through extensive evaluation involving over 10,000 scans from 7 diverse datasets, we showed that our framework exhibits comparable or superior registration performance in accuracy, distortion, and test-retest reliability compared to conventional and learning-based methods. Additionally, SUGAR achieves remarkable sub-second processing times, offering a notable speed-up of approximately 12,000 times in registering 9,000 subjects from the UK Biobank dataset in just 32 min. This combination of high registration performance and accelerated processing time may greatly benefit large-scale neuroimaging studies.

Atom-by-atom optimizing the surface termination of Fe-Pt intermetallic catalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Controlling the atomic arrangement of elemental atoms in intermetallic catalysts to govern their surface and subsurface properties is a crucial but challenging endeavor in electrocatalytic reactions. In hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), adjusting the d-band center of the conventional noble-metallic Pt by introducing Fe enables the optimization of catalytic performance. However, a notable gap exists in research on the effective transition from disordered Fe/Pt alloys to highly ordered intermetallic compounds (IMCs) such as FePt3 in the alkaline HER, hampering their broader application. In this study, a series of catalysts FePt3-xH (x = 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized via a simple impregnation method, along with a range of heat treatment processes, including annealing in a reductive atmosphere, to regulate the order degree of the arrangement of Fe/Pt atoms within the FePt3 catalyst. By using advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, we systematically explored the impact of the order degree of FePt3 in the HER. The as-prepared FePt3-8H exhibited notable HER catalytic activity with low overpotentials (η = 37 mV in 1.0 mol L-1 KOH) at j = 10 mA cm-2. The surface of the L12 FePt3-8H catalyst was demonstrated to be Pt-rich. The Pt on the surface was not easily oxidized due to the unique Fe/Pt coordination, resulting in significant enhancement of HER performance.

Glycolytic enzyme Enolase-1 regulates insulin gene expression in pancreatic β-cell

Enolase-1 (Eno1) plays a critical role in regulating glucose metabolism; however, its specific impact on pancreatic islet β-cells remains elusive. This study aimed to provide a preliminary exploration of Eno1 function in pancreatic islet β-cells. The findings revealed that the expression of ENO1 mRNA in type 2 diabetes donors was significantly increased and positively correlated with HbA1C and negatively correlated with insulin gene expression. A high level of Eno1 in human insulin-secreting rat INS-1832/13 cells with co-localization with intracellular insulin proteins was accordingly observed. Silencing of Eno1 using siRNA or inhibiting Eno1 protein activity with an Eno1 antagonist significantly reduced insulin secretion and insulin content in β-cells, while the proinsulin/insulin content ratio remained unchanged. This reduction in β-cells function was accompanied by a notable decrease in intracellular ATP and mitochondrial cytochrome C levels. Overall, our findings confirm that Eno1 regulates the insulin secretion process, particularly glucose metabolism and ATP production in the β-cells. The mechanism primarily involves its influence on insulin production, suggesting that Eno1 represents a potential target for β-cell protection and diabetes treatment.

TIF1γ and SMAD4 regulation in colorectal cancer: impact on cell proliferation and liver metastasis

We investigated the effects of transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ (TIF1γ) and SMAD4 on the proliferation and liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells through knockdown of TIF1γ and/or SMAD4 and knockdown of TIF1γ and/or restoration of SMAD4 expression. Furthermore, we examined TIF1γ and SMAD4 expression in human primary CRC and corresponding liver metastatic CRC specimens. TIF1γ promoted but SMAD4 inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells by competitively binding to activated SMAD2/SMAD3 complexes and then reversely regulating c-Myc, p21, p27, and cyclinA2 levels. Surprisingly, both TIF1γ and SMAD4 reduced the liver metastasis of all studied CRC cell lines via inhibition of MEK/ERK pathway-mediated COX-2, Nm23, uPA, and MMP9 expression. In patients with advanced CRC, reduced TIF1γ or SMAD4 expression was correlated with increased invasion and liver metastasis and was a significant, independent risk factor for recurrence and survival after radical resection. Patients with advanced CRC with reduced TIF1γ or SAMD4 expression had higher recurrence rates and shorter overall survival. TIF1γ and SMAD4 competitively exert contrasting effects on cell proliferation but act complementarily to suppress the liver metastasis of CRC via MEK/ERK pathway inhibition. Thus, reduced TIF1γ or SMAD4 expression in advanced CRC predicts earlier liver metastasis and poor prognosis.

Heteroatom-Doped Ag25 Nanoclusters Encapsulated in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with unique optical properties and abundant catalytic sites are promising in photocatalysis. However, their light-induced instability and the difficulty of utilizing the photogenerated carriers for photocatalysis pose significant challenges. Here, MAg24 (M=Ag, Pd, Pt, and Au) NCs doped with diverse single heteroatoms have been encapsulated in a metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2, affording MAg24@UiO-66-NH2. Strikingly, compared with Ag25@UiO-66-NH2, the MAg24@UiO-66-NH2 doped with heteroatom exhibits much enhanced activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production, among which AuAg24@UiO-66-NH2 presents the best activity up to 3.6 mmol g-1 h-1, far superior to all other counterparts. Moreover, they display excellent photocatalytic recyclability and stability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrate that MAg24 NCs encapsulated into the MOF create a favorable charge transfer pathway, similar to a Z-scheme heterojunction, when exposed to visible light. This promotes charge separation, along with optimized Ag electronic state, which are responsible for the superior activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Chloride and Hydride Transfer as Keys to Catalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene into Liquid Alkanes

Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking-alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis-acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single-step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C-C bonds and forming C-C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline-range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000g L D P E m o l c a t - 1 h - 1 ${{{\rm g}}_{{\rm L}{\rm D}{\rm P}{\rm E}}{{\rm \ }{\rm m}{\rm o}{\rm l}}_{{\rm c}{\rm a}{\rm t}}^{-1}{{\rm \ }{\rm h}}^{-1}}$ , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity.

Precise Modulation of Circularly Polarized Luminescence via Polymer Chiral Co-assembly and Contactless Dynamic Chiral Communication

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) plays a pivotal role in cutting-edge display and information technologies. Currently achieving precise color control and dynamic signal regulation in CPL still remains challenging due to the elusory relationship between fluorescence and chirality. Inspired by the natural mechanisms governing color formation and chiral interaction, we proposed an addition-subtraction principle theory to address this issue. Three fluorene-based polymers synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation with different electron-deficient monomers exhibit similar structures and UV/Vis absorption, but distinct fluorescence emissions due to intramolecular charge transfer. Based on this, precise-color CPL-active films are obtained through quantitative supramolecular co-assembly directed by addition principle. Particularly, an ideal white-emitting CPL film (CIE coordinates: (0.33, 0.33)) is facilely fabricated with a high quantum yield of 80.8 % and a dissymmetry factor (glum) of 1.4×10-2. Structural analysis reveals that the ordered stacking orientation favors higher glum. Furthermore, to address the dynamically regulated challenge, the comparable subtraction principle is proposed, involving a contactless chiral communication between excited and ground states. The representative system consisting of as-prepared fluorene-based polymers and chirality-selective absorption azobenzene (Azo)-containing polymers is constructed, achieving CPL weakening, reversal, and enhancement. Finally, a switchable quick response code is realized based on trans-cis isomerization of Azo moiety.

A randomized, blind, parallel controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and preliminary immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in healthy people aged 2 years and older

BACKGROUND

Despite some progress in pneumococcal immunization, the global burden of pneumococcal infection remains high, and pneumococcal disease remains a public health concern. Studies in China and abroad have found that 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) vaccination can effectively prevent invasive pneumococcal disease. This phase Ⅰ clinical study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a PPV23 vaccine candidate.

METHODS

All subjects were randomly assigned to receive one dose intramuscular injection of experimental vaccine or control vaccine at a ratio of 1:1. The incidence of any adverse events was observed within 30 min, 0-7 days and 8-28 days post vaccination and the incidence of abnormal blood biochemical and blood routine indicators were tested on the 4th day post vaccination, the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) at 6 months post vaccination was recorded. Blood samples were collected prior to vaccination and on the 28th day post vaccination, and serum antibodies were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

The most common adverse reaction was pain at the injection site, followed by erythema. There was no significant difference of the incidence of systemic adverse reactions between the two vaccine groups. The adverse reactions observed in the trial were all common vaccination-related reactions, and no serious adverse reactions were observed. Compared to pre-vaccination, the (geometric mean concentrations) GMCs of IgG (immunoglobulin G) specific antibody against each serotype were all increased in the experimental group and the control group, there were statistical differences in seroconversion rates of serotypes 4 and 20 between the two vaccine groups.

CONCLUSION

This clinical study showed good safety of the PPV23 vaccine candidate produced by Ab&b Biotechnology Co., Ltd.JS had good safety after vaccination in people aged 2 years and older. At the same time, good immunogenicity was also demonstrated.

An in-depth investigation of molecular interaction in zeaxanthin/corn silk glycan complexes and its positive role in hypoglycemic activity

Glycans in corn silk could interact with co-existing small molecules during its absorption, digestion, and biological process. In order to understand the exact mechanism of action of zeaxanthin, it is critical to investigate the biomolecular interactions, which were necessary to form a glycan-small molecule complex and yet produce the bioactive effect. So far, the in-depth study of these natural interactions has not been fully elucidated. Here, we probed that the molecular interaction between zeaxanthin (ZEA) and glycans from corn silk (CSGs) was driven by enthalpy. More importantly, it was the first time found that CSGs can bind to lipid-soluble ZEA could be binded with CSGs. It was the first report on the thermostability of insulin structure and natural glycans. This study should facilitate our understanding of the interaction between lipid soluble molecules and glycans, and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the nutrient base in food.

Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks with a Ring-in-Ring Topology and High Electrical Conductance

Electrically conducting two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interest due to their remarkable structural tunability and outstanding electrical properties. However, the design and synthesis of high-performance materials face challenges due to the limited availability of specific ligands and pore structures. In this study, we have employed a novel highly branched D3h symmetrical planar conjugated ligand, dodechydroxylhexabenzotrinaphthylene (DHHBTN) to fabricate a series of 2D conductive MOFs, named M-DHHBTN (M = Co, Ni, and Cu). This new family of MOFs offers two distinct types of pores, elevating the structural complexity of 2D conductive MOFs to a more advanced level. The intricate tessellation patterns of the M-DHHBTN are elucidated through comprehensive analyses involving powder X-ray diffraction, theoretical simulations, and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopic measurements unveiled carrier mobility in DHHBTN-based 2D MOFs spanning from 0.69 to 3.10 cm2 V-1 s-1. Among M-DHHBTN famility, Cu-DHHBTN displayed high electrical conductivity reaching 0.21 S cm-1 at 298 K with thermal activation behavior. This work leverages the "branched conjugation" of the ligand to encode heteroporosity into highly conductive 2D MOFs, underscoring the significant potential of heterogeneous double-pore structures for future applications.

Icephobic Durability of Molecular Brush-Structured PDMS Soft Coatings

The accumulation of ice can pose numerous inconveniences and potential hazards, profoundly affecting both human productivity and daily life. To combat the challenges posed by icing, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to the development of low-ice adhesion surfaces. In this study, we harness the power of molecular dynamics simulations to delve into the intricate dynamics of polymer chains and their role in determining the modulus of the material. We present a novel strategy to prepare ultralow-modulus poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers with a molecular brush configuration as icephobic materials. The process involves grafting monohydride-terminated PDMS (H-PDMS) as side chains onto backbone chain PDMS with pendant vinyl functional groups to yield a molecular brush structure. The segments of this polymer structure effectively restrict interchain entanglement, thereby rendering a lower modulus compared to traditional linear structures at an equivalent cross-linking density. The developed soft coating exhibits a remarkably ultralow ice adhesion strength of 13.1 ± 1.1 kPa. Even after enduring 50 cycles of icing and deicing, the ice adhesion strength of this coating steadfastly stayed below 16 kPa, showing no notable increase. Importantly, the molecular brush coating applied to glass demonstrated an impressive light transmittance of 92.1% within the visible light spectrum, surpassing the transmittance of bare glass, which was measured at 91.3%. This icephobic coating with exceptional light transmittance offers a wide range of applications and holds significant potential as a practical icephobic material.