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Manrique PD, Leus IV, López CA, Mehla J, Malloci G, Gervasoni S, Vargiu AV, Kinthada RK, Herndon L, Hengartner NW, Walker JK, Rybenkov VV, Ruggerone P, Zgurskaya HI, Gnanakaran S. Predicting permeation of compounds across the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa using molecular descriptors. Commun Chem 2024; 7:84. [PMID: 38609430 PMCID: PMC11015012 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability Gram-negative pathogens have at adapting and protecting themselves against antibiotics has increasingly become a public health threat. Data-driven models identifying molecular properties that correlate with outer membrane (OM) permeation and growth inhibition while avoiding efflux could guide the discovery of novel classes of antibiotics. Here we evaluate 174 molecular descriptors in 1260 antimicrobial compounds and study their correlations with antibacterial activity in Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The descriptors are derived from traditional approaches quantifying the compounds' intrinsic physicochemical properties, together with, bacterium-specific from ensemble docking of compounds targeting specific MexB binding pockets, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in different subregions of the OM model. Using these descriptors and the measured inhibitory concentrations, we design a statistical protocol to identify predictors of OM permeation/inhibition. We find consistent rules across most of our data highlighting the role of the interaction between the compounds and the OM. An implementation of the rules uncovered in our study is shown, and it demonstrates the accuracy of our approach in a set of previously unseen compounds. Our analysis sheds new light on the key properties drug candidates need to effectively permeate/inhibit P. aeruginosa, and opens the gate to similar data-driven studies in other Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro D Manrique
- Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington, 20052, DC, USA.
| | - Inga V Leus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, OK, USA
| | - César A López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
| | - Jitender Mehla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, OK, USA
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 20052, CA, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 20052, CA, Italy
| | - Attilio V Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 20052, CA, Italy
| | - Rama K Kinthada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, 63103, MO, USA
| | - Liam Herndon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
| | - Nicolas W Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
| | - John K Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, 63103, MO, USA
| | - Valentin V Rybenkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, OK, USA
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 20052, CA, Italy
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, OK, USA
| | - S Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA.
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2
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Kalutantirige FC, He J, Yao L, Cotty S, Zhou S, Smith JW, Tajkhorshid E, Schroeder CM, Moore JS, An H, Su X, Li Y, Chen Q. Beyond nothingness in the formation and functional relevance of voids in polymer films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2852. [PMID: 38605028 PMCID: PMC11009415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Voids-the nothingness-broadly exist within nanomaterials and impact properties ranging from catalysis to mechanical response. However, understanding nanovoids is challenging due to lack of imaging methods with the needed penetration depth and spatial resolution. Here, we integrate electron tomography, morphometry, graph theory and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation to study the formation of interconnected nanovoids in polymer films and their impacts on permeance and nanomechanical behaviour. Using polyamide membranes for molecular separation as a representative system, three-dimensional electron tomography at nanometre resolution reveals nanovoid formation from coalescence of oligomers, supported by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Void analysis provides otherwise inaccessible inputs for accurate fittings of methanol permeance for polyamide membranes. Three-dimensional structural graphs accounting for the tortuous nanovoids within, measure higher apparent moduli with polyamide membranes of higher graph rigidity. Our study elucidates the significance of nanovoids beyond the nothingness, impacting the synthesis‒morphology‒function relationships of complex nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lehan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen Cotty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John W Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modelling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyosung An
- Department of Petrochemical Materials Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeollanam-do, 59631, South Korea
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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3
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Lukashchuk A, Yildirim HK, Bancora A, Lihachev G, Liu Y, Qiu Z, Ji X, Voloshin A, Bhave SA, Charbon E, Kippenberg TJ. Photonic-electronic integrated circuit-based coherent LiDAR engine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3134. [PMID: 38605067 PMCID: PMC11009237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chip-scale integration is a key enabler for the deployment of photonic technologies. Coherent laser ranging or FMCW LiDAR, a perception technology that benefits from instantaneous velocity and distance detection, eye-safe operation, long-range, and immunity to interference. However, wafer-scale integration of these systems has been challenged by stringent requirements on laser coherence, frequency agility, and the necessity for optical amplifiers. Here, we demonstrate a photonic-electronic LiDAR source composed of a micro-electronic-based high-voltage arbitrary waveform generator, a hybrid photonic circuit-based tunable Vernier laser with piezoelectric actuators, and an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier. Importantly, all systems are realized in a wafer-scale manufacturing-compatible process comprising III-V semiconductors, silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits, and 130-nm SiGe bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. We conducted ranging experiments at a 10-meter distance with a precision level of 10 cm and a 50 kHz acquisition rate. The laser source is turnkey and linearization-free, and it can be seamlessly integrated with existing focal plane and optical phased array LiDAR approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Lukashchuk
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Halil Kerim Yildirim
- Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory (AQUA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-2002, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bancora
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grigory Lihachev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zheru Qiu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xinru Ji
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Voloshin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sunil A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Edoardo Charbon
- Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory (AQUA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-2002, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Busnaina JH, Shi Z, McDonald A, Dubyna D, Nsanzineza I, Hung JSC, Chang CWS, Clerk AA, Wilson CM. Quantum simulation of the bosonic Kitaev chain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3065. [PMID: 38594258 PMCID: PMC11004022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Superconducting quantum circuits are a natural platform for quantum simulations of a wide variety of important lattice models describing topological phenomena, spanning condensed matter and high-energy physics. One such model is the bosonic analog of the well-known fermionic Kitaev chain, a 1D tight-binding model with both nearest-neighbor hopping and pairing terms. Despite being fully Hermitian, the bosonic Kitaev chain exhibits a number of striking features associated with non-Hermitian systems, including chiral transport and a dramatic sensitivity to boundary conditions known as the non-Hermitian skin effect. Here, using a multimode superconducting parametric cavity, we implement the bosonic Kitaev chain in synthetic dimensions. The lattice sites are mapped to frequency modes of the cavity, and the in situ tunable complex hopping and pairing terms are created by parametric pumping at the mode-difference and mode-sum frequencies, respectively. We experimentally demonstrate important precursors of nontrivial topology and the non-Hermitian skin effect in the bosonic Kitaev chain, including chiral transport, quadrature wavefunction localization, and sensitivity to boundary conditions. Our experiment is an important first step towards exploring genuine many-body non-Hermitian quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal H Busnaina
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zheng Shi
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander McDonald
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Institut quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dmytro Dubyna
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Nsanzineza
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jimmy S C Hung
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C W Sandbo Chang
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher M Wilson
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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5
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Tzschaschel C, Qiu JX, Gao XJ, Li HC, Guo C, Yang HY, Zhang CP, Xie YM, Liu YF, Gao A, Bérubé D, Dinh T, Ho SC, Fang Y, Huang F, Nordlander J, Ma Q, Tafti F, Moll PJW, Law KT, Xu SY. Nonlinear optical diode effect in a magnetic Weyl semimetal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3017. [PMID: 38589414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Diode effects are of great interest for both fundamental physics and modern technologies. Electrical diode effects (nonreciprocal transport) have been observed in Weyl systems. Optical diode effects arising from the Weyl fermions have been theoretically considered but not probed experimentally. Here, we report the observation of a nonlinear optical diode effect (NODE) in the magnetic Weyl semimetal CeAlSi, where the magnetization introduces a pronounced directionality in the nonlinear optical second-harmonic generation (SHG). We demonstrate a six-fold change of the measured SHG intensity between opposite propagation directions over a bandwidth exceeding 250 meV. Supported by density-functional theory, we establish the linearly dispersive bands emerging from Weyl nodes as the origin of this broadband effect. We further demonstrate current-induced magnetization switching and thus electrical control of the NODE. Our results advance ongoing research to identify novel nonlinear optical/transport phenomena in magnetic topological materials and further opens new pathways for the unidirectional manipulation of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tzschaschel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Max-Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jian-Xiang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Xue-Jian Gao
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hou-Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Chunyu Guo
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials (QMAT), Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Yu Yang
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Ping Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Ming Xie
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Anyuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Damien Bérubé
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Thao Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sheng-Chin Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yuqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fazel Tafti
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Philip J W Moll
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials (QMAT), Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kam Tuen Law
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Su-Yang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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6
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Parzyck CT, Gupta NK, Wu Y, Anil V, Bhatt L, Bouliane M, Gong R, Gregory BZ, Luo A, Sutarto R, He F, Chuang YD, Zhou T, Herranz G, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Schlom DG, Hawthorn DG, Shen KM. Absence of 3a 0 charge density wave order in the infinite-layer nickelate NdNiO 2. Nat Mater 2024; 23:486-491. [PMID: 38278983 PMCID: PMC10990928 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of many unconventional superconductors is the presence of many-body interactions that give rise to broken-symmetry states intertwined with superconductivity. Recent resonant soft X-ray scattering experiments report commensurate 3a0 charge density wave order in infinite-layer nickelates, which has important implications regarding the universal interplay between charge order and superconductivity in both cuprates and nickelates. Here we present X-ray scattering and spectroscopy measurements on a series of NdNiO2+x samples, which reveal that the signatures of charge density wave order are absent in fully reduced, single-phase NdNiO2. The 3a0 superlattice peak instead originates from a partially reduced impurity phase where excess apical oxygens form ordered rows with three-unit-cell periodicity. The absence of any observable charge density wave order in NdNiO2 highlights a crucial difference between the phase diagrams of cuprate and nickelate superconductors.
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Grants
- DE-SC0019414 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- DE-AC02-05CH11231 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- DE-AC02-06CH11357 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- FA9550-21-1-0168 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- DMR-2104427 National Science Foundation (NSF)
- NNCI-2025233 National Science Foundation (NSF)
- GBMF3850 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)
- GBMF9073 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)
- Part of the research described in this paper was performed at the Canadian Light Source, a national research facility of the University of Saskatchewan, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the National Research Council (NRC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Government of Saskatchewan, and the University of Saskatchewan.
- The microscopy work at Cornell was supported by the NSF PARADIM, with additional support from Cornell University, the Weill Institute, the Kavli Institute at Cornell, and the Packard Foundation.
- G.H. acknowledges support from Severo Ochoa FUNFUTURE (No. CEX2019-000917-S) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 00445).
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Parzyck
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N K Gupta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Wu
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - V Anil
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L Bhatt
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Bouliane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Gong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Z Gregory
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R Sutarto
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F He
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Y-D Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - G Herranz
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Berlin, Germany
| | - D G Hawthorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M Shen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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7
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Li Z, Shen Q, Usher ET, Anderson AP, Iburg M, Lin R, Zimmer B, Meyer MD, Holehouse AS, You L, Chilkoti A, Dai Y, Lu GJ. Phase transition of GvpU regulates gas vesicle clustering in bacteria. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1021-1035. [PMID: 38553608 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Gas vesicles (GVs) are microbial protein organelles that support cellular buoyancy. GV engineering has multiple applications, including reporter gene imaging, acoustic control and payload delivery. GVs often cluster into a honeycomb pattern to minimize occupancy of the cytosol. The underlying molecular mechanism and the influence on cellular physiology remain unknown. Using genetic, biochemical and imaging approaches, here we identify GvpU from Priestia megaterium as a protein that regulates GV clustering in vitro and upon expression in Escherichia coli. GvpU binds to the C-terminal tail of the core GV shell protein and undergoes a phase transition to form clusters in subsaturated solution. These properties of GvpU tune GV clustering and directly modulate bacterial fitness. GV variants can be designed with controllable sensitivity to GvpU-mediated clustering, enabling design of genetically tunable biosensors. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of GV clustering, enabling its programmability for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongru Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qionghua Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emery T Usher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Manuel Iburg
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandon Zimmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Quantitative BioDesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yifan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - George J Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Li S, Xu X, Kocoj CA, Zhou C, Li Y, Chen D, Bennett JA, Liu S, Quan L, Sarker S, Liu M, Qiu DY, Guo P. Large exchange-driven intrinsic circular dichroism of a chiral 2D hybrid perovskite. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2573. [PMID: 38519487 PMCID: PMC10959982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In two-dimensional chiral metal-halide perovskites, chiral organic spacers endow structural and optical chirality to the metal-halide sublattice, enabling exquisite control of light, charge, and electron spin. The chiroptical properties of metal-halide perovskites have been measured by transmissive circular dichroism spectroscopy, which necessitates thin-film samples. Here, by developing a reflection-based approach, we characterize the intrinsic, circular polarization-dependent complex refractive index for a prototypical two-dimensional chiral lead-bromide perovskite and report large circular dichroism for single crystals. Comparison with ab initio theory reveals the large circular dichroism arises from the inorganic sublattice rather than the chiral ligand and is an excitonic phenomenon driven by electron-hole exchange interactions, which breaks the degeneracy of transitions between Rashba-Dresselhaus-split bands, resulting in a Cotton effect. Our study suggests that previous data for spin-coated films largely underestimate the optical chirality and provides quantitative insights into the intrinsic optical properties of chiral perovskites for chiroptical and spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunran Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian Xu
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Conrad A Kocoj
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Du Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph A Bennett
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunhao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lina Quan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Suchismita Sarker
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mingzhao Liu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Peijun Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Sun R, Park KS, Comstock AH, McConnell A, Chen YC, Zhang P, Beratan D, You W, Hoffmann A, Yu ZG, Diao Y, Sun D. Inverse chirality-induced spin selectivity effect in chiral assemblies of π-conjugated polymers. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01838-8. [PMID: 38491147 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Coupling of spin and charge currents to structural chirality in non-magnetic materials, known as chirality-induced spin selectivity, is promising for application in spintronic devices at room temperature. Although the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect has been identified in various chiral materials, its Onsager reciprocal process, the inverse chirality-induced spin selectivity effect, remains unexplored. Here we report the observation of the inverse chirality-induced spin selectivity effect in chiral assemblies of π-conjugated polymers. Using spin-pumping techniques, the inverse chirality-induced spin selectivity effect enables quantification of the magnitude of the longitudinal spin-to-charge conversion driven by chirality-induced spin selectivity in different chiral polymers. By widely tuning conductivities and supramolecular chiral structures via a printing method, we found a very long spin relaxation time of up to several nanoseconds parallel to the chiral axis. Our demonstration of the inverse chirality-induced spin selectivity effect suggests possibilities for elucidating the puzzling interplay between spin and chirality, and opens a route for spintronic applications using printable chiral assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew H Comstock
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aeron McConnell
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yen-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Beratan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Axel Hoffmann
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhi-Gang Yu
- Sivananthan Laboratories, Bolingbrook, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Dali Sun
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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10
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d'Oelsnitz S, Diaz DJ, Kim W, Acosta DJ, Dangerfield TL, Schechter MW, Minus MB, Howard JR, Do H, Loy JM, Alper HS, Zhang YJ, Ellington AD. Biosensor and machine learning-aided engineering of an amaryllidaceae enzyme. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2084. [PMID: 38453941 PMCID: PMC10920890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A major challenge to achieving industry-scale biomanufacturing of therapeutic alkaloids is the slow process of biocatalyst engineering. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, such as the Alzheimer's medication galantamine, are complex plant secondary metabolites with recognized therapeutic value. Due to their difficult synthesis they are regularly sourced by extraction and purification from the low-yielding daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Here, we propose an efficient biosensor-machine learning technology stack for biocatalyst development, which we apply to engineer an Amaryllidaceae enzyme in Escherichia coli. Directed evolution is used to develop a highly sensitive (EC50 = 20 μM) and specific biosensor for the key Amaryllidaceae alkaloid branchpoint 4'-O-methylnorbelladine. A structure-based residual neural network (MutComputeX) is subsequently developed and used to generate activity-enriched variants of a plant methyltransferase, which are rapidly screened with the biosensor. Functional enzyme variants are identified that yield a 60% improvement in product titer, 2-fold higher catalytic activity, and 3-fold lower off-product regioisomer formation. A solved crystal structure elucidates the mechanism behind key beneficial mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon d'Oelsnitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Synthetic Biology HIVE, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel J Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Foundations of Machine Learning, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Wantae Kim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Daniel J Acosta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tyler L Dangerfield
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mason W Schechter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Matthew B Minus
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, 100 University Dr, Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA
| | - James R Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hannah Do
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - James M Loy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Y Jessie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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11
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Momen A, Hugenberg K, Wiese E. Social perception of robots is shaped by beliefs about their minds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5459. [PMID: 38443378 PMCID: PMC10914716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Roboticists often imbue robots with human-like physical features to increase the likelihood that they are afforded benefits known to be associated with anthropomorphism. Similarly, deepfakes often employ computer-generated human faces to attempt to create convincing simulacra of actual humans. In the present work, we investigate whether perceivers' higher-order beliefs about faces (i.e., whether they represent actual people or android robots) modulate the extent to which perceivers deploy face-typical processing for social stimuli. Past work has shown that perceivers' recognition performance is more impacted by the inversion of faces than objects, thus highlighting that faces are processed holistically (i.e., as Gestalt), whereas objects engage feature-based processing. Here, we use an inversion task to examine whether face-typical processing is attenuated when actual human faces are labeled as non-human (i.e., android robot). This allows us to employ a task shown to be differentially sensitive to social (i.e., faces) and non-social (i.e., objects) stimuli while also randomly assigning face stimuli to seem real or fake. The results show smaller inversion effects when face stimuli were believed to represent android robots compared to when they were believed to represent humans. This suggests that robots strongly resembling humans may still fail to be perceived as "social" due pre-existing beliefs about their mechanistic nature. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Momen
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | | | - Eva Wiese
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
- Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Zhou W, Lim Y, Lin H, Lee S, Li Y, Huang Z, Du JS, Lee B, Wang S, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Grzelczak M, Liz-Marzán LM, Glotzer SC, Mirkin CA. Colloidal quasicrystals engineered with DNA. Nat Mater 2024; 23:424-428. [PMID: 37919350 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In principle, designing and synthesizing almost any class of colloidal crystal is possible. Nonetheless, the deliberate and rational formation of colloidal quasicrystals has been difficult to achieve. Here we describe the assembly of colloidal quasicrystals by exploiting the geometry of nanoscale decahedra and the programmable bonding characteristics of DNA immobilized on their facets. This process is enthalpy-driven, works over a range of particle sizes and DNA lengths, and is made possible by the energetic preference of the system to maximize DNA duplex formation and favour facet alignment, generating local five- and six-coordinated motifs. This class of axial structures is defined by a square-triangle tiling with rhombus defects and successive on-average quasiperiodic layers exhibiting stacking disorder which provides the entropy necessary for thermodynamic stability. Taken together, these results establish an engineering milestone in the deliberate design of programmable matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhou
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yein Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haixin Lin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuanwei Li
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ziyin Huang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jingshan S Du
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Shunzhi Wang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marek Grzelczak
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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13
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Ferrari A, Willcox K. Digital twins in mechanical and aerospace engineering. Nat Comput Sci 2024; 4:178-183. [PMID: 38532138 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-024-00613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Digital twins bring value to mechanical and aerospace systems by speeding up development, reducing risk, predicting issues and reducing sustainment costs. Realizing these benefits at scale requires a structured and intentional approach to digital twin conception, design, development, operation and sustainment. To bring maximal value, a digital twin does not need to be an exquisite virtual replica but instead must be envisioned to be fit for purpose, where the determination of fitness depends on the capability needs and the cost-benefit trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferrari
- RTX, Technology and Global Engineering, East Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Karen Willcox
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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14
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Zhang NJ, Lin JX, Chichinadze DV, Wang Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fu L, Li JIA. Angle-resolved transport non-reciprocity and spontaneous symmetry breaking in twisted trilayer graphene. Nat Mater 2024; 23:356-362. [PMID: 38388731 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of spontaneous symmetry breaking is central to our understanding of strongly correlated two-dimensional materials. In this work, we utilize the angle-resolved measurements of transport non-reciprocity to investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in twisted trilayer graphene. By analysing the angular dependence of non-reciprocity in both longitudinal and transverse channels, we are able to identify the symmetry axis associated with the underlying electronic order. We report that a hysteretic rotation in the mirror axis can be induced by thermal cycles and a large current bias, supporting the spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry. Moreover, the onset of non-reciprocity with decreasing temperature coincides with the emergence of orbital ferromagnetism. Combined with the angular dependence of the superconducting diode effect, our findings uncover a direct link between rotational and time-reversal symmetry breaking. These symmetry requirements point towards exchange-driven instabilities in momentum space as a possible origin for transport non-reciprocity in twisted trilayer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiang-Xiazi Lin
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Yibang Wang
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Liang Fu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J I A Li
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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15
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Nocentini S, Rührmair U, Barni M, Wiersma DS, Riboli F. All-optical multilevel physical unclonable functions. Nat Mater 2024; 23:369-376. [PMID: 38191630 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Disordered photonic structures are promising for the realization of physical unclonable functions-physical objects that can overcome the limitations of conventional digital security and can enable cryptographic protocols immune against attacks by future quantum computers. The physical configuration of traditional physical unclonable functions is either fixed or can only be permanently modified, allowing one token per device and limiting their practicality. Here we overcome this limitation by creating reconfigurable structures made by light-transformable polymers in which the physical structure of the unclonable function can be reconfigured reversibly. Our approach allows the simultaneous coexistence of multiple physical unclonable functions within one device. The physical transformation is done all-optically in a reversible and spatially controlled fashion, allowing the generation of more complex keys. At the same time, as a set of switchable individual physical unclonable functions, it enables the authentication of multiple clients and allows for the practical implementations of quantum secure authentication and nonlinear generators of cryptographic keys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nocentini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy.
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Tuscany, Italy.
| | - Ulrich Rührmair
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mauro Barni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Scienze Matematiche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Diederik S Wiersma
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Tuscany, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Francesco Riboli
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Tuscany, Italy.
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Tuscany, Italy.
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16
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Daggitt TA, Horne RB, Glauert SA, Del Zanna G, Albert JM. Chorus wave power at the strong diffusion limit overcomes electron losses due to strong diffusion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1800. [PMID: 38413603 PMCID: PMC10899562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Earth's radiation belts consist of high-energy charged particles trapped by Earth's magnetic field. Strong pitch angle diffusion of electrons caused by wave-particle interaction in Earth's radiation belts has primarily been considered as a loss process, as trapped electrons are rapidly diffused into the loss cone and lost to the atmosphere. However, the wave power necessary to produce strong diffusion should also produce rapid energy diffusion, and has not been considered in this context. Here we provide evidence of strong diffusion using satellite data. We use two-dimensional Fokker-Planck simulations of electron diffusion in pitch angle and energy to show that scaling up chorus wave power to the strong diffusion limit produces rapid acceleration of electrons, sufficient to outweigh the losses due to strong diffusion. The rate of losses saturates at the strong diffusion limit, whilst the rate of acceleration does not. This leads to the surprising result of an increase, not a decrease in the trapped electron population during strong diffusion due to chorus waves as expected when treating strong diffusion as a loss process. Our results suggest there is a tipping point in chorus wave power between net loss and net acceleration that global radiation belt models need to capture to better forecast hazardous radiation levels that damage satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Daggitt
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R B Horne
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - G Del Zanna
- Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA
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17
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Li Z, Roy T, Rodríguez Pérez D, Lee KH, Kapit E, Schuster DI. Autonomous error correction of a single logical qubit using two transmons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1681. [PMID: 38395989 PMCID: PMC10891116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-scale quantum computers will inevitably need quantum error correction to protect information against decoherence. Traditional error correction typically requires many qubits, along with high-efficiency error syndrome measurement and real-time feedback. Autonomous quantum error correction instead uses steady-state bath engineering to perform the correction in a hardware-efficient manner. In this work, we develop a new autonomous quantum error correction scheme that actively corrects single-photon loss and passively suppresses low-frequency dephasing, and we demonstrate an important experimental step towards its full implementation with transmons. Compared to uncorrected encoding, improvements are experimentally witnessed for the logical zero, one, and superposition states. Our results show the potential of implementing hardware-efficient autonomous quantum error correction to enhance the reliability of a transmon-based quantum information processor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Li
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tanay Roy
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Kan-Heng Lee
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eliot Kapit
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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18
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Rana U, Xu K, Narayanan A, Walls MT, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Avalos JL, Brangwynne CP. Asymmetric oligomerization state and sequence patterning can tune multiphase condensate miscibility. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01456-6. [PMID: 38383656 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous biomolecular condensates, composed of a multitude of proteins and RNAs, can organize into multiphasic structures with compositionally distinct phases. This multiphasic organization is generally understood to be critical for facilitating their proper biological function. However, the biophysical principles driving multiphase formation are not completely understood. Here we use in vivo condensate reconstitution experiments and coarse-grained molecular simulations to investigate how oligomerization and sequence interactions modulate multiphase organization in biomolecular condensates. We demonstrate that increasing the oligomerization state of an intrinsically disordered protein results in enhanced immiscibility and multiphase formation. Interestingly, we find that oligomerization tunes the miscibility of intrinsically disordered proteins in an asymmetric manner, with the effect being more pronounced when the intrinsically disordered protein, exhibiting stronger homotypic interactions, is oligomerized. Our findings suggest that oligomerization is a flexible biophysical mechanism that cells can exploit to tune the internal organization of biomolecular condensates and their associated biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushnish Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Amal Narayanan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mackenzie T Walls
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - José L Avalos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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19
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Guria C, Zhong Q, Ozdemir SK, Patil YSS, El-Ganainy R, Harris JGE. Resolving the topology of encircling multiple exceptional points. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1369. [PMID: 38355733 PMCID: PMC10867139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-Hermiticity has emerged as a new paradigm for controlling coupled-mode systems in ways that cannot be achieved with conventional techniques. One aspect of this control that has received considerable attention recently is the encircling of exceptional points (EPs). To date, most work has focused on systems consisting of two modes that are tuned by two control parameters and have isolated EPs. While these systems exhibit exotic features related to EP encircling, it has been shown that richer behavior occurs in systems with more than two modes. Such systems can be tuned by more than two control parameters, and contain EPs that form a knot-like structure. Control loops that encircle this structure cause the system's eigenvalues to trace out non-commutative braids. Here we consider a hybrid scenario: a three-mode system with just two control parameters. We describe the relationship between control loops and their topology in the full and two-dimensional parameter space. We demonstrate this relationship experimentally using a three-mode mechanical system in which the control parameters are provided by optomechanical interaction with a high-finesse optical cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitres Guria
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sahin Kaya Ozdemir
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yogesh S S Patil
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ramy El-Ganainy
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
- Henes Center for Quantum Phenomena, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
| | - Jack Gwynne Emmet Harris
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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20
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Zhang G, Lu D, Guo H, Gao H. Imaging the state-to-state charge-transfer dynamics between the spin-orbit excited Ar +( 2P 1/2) ion and N 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1001. [PMID: 38307864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ar++N2 → Ar+N2+ has served as a paradigm for charge-transfer dynamics studies during the last several decades. Despite significant experimental and theoretical efforts on this model system, state-resolved experimental investigations on the microscopic charge-transfer mechanism between the spin-orbit excited Ar+(2P1/2) ion and N2 have been rare. Here, we measure the first quantum state-to-state differential cross sections for Ar++N2 → Ar+N2+ with the Ar+ ion prepared exclusively in the spin-orbit excited state 2P1/2 on a crossed-beam setup with three-dimensional velocity-map imaging. Trajectory surface-hopping calculations qualitatively reproduce the vibrationally dependent rotational and angular distributions of the N2+ product. Both the scattering images and theoretical calculations show that the charge-transfer dynamics of the spin-orbit excited Ar+(2P1/2) ion differs significantly from that of the spin-orbit ground Ar+(2P3/2) when colliding with N2. Such state-to-state information makes quantitative understanding of this benchmark charge-transfer reaction within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Hong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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21
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Han T, Lu Z, Scuri G, Sung J, Wang J, Han T, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Park H, Ju L. Correlated insulator and Chern insulators in pentalayer rhombohedral-stacked graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2024; 19:181-187. [PMID: 37798567 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhombohedral-stacked multilayer graphene hosts a pair of flat bands touching at zero energy, which should give rise to correlated electron phenomena that can be tuned further by an electric field. Moreover, when electron correlation breaks the isospin symmetry, the valley-dependent Berry phase at zero energy may give rise to topologically non-trivial states. Here we measure electron transport through hexagonal boron nitride-encapsulated pentalayer graphene down to 100 mK. We observed a correlated insulating state with resistance at the megaohm level or greater at charge density n = 0 and displacement field D = 0. Tight-binding calculations predict a metallic ground state under these conditions. By increasing D, we observed a Chern insulator state with C = -5 and two other states with C = -3 at a magnetic field of around 1 T. At high D and n, we observed isospin-polarized quarter- and half-metals. Hence, rhombohedral pentalayer graphene exhibits two different types of Fermi-surface instability, one driven by a pair of flat bands touching at zero energy, and one induced by the Stoner mechanism in a single flat band. Our results establish rhombohedral multilayer graphene as a suitable system for exploring intertwined electron correlation and topology phenomena in natural graphitic materials without the need for moiré superlattice engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghang Han
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhengguang Lu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Scuri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiho Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tianyi Han
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Long Ju
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Fabian ST, Sondhi Y, Allen PE, Theobald JC, Lin HT. Why flying insects gather at artificial light. Nat Commun 2024; 15:689. [PMID: 38291028 PMCID: PMC10827719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Explanations of why nocturnal insects fly erratically around fires and lamps have included theories of "lunar navigation" and "escape to the light". However, without three-dimensional flight data to test them rigorously, the cause for this odd behaviour has remained unsolved. We employed high-resolution motion capture in the laboratory and stereo-videography in the field to reconstruct the 3D kinematics of insect flights around artificial lights. Contrary to the expectation of attraction, insects do not steer directly toward the light. Instead, insects turn their dorsum toward the light, generating flight bouts perpendicular to the source. Under natural sky light, tilting the dorsum towards the brightest visual hemisphere helps maintain proper flight attitude and control. Near artificial sources, however, this highly conserved dorsal-light-response can produce continuous steering around the light and trap an insect. Our guidance model demonstrates that this dorsal tilting is sufficient to create the seemingly erratic flight paths of insects near lights and is the most plausible model for why flying insects gather at artificial lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Fabian
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Yash Sondhi
- Institute for Environment, Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Pablo E Allen
- Council on International Educational Exchange, Monteverde Apto, 43-5655, Costa Rica
| | - Jamie C Theobald
- Institute for Environment, Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Huai-Ti Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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23
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Hsu WC, Nujhat N, Kupp B, Conley JF, Rong H, Kumar R, Wang AX. Sub-volt high-speed silicon MOSCAP microring modulator driven by high-mobility conductive oxide. Nat Commun 2024; 15:826. [PMID: 38280874 PMCID: PMC10821938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Silicon microring modulator plays a critical role in energy-efficient optical interconnect and optical computing owing to its ultra-compact footprint and capability for on-chip wavelength-division multiplexing. However, existing silicon microring modulators usually require more than 2 V of driving voltage (Vpp), which is limited by both material properties and device structures. Here, we present a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor microring modulator through heterogeneous integration between silicon photonics and titanium-doped indium oxide, which is a high-mobility transparent conductive oxide (TCO) with a strong plasma dispersion effect. The device is co-fabricated by Intel's photonics fab and our in-house TCO patterning processes, which exhibits a high modulation efficiency of 117 pm/V and consequently can be driven by a very low Vpp of 0.8 V. At a 11 GHz modulation bandwidth where the modulator is limited by the RC bandwidth, we obtained 25 Gb/s clear eye diagrams with energy efficiency of 53 fJ/bit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Hsu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Nabila Nujhat
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Benjamin Kupp
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John F Conley
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Haisheng Rong
- Intel Corporation, 3600 Juliette Ln, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Intel Corporation, 3600 Juliette Ln, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Alan X Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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24
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Zhang Y, Tian H, Li H, Yoon C, Nelson RA, Li Z, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Smirnov D, Kawakami RK, Goldberger JE, Zhang F, Lau CN. Quantum octets in high mobility pentagonal two-dimensional PdSe 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:761. [PMID: 38278796 PMCID: PMC10817936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have drawn immense interests in scientific and technological communities, owing to their extraordinary properties and their tunability by gating, proximity, strain and external fields. For electronic applications, an ideal 2D material would have high mobility, air stability, sizable band gap, and be compatible with large scale synthesis. Here we demonstrate air stable field effect transistors using atomically thin few-layer PdSe2 sheets that are sandwiched between hexagonal BN (hBN), with large saturation current > 350 μA/μm, and high field effect mobilities of ~ 700 and 10,000 cm2/Vs at 300 K and 2 K, respectively. At low temperatures, magnetotransport studies reveal unique octets in quantum oscillations that persist at all densities, arising from 2-fold spin and 4-fold valley degeneracies, which can be broken by in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic fields toward quantum Hall spin and orbital ferromagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Haidong Tian
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Huaixuan Li
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chiho Yoon
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Ryan A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ziling Li
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Roland K Kawakami
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joshua E Goldberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Chun Ning Lau
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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25
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Gupta P, Chandak R, Debnath A, Traner M, Watson BM, Huang H, Derami HG, Baldi H, Chakrabartty S, Raman B, Singamaneni S. Augmenting insect olfaction performance through nano-neuromodulation. Nat Nanotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41565-023-01592-z. [PMID: 38272973 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Biological olfactory systems are highly sensitive and selective, often outperforming engineered chemical sensors in highly complex and dynamic environments. As a result, there is much interest in using biological systems to build sensors. However, approaches to read-out information from biological systems, especially neural signals, tend to be suboptimal due to the number of electrodes that can be used and where these can be placed. Here we aim to overcome this suboptimality in neural information read-out by using a nano-enabled neuromodulation strategy to augment insect olfaction-based chemical sensors. By harnessing the photothermal properties of nanostructures and releasing a select neuromodulator on demand, we show that the odour-evoked response from the interrogated regions of the insect olfactory system can not only be enhanced but can also improve odour identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rishabh Chandak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Avishek Debnath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Traner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brendan M Watson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hengbo Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hamed Gholami Derami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harsh Baldi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shantanu Chakrabartty
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baranidharan Raman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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26
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Wong LWW, Shi X, Karnieli A, Lim J, Kumar S, Carbajo S, Kaminer I, Wong LJ. Free-electron crystals for enhanced X-ray radiation. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:29. [PMID: 38267427 PMCID: PMC10808554 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Bremsstrahlung-the spontaneous emission of broadband radiation from free electrons that are deflected by atomic nuclei-contributes to the majority of X-rays emitted from X-ray tubes and used in applications ranging from medical imaging to semiconductor chip inspection. Here, we show that the bremsstrahlung intensity can be enhanced significantly-by more than three orders of magnitude-through shaping the electron wavefunction to periodically overlap with atoms in crystalline materials. Furthermore, we show how to shape the bremsstrahlung X-ray emission pattern into arbitrary angular emission profiles for purposes such as unidirectionality and multi-directionality. Importantly, we find that these enhancements and shaped emission profiles cannot be attributed solely to the spatial overlap between the electron probability distribution and the atomic centers, as predicted by the paraxial and non-recoil theory for free electron light emission. Our work highlights an unprecedented regime of free electron light emission where electron waveshaping provides multi-dimensional control over practical radiation processes like bremsstrahlung. Our results pave the way towards greater versatility in table-top X-ray sources and improved fundamental understanding of quantum electron-light interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wei Wesley Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xihang Shi
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Aviv Karnieli
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy Lim
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Suraj Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, UCLA, 420 Westwood, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, UCLA, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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27
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Lin KS, Palumbo G, Guo Z, Hwang Y, Blackburn J, Shoemaker DP, Mahmood F, Wang Z, Fiete GA, Wieder BJ, Bradlyn B. Spin-resolved topology and partial axion angles in three-dimensional insulators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:550. [PMID: 38228584 PMCID: PMC10791639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Symmetry-protected topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) have primarily been characterized by their gapless boundary states. However, in time-reversal- ([Formula: see text]-) invariant (helical) 3D TCIs-termed higher-order TCIs (HOTIs)-the boundary signatures can manifest as a sample-dependent network of 1D hinge states. We here introduce nested spin-resolved Wilson loops and layer constructions as tools to characterize the intrinsic bulk topological properties of spinful 3D insulators. We discover that helical HOTIs realize one of three spin-resolved phases with distinct responses that are quantitatively robust to large deformations of the bulk spin-orbital texture: 3D quantum spin Hall insulators (QSHIs), "spin-Weyl" semimetals, and [Formula: see text]-doubled axion insulator (T-DAXI) states with nontrivial partial axion angles indicative of a 3D spin-magnetoelectric bulk response and half-quantized 2D TI surface states originating from a partial parity anomaly. Using ab-initio calculations, we demonstrate that β-MoTe2 realizes a spin-Weyl state and that α-BiBr hosts both 3D QSHI and T-DAXI regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Sen Lin
- Department of Physics and Institute for Condensed Matter Theory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Giandomenico Palumbo
- School of Theoretical Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 10 Burlington Road, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Zhaopeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yoonseok Hwang
- Department of Physics and Institute for Condensed Matter Theory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeremy Blackburn
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Daniel P Shoemaker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Fahad Mahmood
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Gregory A Fiete
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Wieder
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Institut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Barry Bradlyn
- Department of Physics and Institute for Condensed Matter Theory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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28
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Davis N, Heikenfeld J, Milla C, Javey A. The challenges and promise of sweat sensing. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02059-1. [PMID: 38212492 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The potential of monitoring biomarkers in sweat for health-related applications has spurred rapid growth in the field of wearable sweat sensors over the past decade. Some of the key challenges have been addressed, including measuring sweat-secretion rate and collecting sufficient sample volumes for real-time, continuous molecular analysis without intense exercise. However, except for assessment of cystic fibrosis and regional nerve function, the ability to accurately measure analytes of interest and their physiological relevance to health metrics remain to be determined. Although sweat is not a crystal ball into every aspect of human health, we expect sweat measurements to continue making inroads into niche applications involving active sweating, such as hydration monitoring for athletes and physical laborers and later for medical and casual health monitoring of relevant drugs and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Davis
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Carlos Milla
- The Stanford Cystic Fibrosis Center, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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29
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Jiao W, Shu H, Tournat V, Yasuda H, Raney JR. Phase transitions in 2D multistable mechanical metamaterials via collisions of soliton-like pulses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:333. [PMID: 38184613 PMCID: PMC10771479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mechanical metamaterials have been developed that support the propagation of an intriguing variety of nonlinear waves, including transition waves and vector solitons (solitons with coupling between multiple degrees of freedom). Here we report observations of phase transitions in 2D multistable mechanical metamaterials that are initiated by collisions of soliton-like pulses in the metamaterial. Analogous to first-order phase transitions in crystalline solids, we observe that the multistable metamaterials support phase transitions if the new phase meets or exceeds a critical nucleus size. If this criterion is met, the new phase subsequently propagates in the form of transition waves, converting the rest of the metamaterial to the new phase. More interestingly, we numerically show, using an experimentally validated model, that the critical nucleus can be formed via collisions of soliton-like pulses. Moreover, the rich direction-dependent behavior of the nonlinear pulses enables control of the location of nucleation and the spatio-temporal shape of the growing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Jiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Shu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Tournat
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d'Acoustique - Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Hiromi Yasuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Aviation Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jordan R Raney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Anantharaman SB, Lynch J, Stevens CE, Munley C, Li C, Hou J, Zhang H, Torma A, Darlington T, Coen F, Li K, Majumdar A, Schuck PJ, Mohite A, Harutyunyan H, Hendrickson JR, Jariwala D. Dynamics of self-hybridized exciton-polaritons in 2D halide perovskites. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:1. [PMID: 38161209 PMCID: PMC10757995 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Excitons, bound electron-hole pairs, in two-dimensional hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (2D HOIPs) are capable of forming hybrid light-matter states known as exciton-polaritons (E-Ps) when the excitonic medium is confined in an optical cavity. In the case of 2D HOIPs, they can self-hybridize into E-Ps at specific thicknesses of the HOIP crystals that form a resonant optical cavity with the excitons. However, the fundamental properties of these self-hybridized E-Ps in 2D HOIPs, including their role in ultrafast energy and/or charge transfer at interfaces, remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that >0.5 µm thick 2D HOIP crystals on Au substrates are capable of supporting multiple-orders of self-hybridized E-P modes. These E-Ps have high Q factors (>100) and modulate the optical dispersion for the crystal to enhance sub-gap absorption and emission. Through varying excitation energy and ultrafast measurements, we also confirm energy transfer from higher energy E-Ps to lower energy E-Ps. Finally, we also demonstrate that E-Ps are capable of charge transport and transfer at interfaces. Our findings provide new insights into charge and energy transfer in E-Ps opening new opportunities towards their manipulation for polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jason Lynch
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher E Stevens
- KBR Inc., Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Christopher Munley
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Chentao Li
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Andrew Torma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Thomas Darlington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Francis Coen
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin Li
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Aditya Mohite
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hayk Harutyunyan
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshua R Hendrickson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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31
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Yuan W, Zhou LJ, Yang K, Zhao YF, Zhang R, Yan Z, Zhuo D, Mei R, Wang Y, Yi H, Chan MHW, Kayyalha M, Liu CX, Chang CZ. Electrical switching of the edge current chirality in quantum anomalous Hall insulators. Nat Mater 2024; 23:58-64. [PMID: 37857889 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
A quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulator is a topological phase in which the interior is insulating but electrical current flows along the edges of the sample in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, as dictated by the spontaneous magnetization orientation. Such a chiral edge current eliminates any backscattering, giving rise to quantized Hall resistance and zero longitudinal resistance. Here we fabricate mesoscopic QAH sandwich Hall bar devices and succeed in switching the edge current chirality through thermally assisted spin-orbit torque (SOT). The well-quantized QAH states before and after SOT switching with opposite edge current chiralities are demonstrated through four- and three-terminal measurements. We show that the SOT responsible for magnetization switching can be generated by both surface and bulk carriers. Our results further our understanding of the interplay between magnetism and topological states and usher in an easy and instantaneous method to manipulate the QAH state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ling-Jie Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kaijie Yang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zijie Yan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Deyi Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ruobing Mei
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hemian Yi
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Moses H W Chan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Morteza Kayyalha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chao-Xing Liu
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Cui-Zu Chang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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32
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Kim DS, Dominguez RC, Mayorga-Luna R, Ye D, Embley J, Tan T, Ni Y, Liu Z, Ford M, Gao FY, Arash S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim S, Shih CK, Lai K, Yao W, Yang L, Li X, Miyahara Y. Electrostatic moiré potential from twisted hexagonal boron nitride layers. Nat Mater 2024; 23:65-70. [PMID: 37563291 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices host a rich variety of correlated electronic phases. However, the moiré potential is fixed by interlayer coupling, and it is dependent on the nature of carriers and valleys. In contrast, it has been predicted that twisted hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers can impose a periodic electrostatic potential capable of engineering the properties of adjacent functional layers. Here, we show that this potential is described by a theory of electric polarization originating from the interfacial charge redistribution, validated by its dependence on supercell sizes and distance from the twisted interfaces. This enables controllability of the potential depth and profile by controlling the twist angles between the two interfaces. Employing this approach, we further demonstrate how the electrostatic potential from a twisted hBN substrate impedes exciton diffusion in semiconductor monolayers, suggesting opportunities for engineering the properties of adjacent functional layers using the surface potential of a twisted hBN substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Seob Kim
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Roy C Dominguez
- Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | | | - Dingyi Ye
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacob Embley
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tixuan Tan
- Department of Physics, and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue Ni
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mitchell Ford
- Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Frank Y Gao
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Saba Arash
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Suenne Kim
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Chih-Kang Shih
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keji Lai
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics, and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Yoichi Miyahara
- Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program (MSEC), Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
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33
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Wang L, Chang Y, Wu S, Zhao RR, Chen W. Physics-aware differentiable design of magnetically actuated kirigami for shape morphing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8516. [PMID: 38129420 PMCID: PMC10739944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape morphing that transforms morphologies in response to stimuli is crucial for future multifunctional systems. While kirigami holds great promise in enhancing shape-morphing, existing designs primarily focus on kinematics and overlook the underlying physics. This study introduces a differentiable inverse design framework that considers the physical interplay between geometry, materials, and stimuli of active kirigami, made by soft material embedded with magnetic particles, to realize target shape-morphing upon magnetic excitation. We achieve this by combining differentiable kinematics and energy models into a constrained optimization, simultaneously designing the cuts and magnetization orientations to ensure kinematic and physical feasibility. Complex kirigami designs are obtained automatically with unparalleled efficiency, which can be remotely controlled to morph into intricate target shapes and even multiple states. The proposed framework can be extended to accommodate various active systems, bridging geometry and physics to push the frontiers in shape-morphing applications, like flexible electronics and minimally invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yilong Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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34
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Hail CU, Foley M, Sokhoyan R, Michaeli L, Atwater HA. High quality factor metasurfaces for two-dimensional wavefront manipulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8476. [PMID: 38123546 PMCID: PMC10733294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong interaction of light with micro- and nanostructures plays a critical role in optical sensing, nonlinear optics, active optical devices, and quantum optics. However, for wavefront shaping, the required local control over light at a subwavelength scale limits this interaction, typically leading to low-quality-factor optical devices. Here, we demonstrate an avenue towards high-quality-factor wavefront shaping in two spatial dimensions based on all-dielectric higher-order Mie-resonant metasurfaces. We design and experimentally realize transmissive band stop filters, beam deflectors and high numerical aperture radial lenses with measured quality factors in the range of 202-1475 at near-infrared wavelengths. The excited optical mode and resulting wavefront control are both local, allowing versatile operation with finite apertures and oblique illumination. Our results represent an improvement in quality factor by nearly two orders of magnitude over previous localized mode designs, and provide a design approach for a new class of compact optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio U Hail
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Morgan Foley
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ruzan Sokhoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lior Michaeli
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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35
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Wu HC, Nikzad S, Zhu C, Yan H, Li Y, Niu W, Matthews JR, Xu J, Matsuhisa N, Arunachala PK, Rastak R, Linder C, Zheng YQ, Toney MF, He M, Bao Z. Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor thin films with multi-modal energy dissipation and high relative stretchability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8382. [PMID: 38104194 PMCID: PMC10725446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stretchable polymer semiconductors (PSCs) have seen great advancements alongside the development of soft electronics. But it remains a challenge to simultaneously achieve high charge carrier mobility and stretchability. Herein, we report the finding that stretchable PSC thin films (<100-nm-thick) with high stretchability tend to exhibit multi-modal energy dissipation mechanisms and have a large relative stretchability (rS) defined by the ratio of the entropic energy dissipation to the enthalpic energy dissipation under strain. They effectively recovered the original molecular ordering, as well as electrical performance, after strain was released. The highest rS value with a model polymer (P4) exhibited an average charge carrier mobility of 0.2 cm2V-1s-1 under 100% biaxial strain, while PSCs with low rS values showed irreversible morphology changes and rapid degradation of electrical performance under strain. These results suggest rS can be used as a parameter to compare the reliability and reversibility of stretchable PSC thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Shayla Nikzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Chenxin Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, US
| | - Yang Li
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, 14831, US
| | - Weijun Niu
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, 14831, US
| | | | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, US
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | | | - Reza Rastak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Christian Linder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, US
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, US
| | - Mingqian He
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, 14831, US.
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, US.
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36
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Ayarza J, Wang J, Kim H, Huang PR, Cassaidy B, Yan G, Liu C, Jaeger HM, Rowan SJ, Esser-Kahn AP. Bioinspired mechanical mineralization of organogels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8319. [PMID: 38097549 PMCID: PMC10721619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralization is a long-lasting method commonly used by biological materials to selectively strengthen in response to site specific mechanical stress. Achieving a similar form of toughening in synthetic polymer composites remains challenging. In previous work, we developed methods to promote chemical reactions via the piezoelectrochemical effect with mechanical responses of inorganic, ZnO nanoparticles. Herein, we report a distinct example of a mechanically-mediated reaction in which the spherical ZnO nanoparticles react themselves leading to the formation of microrods composed of a Zn/S mineral inside an organogel. The microrods can be used to selectively create mineral deposits within the material resulting in the strengthening of the overall resulting composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ayarza
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hojin Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Pin-Ruei Huang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Britteny Cassaidy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gangbin Yan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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37
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Bhatta R, Han J, Liu Y, Bo Y, Lee D, Zhou J, Wang Y, Nelson ER, Chen Q, Zhang XS, Hassaneen W, Wang H. Metabolic tagging of extracellular vesicles and development of enhanced extracellular vesicle based cancer vaccines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8047. [PMID: 38052869 PMCID: PMC10697976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As key mediators of cellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been actively explored for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, effective methods to functionalize EVs and modulate the interaction between EVs and recipient cells are still lacking. Here we report a facile and universal metabolic tagging technology that can install unique chemical tags (e.g., azido groups) onto EVs. The surface chemical tags enable conjugation of molecules via efficient click chemistry, for the tracking and targeted modulation of EVs. In the context of tumor EV vaccines, we show that the conjugation of toll-like receptor 9 agonists onto EVs enables timely activation of dendritic cells and generation of superior antitumor CD8+ T cell response. These lead to 80% tumor-free survival against E.G7 lymphoma and 33% tumor-free survival against B16F10 melanoma. Our study yields a universal technology to generate chemically tagged EVs from parent cells, modulate EV-cell interactions, and develop potent EV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimsha Bhatta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joonsu Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yusheng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jiadiao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yueji Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Erik Russell Nelson
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiaojia Shelly Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wael Hassaneen
- Carle College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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38
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Lyons A, Zickus V, Álvarez-Mendoza R, Triggiani D, Tamma V, Westerberg N, Tassieri M, Faccio D. Fluorescence lifetime Hong-Ou-Mandel sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8005. [PMID: 38049423 PMCID: PMC10696080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy in the time domain is typically performed by recording the arrival time of photons either by using electronic time tagging or a gated detector. As such the temporal resolution is limited by the performance of the electronics to 100's of picoseconds. Here, we demonstrate a fluorescence lifetime measurement technique based on photon-bunching statistics with a resolution that is only dependent on the duration of the reference photon or laser pulse, which can readily reach the 1-0.1 picosecond timescale. A range of fluorescent dyes having lifetimes spanning from 1.6 to 7 picoseconds have been here measured with only ~1 s measurement duration. We corroborate the effectiveness of the technique by measuring the Newtonian viscosity of glycerol/water mixtures by means of a molecular rotor having over an order of magnitude variability in lifetime, thus introducing a new method for contact-free nanorheology. Accessing fluorescence lifetime information at such high temporal resolution opens a doorway for a wide range of fluorescent markers to be adopted for studying yet unexplored fast biological processes, as well as fundamental interactions such as lifetime shortening in resonant plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lyons
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Vytautas Zickus
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Danilo Triggiani
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Vincenzo Tamma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK
| | - Niclas Westerberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Manlio Tassieri
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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39
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Banerjee T, Matsuoka S, Biswas D, Miao Y, Pal DS, Kamimura Y, Ueda M, Devreotes PN, Iglesias PA. A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7909. [PMID: 38036511 PMCID: PMC10689845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is widely regarded as the hub of the numerous signal transduction activities. Yet, the fundamental biophysical mechanisms that spatiotemporally compartmentalize different classes of membrane proteins remain unclear. Using multimodal live-cell imaging, here we first show that several lipid-anchored membrane proteins are consistently depleted from the membrane regions where the Ras/PI3K/Akt/F-actin network is activated. The dynamic polarization of these proteins does not depend upon the F-actin-based cytoskeletal structures, recurring shuttling between membrane and cytosol, or directed vesicular trafficking. Photoconversion microscopy and single-molecule measurements demonstrate that these lipid-anchored molecules have substantially dissimilar diffusion profiles in different regions of the membrane which enable their selective segregation. When these diffusion coefficients are incorporated into an excitable network-based stochastic reaction-diffusion model, simulations reveal that the altered affinity mediated selective partitioning is sufficient to drive familiar propagating wave patterns. Furthermore, normally uniform integral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins partition successfully when membrane domain-specific peptides are optogenetically recruited to them. We propose "dynamic partitioning" as a new mechanism that can account for large-scale compartmentalization of a wide array of lipid-anchored and integral membrane proteins during various physiological processes where membrane polarizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Satomi Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoichiro Kamimura
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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40
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Wen E, Yang X, Sievenpiper DF. Real-data-driven real-time reconfigurable microwave reflective surface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7736. [PMID: 38007465 PMCID: PMC10676374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the electromagnetic (EM) scattering behavior from an arbitrary surface dynamically on arbitrary design goals is an ultimate ambition for many EM stealth and communication problems, yet it is nearly impossible to accomplish with conventional analysis and optimization techniques. Here we present a reconfigurable conformal metasurface prototype as well as a workflow that enables it to respond to multiple design targets on the reflection pattern with extremely low on-site computing power and time. The metasurface is driven by a sequential tandem neural network which is pre-trained using actual experimental data, avoiding any possible errors that may arise from calculation, simulation, or manufacturing tolerances. This platform empowers the surface to operate accurately in a complex environment including varying incident angle and operating frequency, or even with other scatterers present close to the surface. The proposed data-driven approach requires minimum amount of prior knowledge and human effort yet provides maximized versatility on the reflection control, stepping towards the end form of intelligent tunable EM surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erda Wen
- Department of ECE, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Department of ECE, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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41
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Lin AZ, Ruff KM, Dar F, Jalihal A, King MR, Lalmansingh JM, Posey AE, Erkamp NA, Seim I, Gladfelter AS, Pappu RV. Dynamical control enables the formation of demixed biomolecular condensates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7678. [PMID: 37996438 PMCID: PMC10667521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular matter can be organized into compositionally distinct biomolecular condensates. For example, in Ashbya gossypii, the RNA-binding protein Whi3 forms distinct condensates with different RNA molecules. Using criteria derived from a physical framework for explaining how compositionally distinct condensates can form spontaneously via thermodynamic considerations, we find that condensates in vitro form mainly via heterotypic interactions in binary mixtures of Whi3 and RNA. However, within these condensates, RNA molecules become dynamically arrested. As a result, in ternary systems, simultaneous additions of Whi3 and pairs of distinct RNA molecules lead to well-mixed condensates, whereas delayed addition of an RNA component results in compositional distinctness. Therefore, compositional identities of condensates can be achieved via dynamical control, being driven, at least partially, by the dynamical arrest of RNA molecules. Finally, we show that synchronizing the production of different RNAs leads to more well-mixed, as opposed to compositionally distinct condensates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z Lin
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Plant and Microbial Biosciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kiersten M Ruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, James F. McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Furqan Dar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, James F. McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Ameya Jalihal
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, James F. McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jared M Lalmansingh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, James F. McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Ammon E Posey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, James F. McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Nadia A Erkamp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, James F. McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ian Seim
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Amy S Gladfelter
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Plant and Microbial Biosciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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42
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Zhang L, Monticone F, Miller OD. All electromagnetic scattering bodies are matrix-valued oscillators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7724. [PMID: 38001057 PMCID: PMC10673840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Scattering theory is the basis of all linear optical and photonic devices, whose spectral response underpins wide-ranging applications from sensing to energy conversion. Unlike the Shannon theory for communication channels, or the Fano theory for electric circuits, understanding the limits of spectral wave scattering remains a notoriously challenging open problem. We introduce a mathematical scattering representation that inherently embeds fundamental principles of causality and passivity into its elemental degrees of freedom. We use this representation to reveal strong constraints in the mathematical structure of scattered fields, and to develop a general theory of the maximum radiative heat transfer in the near field, resolving a long-standing open question. Our approach can be seamlessly applied to high-interest applications across nanophotonics, and appears extensible to general classical and quantum scattering theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Francesco Monticone
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Owen D Miller
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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43
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Doumani J, Lou M, Dewey O, Hong N, Fan J, Baydin A, Zahn K, Yomogida Y, Yanagi K, Pasquali M, Saito R, Kono J, Gao W. Engineering chirality at wafer scale with ordered carbon nanotube architectures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7380. [PMID: 37968325 PMCID: PMC10651894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Creating artificial matter with controllable chirality in a simple and scalable manner brings new opportunities to diverse areas. Here we show two such methods based on controlled vacuum filtration - twist stacking and mechanical rotation - for fabricating wafer-scale chiral architectures of ordered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with tunable and large circular dichroism (CD). By controlling the stacking angle and handedness in the twist-stacking approach, we maximize the CD response and achieve a high deep-ultraviolet ellipticity of 40 ± 1 mdeg nm-1. Our theoretical simulations using the transfer matrix method reproduce the experimentally observed CD spectra and further predict that an optimized film of twist-stacked CNTs can exhibit an ellipticity as high as 150 mdeg nm-1, corresponding to a g factor of 0.22. Furthermore, the mechanical rotation method not only accelerates the fabrication of twisted structures but also produces both chiralities simultaneously in a single sample, in a single run, and in a controllable manner. The created wafer-scale objects represent an alternative type of synthetic chiral matter consisting of ordered quantum wires whose macroscopic properties are governed by nanoscopic electronic signatures and can be used to explore chiral phenomena and develop chiral photonic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Doumani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minhan Lou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Oliver Dewey
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nina Hong
- J.A. Woollam Co., Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jichao Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrey Baydin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keshav Zahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Riichiro Saito
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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44
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Chen CW, Nguyen LV, Wisal K, Wei S, Warren-Smith SC, Henderson-Sapir O, Schartner EP, Ahmadi P, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Stone AD, Ottaway DJ, Cao H. Mitigating stimulated Brillouin scattering in multimode fibers with focused output via wavefront shaping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7343. [PMID: 37957145 PMCID: PMC10643398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The key challenge for high-power delivery through optical fibers is overcoming nonlinear optical effects. To keep a smooth output beam, most techniques for mitigating optical nonlinearities are restricted to single-mode fibers. Moving out of the single-mode paradigm, we show experimentally that wavefront-shaping of coherent input light to a highly multimode fiber can increase the power threshold for stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) by an order of magnitude, whilst simultaneously controlling the output beam profile. The SBS suppression results from an effective broadening of the Brillouin spectrum under multimode excitation, without broadening of transmitted light. Strongest suppression is achieved with selective mode excitation that gives the broadest Brillouin spectrum. Our method is efficient, robust, and applicable to continuous waves and pulses. This work points toward a promising route for mitigating detrimental nonlinear effects in optical fibers, enabling further power scaling of high-power fiber systems for applications to directed energy, remote sensing, and gravitational-wave detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- Laser Physics and Photonics Devices Laboratories, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Kabish Wisal
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shuen Wei
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen C Warren-Smith
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Laser Physics and Photonics Devices Laboratories, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
| | - Ori Henderson-Sapir
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- OzGrav-Adelaide, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Erik P Schartner
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Peyman Ahmadi
- Coherent, 1280 Blue Hills Avenue, Bloomfield, CT, 06002, USA
| | - Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - A Douglas Stone
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - David J Ottaway
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- OzGrav-Adelaide, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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45
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Rathbone HW, Laos AJ, Michie KA, Iranmanesh H, Biazik J, Goodchild SC, Thordarson P, Green BR, Curmi PMG. Molecular dissection of the soluble photosynthetic antenna from the cryptophyte alga Hemiselmis andersenii. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1158. [PMID: 37957226 PMCID: PMC10643455 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptophyte algae have a unique phycobiliprotein light-harvesting antenna that fills a spectral gap in chlorophyll absorption from photosystems. However, it is unclear how the antenna transfers energy efficiently to these photosystems. We show that the cryptophyte Hemiselmis andersenii expresses an energetically complex antenna comprising three distinct spectrotypes of phycobiliprotein, each composed of two αβ protomers but with different quaternary structures arising from a diverse α subunit family. We report crystal structures of the major phycobiliprotein from each spectrotype. Two-thirds of the antenna consists of open quaternary form phycobiliproteins acting as primary photon acceptors. These are supplemented by a newly discovered open-braced form (~15%), where an insertion in the α subunit produces ~10 nm absorbance red-shift. The final components (~15%) are closed forms with a long wavelength spectral feature due to substitution of a single chromophore. This chromophore is present on only one β subunit where asymmetry is dictated by the corresponding α subunit. This chromophore creates spectral overlap with chlorophyll, thus bridging the energetic gap between the phycobiliprotein antenna and the photosystems. We propose that the macromolecular organization of the cryptophyte antenna consists of bulk open and open-braced forms that transfer excitations to photosystems via this bridging closed form phycobiliprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Rathbone
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UMR144 Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Alistair J Laos
- UNSW RNA Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Katharine A Michie
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hasti Iranmanesh
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sophia C Goodchild
- School of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- UNSW RNA Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Beverley R Green
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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46
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Ge S, Tsao YH, Evans CM. Polymer architecture dictates multiple relaxation processes in soft networks with two orthogonal dynamic bonds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7244. [PMID: 37945556 PMCID: PMC10636115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials with tunable modulus, viscosity, and complex viscoelastic spectra are crucial in applications such as self-healing, additive manufacturing, and energy damping. It is still challenging to predictively design polymer networks with hierarchical relaxation processes, as many competing factors affect dynamics. Here, networks with both pendant and telechelic architecture are synthesized with mixed orthogonal dynamic bonds to understand how the network connectivity and bond exchange mechanisms govern the overall relaxation spectrum. A hydrogen-bonding group and a vitrimeric dynamic crosslinker are combined into the same network, and multimodal relaxation is observed in both pendant and telechelic networks. This is in stark contrast to similar networks where two dynamic bonds share the same exchange mechanism. With the incorporation of orthogonal dynamic bonds, the mixed network also demonstrates excellent damping and improved mechanical properties. In addition, two relaxation processes arise when only hydrogen-bond exchange is present, and both modes are retained in the mixed dynamic networks. This work provides molecular insights for the predictive design of hierarchical dynamics in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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47
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Abuyazid NH, Üner NB, Peyres SM, Mohan Sankaran R. Charge decay in the spatial afterglow of plasmas and its impact on diffusion regimes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6776. [PMID: 37919301 PMCID: PMC10622414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial afterglow is a region at the boundary of a non-equilibrium plasma where charged species relax into ambient equilibrium. In many applications, the spatial afterglow is the part of the plasma that interacts with surfaces, such as suspended particles or a material substrate. However, compared to the bulk plasma, there has been little effort devoted to studying the properties of the spatial afterglow, and a fundamental analysis has not yet been developed. Here, we apply double Langmuir probe measurements and develop an advection-diffusion-recombination model to provide a detailed description of charged species in the spatial afterglow over a wide range of pressures, temperatures, plasma dimensions, and flow rates. We find that the density of charged species in the spatial afterglow decays by orders of magnitude, which leads to a transition from ambipolar to free diffusion. These insights can be used to explain or predict experimental observations of phenomena, such as the charging of dust grains and the dose of charged species to a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabiel H Abuyazid
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Necip B Üner
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sean M Peyres
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - R Mohan Sankaran
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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48
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Biyashev D, Siwicka ZE, Onay UV, Demczuk M, Xu D, Ernst MK, Evans ST, Nguyen CV, Son FA, Paul NK, McCallum NC, Farha OK, Miller SD, Gianneschi NC, Lu KQ. Topical application of synthetic melanin promotes tissue repair. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:61. [PMID: 37919305 PMCID: PMC10622536 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In acute skin injury, healing is impaired by the excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melanin, an efficient scavenger of radical species in the skin, performs a key role in ROS scavenging in response to UV radiation and is upregulated in response to toxic insult. In a chemical injury model in mice, we demonstrate that the topical application of synthetic melanin particles (SMPs) significantly decreases edema, reduces eschar detachment time, and increases the rate of wound area reduction compared to vehicle controls. Furthermore, these results were replicated in a UV-injury model. Immune array analysis shows downregulated gene expression in apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways consistent with histological reduction in apoptosis. Mechanistically, synthetic melanin intervention increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decreases Mmp9 expression, and suppresses ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we observed that the application of SMPs caused increased populations of anti-inflammatory immune cells to accumulate in the skin, mirroring their decrease from splenic populations. To enhance antioxidant capacity, an engineered biomimetic High Surface Area SMP was deployed, exhibiting increased wound healing efficiency. Finally, in human skin explants, SMP intervention significantly decreased the damage caused by chemical injury. Therefore, SMPs are promising and effective candidates as topical therapies for accelerated wound healing, including via pathways validated in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauren Biyashev
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zofia E Siwicka
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ummiye V Onay
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Demczuk
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madison K Ernst
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Spencer T Evans
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cuong V Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Florencia A Son
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Navjit K Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Naneki C McCallum
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Ca, USA.
| | - Kurt Q Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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49
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Sutula M, Christen I, Bersin E, Walsh MP, Chen KC, Mallek J, Melville A, Titze M, Bielejec ES, Hamilton S, Braje D, Dixon PB, Englund DR. Large-scale optical characterization of solid-state quantum emitters. Nat Mater 2023; 22:1338-1344. [PMID: 37604910 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters have emerged as a leading quantum memory for quantum networking applications. However, standard optical characterization techniques are neither efficient nor repeatable at scale. Here we introduce and demonstrate spectroscopic techniques that enable large-scale, automated characterization of colour centres. We first demonstrate the ability to track colour centres by registering them to a fabricated machine-readable global coordinate system, enabling a systematic comparison of the same colour centre sites over many experiments. We then implement resonant photoluminescence excitation in a widefield cryogenic microscope to parallelize resonant spectroscopy, achieving two orders of magnitude speed-up over confocal microscopy. Finally, we demonstrate automated chip-scale characterization of colour centres and devices at room temperature, imaging thousands of microscope fields of view. These tools will enable the accelerated identification of useful quantum emitters at chip scale, enabling advances in scaling up colour centre platforms for quantum information applications, materials science and device design and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Sutula
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ian Christen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Bersin
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin C Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin Mallek
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Melville
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Hamilton
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Braje
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - P Benjamin Dixon
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Dirk R Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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50
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Griesemer SD, Xia Y, Wolverton C. Accelerating the prediction of stable materials with machine learning. Nat Comput Sci 2023; 3:934-945. [PMID: 38177590 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Despite the rise in computing power, the large space of possible combinations of elements and crystal structure types makes large-scale high-throughput surveys of stable materials prohibitively expensive, especially for complex materials and materials subject to environmental conditions such as finite temperature. When physics-based computational methods and labor-intensive experiments are not feasible, machine learning (ML) methods can be a rapid and powerful alternative. Owing to a wealth of experimental and first-principles data as well as improved ML frameworks designed for materials modeling, ML is shown to be effective in predicting stability parameters and accelerating the discovery of new stable materials. In this Review, we summarize the most recent advancements in applying ML methodologies in predicting materials stability, focusing particularly on predictions of zero- and finite-temperature stability. We also highlight the need for more ML development in predictions of other thermodynamic knobs, such as pressure and surface/interfacial energy, which practically impact materials stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Griesemer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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