OMA1 protease eliminates arrested protein import intermediates upon mitochondrial depolarization

Most mitochondrial proteins originate from the cytosol and require transport into the organelle. Such precursor proteins must be unfolded to pass through translocation channels in mitochondrial membranes. Misfolding of transported proteins can result in their arrest and translocation failure. Arrested proteins block further import, disturbing mitochondrial functions and cellular proteostasis. Cellular responses to translocation failure have been defined in yeast. We developed the cell line-based translocase clogging model to discover molecular mechanisms that resolve failed import events in humans. The mechanism we uncover differs significantly from these described in fungi, where ATPase-driven extraction of blocked protein is directly coupled with proteasomal processing. We found human cells to rely primarily on mitochondrial factors to clear translocation channel blockage. The mitochondrial membrane depolarization triggered proteolytic cleavage of the stalled protein, which involved mitochondrial protease OMA1. The cleavage allowed releasing the protein fragment that blocked the translocase. The released fragment was further cleared in the cytosol by VCP/p97 and the proteasome.

Nitrophenols disrupt the expression and activity of biotransformation enzymes (CYP3A and COMT) in chicken ovarian follicles in vivo and in vitro

Nitrophenols are environmental pollutants and xenobiotics, the main sources of which are diesel exhaust fumes and pesticides. The biotransformation processes that take place in the liver are defence mechanisms against xenobiotics, such as nitrophenols. Our previous study showed that the chicken ovary is an additional xenobiotic detoxification place and that nitrophenols disrupt steroidogenesis in chicken ovarian follicles. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the in vivo and in vitro effects of 4-nitrophenol (PNP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC) on the expression and activity of phase I (CYP3A) and phase II (COMT) biotransformation enzymes in chicken ovary. In an in vivo study, hens were treated with a vehicle or 10 mg PNP or PNMC/kg b.wt. per day for 6 days. In an in vitro study, prehierarchical white and yellowish follicles, as well as the granulosa and theca layers of the three largest preovulatory follicles (F3, F2 and F1), were isolated and then incubated in a control medium or medium supplemented with PNP (10-6 M) or PNMC (10-6 M) for 24 or 48 h. Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that nitrophenols exert tissue- and compound-dependent (PNP or PNMC) effects on CYP3A and COMT gene (real-time PCR) protein (Western blot) expression and their activity (colorimetric methods). The inhibitory effect of nitrophenols in vivo on the activity of biotransformation enzymes suggest that the ovary has the capacity to metabolise PNP and PNMC.

Influence of supplementation with iron and probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus on selected parameters of inflammatory state in rats on a high-fat iron-deficient diet

BACKGROUND

A high-fat (HF) diet, diet iron deficiency and iron supplementation may affect inflammatory parameters. Probiotics influence both iron metabolism and inflammation. We compared the inflammatory state in rats on a HF iron-deficient diet receiving oral iron, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus in different combinations.

METHODS

This was a two-stage experiment. In groups C (n = 8) and HF (n = 8), rats ate a control or HF diet, respectively, for 16 weeks. In the group HFDEF (n = 48), rats ate a HF iron-deficient diet for 8 weeks (first stage) and were subsequently divided into 6 groups (n = 8 each) receiving the following for a further 8 weeks (second stage): HFDEF - a HF iron-deficient diet; HFDEFFe - a HF iron-deficient diet with iron; HFDEFLp and HFDEFLc - a HF iron-deficient diet with L. plantarum or L. curvatus, respectively; and HFDEFFeLp and HFDEFFeLc - a HF iron-deficient diet with iron and L. plantarum or L. curvatus, respectively. Body composition analysis and blood sampling was performed. Markers of iron status and levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in the blood.

RESULTS

TAS was higher in the HFDEF group (756.57 ± 489.53 ng mL-1) versus the HFDEFLc group (187.04 ± 47.84 ng mL-1; P = 0.022). No more differences were found between groups, or in TAS, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations. Also, no differences were found between groups for alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, glucose, total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. TAS level was positively correlated with ferritin concentration, IL-6 with TAS and TNF-α with hepcidin level.

CONCLUSIONS

Supplementation with L. plantarum, L. curvatus and iron in combinations exerts no influence on inflammatory status, lipid profile, hepatic function and serum fasting glucose in rats on a HF iron-deficient diet. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Progress in Molecular Transport and Therapeutic Development in Human Blood-Brain Barrier Models in Neurological Disorders

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). Depending on its permeability, certain substances can penetrate the brain, while others are restricted in their passage. Therefore, the knowledge about BBB structure and function is essential for understanding physiological and pathological brain processes. Consequently, the functional models can serve as a key to help reveal this unknown. There are many in vitro models available to study molecular mechanisms that occur in the barrier. Brain endothelial cells grown in culture are commonly used to modeling the BBB. Current BBB platforms include: monolayer platforms, transwell, matrigel, spheroidal, and tissue-on-chip models. In this paper, the BBB structure, molecular characteristic, as well as its dysfunctions as a consequence of aging, neurodegeneration, or under hypoxia and neurotoxic conditions are presented. Furthermore, the current modelling strategies that can be used to study BBB for the purpose of further drugs development that may reach CNS are also described.

Conserved structures and dynamics in 5'-proximal regions of Betacoronavirus RNA genomes

Betacoronaviruses are a genus within the Coronaviridae family of RNA viruses. They are capable of infecting vertebrates and causing epidemics as well as global pandemics in humans. Mitigating the threat posed by Betacoronaviruses requires an understanding of their molecular diversity. The development of novel antivirals hinges on understanding the key regulatory elements within the viral RNA genomes, in particular the 5'-proximal region, which is pivotal for viral protein synthesis. Using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, chemical probing, and computational modeling, we determined the structures of 5'-proximal regions in RNA genomes of Betacoronaviruses from four subgenera: OC43-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Rousettus bat-CoV. We obtained cryo-electron microscopy maps and determined atomic-resolution models for the stem-loop-5 (SL5) region at the translation start site and found that despite low sequence similarity and variable length of the helical elements it exhibits a remarkable structural conservation. Atomic force microscopy imaging revealed a common domain organization and a dynamic arrangement of structural elements connected with flexible linkers across all four Betacoronavirus subgenera. Together, these results reveal common features of a critical regulatory region shared between different Betacoronavirus RNA genomes, which may allow targeting of these RNAs by broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.

Comprehensive antifungal investigation of natural plant extracts against Neosartorya spp. (Aspergillus spp.) of agriculturally significant microbiological contaminants and shaping their metabolic profile

Fungi belonging to the genus Neosartorya (teleomorph of Aspergillus spp.) are of great concern in the production and storage of berries and fruit-based products, mainly due to the production of thermoresistant ascospores that cause food spoilage and possible secretion of mycotoxins. We initially tested the antifungal effect of six natural extracts against 20 isolates of Neosartorya spp. using a traditional inhibition test on Petri dishes. Tested isolates did not respond uniformly, creating 5 groups of descending sensitivity. Ten isolates best representing of the established sensitivity clusters were chosen for further investigation using a Biolog™ MT2 microplate assay with the same 6 natural extracts. Additionally, to test for metabolic profile changes, we used a Biolog™ FF microplate assay after pre-incubation with marigold extract. All natural extracts had an inhibitory effect on Neosartorya spp. growth and impacted its metabolism. Lavender and tea tree oil extracts at a concentration of 1000 µg mL-1 presented the strongest antifungal effect during the inhibition test, however all extracts exhibited inhibitory properties at even the lowest dose (5 µg mL-1). The fungal stress response in the presence of marigold extract was characterized by a decrease of amino acids and carbohydrates consumption and an uptake of carboxylic acids on the FF microplates, where the 10 studied isolates also presented differences in their innate resilience, creating 3 distinctive sensitivity groups of high, average and low sensitivity. The results confirm that natural plant extracts and essential oils inhibit and alter the growth and metabolism of Neosartorya spp. suggesting a possible future use in sustainable agriculture as an alternative to chemical fungicides used in traditional crop protection.

Balbiani body of basal insects is potentially involved in multiplication and selective elimination of mitochondria

Oocytes of both vertebrates and invertebrates often contain an intricate organelle assemblage, termed the Balbiani body (Bb). It has previously been suggested that this assemblage is involved in the delivery of organelles and macromolecules to the germ plasm, formation of oocyte reserve materials, and transfer of mitochondria to the next generation. To gain further insight into the function of the Bb, we performed a series of analyses and experiments, including computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstructions, detection of DNA (mtDNA) synthesis as well as immunolocalization studies. We showed that in orthopteran Meconema meridionale, the Bb comprises a network of mitochondria and perinuclear nuage aggregations. As oogenesis progresses, the network expands filling almost entire ooplasm, then partitions into several smaller entities, termed micro-networks, and ultimately into individual mitochondria. As in somatic cells, this process involves microfilaments and elements of endoplasmic reticulum. We showed also that at least some of the individual mitochondria are surrounded by phagophores and eliminated via mitophagy. These findings support the idea that the Bb is implicated in the multiplication and selective elimination of (defective) mitochondria and therefore may participate in the transfer of undamaged (healthy) mitochondria to the next generation.

Superfinishing with Abrasive Films Featuring Discontinuous Surfaces

This study introduces innovative designs for abrasive tools aimed at enhancing surface finishing processes. Prototypes consisting of non-continuous abrasive films with discontinuous surface carriers and abrasive layers were developed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the smoothing process. Four distinct abrasive films with varying nominal grain sizes were fabricated to explore the versatility and efficacy of the prototypes. The results indicate that the incorporation of carrier irregularities significantly influences surface finishing processes, leading to improvements in material removal efficiency and surface quality. Longitudinal discontinuities facilitate faster removal of irregularities from workpiece materials, reducing the risk of deep scratches on surfaces. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of tool motion patterns in optimizing material removal processes and ensuring surface quality. The integration of carrier irregularities with additional oscillatory tool motion shows promise for further improving surface quality. These findings advance our understanding of abrasive machining processes and provide valuable insights for optimizing abrasive tool designs and machining strategies for enhanced surface finishing.

CAT on MOUSE: Control and automation of temperature for single-sided NMR instruments such as NMR-MOUSE

Temperature-dependent experiments are a rapidly growing area of interest for low-field NMR. In this work, we present a new device for wide-range temperature control for single-sided NMR instruments. The presented device, called CAT, is simple to build, inexpensive, and easy to modify to accommodate different samples. We present the capabilities of the device using a freezing temperature study of acetic acid/water mixtures. Additionally, we present the stability of the device over long measurement times. We believe that by introducing such a device with an open-source design, we allow researchers to use it in a wide range of applications and to fully incorporate variable-temperature studies in the world of single-sided instruments.

Iron-triggered signaling via ETS1 and the p38/JNK MAPK pathway regulates Bmp6 expression

BMP6 is an iron-sensing cytokine whose transcription in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is enhanced by high iron levels, a step that precedes the induction of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. While several reports suggested a cell-autonomous induction of Bmp6 by iron-triggered signals, likely via sensing of oxidative stress by the transcription factor NRF2, other studies proposed the dominant role of a paracrine yet unidentified signal released by iron-loaded hepatocytes. To further explore the mechanisms of Bmp6 transcriptional regulation, we used female mice aged 10-11 months, which are characterized by hepatocytic but not LSEC iron accumulation, and no evidence of systemic iron overload. We found that LSECs of aged mice exhibit increased Bmp6 mRNA levels as compared to young controls, but do not show a transcriptional signature characteristic of activated NFR2-mediated signaling in FACS-sorted LSECs. We further observed that primary murine LSECs derived from both wild-type and NRF2 knock-out mice induce Bmp6 expression in response to iron exposure. By analyzing transcriptomic data of FACS-sorted LSECs from aged versus young mice, as well as early after iron citrate injections, we identified ETS1 as a candidate transcription factor involved in Bmp6 transcriptional regulation. By performing siRNA-mediated knockdown, small-molecule treatments, and chromatin immunoprecipitation in primary LSECs, we show that Bmp6 transcription is regulated by iron via ETS1 and p38/JNK MAP kinase-mediated signaling, at least in part independently of NRF2. Thereby, these findings identify the new components of LSEC iron sensing machinery broadly associated with cellular stress responses.

New Frontiers in Electrocardiography, Cardiac Arrhythmias, and Arrhythmogenic Disorders

In recent decades, diagnosing, risk-stratifying, and treating patients with primary electrical diseases, as well as heart rhythm disorders, have improved substantially [...].

The links of subjective and psychological well-being with the Dark Triad traits: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to investigate the specific links that the Dark Triad traits have with subjective and psychological well-being through a meta-analysis of the existing literature.

BACKGROUND

Over the past few years, associations between the Dark Triad traits and well-being have been a stimulating but understudied topic in personality research.

METHOD

Cross-sectional, correlational studies examining these relationships were searched in the PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Meta-analyses were performed at the dimension- and facet-level to account for the multidimensional structure of the Dark Triad traits.

RESULTS

A total of 55 studies were included (n = 26,252). In general, grandiose narcissism and boldness/dominance related to higher well-being, while vulnerable narcissism, antagonism, disinhibition, and Machiavellianism related to lower levels of well-being. Age and gender moderated few of these associations.

CONCLUSIONS

We recommend including multidimensional measures of the Dark Triad traits as an essential step to move the field forward.

Albumin suppresses oxidation of TiNb alloy in the simulated inflammatory environment

Literature data has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by immune cells during post-operative inflammation, could induce corrosion of standard Ti-based biomaterials. For Ti6Al4V alloy, this process can be further accelerated by the presence of albumin. However, this phenomenon remains unexplored for Ti β-phase materials, such as TiNb alloys. These alloys are attractive due to their relatively low elastic modulus value. This study aims to address the question of how albumin influences the corrosion resistance of TiNb alloy under simulated inflammation. Electrochemical and ion release tests have revealed that albumin significantly enhances corrosion resistance over both short (2 and 24 h) and long (2 weeks) exposure periods. Furthermore, post-immersion XPS and cross-section TEM analysis have demonstrated that prolonged exposure to an albumin-rich inflammatory solution results in the complete coverage of the TiNb surface by a protein layer. Moreover, TEM studies revealed that H2O2-induced oxidation and further formation of a defective oxide film were suppressed in the solution enriched with albumin. Overall results indicate that contrary to Ti6Al4V, the addition of albumin to the PBS + H2O2 solution is not necessary to simulate the harsh inflammatory conditions as could possibly be found in the vicinity of a TiNb implant.

Reproductive system, temperature, and genetic background effects in experimentally evolving populations of Caenorhabditis elegans

Experimental evolution (EE) is a powerful research framework for gaining insights into many biological questions, including the evolution of reproductive systems. We designed a long-term and highly replicated EE project using the nematode C. elegans, with the main aim of investigating the impact of reproductive system on adaptation and diversification under environmental challenge. From the laboratory-adapted strain N2, we derived isogenic lines and introgressed the fog-2(q71) mutation, which changes the reproductive system from nearly exclusive selfing to obligatory outcrossing, independently into 3 of them. This way, we obtained 3 pairs of isogenic ancestral populations differing in reproductive system; from these, we derived replicate EE populations and let them evolve in either novel (increased temperature) or control conditions for over 100 generations. Subsequently, fitness of both EE and ancestral populations was assayed under the increased temperature conditions. Importantly, each population was assayed in 2-4 independent blocks, allowing us to gain insight into the reproducibility of fitness scores. We expected to find upward fitness divergence, compared to ancestors, in populations which had evolved in this treatment, particularly in the outcrossing ones due to the benefits of genetic shuffling. However, our data did not support these predictions. The first major finding was very strong effect of replicate block on populations' fitness scores. This indicates that despite standardization procedures, some important environmental effects were varying among blocks, and possibly compounded by epigenetic inheritance. Our second key finding was that patterns of EE populations' divergence from ancestors differed among the ancestral isolines, suggesting that research conclusions derived for any particular genetic background should never be generalized without sampling a wider set of backgrounds. Overall, our results support the calls to pay more attention to biological variability when designing studies and interpreting their results, and to avoid over-generalizations of outcomes obtained for specific genetic and/or environmental conditions.

Ownership-attributing intuitions are cross-culturally shared

This study tested intuitions about ownership in children of Dani people, an indigenous Papuan society (N = 79, Mage = 7, 49.4% females). The results show that similar to studies with children from Western societies, children infer ownership from (1) control of permission, (2) ownership of the territory the object is located in, and (3) manmade versus natural origins of the object. By contrast, they did not (4) infer ownership from the first observed possession of an object. Additionally, Papuan children showed (5) an absolute first possession heuristic, whereby they assigned ownership to a person who achieved a goal, in contrast to a person who was first to pursue this goal but failed to be the first to claim it.

Boosting Zinc Hybrid Supercapacitor Performance via Thiol Functionalization of Graphene-Based Cathodes

Zinc hybrid supercapacitors (Zn-HSCs) hold immense potential toward the next-generation energy storage systems, effectively spanning the divide between conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors. Unfortunately, the energy density of most of Zn-HSCs has not yet rivalled the levels observed in LIBs. The electrochemical performance of aqueous Zn-HSCs can be enhanced through the chemical functionalization of graphene-based cathode materials with thiol moieties as they will be highly suitable for favoring Zn2+ adsorption/desorption. Here, a single-step reaction is employed to synthesize thiol-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGOSH), incorporating both oxygen functional groups (OFGs) and thiol functionalities, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Electrochemical analysis reveals that rGOSH cathodes exhibit a specific capacitance (540 F g-1) and specific capacity (139 mAh g-1) at 0.1 A g-1 as well as long-term stability, with over 92% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles, outperforming chemically reduced graphene oxide (CrGO). Notably, rGOSH electrodes displayed an exceptional maximum energy density of 187.6 Wh kg-1 and power density of 48.6 kW kg-1. Overall, this study offers an unprecedented powerful strategy for the design and optimization of cathode materials, paving the way for efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions to meet the increasing demands of modern energy applications.

Mammalian Diaphanous1 signalling in neurovascular complications of diabetes

Over the past few decades, diabetes gradually has become one of the top non-communicable disorders, affecting 476.0 million in 2017 and is predicted to reach 570.9 million people in 2025. It is estimated that 70 to 100% of all diabetic patients will develop some if not all, diabetic complications over the course of the disease. Despite different symptoms, mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic complications are similar, likely stemming from deficits in both neuronal and vascular components supplying hyperglycaemia-susceptible tissues and organs. Diaph1, protein diaphanous homolog 1, although mainly known for its regulatory role in structural modification of actin and related cytoskeleton proteins, in recent years attracted research attention as a cytoplasmic partner of the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) a signal transduction receptor, whose activation triggers an increase in proinflammatory molecules, oxidative stressors and cytokines in diabetes and its related complications. Both Diaph1 and RAGE are also a part of the RhoA signalling cascade, playing a significant role in the development of neurovascular disturbances underlying diabetes-related complications. In this review, based on the existing knowledge as well as compelling findings from our past and present studies, we address the role of Diaph1 signalling in metabolic stress and neurovascular degeneration in diabetic complications. In light of the most recent developments in biochemical, genomic and transcriptomic research, we describe current theories on the aetiology of diabetes complications, highlighting the function of the Diaph1 signalling system and its role in diabetes pathophysiology.

Long-Term Stability of Light-Induced Ti3+ Defects in TiO2 Nanotubes for Amplified Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

This study shows that the simple approach of keeping anodic TiO2 nanotubes at 70 °C in ethanol for 1 h results in improved photoelectrochemical water splitting activity due to initiation of crystallization in the material amplified by the light-induced formation of a Ti3+ -Vo states under UV 365 nm illumination. For the first time, the light-induced Ti3+ -Vo states are generated when oxygen is present in the reaction solution and are stable when in contact with air (oxygen) for a long time (two months). We confirmed here that the amorphous or nearly amorphous structure of titania supports the survival of Ti3+ species in contact with oxygen. It is also shown that the ethanol treatment substantially improves the morphology of the titania nanotube arrays, specifically, less surface cracking and surface purification from C- and F-based contamination from the electrolyte used for anodizing.

Gingival fibroblast activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis is driven by TLR2 and is independent of the LPS-TLR4 axis

Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) are abundant structural cells of the periodontium that contribute to the host's innate immunity by producing cytokines and chemokines in response to oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Isolated lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) is commonly used to study GF responses to P. gingivalis; however, this approach produced conflicting observations regarding its proinflammatory potential and the engagement of specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this work, we demonstrate that commercially available Pg-LPS preparations are weak activators of GF innate immune responses compared with live P. gingivalis or other relevant virulence factors, such as P. gingivalis fimbriae or LPS from Escherichia coli. GF's nonresponsiveness to Pg-LPS can be only partly attributed to the low expression of TLR4 and its accessory molecules, CD14 and LY36, and is likely caused by the unique structure and composition of the Pg-LPS lipid A. Finally, we combined gene silencing and neutralizing antibody studies to demonstrate that GF response to infection with live P. gingivalis relies predominantly on TLR2. In contrast, the LPS-TLR4 signaling plays a negligible role in inflammatory cytokine production by GFs exposed to this oral pathogen, confirming that Pg-LPS stimulation is not an optimal model for studies of GF responses to P. gingivalis.

The tautomer-specific excited state dynamics of 2,6-diaminopurine using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and quantum chemical calculations

2,6-Diaminopurine (2,6-dAP) is an alternative nucleobase that potentially played a role in prebiotic chemistry. We studied its excited state dynamics in the gas phase by REMPI, IR-UV hole burning, and ps pump-probe spectroscopy and performed quantum chemical calculations at the SCS-ADC(2) level of theory to interpret the experimental results. We found the 9H tautomer to have a small barrier to ultrafast relaxation via puckering of its 6-membered ring. The 7H tautomer has a larger barrier to reach a conical intersection and also has a sizable triplet yield. These results are discussed relative to other purines, for which 9H tautomerization appears to be more photostable than 7H and homosubstituted purines appear to be less photostable than heterosubstituted or singly substituted purines.

Seasonal dynamics of cell-to-cell transport in angiosperm wood

This study describes the seasonal changes in cell-to-cell transport in three selected angiosperm tree species, Acer pseudoplatanus (maple), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), and Populus tremula × tremuloides (poplar), with an emphasis on the living wood component, xylem parenchyma cells (XPCs). We performed anatomical studies, dye loading through the vascular system, measurements of non-structural carbohydrate content, immunocytochemistry, inhibitory assays and quantitative real-time PCR to analyse the transport mechanisms and seasonal variations in wood. The abundance of membrane dye in wood varied seasonally along with seasonally changing tree phenology, cambial activity, and non-structural carbohydrate content. Moreover, dyes internalized in vessel-associated cells and 'trapped' in the endomembrane system are transported farther between other XPCs via plasmodesmata. Finally, various transport mechanisms based on clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis, and membrane transporters, operate in wood, and their involvement is species and/or season dependent. Our study highlights the importance of XPCs in seasonally changing cell-to-cell transport in both ring-porous (ash) and diffuse-porous (maple, poplar) tree species, and demonstrates the involvement of both endocytosis and plasmodesmata in intercellular communication in angiosperm wood.

Commercial-Scale Modification of NdFeB Magnets under Laser-Assisted Conditions

Rare Earth elements (REE) such as NdFeB are commonly used to produce permanent magnets. Thanks to their superior properties, these materials are highly desirable for green energy applications such as wind power generators or electric cars. Currently, REEs are critical for the ongoing development of eco-friendly solutions in different industrial branches. The emerging issue of REE depletion has led to a need for new methods to enable the life cycle elongation, resistance to wear, and external factors improvement of NdFeB magnets. This can be achieved by advanced, nanostructured coating formation of magnet surfaces to increase their functionality and protect from humidity, pressure, temperature, and other factors. The aim of the following research was to develop a new, scalable strategy for the modification of NdFeB magnets using laser-assisted technique, also known as Laser cladding. For this purpose, four different micropowders were used to modify commercial NdFeB samples. The products were investigated for their morphology, structure, chemical composition, and crystallography. Moreover, magnetic flux density was evaluated. Our results showed that laser cladding constitutes a promising strategy for REE-based permanent magnets modification and regeneration and may help to improve durability and resistance of NdFeB components.

The Role of Opioid Receptor Antagonists in Regulation of Blood Pressure and T-Cell Activation in Mice Selected for High Analgesia Induced by Swim Stress

Opioid peptides and their G protein-coupled receptors are important regulators within the cardiovascular system, implicated in the modulation of both heart and vascular functions. It is known that naloxone-an opioid antagonist-may exert a hypertensive effect. Recent experimental and clinical evidence supports the important role of inflammatory mechanisms in hypertension. Since opioids may play a role in the regulation of both blood pressure and immune response, we studied these two processes in our model. We aimed to evaluate the effect of selective and non-selective opioid receptor antagonists on blood pressure and T-cell activation in a mouse model of high swim stress-induced analgesia. Blood pressure was measured before and during the infusion of opioid receptor antagonists using a non-invasive tail-cuff measurement system. To assess the activation of T-cells, flow cytometry was used. We discovered that the non-selective antagonism of the opioid system by naloxone caused a significant elevation of blood pressure. The selective antagonism of μ and κ but not δ opioid receptors significantly increased systolic blood pressure. Subsequently, a brief characterization of T-cell subsets was performed. We found that the blockade of μ and δ receptors is associated with the increased expression of CD69 on CD4 T-cells. Moreover, we observed an increase in the central memory CD4 and central memory CD8 T-cell populations after the δ opioid receptor blockade. The antagonism of the μ opioid receptor increased the CD8 effector and central memory T-cell populations.

Respiratory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease-Consequence or Underlying Cause? Applying Animal Models to the Study of Respiratory Malfunctions

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. In addition to dementia, which is the loss of cognitive function, including thinking, remembering, and reasoning, and behavioral abilities, AD patients also experience respiratory disturbances. The most common respiratory problems observed in AD patients are pneumonia, shortness of breath, respiratory muscle weakness, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The latter is considered an outcome of Alzheimer's disease and is suggested to be a causative factor. While this narrative review addresses the bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease and reports on existing studies describing the most common respiratory disorders found in patients with Alzheimer's disease, its main purpose is to review all currently available studies using animal models of Alzheimer's disease to study respiratory impairments. These studies on animal models of AD are few in number but are crucial for establishing mechanisms, causation, implementing potential therapies for respiratory disorders, and ultimately applying these findings to clinical practice. This review summarizes what is already known in the context of research on respiratory disorders in animal models, while pointing out directions for future research.

Unifying duplication episode clustering and gene-species mapping inference

We present a novel problem, called MetaEC, which aims to infer gene-species assignments in a collection of partially leaf-labeled gene trees labels by minimizing the size of duplication episode clustering (EC). This problem is particularly relevant in metagenomics, where incomplete data often poses a challenge in the accurate reconstruction of gene histories. To solve MetaEC, we propose a polynomial time dynamic programming (DP) formulation that verifies the existence of a set of duplication episodes from a predefined set of episode candidates. In addition, we design a method to infer distributions of gene-species mappings. We then demonstrate how to use DP to design an algorithm that solves MetaEC. Although the algorithm is exponential in the worst case, we introduce a heuristic modification of the algorithm that provides a solution with the knowledge that it is exact. To evaluate our method, we perform two computational experiments on simulated and empirical data containing whole genome duplication events, showing that our algorithm is able to accurately infer the corresponding events.

Copper interaction with cystatin C: effects on protein structure and oligomerization

Human cystatin C (hCC), a small secretory protein, has gained attention beyond its classical role as a cysteine protease inhibitor owing to its potential involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. This study investigates the interaction between copper(II) ions [Cu(II)] and hCC, specifically targeting histidine residues known to participate in metal binding. Through various analytical techniques, including mutagenesis, circular dichroism, fluorescence assays, gel filtration chromatography, and electron microscopy, we evaluated the impact of Cu(II) ions on the structure and oligomerization of hCC. The results show that Cu(II) does not influence the secondary and tertiary structure of the studied hCC variants but affects their stability. To explore the Cu(II)-binding site, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray studies were conducted. NMR experiments revealed notable changes in signal intensities and linewidths within the region 86 His-Asp-Gln-Pro-His90 , suggesting its involvement in Cu(II) coordination. Both histidine residues from this fragment were found to serve as a primary anchor of Cu(II) in solution, depending on the structural context and the presence of other Cu(II)-binding agents. The presence of Cu(II) led to significant destabilization and altered thermal stability of the wild-type and H90A variant, confirming differentiation between His residues in Cu(II) binding. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the interaction between Cu(II) and hCC, elucidating the impact of copper ions on protein stability and identifying potential Cu(II)-binding residues. Understanding these interactions enhances our knowledge of the role of copper in neurodegenerative disorders and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies targeting copper-mediated processes in protein aggregation and associated pathologies.

Sex- and age-dependent susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in the rat heart ex vivo

The incidence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD), depends largely on the arrhythmic substrate that develops in the myocardium during the aging process. There is a large deficit of comparative studies on the development of this substrate in both sexes, with a particular paucity of studies in females. To identify the substrates of arrhythmia, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, mitochondrial density, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in isolated cardiomyocytes were measured in the hearts of 3- and 24-month-old female and male rats. Arrhythmia susceptibility was assessed in ex vivo perfused hearts after exposure to isoproterenol (ISO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The number of ventricular premature beats (PVBs), ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes, as well as intrinsic heart rate, QRS and QT duration, were measured in ECG signals recorded from the surfaces of the beating hearts. After ISO administration, VT/VFs were formed only in the hearts of males, mainly older ones. In contrast, H2O2 led to VT/VF formation in the hearts of rats of both sexes but much more frequently in older males. We identified several components of the arrhythmia substrate that develop in the myocardium during the aging process, including high spontaneous ryanodine receptor activity in cardiomyocytes, fibrosis of varying severity in different layers of the myocardium (nonheterogenic fibrosis), and high levels of oxidative stress as measured by nitrated tyrosine levels. All of these elements appeared at a much greater intensity in male individuals during the aging process. On the other hand, in aging females, antioxidant defense at the level of H2O2 detoxification, measured as glutathione peroxidase expression, was weaker than that in males of the same age. We showed that sex has a significant effect on the development of an arrhythmic substrate during aging. This substrate determines the incidence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of additional stimuli with proarrhythmic potential, such as catecholamine stimulation or oxidative stress, which are constant elements in the pathomechanism of most cardiovascular diseases.

Comparison of ZrO2 Particles and Polyaniline as Additives in Polystyrene-Based Sorbents for the Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Psychoactive Drugs from Biofluids

The intensive development of extraction methods based on μ-SPE extraction contributes to the increased interest in the synthesis of new sorption materials. This work presents the characterization of polystyrene fibers and polystyrene fibers blended with ZrO2 particles or polyaniline obtained by electrospinning and their use in the extraction of selected psychoactive drugs from biological samples. The characteristic of produced fibers is made by performing SEM images, measuring average fiber diameter, and examining their sorption abilities. Among the fibers based on pure polystyrene, tested in the first stage, the best sorption properties are demonstrated for the fibers obtained from a polystyrene solution in DMF with a concentration of 17.5 wt%. In the next stage, this material was modified with synthesized ZrO2 particles and polyaniline. Among the tested materials, the sorbent based on polystyrene with polyaniline shows the best sorption properties of the tested substances. The use of this material in the μ-SPE in a needle enables the extraction of selected compounds from aqueous and biological samples such as urine and human plasma.

Depressive symptoms and loneliness among early adolescents: a psychometric network analysis approach

BACKGROUND

Previous studies demonstrate a high prevalence of depression and loneliness among adolescents. Although they often co-occur, the relationship between symptoms of depression and loneliness remains poorly understood. This study investigates: (a) the symptoms of depression that are connected to loneliness; (b) the role played by loneliness in the network of depression symptoms; and (c) whether the method used to measure loneliness (single-item direct or multi-item indirect) affects the relationship of loneliness with depressive symptoms.

METHODS

Participants were 496 Polish adolescents (50.8% girls) aged 11 to 13, who completed: (a) the 10-item Major Depressive Disorder subscale of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale; (b) the 11-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (indirect loneliness), and (c) a single direct question evaluating loneliness: 'I'm lonely'. Networks were estimated using a Gaussian Graphical Model.

RESULTS

Loneliness shows a direct relationship with three affective symptoms of depression: sadness, worthlessness, and anhedonia, which mediate relationships with somatic symptoms. In contrast to previous studies, loneliness has the lowest level of centrality among all elements of the network. The method used to assess loneliness did not significantly affect the connections between loneliness and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Loneliness and depression overlap since they are formed by the same cognitive biases and deficits in emotion regulation but differ in the level of generality. In loneliness, they have an interpersonal context, while symptoms of depression can be intrapersonal. This helps us to understand why cognitive interventions, as compared to those which are social, are more effective in reducing loneliness.

Toward Nano-Specific In Silico NAMs: How to Adjust Nano-QSAR to the Recent Advancements of Nanotoxicology?

The rapid development of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) causes humans to become increasingly exposed to them. Therefore, a better understanding of the health impact of ENMs is highly demanded. Considering the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) principle, in vitro and computational methods are excellent alternatives for testing on animals. Among computational methods, nano-quantitative structure-activity relationship (nano-QSAR), which links the physicochemical and structural properties of EMNs with biological activities, is one of the leading method. The nature of toxicological experiments has evolved over the last decades; currently, one experiment can provide thousands of measurements of the organism's functioning at the molecular level. At the same time, the capacity of the in vitro systems to mimic the human organism is also improving significantly. Hence, the authors would like to discuss whether the nano-QSAR approach follows modern toxicological studies and takes full advantage of the opportunities offered by modern toxicological platforms. Challenges and possibilities for improving data integration are underlined narratively, including the need for a consensus built between the in vitro and the QSAR domains.

Morphology of Microchips in the Surface Finishing Process Utilizing Abrasive Films

In this study, the surface of new lapping films was analyzed, and the lapping finishing process was applied to RG7 tin bronze alloy. The research focused on examining lapping films with electrocorundum grains of nominal sizes 30, 12, and 9 μm, commonly used for achieving smooth surfaces. The manufacturing process involves placing abrasive grains and binder onto a polyester tape, resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of abrasive grains. The study investigates the impact of this random distribution on the performance of lapping films during material removal. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the surface structure of abrasive films, revealing distinctive structures formed by the specific aggregation of abrasive grains. This study explores the influence of different nominal grain sizes on surface finish and aims to optimize lapping processes for diverse applications. The research also delves into microchip analysis, examining the products of the lapping film finishing process. Microchips were observed directly on the abrasive tool surface, revealing insights into their morphology and distribution. The chip segmentation frequency was determined, and they amounted to approximately 0.8 to 3 MHz; these are very high frequencies, which are unique for known chip-forming processes.

Test-retest reliability and validity of the Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire in Denmark

While measures to detect psychophysical olfactory ability are a crucial part of clinicians' assessment of potential olfactory loss, it gives no indication of how olfaction is experienced by the patient and these different aspects often deviate substantially. To ensure quality and reproducibility of subjectively reported olfactory experience and significance, the Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire (IO-Q) was introduced around a decade ago, and while initial validations have produced promising results, important aspects remain nearly unexamined. For example, the test-retest reliability has rarely been examined and the difference of online versus pen-and-paper administration remains unexplored. Here, we translated IO-Q to Danish and examined its validity, test-retest reliability and mode of administration. A cohort of 179 younger, Danish participants with a high level of English proficiency took the test twice with varying time in-between. The first test was taken digitally and in English, while the second was taken using pen-and-paper and in Danish. The distribution of scores and the relationship between the IO-Q and subscale scores were nearly identical between tests, indicating little to no influence of language/test modality in the sampled population. The internal consistency was comparable to previously published results. Likewise, an acceptable test-retest reliability was observed for the full IO-Q and slightly lower for subscales. No significant effect of time was found across several weeks. In conclusion, the IO-Q performed satisfactorily in all examinations and could therefore serve as a valuable clinical measure of subjective olfactory experience, and its Danish translation shows highly similar characteristics to the original, English version.

'Mother(Nature) knows best' - hijacking nature-designed transcriptional programs for enhancing stress resistance and protein production in Yarrowia lipolytica; presentation of YaliFunTome database

BACKGROUND

In the era of rationally designed synthetic biology, heterologous metabolites production, and other counter-nature engineering of cellular metabolism, we took a step back and recalled that 'Mother(-Nature) knows best'. While still aiming at synthetic, non-natural outcomes of generating an 'over-production phenotype' we dug into the pre-designed transcriptional programs evolved in our host organism-Yarrowia lipolytica, hoping that some of these fine-tuned orchestrated programs could be hijacked and used. Having an interest in the practical outcomes of the research, we targeted industrially-relevant functionalities-stress resistance and enhanced synthesis of proteins, and gauged them over extensive experimental design's completion.

RESULTS

Technically, the problem was addressed by screening a broad library of over 120 Y. lipolytica strains under 72 combinations of variables through a carefully pre-optimized high-throughput cultivation protocol, which enabled actual phenotype development. The abundance of the transcription program elicitors-transcription factors (TFs), was secured by their overexpression, while challenging the strains with the multitude of conditions was inflicted to impact their activation stratus. The data were subjected to mathematical modeling to increase their informativeness. The amount of the gathered data prompted us to present them in the form of a searchable catalog - the YaliFunTome database ( https://sparrow.up.poznan.pl/tsdatabase/ )-to facilitate the withdrawal of biological sense from numerical data. We succeeded in the identification of TFs that act as omni-boosters of protein synthesis, enhance resistance to limited oxygen availability, and improve protein synthesis capacity under inorganic nitrogen provision.

CONCLUSIONS

All potential users are invited to browse YaliFunTome in the search for homologous TFs and the TF-driven phenotypes of interest.

Effect of histidine protonation state on ligand binding at the ATP-binding site of human protein kinase CK2

Histidine residues contribute to numerous molecular interactions, owing to their structure with the ionizable aromatic side chain with pKa close to the physiological pH. Herein, we studied how the two histidine residues, His115 and His160 of the catalytic subunit of human protein kinase CK2, affect the binding of the halogenated heterocyclic ligands at the ATP-binding site. Thermodynamic studies on the interaction between five variants of hCK2α (WT protein and four histidine mutants) and three ionizable bromo-benzotriazoles and their conditionally non-ionizable benzimidazole counterparts were performed with nanoDSF, MST, and ITC. The results allowed us to identify the contribution of interactions involving the particular histidine residues to ligand binding. We showed that despite the well-documented hydrogen bonding/salt bridge formation dragging the anionic ligands towards Lys68, the protonated His160 also contributes to the binding of such ligands by long-range electrostatic interactions. Simultaneously, His 115 indirectly affects ligand binding, placing the hinge region in open/closed conformations.

Online misinformation can distort witnesses' memories. Analysis of co-witness discussions using an online version of the MORI-v technique

Introduction

The memory conformity effect occurs when people witness a given incident and then talk to each other about it, and the statement of one person affects the memory account of another person with respect to that incident. The main objectives of this experiment were (1) to examine the effectiveness of a modified version of the MORI-v technique in inducing the memory conformity effect and (2) to investigate how the manner in which participants discuss the observed event influences the magnitude of this effect. In general, the modified online MORI-v technique consists of the following main elements: (1) original material, that is, two versions of a short film which are identical except for certain critical details; for example, in one version, a thief puts on a red cap, but in the other version it is black; (2) the collaborative recognition test, that is, a discussion about the original material which leads to mutual misinformation; and (3) an individual recognition test that checks the effect of the discussion on the memory account of the original material.

Methods

A total of 72 participants (36 pairs) aged 18-54 took part in the research. Participants were tested using the online MORI-v technique: They were familiarized with the original material on their computers at home, and then they talked about it via a video communication app and completed an individual recognition test on their computers. Importantly, the discussions were recorded and analyzed in detail after the experimental session.

Results and discussion

Using the online MORI-v technique, the effect of memory conformity was demonstrated, that is, in the individual recognition test, the proportion of correct answers to questions about discussed details (related to misinformation) was lower than the proportion of correct answers to questions about non-discussed details. It was also demonstrated that if one participant introduced misinformation during the discussion about a particular item and the other did not question it, the latter's answer to that item during the individual recognition test was most often incorrect. However, if one participant introduced misinformation during the discussion about an item and the other questioned it, the latter's answer about that item during the individual recognition test was most often correct.

Stress is not so bad-cortisol level and psychological functioning after 8-week HIIT program during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

Background

Amid extensive pregnancy exercise research, the impact of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on pregnant women's mental health is underexplored. Despite exercise benefits, it can trigger stress responses like elevated cortisol. This study fills the gap by investigating correlations between hair cortisol levels, mental health, and HIIT effects in pregnant women.

Methods

We conducted a randomized control trial among 38 Caucasian women in uncomplicated, singleton pregnancy (age 31.11 ± 4.03 years, 21.82 ± 4.30 week of gestation; mean ± SD). The experimental group comprised 22 women engaged in an 8-week high-intensity interval training program (HIIT). The comparative group consisted of 16 pregnant women undergoing an 8-week educational program (EDU). Before and after the interventions, all women were evaluated using the following tools: Hair cortisol level measurements, Beck Depression Inventory - II for depressive symptoms assessment, Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire for childbirth fear measurement, 12-item Short Form Health Survey to gage health-related quality of life, International Physical Activity Questionnaire for physical activity level estimation, and a Progressive maximal exercise test to evaluate maternal exercise capacity.

Results

The key finding of our study reveals that women engaged in the HIIT intervention exhibited a distinct cortisol production pattern in contrast to the EDU group practicing standard moderate intensity physical activity. In the HIIT group, there was an increase in hair cortisol levels, while the EDU group showed a notable decrease. Remarkably, HIIT stimulated cortisol production without adversely impacting fear of childbirth and psychophysical condition during pregnancy. In fact, only the HIIT group showed a significant enhancement in mental health.

Conclusion

No links were discovered between hair cortisol levels and the severity of depressive symptoms, psychophysical well-being, or fear of childbirth. Hence, based on our research, employing cortisol levels during pregnancy as an indicator of negative stress or depression risk appears unwarranted.

MODOMICS: a database of RNA modifications and related information. 2023 update

The MODOMICS database was updated with recent data and now includes new data types related to RNA modifications. Changes to the database include an expanded modification catalog, encompassing both natural and synthetic residues identified in RNA structures. This addition aids in representing RNA sequences from the RCSB PDB database more effectively. To manage the increased number of modifications, adjustments to the nomenclature system were made. Updates in the RNA sequences section include the addition of new sequences and the reintroduction of sequence alignments for tRNAs and rRNAs. The protein section was updated and connected to structures from the RCSB PDB database and predictions by AlphaFold. MODOMICS now includes a data annotation system, with 'Evidence' and 'Estimated Reliability' features, offering clarity on data support and accuracy. This system is open to all MODOMICS entries, enhancing the accuracy of RNA modification data representation. MODOMICS is available at https://iimcb.genesilico.pl/modomics/.

Advances in bacteriophage-mediated strategies for combating polymicrobial biofilms

Bacteria and fungi tend to coexist within biofilms instead of in planktonic states. Usually, such communities include cross-kingdom microorganisms, which make them harder to remove from abiotic surfaces or infection sites. Additionally, the produced biofilm matrix protects embedded microorganisms from antibiotics, disinfectants, or the host immune system. Therefore, classic therapies based on antibiotics might be ineffective, especially when multidrug-resistant bacteria are causative factors. The complexities surrounding the eradication of biofilms from diverse surfaces and the human body have spurred the exploration of alternative therapeutic modalities. Among these options, bacteriophages and their enzymatic counterparts have emerged as promising candidates, either employed independently or in synergy with antibiotics and other agents. Phages are natural bacteria killers because of mechanisms of action that differ from antibiotics, phages might answer worldwide problems with bacterial infections. In this review, we report the attempts to use bacteriophages in combating polymicrobial biofilms in in vitro studies, using different models, including the therapeutical use of phages. In addition, we sum up the advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives of phage therapy.

Spatio-temporal interactions between the red fox and the wolf in two contrasting European landscapes

Relationships among carnivore species are complex, potentially switching from competition to facilitation on a context-dependent basis. Negative associations are predicted to increase with latitude, due to limited resources emphasising competition and/or intra-guild predation. Accordingly, a stronger negative correlation between large- and meso-carnivore abundances should be expected at higher latitudes, with a substantial spatio-temporal partitioning favouring interspecific coexistence. Human presence may influence spatio-temporal relationships between (meso)carnivore species, as it can be perceived as a risk factor, but anthropogenic food can also provide an important additional food resource. Using camera-trap data, we studied the spatio-temporal associations between two of the most widespread carnivores in Europe, i.e., the red fox and wolf. We compared their monthly/daily spatio-temporal partitioning between two different landscapes: Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland) and the Mediterranean Maremma Regional Park (Italy). We predicted a stronger interspecific partitioning, as well as more attraction of red foxes to humans in the northern site (Poland). Temporal activity patterns of the two carnivores overlapped in both sites, and their detection rates were positively associated, even though in weaker way in Poland. We observed a positive spatial association of red foxes with human activity in Białowieża, but not in Maremma. This association occurred only at a monthly temporal scale and disappeared at a daily scale, suggesting some disturbance in the shorter term. Our results provided partial support to our predictions and suggest that, despite the ecological differences between our study areas, only weak differences in wolf-fox relations were observed, suggesting that red fox responses to wolves may be relatively comparable over large spatial scales.

Study of sample preparation influence on bacterial lipids profile in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Lipids are one of the cell components therefore it is important to be able to accurately assess them. One of the analytical techniques used to study lipid profiles is matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). The present study attempted to select optimal conditions for sample preparation and MALDI MS analysis of bacterial lipidome in both positive and negative ion modes using different extraction protocols-Folch, Matyash, and Bligh & Dyer, solvents used to apply samples, and matrices such as 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP). The obtained results allowed concluding that DHB or CHCA matrices are suitable for lipid analysis in the positive mode, and in the negative mode THAP or 9-AA. The most appropriate protocol for extracting lipids from bacterial cells was the Bligh & Dyer method in both ionization modes. The use of the solvent TA30, which was a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water, provided on the spectra a significant number of signals from lipids in all groups analyzed, such as fatty acyls, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids.

The mediating effects of anxiety on the relationships between persistent thinking and life satisfaction: A two-wave longitudinal study in patients with anxiety disorders

OBJECTIVE

According to cognitive theories, anxiety disorders may result from distorted beliefs, sensations, feelings, and decisions, leading to an overestimation of the danger presented by various stimuli.

METHODS

In this two-wave longitudinal study of 435 German patients with anxiety disorders, we assessed the association of negative persistent thinking, anxiety, and life satisfaction.

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

Structural equation modeling results suggest that persistent thinking may initiate the occurrence of anxiety, which in turn influences a decrease in life satisfaction. The convergence of the evidence from this longitudinal study with earlier results of evidence-based trials fortifies the case supporting the need to identify and reduce cognitive distortions in therapeutic interventions to improve health in people with anxiety disorders.

Indocyanine green and iohexol loaded hydroxyapatite in poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone)-based composite for bimodal near-infrared fluorescence- and X-ray-based imaging

This study aimed to develop material for multimodal imaging by means of X-ray and near-infrared containing FDA- and EMA-approved iohexol and indocyanine green (ICG). The mentioned contrast agents (CAs) are hydrophilic and amphiphilic, respectively, which creates difficulties in fabrication of functional polymeric composites for fiducial markers (FMs) with usage thereof. Therefore, this study exploited for the first time the possibility of enhancing the radiopacity and introduction of the NIR fluorescence of FMs by adsorption of the CAs on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles. The particles were embedded in the poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (P[LAcoCL]) matrix resulting in the composite material for bimodal near-infrared fluorescence- and X-ray-based imaging. The applied method of material preparation provided homogenous distribution of both CAs with high iohexol loading efficiency and improved fluorescence signal due to hindered ICG aggregation. The material possessed profound contrasting properties for both imaging modalities. Its stability was evaluated during in vitro experiments in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) solutions. The addition of HAp nanoparticles had significant effect on the fluorescence signal. The X-ray radiopacity was stable within minimum 11 weeks, even though the addition of ICG contributed to a faster release of iohexol. The stiffness of the material was not affected by iohexol or ICG, but incorporation of HAp nanoparticles elevated the values of bending modulus by approximately 70%. Moreover, the performed cell study revealed that all tested materials were not cytotoxic. Thus, the developed material can be successfully used for fabrication of FMs.

Common and distinct BOLD correlates of Simon and flanker conflicts which can(not) be reduced to time-on-task effects

The ability to identify and resolve conflicts between standard, well-trained behaviors and behaviors required by the current context is an essential feature of cognitive control. To date, no consensus has been reached on the brain mechanisms involved in exerting such control: while some studies identified diverse patterns of activity across different conflicts, other studies reported common resources across conflict tasks or even across simple tasks devoid of the conflict component. The latter reports attributed the entire activity observed in the presence of conflict to longer time spent on the task (i.e., to the so-called time-on-task effects). Here, we used an extended Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) which combines Simon and flanker types of interference to determine shared and conflict-specific mechanisms of conflict resolution in fMRI and their separability from the time-on-task effects. Large portions of the activity in the dorsal attention network and decreases of activity in the default mode network were shared across the tasks and scaled in parallel with increasing reaction times. Importantly, the activity in the sensory and sensorimotor cortices, as well as in the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) - a key region implicated in conflict processing - could not be exhaustively explained by the time-on-task effects.

Solvent-activated 3D-printed electrodes and their electroanalytical potential

This work is a comprehensive study describing the optimization of the solvent-activated carbon-based 3D printed electrodes. Three different conductive filaments were used for the preparation of 3D-printed electrodes. Electrodes treatment with organic solvents, electrochemical characterization, and finally electroanalytical application was performed in a dedicated polyamide-based cell also created using 3D printing. We have investigated the effect of the used solvent (acetone, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran), time of activation (from immersion up to 3600 s), and the type of commercially available filament (three different options were studied, each being a formulation of a polylactic acid and conductive carbon material). We have obtained and analysed a significant amount of collected data which cover the solvent-activated carbon-based electrodes surface wettability, microscopic insights into the surface topography analysed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and finally voltammetric evaluation of the obtained carbon electrodes electrochemical response. All data are tabulated, discussed, and compared to finally provide the superior activation procedure. The electroanalytical performance of the chosen electrode is discussed based on the voltammetric detection of ferrocenemethanol.

Upgrading Pyrolytic Residue from End-of-Life Tires to Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Conversion of Glycerol to Acetins

Recovered carbon blacks (rCBs) produced from end-of-life tires using pyrolysis were transformed into solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of acetins, i.e., products with a wide spectrum of practical applications. Tuning the chemical properties of the surface of samples and introducing specific functional groups on the rCBs were achieved through carbon functionalization with concentrated H2SO4. The initial and modified rCBs were thoroughly characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, potentiometric back titration, thermogravimetric technique, scanning and transmission microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. The catalytic activities of the samples were measured via batch mode glycerol acetylation performed at 110 °C and compared to the catalytic performance of the functionalized commercial carbon black. The modified rCBs were found to show a significant catalytic effect in the tested reaction, giving high glycerol conversions (above 95%) and satisfactory combined yields of diacetins and triacetin (~72%) within 4 h; this behavior was attributed to the presence of -SO3H moieties on the surface of functionalized rCBs. The reusability tests indicated that the modified samples were catalytically stable in subsequent acetylation runs. The obtained results evidenced the feasibility of using end-of-life tires for the production of effective acid catalysts for glycerol valorization processes.

Adaptation by death? Cell death-based tolerance to cadmium in 150-generation exposure of Spodoptera exiqua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Mechanisms, including autophagy and apoptosis, which serve to regulate and ensure proper organism functions under optimal conditions, play additional defensive roles under environmental pressure. The aim of this study was to test the following hypotheses: (i) elevated autophagy and apoptosis intensity levels, as defensive processes in response to contact with cadmium, are maintained for a limited number of generations and (ii) the number of generations after which levels of cell death processes reach the reference level depends on selective pressure. Cell death processes were assessed by light and transmission electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL), and cytometric analyses. Model insects (Spodoptera exiqua, Hübner, 1808) were orally exposed to various concentrations of cadmium for 18 generations and compared with reference strains exposed to cadmium or not (control) for over 150 generations. Elevated programmed cell death intensity levels decreased after several generations, indicating tolerance of individuals to cadmium in the diet and verifying the first hypothesis; however, testing the second hypothesis indicated that the number of generations depended not only on pressure intensity, but also on cell death type, since levels of autophagy remained increased for a minimum of 12 generations.

The Effect of Visfatin on the Functioning of the Porcine Pituitary Gland: An In Vitro Study

Visfatin (VIS), also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Recently, VIS has been also recognized as an adipokine. Our previous study revealed that VIS is produced in the anterior and posterior lobes of the porcine pituitary. Moreover, the expression and secretion of VIS are dependent on the phase of the estrous cycle and/or the stage of early pregnancy. Based on this, we hypothesized that VIS may regulate porcine pituitary function. This study was conducted on anterior pituitary (AP) glands harvested from pigs during specific phases of the estrous cycle. We have shown the modulatory effect of VIS in vitro on LH and FSH secretion by porcine AP cells (determined by ELISA). VIS was also found to stimulate cell proliferation (determined by Alamar Blue) without affecting apoptosis in these cells (determined using flow cytometry technique). Moreover, it was indicated that VIS may act in porcine AP cells through the INSR, AKT/PI3K, MAPK/ERK1/2, and AMPK signaling pathways (determined by ELISA or Western Blot). This observation was further supported by the finding that simultaneous treatment of cells with VIS and inhibitors of these pathways abolished the observed VIS impact on LH and FSH secretion (determined by ELISA). In addition, our research indicated that VIS affected the mentioned processes in a manner that was dependent on the dose of VIS and/or the phase of the estrous cycle. Thus, these findings suggest that VIS may regulate the functioning of the porcine pituitary gland during the estrous cycle.

Fisher-Shannon Investigation of the Effect of Nonlinearity of Discrete Langevin Model on Behavior of Extremes in Generated Time Series

Diverse forms of nonlinearity within stochastic equations give rise to varying dynamics in processes, which may influence the behavior of extreme values. This study focuses on two nonlinear models of the discrete Langevin equation: one with a fixed diffusion function (M1) and the other with a fixed marginal distribution (M2), both characterized by a nonlinearity parameter. Extremes are defined according to the run theory with thresholds based on percentiles. The behavior of inter-extreme times and run lengths is examined by employing Fisher's Information Measure and the Shannon Entropy. Our findings reveal a clear relationship between the entropic and informational measures and the nonlinearity of model M1-these measures decrease as the nonlinearity parameter increases. Similar relationships are evident for the M2 model, albeit to a lesser extent, even though the background data's marginal distribution remains unaffected by this parameter. As thresholds increase, both the values of Fisher's Information Measure and the Shannon Entropy also increase.

Enhancing lithic analysis: Introducing 3D-EdgeAngle as a semi-automated 3D digital method to systematically quantify stone tool edge angle and design

In stone tool studies, the analysis of different technological and typological features is known to provide distinct but interrelated information on the design and use of artefacts. The selection of these features can potentially influence the understanding and reconstruction of past human technological behaviour across time. One feature frequently part of a standard lithic analysis is the measurement of edge angles. The angle of an edge, unmodified or shaped by retouch and an integral part of the overall tool design, is certainly a parameter that influences the interpretation of an artefact. The acuteness of an edge angle is often linked to aspects such as cutting, carving, or scraping efficiency and durability and thus, tool performance. Knowing the actual edge angle of a stone tool can therefore have important implications for its interpretation. In the case of edge angle analyses, manual measuring techniques have been established for many years in lithic studies. Here, we introduce a new method for accurate and precise edge angle measurements based on 3D data (hereafter 3D-EdgeAngle). 3D-EdgeAngle consists of a script-based, semi-automated edge angle measuring method applicable to 3D models. Unlike other methods, 3D-EdgeAngle illustrates an objective way of measuring the edge angle at cross sections along the entire tool edge in defined steps and, moreover, allows measurements at different distances perpendicular to the edge by controlling three involved parameters. Thus, with this method, the edge angle can be measured at any point in a high resolution and scale of analysis. Compared to measurements taken manually, with this method random and systematic errors can be reduced significantly. Additionally, all data are reproducible and statistically evaluable. We introduce 3D-EdgeAngle as a standard method to calculate edge angles with a highly accurate and systematic approach. With this method, we aim to improve the process of studying lithics and thus to increase the understanding of past human tool design.

Thiol-ene click reaction as an effective tool for the synthesis of PEG-functionalized alkoxysilanes-precursors of anti-fog coatings

The article presents a very simple method of glass modification to obtain the anti-fog effect. Silanes containing two types of functional groups, namely a hydrophilic and polar polyether group and an alkoxysilyl group (to bond with the surface of the modified material) were synthesized in thiol-ene reactions. The hydrothiolation reactions of polyethers containing a C=C terminal bond with mercaptoalkoxysilane proceeded efficiently, yielding quantitatively appropriate products under mild reaction conditions. This method enabled the synthesis of a series of alkoxysilanes functionalized with polyethers, differing in structure. The group of obtained derivatives was characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si NMR, and FT-IR analyses, and then used to prepare coatings on glass using the sol-gel method. The coated glass surfaces exhibited transparency, superhydrophilic or hydrophilic properties, anti-fog and anti-frost performance.