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Bernardus Saayman JL, Harvey BH, Wegener G, Brink CB. Sildenafil, alone and in combination with imipramine or escitalopram, display antidepressant-like effects in an adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced (ACTH) rodent model of treatment-resistant depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176434. [PMID: 38458412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a challenge with high prevalence and limited effectiveness of existing treatments, particularly in cases of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Innovative strategies and alternative drug targets are therefore necessary. Sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, is known to exert neuroplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, and is a promising antidepressant drug candidate. AIM To investigate whether sildenafil monotherapy or in combination with a known antidepressant, can elicit antidepressant-like effects in an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-induced rodent model of TRD. METHODS ACTH-naïve and ACTH-treated male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received various sub-acute drug treatments, followed by behavioural tests and biochemical analyses conversant with antidepressant actions. RESULTS Sub-chronic ACTH treatment induced significant depressive-like behaviour in rats, evidenced by increased immobility during the forced swim test (FST). Sub-acute sildenafil (10 mg/kg) (SIL-10) (but not SIL-3), and combinations of imipramine (15 mg/kg) (IMI-15) and sildenafil (3 mg/kg) (SIL-3) or escitalopram (15 mg/kg) (ESC-15) and SIL-3, exhibited significant antidepressant-like effects. ACTH treatment significantly elevated hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin, norepinephrine, kynurenic acid (KYNUA), quinolinic acid (QUINA), and glutathione. The various mono- and combined treatments significantly reversed some of these changes, whereas IMI-15 + SIL-10 significantly increased glutathione disulfide levels. ESC-15 + SIL-3 significantly reduced plasma corticosterone levels. CONCLUSION This study suggests that sildenafil shows promise as a treatment for TRD, either as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with a traditional antidepressant. The neurobiological mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like effects of the different sildenafil mono- and combination therapies reflects a multimodal action and cannot be explained in full by changes in the individually measured biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juandré Lambertus Bernardus Saayman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Brian Herbert Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christiaan Beyers Brink
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Rubio González E, de Valdenebro Recio M, Galán Fernández MI. [Hypertensive Emergency as the Debut of Paraneoplastic Cushing Syndrome]. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc 2024; 41:135-138. [PMID: 38508875 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We present the case of a patient with a history of renal-vascular hypertension treated with stent one year previously, who attended the emergency room due to hypertensive emergency and dyspnea. Once the first suspicion of renal artery restenosis was ruled out with CT angiography, the study was completed, confirming the diagnosis of lung cancer through imaging and pathological anatomy. In the hormonal study, elevation of ACTH, hypercortisolism and analytical data of hyperaldosteronism were detected. With the final diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic production of ACTH, medical treatment was started, without being able to receive anything else due to the death of the patient after a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rubio González
- Universidad de Puerta de Hierro, Hospital de Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
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Cavaleri D, Capogrosso CA, Guzzi P, Bernasconi G, Re M, Misiak B, Crocamo C, Bartoli F, Carrà G. Blood concentrations of anterior pituitary hormones in drug-naïve people with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 158:106392. [PMID: 37778198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of anterior pituitary hormones - i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - in early schizophrenia and psychoses unclear. We thus performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the blood concentrations of ACTH, LH and FSH, GH, PRL, and TSH in drug-naïve people with first-episode psychosis (FEP) as compared with healthy controls. METHODS We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo for articles indexed until September 2022. Data quality was appraised. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out, generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Between-study heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 statistic. Sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included. Drug-naïve people with FEP, compared to healthy subjects, had higher blood concentrations of ACTH (k = 7; N = 548; SMD = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.29 to 0.94; p < 0.001; I2 = 60.9%) and PRL (k = 17; N = 1757; SMD = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.56 to 1.14; p < 0.001; I2 = 85.5%) as well as lower levels of TSH (k = 6; N = 677; SMD = -0.34; 95%CI: -0.54 to -0.14; p = 0.001; I2 = 29.1%). Meta-regressions did not show any moderating effect of age (p = 0.78), sex (p = 0.21), or symptom severity (p = 0.87) on PRL concentrations in drug-naïve FEP. Available data were not sufficient to perform meta-analyses on FSH, LH, and GH. CONCLUSIONS Drug-naïve people with FEP have altered ACTH, PRL, and TSH blood concentrations, supporting the hypothesis that an abnormal anterior pituitary hormone secretion may be involved in the onset of schizophrenia and psychoses. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of pituitary hormones in FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cavaleri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Pierluca Guzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gianna Bernasconi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Re
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cristina Crocamo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House 149, London W1T 7BN, United Kingdom
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Bjørklund G, Semenova Y. Serum Levels of Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and their Association with Depression in Environmentally Exposed Populations in Kazakhstan. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03780-3. [PMID: 38010559 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the prevalence of depression in the environmentally exposed population of Kazakhstan compared to the environmentally unexposed populations. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the capacity of cortisol and ACTH to predict moderate and severe depression in populations exposed to environmental risk factors. This cross-sectional study included 1881 nominally healthy individuals aged between 18-52 years who were lifelong residents of Abay, Borodulikha, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Aksay, and Berezovka settlements, which are characterized by exposure to various types of environmental pollutants. Comparisons were made with residents of control sites with no known industrial or radioactive pollution (Uralsk and Kurchum). The Russian version of the PHQ-9 questionnaire was used to evaluate the presence and severity of depression. Serum cortisol levels were measured using solid-phase chemiluminescent immunoassay, while serum ACTH levels were tested with chemiluminescent assays. Populations exposed to environmental pollution from condensate gas extraction (Berezovka and Aksay) had higher median serum cortisol concentrations. However, the populations of the two controls had the highest median serum levels of ACTH. The median total PHQ-9 scores were the lowest in residents of control sites, which also had the highest proportion of individuals with no or minimal depression. Both serum cortisol and ACTH identified moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression. The findings highlight the potential impact of environmental pollution on stress hormone levels and depression, calling for further research and public health interventions to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo I Rana, Norway.
- Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan.
| | - Yuliya Semenova
- Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
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Kurt Gök D, İsmailoğulları S, Aldemir R, Tokmakçı M, Firat ST, Karaca Z, Keleştemur F, Zararsiz G. The effects of hypercortisolism on the frequency and magnitude of sleep EEG waves in patients with Cushing syndrome: A spectral analysis study. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102893. [PMID: 37657229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the effects of endogenous chronic hypercortisolism on sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and differences between the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent and independent Cushing Syndrome (CS) patients through a sleep spectral analysis program. METHODS A total of 32 patients diagnosed as having endogenous CS (12 ACTH-dependent and 20 ACTH-independent) and a control group comprising 16 healthy individuals were included in the study. Polysomnographic analysis was performed. Blood samples were collected at 08:00 AM for analysis of ACTH and basal cortisol, and at 00:00 AM for midnight cortisol levels. The frequency and power of the slow wave activity (SWA), theta, alpha, and beta waves of the first and last non-rapid eye movement (NREM) cycles were measured with a spectral analysis program. RESULTS The CS patient group had higher SWA power, especially in the first NREM cycle. In the ACTH-dependent group, SWA maximum and mean power values were higher in the frontal channels in the first NREM, compared to the last NREM sleep stage (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Cortisol has been found to be associated with SWA waves, making these waves higher in power, especially in the first NREM phase. This difference was much less pronounced in the final NREM sleep stage. The difference between the first and last NREM sleep stages with respect to the power of SWA in the frontal channel in the ACTH-dependent group suggests that not only cortisol but also high levels of ACTH affect the power of slow waves during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Kurt Gök
- Department of Neurology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Sevda İsmailoğulları
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Aldemir
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Biomedical Device Technology, Kayseri Vocational School of Higher Education, Kayseri University, City Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Tokmakçı
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sedat Tarik Firat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Züleyha Karaca
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Keleştemur
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökmen Zararsiz
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Zhao KM, Hu JS, Zhu SM, Wen TT, Fang XM. Persistent postoperative hypotension caused by subclinical empty sella syndrome after a simple surgery: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5817-5822. [PMID: 37727724 PMCID: PMC10506010 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i24.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empty sella is an anatomical and radiological finding of the herniation of the subarachnoid space into the pituitary fossa leading to a flattened pituitary gland. Patients with empty sella may present with various symptoms, including headache due to intracranial hypertension and endocrine symptoms related to the specific pituitary hormones affected. Here, we report a female patient who developed persistent postoperative hypotension caused by subclinical empty sella syndrome after a simple surgery. CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old woman underwent vocal cord polypectomy under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. She denied any medical history, and her vital signs were normal before the surgery. Anesthesia and surgery were uneventful. However, she developed dizziness, headache and persistent hypotension in the ward. Thus, intravenous dopamine was started to maintain normal blood pressure, which improved her symptoms. However, she remained dependent on dopamine for over 24 h without any obvious anesthesia- and surgery-related complications. An endocrine etiology was then suspected, and further examination showed a high prolactin level, a low normal adrenocorticotropic hormone level and a low cortisol level. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed an empty sella. Therefore, she was diagnosed with empty sella syndrome and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Her symptoms disappeared one week later after daily glucocorticoid supplement. CONCLUSION Endocrine etiologies such as pituitary and adrenal-related dysfunction should be considered in patients showing persistent postoperative hypotension when anesthesia- and surgery-related factors are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mei Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sanmen People’s Hospital, Sanmen 317100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Mei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Pedersen MV, Hansen LMB, Garforth B, Zak PJ, Winterdahl M. Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to anticipatory stress and venepuncture: The role of menstrual phase and oral contraceptive use. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114550. [PMID: 37343838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral contraceptives (OCs) are primarily known for their effects on the reproductive system, but they can also impact the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The present study aimed to compare plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to the anticipatory stress of participating in a scientific experiment and venepuncture in OC users versus naturally cycling (NC) women, with a focus on variations throughout the menstrual cycle. METHODS We recruited 131 young women (average age 20.5) and obtained blood samples to measure plasma ACTH concentrations immediately after venepuncture and again after 15 min of group activities designed to facilitate interpersonal attachment and stress-buffering. RESULTS ACTH levels decreased in 70% of all participants throughout the group activities. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA highlighted a significant interaction between time and OC use, indicating differential changes in ACTH levels during social interaction between OC users and NC women. Further, the post-hoc analysis revealed that a period of stress-buffering group activities significantly decreased ACTH levels in NC women during menstrual and secretory phases, but not during the proliferative phase. In contrast, OC users did not display a decrease during group activities, regardless of the phase. CONCLUSION This study underscores the influence of OC use on stress regulation, demonstrating that OCs not only modulate reproductive functions but also impact ACTH stress reactivity. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of considering hormonal contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phases when assessing female stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben Garforth
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul J Zak
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Meng Y, Geng G, Ren Y, Zhang H, Gao Z, Liu Y, Shi J. Long-Term Outcome of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Therapy in Children With New-Onset Infantile Spasms. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 143:100-105. [PMID: 37060643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate for pretreatment clinical variables to predict the outcome of new-onset epileptic spasms after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy and to identify risk factors for poor long-term outcome. METHODS We retrospectively studied 129 consecutive patients with infantile spasms syndrome (ISS). These patients received ACTH with antiseizure medication therapy for the first time and were regularly followed up for more than six months at our hospital. The response to treatment was assessed after two weeks of ACTH injection. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model were used. RESULTS Among the 129 patients, 61 (47.3%) had a good response after two weeks of ACTH treatment. At the time of the latest follow-up, 71 (55%) patients were seizure-free (International League Against Epilepsy class1). The univariate analysis revealed that normal neurodevelopment (P = 0.018), time lag of less than one month (P = 0.026), no hypsarrhythmia on EEG (P = 0.004), and serum calcium level ≥2.50 mmol/L (P = 0.035) were significantly associated with a good response. Only a good response to ACTH therapy was significantly associated with a positive long-term outcome. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that serum calcium level ≧2.50 mmol/L was significantly associated with a positive long-term outcome (P = 0.030). Multivariate analysis confirmed that no response to ACTH therapy was an independent variable that predicted long-term seizure recurrence (P < 0.001, hazard ratio = 4.602, confidence interval = 2.252 to 9.406). CONCLUSIONS A good response to ACTH therapy had a significant predictive value for long-term seizure outcomes. Calcium may play an important role in the treatment of ISS with ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Meng
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China
| | - Guifu Geng
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China
| | - Zaifen Gao
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China
| | - Jianguo Shi
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, ShanDong, China.
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Huang X, Peng J, Pan Z, Peng P, He F, Zhang CL, Chen C, Liu FY, Yin F, Mao LL. [Factors influencing the efficacy of initial adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2023; 25:60-6. [PMID: 36655665 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2207096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the factors influencing the short-term (28 days) efficacy of initial adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS), as well as the factors influencing recurrence and prognosis. METHODS The clinical data were collected from the children with IESS who received ACTH therapy for the first time in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, from April 2008 to January 2018 and were followed up for ≥2 years. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors influencing the short-term efficacy of ACTH therapy, recurrence, and long-term prognosis. RESULTS ACTH therapy achieved a control rate of seizures of 55.5% (111/200) on day 28 of treatment. Of the 111 children, 75 (67.6%) had no recurrence of seizures within 12 months of follow-up. The possibility of seizure control on day 28 of ACTH therapy in the children without focal seizures was 2.463 times that in those with focal seizures (P<0.05). The possibility of seizure control on day 28 of ACTH therapy in the children without hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalography on day 14 of ACTH therapy was 2.415 times that in those with hypsarrhythmia (P<0.05). The possibility of recurrence within 12 months after treatment was increased by 11.8% for every 1-month increase in the course of the disease (P<0.05). The possibility of moderate or severe developmental retardation or death in the children without seizure control after 28 days of ACTH therapy was 8.314 times that in those with seizure control (P<0.05). The possibility of moderate or severe developmental retardation or death in the children with structural etiology was 14.448 times that in those with unknown etiology (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Presence or absence of focal seizures and whether hypsarrhythmia disappears after 14 days of treatment can be used as predictors for the short-term efficacy of ACTH therapy, while the course of disease before treatment can be used as the predictor for recurrence after seizure control by ACTH therapy. The prognosis of IESS children is associated with etiology, and early control of seizures after ACTH therapy can improve long-term prognosis.
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Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Ramachandran A, Bhadoria AS. Cost-effectiveness of adrenocorticotropic hormone injection and oral prednisolone in patients with West syndrome: A comparative analysis. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2023; 14:103-110. [PMID: 36891085 PMCID: PMC9943942 DOI: 10.25259/jnrp-2022-6-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of oral prednisolone and adrenocorticotropic hormone injection in West syndrome patients, the two most common hormonal therapies used for this condition. Materials and Methods In this prospective and observational study, we documented sociodemographic, epilepsy, and development-related variables at baseline and up to 6 months after starting hormonal therapy, in all consecutive eligible patients of WS between August 2019 and June 2021, apart from the direct medical and non-medical costs and indirect health-care costs. We selected cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, per one patient with spasm freedom, one positive responder (>50% reduction in spasms), one relapse-free patient, and one patient with development gain. We determined whether incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for these parameters crossed the threshold value in base-case analysis and alternate scenario analysis. Results Out of 52 patients screened, 38 and 13 patients enrolled in ACTH and prednisolone group. On D28, 76% and 71% achieved spasm cessation (P = 0.78) and the total cost of treatment was INR 19783 and 8956 (P = 0.01), in ACTH and prednisolone group respectively. For all pre-specified parameters, the cost/effectiveness ratios including cost/QALY gain were higher in ACTH group and the corresponding ICER values for all these parameters crossed the threshold cost value of INR 148,777 in base-case analysis and also in alternative scenario analysis. Conclusion Treatment with oral prednisolone is more cost-effective as compared to ACTH injection for children with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indar Kumar Sharawat
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prateek Kumar Panda
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aparna Ramachandran
- Department of Neurology, IQRAA International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Ajeet Singh Bhadoria
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Antunes Meireles PM, Pessoa D, Pinheiro S, Filipe JF, Rito M, Sargento I. Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome Secondary to Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:532-536. [PMID: 37497425 PMCID: PMC10368098 DOI: 10.1159/000530445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case report of a patient with a rare high-grade transformation of an acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the parotid gland, who developed Cushing's syndrome (CS) as a result of ectopic secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the tumour. The hypercortisolism was successfully treated with metyrapone, and the ACC was treated with local radiotherapy and a combined six cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin, having achieved a partial response to the tumour. A multidisciplinary approach and combined medical treatment with radiotherapy and were essential for disease control and CS management. ACC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ectopic CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Pessoa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Pinheiro
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliana Faria Filipe
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Rito
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sargento
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kim SM, Sultana F, Korkmaz F, Lizneva D, Yuen T, Zaidi M. Independent Skeletal Actions of Pituitary Hormones. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2022; 37:719-731. [PMID: 36168775 PMCID: PMC9633224 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2022.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, pituitary hormones and their receptors have been shown to have non-traditional actions that allow them to bypass the hypothalamus-pituitary-effector glands axis. Bone cells-osteoblasts and osteoclasts-express receptors for growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Independent skeletal actions of pituitary hormones on bone have been studied using genetically modified mice with haploinsufficiency and by activating or inactivating the receptors pharmacologically, without altering systemic effector hormone levels. On another front, the discovery of a TSH variant (TSH-βv) in immune cells in the bone marrow and skeletal action of FSHβ through tumor necrosis factor α provides new insights underscoring the integrated physiology of bone-immune-endocrine axis. Here we discuss the interaction of each pituitary hormone with bone and the potential it holds in understanding bone physiology and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Min Kim
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Corresponding authors: Se-Min Kim. The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, PO Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA Tel: +1-212-241-8797, Fax: +1-212-426-8312 E-mail:
| | - Farhath Sultana
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daria Lizneva
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tony Yuen
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mone Zaidi. The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, PO Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA Tel: +1-212-241-8797, Fax: +1-212-426-8312, E-mail:
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13
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Hagiwara R, Kageyama K, Iwasaki Y, Niioka K, Daimon M. Effects of tubastatin A on adrenocorticotropic hormone synthesis and proliferation of AtT-20 corticotroph tumor cells. Endocr J 2022; 69:1053-1060. [PMID: 35296577 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease is an endocrine disorder characterized by hypercortisolism, mainly caused by autonomous production of ACTH from pituitary adenomas. Autonomous ACTH secretion results in excess cortisol production from the adrenal glands, and corticotroph adenoma cells disrupt the normal cortisol feedback mechanism. Pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors inhibit cell proliferation and ACTH production in AtT-20 corticotroph tumor cells. A selective HDAC6 inhibitor has been known to exert antitumor effects and reduce adverse effects related to the inhibition of other HDACs. The current study demonstrated that the potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A has inhibitory effects on proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) and pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (Pttg1) mRNA expression, involved in cell proliferation. The phosphorylated Akt/Akt protein levels were increased after treatment with tubastatin A. Therefore, the proliferation of corticotroph cells may be regulated through the Akt-Pttg1 pathway. Dexamethasone treatment also decreased the Pomc mRNA level. Combined tubastatin A and dexamethasone treatment showed additive effects on the Pomc mRNA level. Thus, tubastatin A may have applications in the treatment of Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | | | - Kanako Niioka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Kageyama K, Iwasaki Y, Watanuki Y, Murasawa S, Niioka K, Tasso M, Kosugi A, Daimon M. Growth differentiation factor-15 modulates adrenocorticotropic hormone synthesis in murine AtT-20 corticotroph cells. Peptides 2022; 155:170841. [PMID: 35868568 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is a stress-responsive cytokine that plays important roles in regulation of inflammatory responses, cell growth, and cell differentiation. However, the nature of these roles remains unclear. Here, we aimed to examine the regulatory effects of dexamethasone on Gdf15 expression in murine AtT-20 corticotroph cells. Human Gdf15 promoter-driven luciferase reporter constructs were transfected into corticotroph cells to analyze their promoter activity. The effects of time and concentration of dexamethasone on Gdf15 and proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) mRNA levels were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Dexamethasone induced Gdf15 transcription and mRNA levels as well as GDF15 production in transfected cells, whereas reduced the Pomc mRNA levels. GDF15 modulated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis, and the dexamethasone-mediated reduction in Pomc mRNA levels were partially relieved upon Gdf15 knockdown. We concluded that GDF15 modulated ACTH production in pituitary corticotrophs in an autocrine manner by suppressing Pomc expression and subsequently mediating the negative feedback effect of glucocorticoids, thereby contributing to pituitary stress response and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka-cho, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shingo Murasawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kanako Niioka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tasso
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ai Kosugi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Melián C, Blanco B, Ginel PJ, Pérez-López L. Evaluation of the ACTH stimulation test using a low dose of a depot formulation in healthy dogs and in dogs with untreated Cushing's syndrome. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:207-211. [PMID: 35994839 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test to detect Cushing's Syndrome (CS) using a depot formulation needs to be evaluated. The aims of this study were to propose a reference interval (RI) for cortisol values 1-hour after administration of a low-dose of depot ACTH in healthy dogs, and to evaluate the sensitivity of this test to detect CS, differentiating among types of CS based on ultrasound findings. Forty-one healthy dogs (20 males, 21 females) were prospectively included. Additionally, 90 dogs with CS (31 males, 59 females) were retrospectively included. Dogs with CS were ultrasonographically classified as follows: 44 dogs with symmetrical adrenomegaly consistent with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH), 8 dogs with unilateral adrenomegaly and atrophy of the contralateral adrenal gland or unilateral or bilateral adrenomegaly with malignancy features consistent with adrenal-dependent hypercortisolism (ADH), 34 dogs with equivocal adrenal asymmetry (EAA) and 4 dogs with normal adrenal thickness. In healthy dogs, lower and upper limit of the 95% RI for 1-hour post-ACTH cortisol concentration and their 90% confidence intervals, were 4.4 (2.7-5.8) μg/dl and 18.4 (16.5-20.0) μg/dl, respectively. Post-ACTH cortisol concentration was above the RI in 90.0% (ci95%, 76.1-100) of dogs with CS. An elevated post-ACTH cortisol concentration was detected in 95.5% (ci95%, 76.1-100) of dogs with PDH, 62.5% (ci95%, 46.1-78.9) of dogs with ADH and 88.2% (ci95%, 69.1-100) of dogs with EAA. The sensitivity of the ACTH stimulation test using a low-dose of depot ACTH in high in dogs with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Melián
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain; University Institute of Biomedical and Health Research, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Beatriz Blanco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro J Ginel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-López
- University Institute of Biomedical and Health Research, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Harada T, Uozumi Y, Fukuoka H, Miyake S, Yamamoto D, Okamura Y, Ishii T, Tatsumi S, Mizobe T, Aihara H, Tanaka K, Kohmura E, Sasayama T. The impact of hormonal dynamics and serum sodium fluctuations on symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 103:131-140. [PMID: 35872447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic vasospasm (SVS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and serum sodium frequently decreases before SVS. Serum sodium changes might be regulated by sodium metabolism-related hormones. This multi-institutional prospective cohort study therefore investigated the measurement of sodium metabolism-related hormones to elucidate the pathophysiology of serum sodium changes in SAH. METHODS SAH patients were treated with clipping or coiling from September 2017 to August 2020 at five hospitals. The laboratory data of 133 SAH patients were collected over 14 days and correlations between changes in serum sodium, sodium metabolism-related hormones (plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), serum cortisol, plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP)), and SVS were determined. Serum sodium concentrations were measured every day and serum sodium levels >135 mEq/L were maintained until day 14. RESULTS Of the 133 patients, 18 developed SVS within 14 days of subarachnoid hemorrhage onset (SVS group) and 115 did not suffer from SVS (non-SVS group). Circulating AVP, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations were significantly higher on day 1 in the SVS group compared with the non-SVS group. Fluctuations in serum sodium in the SVS group were significantly higher than those in the non-SVS group. There were antiparallel fluctuations in serum sodium and potassium from days 2 to 14. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of ACTH/cortisol and AVP on day 1 may be predictive markers for the occurrence of SVS. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that serum sodium fluctuations were associated with SVS occurrence. Serum sodium fluctuations were associated with stress-related hormonal dynamics. (249 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Harada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoichi Uozumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kita-Harima Medical Center, 926-250 Ichiba cho, Ono 675-1392, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kita-Harima Medical Center, 926-250 Ichiba cho, Ono 675-1392, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyooka Hospital, 1094 Tomaki, Toyooka 668-8501, Japan
| | - Taiji Ishii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyooka Hospital, 1094 Tomaki, Toyooka 668-8501, Japan
| | - Shotaro Tatsumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Steel Memorial Hirohata Hospital, 3-1 Yumesaki cho, Hirohata ku, Himeji 671-1122, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizobe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center, 520 Saisho, Himeji 670-981, Japan
| | - Hideo Aihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center, 520 Saisho, Himeji 670-981, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kinki Central Hospital, 3-1 Kurumazuka Itami, 664-8533, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Salvadori M, Tsalouchos A. How immunosuppressive drugs may directly target podocytes in glomerular diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1431-41. [PMID: 34244853 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are the direct target of immunologic injury in many immune-mediated glomerular diseases, leading to proteinuria and subsequent kidney failure. Immunosuppressive agents such as steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and rituximab are the commonly used treatment strategies in this context for their immunotherapeutic or anti-inflammatory properties. However, in recent years, studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive agents can have a direct effect on podocytes, introducing the concept of the non-immunologic mechanism of kidney protection by immunomodulators. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which these agents may directly target the podocyte independent of their systemic effects and examine their clinical significance.
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O'Brien SL, Irian CG, Bentley GE, Lacey EA. Sex, not social behavior, predicts fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in a facultatively social rodent, the highland tuco-tuco (Ctenomys opimus). Horm Behav 2022; 141:105152. [PMID: 35286897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Social relationships may influence circulating glucocorticoid levels, particularly in group-living species in which individuals regularly engage in interactions with conspecifics. The effects of such interactions appear to vary, with greater social contact being associated with increased glucocorticoid concentrations in some species but decreased concentrations in others. These distinct responses raise intriguing questions regarding relationships among social behavior, individual phenotypes, and glucocorticoid physiology. To explore such relationships in a free-living mammal with a dynamic social organization, we quantified variation in baseline glucocorticoids in a population of highland tuco-tucos (Ctenomys opimus) from Jujuy Province, Argentina. These subterranean rodents are facultatively social, with lone and group-living individuals regularly occurring within the same population. To assess potential endocrine correlates of this behavioral variability, we examined differences in baseline fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCm) concentrations as a function of social group size and composition as well as several metrics of social behavior derived from social network analyses. Despite marked variability in social relationships among the 37 (12 male, 25 female) free-living tuco-tucos sampled, none of the measures of social behavior examined were significant predictors of variation in fGCm concentrations. In contrast, individual variation in glucocorticoid metabolites was best explained by sex, with males having higher fGCm concentrations than females. These analyses provide the first characterization of the glucocorticoid physiology of highland tuco-tucos and underscore the potential importance of intrinsic phenotypic factors (e.g., sex) in shaping glucocorticoid variation in free-living mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L O'Brien
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Christian G Irian
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George E Bentley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eileen A Lacey
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Daoussis D, Kordas P, Varelas G, Michalaki M, Onoufriou A, Mamali I, Iliopoulos G, Melissaropoulos K, Ntelis K, Velissaris D, Tzimas G, Georgiou P, Vamvakopoulou S, Paliogianni F, Andonopoulos AP, Georgopoulos N. ACTH vs steroids for the treatment of acute gout in hospitalized patients: a randomized, open label, comparative study. Rheumatol Int 2022; 42:949-958. [PMID: 35445840 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-022-05128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The management of acute gout in the hospital setting may be challenging since most patients are elderly with multiple unstable comorbidities. However, there are no prospective clinical trials for hospitalized patients with gout to guide optimal management. Evidence indicates that steroids or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) may be effective and safe therapeutic options for these patients. This study aimed at directly comparing the efficacy and safety of ACTH vs betamethasone for the treatment of gout in hospitalized patients. This is the first prospective clinical trial for hospitalized patients with gout. We designed a randomized, open label study to assess the efficacy and safety of a single intramuscular injection of either ACTH or betamethasone in hospitalized patients with acute gout. Primary efficacy endpoints were the change in intensity of pain as recorded using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at baseline compared to 24 h (ΔVAS24h), and 48 h. Moreover, we assessed safety and effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, glucose and lipid homeostasis, bone metabolism, electrolytes and renal function. 38 patients were recruited. Both treatments were highly effective. The mean ± SE ΔVAS24h and ΔVAS48h for ACTH was 4.48 ± 0.29 and 5.58 ± 0.26, respectively. The mean ± SE ΔVAS24h and ΔVAS48h for betamethasone was 4.67 ± 0.32 and 5.67 ± 0.28, respectively. Direct comparison between the two groups at 24 h and 48 h did not show statistically significant differences. Both treatments were well tolerated and safe. The effects on all metabolic parameters were mostly minimal and transient for both treatments. However, ACTH may affect less the HPA axis and bone metabolism compared to betamethasone, thus leading to the conclusion that. ACTH and betamethasone are effective and safe for the management of acute gout in hospitalized patients but that ACTH may associate with less disturbance of the HPA axis and bone metabolism. Our data support the use of both drugs as first line treatments for hospitalized patients with gout.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04306653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Daoussis
- Department of Rheumatology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece.
| | | | - George Varelas
- Data and Media Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Marina Michalaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Anny Onoufriou
- Department of Microbiology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Irene Mamali
- Department of Endocrinology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - George Iliopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Velissaris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Giannis Tzimas
- Data and Media Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | | | - Sofia Vamvakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Fotini Paliogianni
- Department of Microbiology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Neoklis Georgopoulos
- Department of Endocrinology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
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程序性死亡蛋白-1抑制剂治疗晚期肺癌出现垂体免疫不良反应3例. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 54. [PMID: 35435206 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary immune-related adverse events induced by programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors in advanced lung cancer patients: A report of 3 cases SUMMARY Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been widely used in lung cancer treatment, but their immune-related adverse events (irAEs) require intensive attention. Pituitary irAEs, including hypophysitis and hypopituitarism, are commonly induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibitors, but rarely by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) deficiency (IAD) is a special subtype of pituitary irAEs, without any other pituitary hormone dysfunction, and with no enlargement of pituitary gland, either. Here, we described three patients with advanced lung cancer who developed IAD and other irAEs, after PD-1 inhibitor treatment. Case 1 was a 68-year-old male diagnosed with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with high expression of PD-L1. He was treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy, and developed immune-related hepatitis, which was cured by high-dose methylprednisolone [0.5-1.0 mg/(kg·d)]. Eleven months later, the patient was diagnosed with primary gastric adenocarcinoma, and was treated with apatinib, in addition to pembrolizumab. After 17 doses of pembrolizumab, he developed severe nausea and asthenia, when methylprednisolone had been stopped for 10 months. His blood tests showed severe hyponatremia (121 mmol/L, reference 137-147 mmol/L, the same below), low levels of 8:00 a.m. cortisol (< 1 μg/dL, reference 5-25 μg/dL, the same below) and ACTH (2.2 ng/L, reference 7.2-63.3 ng/L, the same below), and normal thyroid function, sex hormone and prolactin. Meanwhile, both his lung cancer and gastric cancer remained under good control. Case 2 was a 66-year-old male with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, who was treated with a new PD-1 inhibitor, HX008, combined with chemotherapy (clinical trial number: CTR20202387). After 5 months of treatment (7 doses in total), his cancer exhibited partial response, but his nausea and vomiting suddenly exacerbated, with mild dyspnea and weakness in his lower limbs. His blood tests showed mild hyponatremia (135 mmol/L), low levels of 8:00 a.m. cortisol (4.3 μg/dL) and ACTH (1.5 ng/L), and normal thyroid function. His thoracic computed tomography revealed moderate immune-related pneumonitis simultaneously. Case 3 was a 63-year-old male with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma. He was treated with first-line sintilimab combined with chemotherapy, which resulted in partial response, with mild immune-related rash. His cancer progressed after 5 cycles of treatment, and sintilimab was discontinued. Six months later, he developed asymptomatic hypoadrenocorticism, with low level of cortisol (1.5 μg/dL) at 8:00 a.m. and unresponsive ACTH (8.0 ng/L). After being rechallenged with another PD-1 inhibitor, teslelizumab, combined with chemotherapy, he had pulmonary infection, persistent low-grade fever, moderate asthenia, and severe hyponatremia (116 mmol/L). Meanwhile, his blood levels of 8:00 a.m. cortisol and ACTH were 3.1 μg/dL and 7.2 ng/L, respectively, with normal thyroid function, sex hormone and prolactin. All of the three patients had no headache or visual disturbance. Their pituitary magnetic resonance image showed no pituitary enlargement or stalk thickening, and no dynamic changes. They were all on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with prednisone (2.5-5.0 mg/d), and resumed the PD-1 inhibitor treatment when symptoms relieved. In particular, Case 2 started with high-dose prednisone [1 mg/(kg·d)] because of simultaneous immune-related pneumonitis, and then tapered it to the HRT dose. His cortisol and ACTH levels returned to and stayed normal. However, the other two patients' hypopituitarism did not recover. In summary, these cases demonstrated that the pituitary irAEs induced by PD-1 inhibitors could present as IAD, with a large time span of onset, non-specific clinical presentation, and different recovery patterns. Clinicians should monitor patients' pituitary hormone regularly, during and at least 6 months after PD-1 inhibitor treatment, especially in patients with good oncological response to the treatment.
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Leyrer-Jackson JM, Hood LE, Olive MF. Sex differences and the lack of effects of chemogenetic manipulation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons on alcohol consumption in male and female mice. Brain Res 2022; 1786:147901. [PMID: 35367433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons located within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ArcN) secrete multiple peptides associated with alcohol consumption, including β-endorphin (β-END), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In this study, we utilized chemogenetics to bidirectionally modulate ArcN POMC neurons to determine their role in alcohol and saccharin consumption and regional levels of POMC-derived peptides. Male and female POMC-cre mice were infused with viral vectors designed for cre-dependent expression of either excitatory and inhibitory DREADDs or a control vector into the ArcN. Following recovery, animals were allowed to consume alcohol or saccharin using the drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm of binge-like intake for 4 consecutive days. Prior to the final test session, animals were injected with clozapine-N-oxide (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) for DREADD activation. Following the last DID session, animals were euthanized and the ArcN, VTA, amygdala and NAc were dissected and assessed for POMC peptide expression utilizing western blotting. We found that female mice consumed more alcohol than males during DID sessions 2-4, and that chemogenetic activation had no effect on alcohol or saccharin consumption in either sex. We found that β-END expression within the ArcN positively correlated with alcohol consumption. Given the molecular and functional heterogeneity of ArcN POMC neurons, future studies are needed to assess the effects of modulation of specific subpopulations of these neurons within the ArcN on consumption of rewarding substances such as alcohol and saccharin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E Hood
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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Bilgiç A, Sertdemir M, Kılınç İ, Akça ÖF. Increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels are associated with obsessive compulsive disorder in medication‑free children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:325-335. [PMID: 33389158 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate serum levels of neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NTF3), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) members including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The possible relationships between serum neurotrophins and HPA axis members were also addressed. A total of 60 medication-free children with OCD and 57 controls aged 8-18 years were enrolled in this study. The severity of OCD symptoms was determined by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed by self-report inventories. The serum levels of neurotrophins, ACTH, and cortisol were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Serum BDNF levels were significantly higher in the OCD group than in the control group for either sex and for the whole sample. Compared to controls, serum ACTH levels were significantly higher in the OCD group for the whole sample. An analysis of covariance was also conducted for the whole sample and indicated that, while controlling the potential confounders, including body-mass index percentile, age, sex, and the severity of depression and anxiety, the results did not change. Strong negative correlations between BDNF, NGF and NTF3, and HPA axis members were determined in the patient group for either sex and for the whole sample. These findings suggest that dysregulations of BDNF and ACTH may be associated with childhood OCD. Furthermore, there may be inverse relationships between certain neurotrophins and HPA axis members in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Bilgiç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Merve Sertdemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kılınç
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Akça
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey
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Masdrakis VG, Legaki EM, Papageorgiou C, Markianos M. Stress Hormones as Predictors of Response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Panic Disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2022; 80:401-410. [PMID: 33735885 DOI: 10.1159/000514073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data regarding the potential association between the outcome of psychotherapy of panic disorder (PD) and biological parameters are few. In 21 (16 females) consecutively referred, medication-free, acutely ill PD outpatients, without comorbidities, except agoraphobia, we systematically explored for potential neuroendocrine and clinical correlates of response to a brief cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). METHODS Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) basal plasma levels were measured. Measures of psychopathology: (a) Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), (b) Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) Scale, (c) Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ), and (d) Mobility Inventory (MI)-alone subscale. RESULTS Nonresponders to CBT (CGI-I >2; N = 6) - as compared to the responders (CGI-I ≤2; N = 15) - demonstrated significantly higher cortisol and ACTH basal plasma concentrations. These differences were much stronger when only female patients (nonresponders = 4; responders = 12) were taken into consideration. Regarding psychopathology, nonresponders to CBT suffered from more severe agoraphobia (MI-alone) at baseline. On the contrary, more intense manifestations of anger (SCL-90-R) at baseline were associated with a better treatment outcome. Response to CBT was associated with significant reductions in all SCL-90-R subscales, more pronounced for "phobic anxiety" and "anxiety" subscales. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that in acutely ill, medication-free PD patients, response to CBT may be associated with certain hormonal and clinical parameters at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios G Masdrakis
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,
| | - Emilia-Maria Legaki
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Papageorgiou
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Markianos
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Feng LL, Dai YW, Lu XJ, Lu JF, Yang GJ, Zhang H, Zhang L, Chen J. Two ACTH analogs exert differential effects on monocytes/macrophages function regulation in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 315:113796. [PMID: 33901496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a bioactive peptide of the family of melanocortins, is generated from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). So far, the research on the specific functions of ACTH in the immune system of teleosts is limited. We determined two complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of POMC in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), termed PaPOMC-A and PaPOMC-B. PaPOMCs transcripts occurred in all examined tissues, and their expression in immune tissues changed following experimental infection with Vibrio anguillarum. PaACTH-B, but not PaACTH-A, suppressed the phagocytosis of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ). Two isoforms of PaACTH increased the bactericidal capacity of MO/MФ. PaACTH-A increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, while PaACTH-B decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in MO/MФ. Compared with PaACTH-B treatment, the PaACTH-A treatment improved survival rate and reduced the bacterial load in V. anguillarum-infected ayu through interleukin (IL)-10. Our results indicate that the two PaACTH isoforms exert different effects in the host defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - You-Wu Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), China.
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder that is fatal if left untreated. It can be distinguished into adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent (central and ectopic Cushing's syndrome) and ACTH-independent subtypes (unilateral or bilateral adrenal adenomas). The clinical presentation of patients includes typical stigmata of cortisol excess with physical symptoms of catabolic metabolism (myopathy, striae, parchment skin, osteoporosis) and components of metabolic syndrome (diabetes mellitus, obesity, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia). Biochemical diagnosis is performed in three steps: 1. Confirmation of the diagnosis by 1‑mg dexamethasone suppression test, 24‑h urine free cortisol, and measurement of late-night salivary cortisol. 2. Differentiation of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome from ACTH-independent adrenal Cushing's syndrome by measurement of plasma ACTH. 3. Further subtyping by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test, inferior petrosal sinus sampling, and imaging modalities. Therapeutic decisions are made on an interdisciplinary basis. First-line therapy for all subtypes is surgery when possible; additional options for all forms include drug therapy and bilateral adrenalectomy. Despite adequate treatment, Cushing's syndrome is associated with increased long-term morbidity and mortality. Interdisciplinary and multimodal therapy management is necessary in the long term to positively influence mortality and reduced quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Vogel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - Leah Braun
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, München, Deutschland.
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Hu D, Li J, Zhuang Y, Mao X. Adrenocorticotropic hormone: An expansion of our current understanding of the treatment for nephrotic syndrome. Steroids 2021; 176:108930. [PMID: 34648797 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice, we may encounter a treatment dilemma where in some patients with nephrotic syndrome are resistant to glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive agents. Thus, we currently lack viable treatment options and eagerly await the availability of new drugs. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) had earlier been used to treat nephrotic syndrome in children, but has now become less popular owing to the advent of oral glucocorticoids. However, in recent studies, ACTH was reportedly used again for treating nephrotic syndrome, reducing proteinuria and protecting renal function, indicating a possibility for its use in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome. This review analysed the validity of ACTH in these studies, focusing on the mechanism of action, application in both paediatric and adult patients with nephrotic syndrome, particularly in children, and possible side effects. We anticipate that our findings will help clinicians in treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Hu
- Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiaqin Li
- Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Mao
- Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China.
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Park GS, Choi HY, Jang HG, Park JS, Koh EJ, Lee JM. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and β-endorphin concentration as a prognostic factor in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2021; 24:113-120. [PMID: 34645085 PMCID: PMC9260465 DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2021.e2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-endorphin are pituitary neuro-peptides released by acute stress. We determined why the prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) due to aneurysmal rupture is not always dependent on the Hunt–Hess grading system (HHS) and delta-National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), while studying endogenous neuropeptides, including ACTH and β-endorphin. Methods We analyzed blood samples collected from patients with SAH (SAH group; n=37) and those with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (control group; n=37). Blood sampling was performed before any procedure or chemical agents administration. The results of ACTH and β-endorphin measurements were compared using the delta-NIHSS and HHS. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and Pearson’s correlations. Results Of the 18 patients with low-grade HHS, 13 had low delta-NIHSS and five showed high delta-NIHSS. Of the 19 patients with high-grade HHS, the delta-NIHSS was ≥14 in the other five patients. ACTH concentration was high (497.3 pg/mL) in five patients with high-grade HHS and high delta-NIHSS. β-endorphin concentration was high (159.7 pg/mL) in 13 patients with low-grade HHS and low delta-NIHSS. Conclusions High ACTH levels in patients with massive bleeding and poor neurological status suggests increasing ACTH secretion in response to bleeding stress, which may aggravate neurological status. Contrary to ACTH, high β-endorphin levels in patients with low-grade HHS implied the involvement of additional factors in predicting fair outcomes related to low delta-NIHSS. These results may provide insight into the varying prognostic potential of HHS in SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo-Seong Park
- Department of neurosurgery Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ha-Young Choi
- Department of neurosurgery Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Gyu Jang
- Department of neurosurgery Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Park
- Department of neurosurgery Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Koh
- Department of neurosurgery Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Myeong Lee
- Department of neurosurgery Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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Naruse M, Tanabe A, Yamamoto K, Rakugi H, Kometani M, Yoneda T, Kobayashi H, Abe M, Ohno Y, Inagaki N, Izawa S, Sone M. Adrenal Venous Sampling for Subtype Diagnosis of Primary Hyperaldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:965-973. [PMID: 34674504 PMCID: PMC8566130 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is the key procedure for lateralization of primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) before surgery. Identification of the adrenal veins using computed tomography (CT) and intraoperative cortisol assay facilitates the success of catheterization. Although administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has benefits such as improving the success rate, some unilateral cases could be falsely diagnosed as bilateral. Selectivity index of 5 with ACTH stimulation to assess the selectivity of catheterization and lateralization index (LI) >4 with ACTH stimulation for unilateral diagnosis is used in many centers. Co-secretion of cortisol from the tumor potentially affects the lateralization by the LI. Patients aged <35 years with hypokalemia, marked aldosterone excess, and unilateral adrenal nodule on CT have a higher probability of unilateral disease. Patients with normokalemia, mild aldosterone excess, and no adrenal tumor on CT have a higher probability of bilateral disease. Although no methods have 100% specificity for subtype diagnosis that would allow bypassing AVS, prediction of the subtype should be considered when recommending AVS to patients. Methodological standardization and strict indication improve diagnostic quality of AVS. Development of non-invasive imaging and biochemical markers will drive a paradigm shift in the clinical practice of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhide Naruse
- Endocrine Center and Clinical Research Center, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto,
Japan
- Clinical Research Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, NHO Kyoto Medical Center, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Akiyo Tanabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka,
Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka,
Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,
Japan
| | - Takashi Yoneda
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,
Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Youichi Ohno
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto,
Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto,
Japan
| | - Shoichiro Izawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago,
Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki,
Japan
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Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monoclonal antibodies has shown to be an effective therapeutic alternative in several malignant tumors. However, adverse effects related to an activation of the immune system may accompany ICI therapy. Among the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are autoimmune endocrine adverse effects, such as thyroiditis, and hypophysitis. Secondary adrenal insufficiency due to isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) has also been recently reported to be associated with ICI antibodies. We carried out a systematic review of IAD cases induced by cancer immunotherapy published to date using PubMed's database. We selected 35 articles that reported 60 cancer patients diagnosed with IAD induced by ICI therapy. The prevalence was higher in men (ratio 1.6/1). Mean age at diagnosis was 63.2 ± 11.6 (range,30-87). Melanoma was the tumor most commonly reported (35%) followed by lung (28.3%) and kidney cancer (18.3%). The ICI monoclonal antibody most frequently associated was nivolumab in monotherapy (60%), followed by pembrolizumab (18.3%). Median (IQR) time to develop IAD after starting ICI therapy was 6 (4-8) months. The main symptoms at IAD diagnosis were fatigue (82.8%) and anorexia (67.2%). Hyponatremia (68%) and eosinophilia (31.8%) were the laboratory abnormalities most frequently associated with IAD. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal in most patients (93%). Thyroiditis was the most prevalent (35%) endocrine irAE associated with IAD. In conclusion, ICI-induced IAD is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that must be taken into account whenever treatment with immunotherapy in cancer patients is started due to their potential serious prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Iglesias
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Calle Manuel de Falla 1, 28222, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Cristóbal Sánchez
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Díez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Calle Manuel de Falla 1, 28222, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ding L, Wang B, Chen T, Li P, Guo W, Fan Y, Fang F, Cui J, Dong Z, He Q, Liu M. Development and validation of a novel index for the differential diagnosis of corticotropin-dependent Cushing syndrome. Pituitary 2021; 24:507-516. [PMID: 33502672 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an index for the differential diagnosis of corticotropin-dependent Cushing syndrome (CS). METHODS The development cohort included 112 consecutive patients with clinicopathologically confirmed corticotropin-dependent CS at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, from December 2004 to May 2020, and data of 126 patients from studies published from 2016 to August 2020, identified through search in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library, was extracted for external validation. The index was calculated as the product of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, pmol/L) and urinary free cortisol (UFC, nmol/24 h) divided by 10,000. The discriminative ability was tested using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS In development cohort, area under curve of ROC analysis of the ACTH-UFC index in identifying Cushing disease (CD) was 0.977. The diagnostic accuracy of ACTH-UFC index ≤ 11 was comparable to that of 48 h 8 mg/d high-dose dexamethasone test (HDDST) in identifying CD, with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios of 96.6%, 87.5%, 7.73, and 0.04, respectively. The sensitivity of ACTH-UFC index ≤ 11 in parallel combination with pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was 100% for identifying CD. The performance of the ACTH-UFC index in parallel or serial combination with pituitary MRI was similar in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS ACTH-UFC index provides a rapid, convenient and non-invasive adjunctive approach for the differential diagnosis of corticotropin-dependent CS, with no risk of aggravating metabolic disturbances. Investigations for ectopic causes of corticotropin-dependent CS should be performed with ACTH-UFC index > 11 and negative contrasted pituitary MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Baoping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Weihong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jingqiu Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zuoliang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan, Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Tvilling L, West M, Glud AN, Zaer H, Sørensen JCH, Bjarkam CR, Orlowski D. Anatomy and histology of the Göttingen minipig adenohypophysis with special emphasis on the polypeptide hormones: GH, PRL, and ACTH. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2375-2386. [PMID: 34235563 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary is involved in the regulation of endocrine homeostasis. Therefore, animal models of pituitary disease based on a thorough knowledge of pituitary anatomy are of great importance. Accordingly, we aimed to perform a qualitative and quantitative description of polypeptide hormone secreting cellular components of the Göttingen minipig adenohypophysis using immunohistochemistry and stereology. Estimates of the total number of cells immune-stained for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH) were obtained with the optical fractionator technique using Stereo Investigator software. Moreover, 3D reconstructions of cell distribution were made. We estimated that the normal minipig adenohypophysis contains, on average, 5.6 million GH, 3.5 million PRL, and 2.4 million ACTH producing cells. The ACTH producing cells were widely distributed, while the PRL and GH producing cells were located in clusters in the central and lateral regions of the adenohypophysis. The morphology of the hormone producing cells also differs. We visualized a clear difference in the numerical density of hormone producing cells throughout the adenohypophysis. The relative proportions of the cells analyzed in our experiment are comparable to those observed in humans, primates, and rodents; however, the distribution of cells differs among species. The distribution of GH cells in the minipig is similar to that in humans, while the PRL and ACTH cell distributions differ. The volume of the pituitary is slightly smaller than that of humans. These data provide a framework for future large animal experimentation on pituitary function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tvilling
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mark West
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Andreas N Glud
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hamed Zaer
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian H Sørensen
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Carsten Reidies Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Saenz DE, Gu T, Ban Y, Winemiller KO, Markham MR. Derived loss of signal complexity and plasticity in a genus of weakly electric fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269075. [PMID: 34109419 PMCID: PMC8246343 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signal plasticity can maximize the usefulness of costly animal signals such as the electric organ discharges (EODs) of weakly electric fishes. Some species of the order Gymnotiformes rapidly alter their EOD amplitude and duration in response to circadian cues and social stimuli. How this plasticity is maintained across related species with different degrees of signal complexity is poorly understood. In one genus of weakly electric gymnotiform fish (Brachyhypopomus), only one species, B. bennetti, produces a monophasic signal while all other species emit complex biphasic or multiphasic EOD waveforms produced by two overlapping but asynchronous action potentials in each electric organ cell (electrocyte). One consequence of this signal complexity is the suppression of low-frequency signal content that is detectable by electroreceptive predators. In complex EODs, reduction of the EOD amplitude and duration during daytime inactivity can decrease both predation risk and the metabolic cost of EOD generation. We compared EOD plasticity and its underlying physiology in Brachyhypopomus focusing on B. bennetti. We found that B. bennetti exhibits minimal EOD plasticity, but that its electrocytes retained vestigial mechanisms of biphasic signaling and vestigial mechanisms for modulating the EOD amplitude. These results suggest that this species represents a transitional phenotypic state within a clade where signal complexity and plasticity were initially gained and then lost. Signal mimicry, mate recognition and sexual selection are potential factors maintaining the monophasic EOD phenotype in the face of detection by electroreceptive predators. Highlighted Article: In one electric fish genus, most species produce complex, plastic electric signals. One species that produces a simple signal shows reduced signal plasticity and retains vestigial mechanisms of signal complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Saenz
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University,College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tingting Gu
- Sam Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Yue Ban
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirk O Winemiller
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University,College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael R Markham
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.,Cellular & Behavioral Neurobiology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Banerjee A, Sahu JK, Sankhyan N, Pattanaik S, Suthar R, Saini AG, Saini L, Negi S, Malhi P, Singhi P. Randomized trial of high-dose pyridoxine in combination with standard hormonal therapy in West syndrome. Seizure 2021; 91:75-80. [PMID: 34118609 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether high-dose, oral pyridoxine in combination with standard adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy has superior effectiveness than ACTH therapy alone in increasing cessation of epileptic spasms for children with West syndrome. METHODS This study was an open-label, randomized controlled trial with masked endpoint assessments. Eligible children with West syndrome, age ranged 3-18 months, were randomized into the intervention (n = 43) and the standard arm (n = 37) of therapy. The intervention group received oral pyridoxine at 100-300 mg/kg/day in addition to standard therapy of intramuscular ACTH at 150 IU/m2/day. Primary effectiveness outcome was a complete cessation of spasms at two weeks and sustained till six weeks. RESULTS Comparison of effectiveness measures between intervention and standard groups were : complete cessation of epileptic spasms (48.8% vs 58.3%; group difference -9.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] -30% to 12.3%; p = 0.4), median EEG scores (Q1-Q3) by Jeavons Score at six weeks [3 (1-5) vs 3 (1-5); p = 0.6], median motor scores (Q1-Q3) by DASII (Development Assessment Scales for Indian Infants) at 12 weeks [35 (29-49) vs 42 (34.3-63.8), p = 0.04], and median mental scores (Q1-Q3) by DASII at 12 weeks [35 (29.5-46) vs 41.5 (31.3-60), p = 0.02]. Adverse events were comparable in both arms. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence to suggest the superiority of high-dose pyridoxine in combination with ACTH versus ACTH alone for the treatment of West syndrome, considering the limitations of the study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Banerjee
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sahu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Naveen Sankhyan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Smita Pattanaik
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Renu Suthar
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arushi Gahlot Saini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lokesh Saini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Negi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prahbhjot Malhi
- Child Psychology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratibha Singhi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sasaki M, Takenouchi T, Sakaguchi Y, Takahashi T. Decisive evidence of direct effect of ACTH treatment in West syndrome: A case report. Seizure 2021; 91:49-51. [PMID: 34090146 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuri Sakaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Alexandraki KI, Markou A, Papanastasiou L, Tyfoxylou E, Kapsali C, Gravvanis C, Katsiveli P, Kaltsas GA, Zografos GN, Chrousos GP, Piaditis G. Surgical treatment outcome of primary aldosteronism assessed using new modified diagnostic tests. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:359-368. [PMID: 33755936 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent type of endocrine hypertension. In our previous studies, we introduced two modified diagnostic tests for PA, the post-dexamethasone saline infusion test (DSIT) and the overnight dexamethasone, captopril, and valsartan test (DCVT). In this study, we aimed to validate both tests in respect to the biochemical and clinical response of a cohort of hypertensive patients in pre- and post-surgical setting. METHODS We retrospectively studied 41 hypertensive patients (16 males), with a median (IQR, range) age of 50 (16, 35-74) years and positive histology for adrenal adenoma. Preoperatively, all patients had a single adenoma on CT and a diagnosis of PA with either DSIT or DCVT. The defined daily dose (DDD) of hypertensive drugs was assessed pre- and postoperatively. DSIT or DCVT and basal ARR were reassessed postoperatively. RESULTS Two of the 41 patients failed to suppress aldosterone post-surgery, leading to a post-adrenalectomy biochemical cure rate of 95%, while blood pressure was improved in 36 patients, leading to a clinical cure rate of 88% as assessed by the DDD methodology. CONCLUSIONS The present study was a proof-of-concept process to validate two modified diagnostic tests for PA in clinical practice. These tests, used to diagnose a group of patients with PA, successfully assessed their biochemical cure post-adrenalectomy at rates similar to those reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallenia I Alexandraki
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 76th Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Labrini Papanastasiou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Ernestini Tyfoxylou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Kapsali
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Gravvanis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Katsiveli
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory A Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George N Zografos
- Third Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Piaditis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
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González Fernández L, Añez Ramos RJ, Rivas Montenegro AM, Brox Torrecilla N, Miguélez González M, Muñoz Moreno D, Atencia Goñi J, Weber B, López Guerra A, Olmedilla Ishishi YL, Percovich Hualpa JC, González Albarrán O, García Centeno R. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling and stimulation with CRH: 15 years of experience in a tertiary hospital. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2021; 68:381-388. [PMID: 34742471 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is indicated in the diagnosis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS), especially when the results of the initial diagnostic tests are discordant. OBJECTIVE To describe the patients who underwent this invasive functional test in a tertiary hospital. METHODS This was an observational study of a retrospective cohort of patients with ACTH-dependent CS and IPSS between 2004 and 2019. We determined their epidemiological, hormonal, radiological and functional characteristics, and evaluated their diagnostic capacity and optimal cut-off points to differentiate between Cushing's disease (CD) and ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS). RESULTS 23 patients were evaluated, of which 65.2% were women with the average age of 42 (36-62) years. ACTH secretion of pituitary origin was evident in 82.6% of the patients and of ectopic origin in 17.4%. Plasma cortisol, urinary free cortisol, and ACTH levels were higher in patients with ECS. Regarding IPSS, the baseline central/peripheral ACTH gradient detected 89.5% of patients with CD and after stimulation with CRH, 100%. The optimal cut-off points in the diagnosis of CD were 2.06 at baseline and 2.49 after CRH stimulation. CONCLUSION IPSS with CRH stimulation is a test with a high diagnostic accuracy for correctly classifying patients with CD and ECS. The cut-off points of the gradients may be different from the classic ones. Therefore, we recommend that each center perform its own evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González Fernández
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto José Añez Ramos
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Noemí Brox Torrecilla
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Miguélez González
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz Moreno
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Atencia Goñi
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bettina Weber
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio López Guerra
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Olga González Albarrán
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio García Centeno
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Cartolano MC, Alloy MM, Milton E, Plotnikova A, Mager EM, McDonald MD. Exposure and Recovery from Environmentally Relevant Levels of Waterborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Deepwater Horizon Oil: Effects on the Gulf Toadfish Stress Axis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:1062-1074. [PMID: 33252787 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that the combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impairs the glucocorticoid stress response of vertebrates in the Gulf of Mexico, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that inhibition of cortisol release may be due to 1) overstimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis, or 2) an inhibition of cortisol biosynthesis through PAH activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Using a flow-through system, Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) were continuously exposed to control conditions or one of 3 environmentally relevant concentrations of PAHs from Deepwater Horizon oil (∑PAH50 = 0-3 μg L-1 ) for up to 7 d. One group of toadfish was then exposed to a recovery period for up to 7 d. No changes in corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA expression, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), or pituitary mass suggested that overstimulation of the HPI axis was not a factor. The AhR activation was measured by an elevation of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A) mRNA expression within the HPI axis in fish exposed to high PAH concentrations; however, CYP1A was no longer induced after 3 d of recovery in any of the tissues. At 7 d of recovery, there was an impairment of cortisol release in response to an additional simulated predator chase that does not appear to be due to changes in the mRNA expression of the kidney steroidogenic pathway proteins steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage, and 11β-hydroxylase. Future analyses are needed to determine whether the stress response impairment is due to cholesterol availability and/or down-regulation of the melanocortin 2 receptor. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1062-1074. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cartolano
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Milton
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anastasiya Plotnikova
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - M Danielle McDonald
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Namikawa T, Shimizu S, Yokota K, Tanioka N, Fukudome I, Munekage M, Uemura S, Maeda H, Kitagawa H, Hanazaki K. Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency induced by nivolumab treatment for advanced gastric cancer. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:988-993. [PMID: 33715100 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency is a rare immune-related adverse event associated with immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignant tumors. A 68-year-old man had previously undergone a complete gastrectomy with regional lymph-node dissection for remnant gastric cancer, with a final diagnosis of T4aN2M1, Stage IV. Because he developed lymph-node metastases during postoperative chemotherapy using S-1 plus oxaliplatin, he was treated with ramucirumab plus nab-paclitaxel. Eight months after the operation, the patient developed multiple liver metastases and was treated with nivolumab (3 mg/kg, every 2 weeks). After four cycles of nivolumab treatment, the cortisol level decreased, and the patient reported general fatigue and appetite loss. Pituitary stimulation testing using a combination of corticotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone revealed markedly low ACTH and cortisol responses. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no enlargement of the pituitary gland or thickening of the stalk. After steroid replacement therapy using hydrocortisone, the patient's symptoms of general fatigue improved. After discharge, nivolumab and steroid replacement were continued. During the subsequent 6 months, the clinical course of the patient was mostly uneventful. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a marked shrinkage of liver and lymph-node metastases, which indicated a partial response with a 95.0% decrease in target lesions compared with baseline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the English literature of a patient who developed isolated ACTH deficiency during nivolumab treatment for a metastatic advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Namikawa
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Shigeto Shimizu
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiichro Yokota
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Tanioka
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Ian Fukudome
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masaya Munekage
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Sunao Uemura
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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Hori T, Kuriyama K, Yamamoto H, Harada H, Yamamoto M, Yamada M, Yazawa T, Sasaki B, Tani M, Sato A, Katsura H, Kamada Y, Tani R, Aoyama R, Sasaki Y, Iwasa Y, Zaima M. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent hypercortisolism caused by pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: A thought-provoking but remorseful case of delayed diagnosis. Int J Surg Case Rep 2021; 81:105729. [PMID: 33714002 PMCID: PMC7957145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) in the pancreas is challenging. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulates adrenal cortisol production. Functioning NENs may cause hypercortisolism as a result of ectopic ACTH secretion. Systematic endocrine examination and functional imaging studies are vital. Making a precise diagnosis enables appropriate treatment of NENs.
Introduction and importance Definitive diagnosis of functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) in the pancreas is challenging. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulates adrenal cortisol production. Ectopic ACTH secretion by functioning NENs may cause hypercortisolism. Presentation of case A 62-year-old woman who was receiving medications for hypertension and hyperlipidemia was referred to our hospital because of abnormal blood tests. Diabetes mellitus was initially diagnosed. Dynamic computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound revealed a 35-mm diameter hypovascular tumor in the distal pancreas and multiple liver metastases. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration resulted in a diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient developed pancreatic leakage progressing to peritonitis, abscess formation, pleural effusion, and ascites after the fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Her clinical condition deteriorated to a septic state, necessitating emergency surgery comprising distal pancreatectomy, intraperitoneal lavage, and drainage. Wound healing was protracted and accompanied by ongoing high white blood cell counts and neutrophilia. She also developed a gastric ulcer postoperatively. Systematic endocrine investigations were performed because hypercortisolism caused by a functioning NEN was suspected. Eventually, a definitive diagnosis of an ACTH-producing NEN in the pancreas was made. Systemic chemotherapy was proposed; however, the patient and her family opted for palliative treatment only. She died 42 days after the initial diagnosis. Clinical discussion We here present a patient with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism attributable to a pancreatic NEN who died of progressive cancer after a delay in definitive diagnosis. Conclusion Detailed investigation, including systematic endocrine examination and functional imaging studies, are important for precise diagnosis of, and appropriate treatment for, NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Hori
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Kuriyama
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Medicine, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Hideki Harada
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Yazawa
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Ben Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Masaki Tani
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Asahi Sato
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Hikotaro Katsura
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kamada
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Tani
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Ryuhei Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Yudai Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Yoko Iwasa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Masazumi Zaima
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga, 524-8524, Japan.
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Heksch R, Bowden S, Hoffman R. Novel function of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor release in healthy children and adolescents: a proof-of-concept study. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:46-52. [PMID: 33541031 PMCID: PMC8026337 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2040110.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in healthy children and adolescents and to inform future work on the effects of ACTH on VEGF in bone. METHODS An Institutional Review Board-approved prospective study of 10 healthy subjects, ages 9-17, was conducted to assess the effect of ACTH on plasma VEGF levels. VEGF levels were collected at baseline and every 30 minutes for 3 hours. Cosyntropin (a synthetic ACTH analogue) was administered at a low-dose (1 μg) given at t=0 minutes and a high-dose (250 μg) given at t=60 minutes. A Friedman test was performed comparing baseline to peak VEGF levels after stimulation with low-dose and high-dose cosyntropin. RESULTS Peak plasma VEGF levels significantly increased after high-dose cosyntropin compared with baseline (P=0.042). Peak plasma VEGF levels did not significantly increase after low-dose cosyntropin compared to baseline. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that ACTH administration causes a significant increase in plasma VEGF levels in humans. This finding may have important implications in the protective effects of ACTH on bone. Decreased bone mineral density and adrenal suppression are common side effects of glucocorticoid use in pediatrics. VEGF increases vascularity and may play a role in reducing glucocorticoid-induced bone disease. Animal studies have shown that ACTH stimulates release of VEGF in osteoblasts, though this effect has yet to be evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Heksch
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA,Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA,Address for correspondence: Ryan Heksch Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Akron Children’s Hospital, 215 W. Bowery St., Akron, OH, 44308, USA
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Téblick A, Vander Perre S, Pauwels L, Derde S, Van Oudenhove T, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G. The role of pro-opiomelanocortin in the ACTH-cortisol dissociation of sepsis. Crit Care 2021; 25:65. [PMID: 33593393 PMCID: PMC7885358 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Sepsis is typically hallmarked by high plasma (free) cortisol and suppressed cortisol breakdown, while plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is not increased, referred to as ‘ACTH–cortisol dissociation.’ We hypothesized that sepsis acutely activates the hypothalamus to generate, via corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP), ACTH-induced hypercortisolemia. Thereafter, via increased availability of free cortisol, of which breakdown is reduced, feedback inhibition at the pituitary level interferes with normal processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) into ACTH, explaining the ACTH–cortisol dissociation. We further hypothesized that, in this constellation, POMC leaches into the circulation and can contribute to adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Methods In two human studies of acute (ICU admission to day 7, N = 71) and prolonged (from ICU day 7 until recovery; N = 65) sepsis-induced critical illness, POMC plasma concentrations were quantified in relation to plasma ACTH and cortisol. In a mouse study of acute (1 day), subacute (3 and 5 days) and prolonged (7 days) fluid-resuscitated, antibiotic-treated sepsis (N = 123), we further documented alterations in hypothalamic CRH and AVP, plasma and pituitary POMC and its glucocorticoid-receptor-regulated processing into ACTH, as well as adrenal cortex integrity and steroidogenesis markers. Results The two human studies revealed several-fold elevated plasma concentrations of the ACTH precursor POMC from the acute to the prolonged phase of sepsis and upon recovery (all p < 0.0001), coinciding with the known ACTH–cortisol dissociation. Elevated plasma POMC and ACTH–corticosterone dissociation were confirmed in the mouse model. In mice, sepsis acutely increased hypothalamic mRNA of CRH (p = 0.04) and AVP (p = 0.03) which subsequently normalized. From 3 days onward, pituitary expression of CRH receptor and AVP receptor was increased. From acute throughout prolonged sepsis, pituitary POMC mRNA was always elevated (all p < 0.05). In contrast, markers of POMC processing into ACTH and of ACTH secretion, negatively regulated by glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding, were suppressed at all time points (all p ≤ 0.05). Distorted adrenocortical structure (p < 0.05) and lipid depletion (p < 0.05) were present, while most markers of adrenocortical steroidogenic activity were increased at all time points (all p < 0.05). Conclusion Together, these findings suggest that increased circulating POMC, through CRH/AVP-driven POMC expression and impaired processing into ACTH, could represent a new piece in the puzzling ACTH–cortisol dissociation. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Téblick
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vander Perre
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Pauwels
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Derde
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Oudenhove
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Benko AL, Wright AD, Sunyer T, Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Individual pituitary neuropeptides do not recapitulate the effects of repository corticotropin (Acthar®) on human B cells in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577522. [PMID: 33601128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Repository corticotropin injection (RCI), a complex mixture of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogs and other pituitary peptides, has been found to suppress key aspects of gene expression and cellular function in human B lymphocytes in vitro. The present studies reveal that neither individual POMC peptides (α-MSH, ACTH1-39, ACTH1-24, β-endorphin) nor other related pituitary neuropeptides are sufficient to elicit these effects, even though specific receptors capable of transmitting signals from these peptides are expressed by human B cells. RCI's direct effects on human B cells may require complementary signals from multiple components of the preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Benko
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | | | | | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - William J Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Hagiwara R, Kageyama K, Niioka K, Takayasu S, Tasso M, Daimon M. Involvement of histone deacetylase 1/2 in adrenocorticotropic hormone synthesis and proliferation of corticotroph tumor AtT-20 cells. Peptides 2021; 136:170441. [PMID: 33181265 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's disease is mainly caused by autonomous production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from pituitary adenomas. In our previous study, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A, inhibited cell proliferation and ACTH production via decreased pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) in AtT-20 mouse corticotroph tumor cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of romidepsin, a potent and selective HDAC1/2 inhibitor, on cell proliferation and ACTH synthesis. To elucidate further potential mechanisms of romidepsin, we examined the effects of HDAC1/2 on proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) and Pttg1 mRNA levels and cell proliferation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown was used to decrease HDAC1 or 2. Romidepsin treatment decreased Pomc and Pttg1 mRNA levels, and cell proliferation. The drug also increased Hdac1 and decreased Hdac2 mRNA levels. Hdac1 knockdown decreased basal Pttg1 mRNA levels and cell proliferation, but not Pomc mRNA levels. Romidepsin treatment decreases ACTH synthesis in corticotroph tumor cells. Romidepsin suppresses cell proliferation via PTTG1. HDAC1 is also involved in the proliferation of corticotroph cells via PTTG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Kanako Niioka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takayasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tasso
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Abstract
Of all mental disorders, anxiety disorders are currently the strongest contributors to the global burden of disease, with 7.3% of the general population affected worldwide. The hypothalamus is crucial hub of a network of neural structures modulating fear conditioning and extinction and, as such, highly relevant to the pathophysiology of these conditions. Three hypothalamic systems have emerged as particularly relevant in this context. First, the oxytocin system is highly likely to be involved anxiety disorders and in particular in the cognitive and behavioral deficits pertaining to social anxiety disorder. Second, peripheral markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis appear altered in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, which may denote aberrant functioning of their central corticotropin-releasing hormone system. Furthermore, cortisol seems to augment the effects of exposure therapy in patients with specific phobia. Third, the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is likely compromised in panic disorder. Further, cross-disciplinary research efforts are required to shed more light on how, exactly, these hypothalamic systems interact with the neural structures involved in fear conditioning and extinction, which should ultimately open up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Daida A, Hamano SI, Hayashi K, Nonoyama H, Ikemoto S, Hirata Y, Matsuura R, Koichihara R, Yamanaka G, Kikuchi K. Comparison of adrenocorticotropic hormone efficacy between aetiologies of infantile spasms. Seizure 2020; 85:6-11. [PMID: 33360040 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study the efficacy of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment on infantile spasms with different aetiologies. In particular, we were interested in patients with structural-acquired aetiology. METHODS Patients with infantile spasms, who were treated with ACTH, were divided into three groups based on the aetiologies: unknown aetiology with normal development (unknown-normal), structural-acquired, and combined-congenital aetiologies that included genetic, metabolic, structural-congenital, or unknown aetiology with developmental delay. RESULTS Of the 107 patients included (58 males, 49 females), 25 patients had unknown-normal aetiology [median age at onset 5 months, standard deviation (SD) 3.12, range 2-16 months]; 20 patients had structural-acquired aetiology (median age at onset 6.5 months, SD 3.85 months, range 4-17 months); and 62 patients had combined-congenital aetiologies (median age at onset 5 months, SD 2.73 months, range 2-16 months). The efficacy of ACTH was 64.0 %, 65 %, and 30.6 % in the unknown-normal aetiology, structural-acquired aetiology, and combined-congenital aetiologies, respectively (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant higher efficacy in the unknown-normal aetiology [Odds ratio (OR) 4.63, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.60-13.30] and structural-acquired aetiology (OR 3.41, 95 % CI 1.01-11.50) compared to that in the combined-congenital aetiologies. CONCLUSION Infantile spasms with structural-acquired aetiology had greater response to ACTH treatment than those with combined-congenital aetiologies. The efficacy of standard therapy of infantile spasms should be considered based on aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Daida
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hamano
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, 3-6-2 Tsukiji Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Nonoyama
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoru Ikemoto
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryuki Matsuura
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Reiko Koichihara
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamanaka
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
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Ozgen Saydam B, Adiyaman SC, Demir L, Yener S. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE IMMUNOASSAY INTERFERENCE IN A PATIENT WITH SUBCLINICAL HYPERCORTISOLISM. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2020; 16:379-382. [PMID: 33363666 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2020.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Context Immunoassays are vulnerable to occasional analytical errors despite their sensitivity and specificity. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is among hormones which are vulnerable to assay interference. Objective In this case report, we aimed to present a case of ACTH interference in a patient with subclinical hypercortisolism. Case report We present a case of subclinical hypercortisolism with unexpectedly elevated levels of ACTH in whom interference was shown by different biochemical methods.It is important for the clinician to keep in mind the possibility of interference when clinical and laboratory results are discordant. The communication between the clinician and laboratory staff is important while interpreting results. This case report shows that ACTH interference should be considered in patients with subclinical hypercortisolism who have unexpectedly high levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ozgen Saydam
- Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Izmir, Turkey
| | - S C Adiyaman
- Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Izmir, Turkey
| | - L Demir
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - S Yener
- Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Izmir, Turkey
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Riikonen R, Lähdetie J, Kokki H. ACTH Treatment of Infantile Spasms: Low-Moderate- Versus High-Dose, Natural Versus Synthetic ACTH-A Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 111:46-50. [PMID: 32951660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dosages of natural adrenocorticotropic hormone are used in many centers in the United States for the treatment of infantile spasms. However, lower dosages of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (tetracosactide) might be equally efficient as high dosages. We analyzed the treatment options for infantile spasms, especially regarding the adrenocorticotropic hormone dosage and the formulation (natural versus synthetic) and evaluated which options were more effective in a retrospective cohort from 1960 to 1976. METHODS We compared the short-term response rates of patients treated with high dosages of natural adrenocorticotropic hormone (120 IU/day) (N = 31) (Group1) with those of patients treated with low-moderate dosages of natural adrenocorticotropic hormone (40 IU/day) (N = 52) (Group2). We also compared the short-term response rates of patients treated with natural adrenocorticotropic hormone (N = 83) with those of patients treated with synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone, (N = 23) (Group3). The responses were evaluated clinically and by electroencephalography at two to three weeks after the onset of therapy. RESULTS A response was seen in 24 of 31 children treated with high dosages and in 43 of 52 children treated with low-moderate dosages of natural adrenocorticotropic hormone (P = 0.56). All children with an unknown etiology responded to both high and low-moderate dosages of natural adrenocorticotropic hormone. The proportion of children with a good early response to synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (16 of 23) did not differ from the proportion of children with a good early response treated with natural adrenocorticotropic hormone (67 of 83) (P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS High dosages of adrenocorticotropic hormone are not more effective than low-moderate dosages in the short term for treating infantile spasms. Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone is equally effective as natural adrenocorticotropic hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Riikonen
- Professor in Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jaana Lähdetie
- Child Neurologist, University of Turku, University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Kokki
- Associated Professor in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern, Kuopio, Finland
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Wu Y, Hua H, Huang Z, Feng M, Feng J. Cloning, expression, and purification of porcine adrenocorticotropic hormone in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 176:105731. [PMID: 32871252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is an old medicine derived from porcine pituitary gland that has been marketed for more than 60 years. In this study, we present a recombinant approach to produce ACTH in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The SUMO-tagged fusion protein was cloned and expressed after induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 25 °C for 8 h. The fusion protein was extracted and purified by anion exchange chromatography, and the SUMO tag was subsequently removed by digestion with ubiquitin-like protease 1 (ULP1). Approximately 95.3 mg of recombinant ACTH with 94.2% purity was obtained after cation exchange purification performed on a 5 mL column, from 286 mL fermentation broth based on the amount of pellets homogenized. The molecular mass of the recombinant ACTH was confirmed by mass spectrometry to equal 4567.32 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haoju Hua
- Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zongqing Huang
- Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Daoussis D, Bogdanos DP, Dimitroulas T, Sakkas L, Andonopoulos AP. Adrenocorticotropic hormone: an effective "natural" biologic therapy for acute gout? Rheumatol Int 2020; 40:1941-7. [PMID: 32715340 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute gout consists of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine and steroids. However, the typical patient with gout has multiple comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal dysfunction or diabetes/metabolic syndrome that represent contraindications to these therapeutic options. The aim of this study is to review the available evidence regarding the use of ACTH as an alternative therapeutic option for acute gout and explore potential mechanisms of action. We performed an electronic search (MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science) using the keywords ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone combined with gout or crystal-induced arthritis. ACTH appears suitable for patients with many comorbidities due to its good safety profile. Clinical evidence shows that ACTH is at least as effective as classic agents. The mechanism of action of ACTH in gout is not entirely known. Robust experimental evidence points to the direction that ACTH does not act solely by triggering the release of endogenous steroids but also appears to downregulate inflammatory responses by activating melanocortin receptors on innate immune cells, such as macrophages. Moreover, indirect evidence indicates that ACTH may have an IL-1 antagonistic effect. We propose that ACTH may be an alternative therapeutic option for gout in patients with multiple comorbidities. Large-scale studies assessing the efficacy and safety of ACTH compared to classic therapeutic options are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Funder
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Wandin East, Victoria, Australia (J.W.F.)
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