Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against cyclophosphamide induced liver injury in mice

We investigated possible protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) against cyclophosphamide (CP) induced hepatic injury in mice. We measured aminotransferase alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels in the serum. We assayed catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatic tissue. We assessed expression of nuclear transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch sample related protein-1 (keap1) proteins in hepatic tissues using immunohistochemistry. The relative mRNA expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Hematoxylin & eosin staining was used to assess liver histopathology. We found that administration of CGA prior to induction of injury by CP decreased serum ALT, AST and MDA expressions in hepatic tissue, while CAT, SOD, GSH and GSH-Px concentrations were increased. We found that hepatocytes of animals administered CGA gradually returned to normal morphology. CGA increased the protein expression of Nrf2 in murine hepatic tissue. Administration of CGA up-regulated mRNA expression levels of HO-1, NQO1, TNF-α and IL-6 in hepatic tissue. CGA exhibited a marked protective effect on CP induced liver injury in mice.

Fluorescent carbon dots in situ polymerized biodegradable semi-interpenetrating tough hydrogel films with antioxidant and antibacterial activity for applications in food industry

A flexible, antioxidant, biodegradable, and UV-resistant polymeric nanocomposite hydrogel with heteroatom-doped carbon dots (CDs) has been fabricated using a simple one-step in situ free radical gelation process. The hydrogel formation and their physico-mehcanical characteristics have been assessed by rheology, uniaxial tensile and compression testing. The water uptake behaviour of the hydrogels is controlled by the CDs by manipulating their internal morphology and porosity. The porous nature of the hydrogels has been found from their scanning electron microscopic images which are also supported by their anomalous diffusion-based transport mechanism. The rheological signatures of the hydrogels show delayed network rupturing due to the secondary physical crosslinking alleviated by CDs. Moreover, CDs are directly influencing the permeabilites (oxygen and moisture) by lowering the values compared to their neat hydrogel films which are essential for a packing material. The biodegradability of the hydrogel films showed gradual weight loss (<75 %) within 3 weeks. The hydrogel films also have been qualified to be acted as antibacterial and antioxidant material. The shelf-life and non-leaching of CDs from gel matrices are also performed which shows its excellent capability to be used as a potential antibacterial, biodegradable, antioxidant alternative packaging material in food sectors.

Effect of bi-enzyme hydrolysis on the properties and composition of hydrolysates of Manchurian walnut dreg protein

Walnut dreg (WD) active peptides are an important source of dietary antioxidants; however, the products of conventional hydrolysis have limited industrial output owing to poor flavour and low bioactivity. To this end, in this study, we aimed to employ bvLAP, an aminopeptidase previously identified in our research, as well as commercially available Alcalase for bi-enzyme digestion. The flavour, antioxidant activity, and structures of products resulting from various digestion methods were compared. The results showed that the bi-enzyme digestion products had enhanced antioxidant activity, increased β-sheet content, and reduced bitterness intensity from 9.65 to 6.93. Moreover, bi-enzyme hydrolysates showed a more diverse amino acid composition containing 1640 peptides with distinct sequences. These results demonstrate that bi-enzyme hydrolysis could be a potential process for converting WD into functional food ingredients. Additionally, our results provide new concepts that can be applied in waste processing and high-value utilisation of WD.

Exploring the composition and potential uses of four hops varieties through different extraction techniques

Hydrophilic, lipophilic extracts and essential oil of four hops varieties from Slovenia were examined in this study. Lipophilic extracts were obtained by supercritical extraction (SFE), while for hydrophilic extracts ultrasound and microwave extraction were employed. Essential oils were isolated by the hydrodistillation process. The lipophilic composition of essential oils and lipophilic extracts was determined by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant class of compounds in oils (62.27-79.65 %), with myrcene being the most abundant constituent. Limonene and trans-caryophyllene were two terpenes determined in all essential oils while only trans-caryophyllene was detected in SFE samples. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity, determined by applying in vitro assays, was more influenced by extraction technique than by varieties. Molecular docking was carried out to gain insight into the potential cancer protein targets BCL-2 and MMP9, whereby humulene epoxide II displayed good binding configuration within the cavities of the two proteins.

Characterization and relationship analysis of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides in pomelo fruitlet albumin

Several macromolecules from the pomelo fruitlet (PF) have demonstrated functional potential in previous research. In this study, pomelo fruitlet albumin (PFA) was extracted from PF, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and its capacity to clear free radicals was measured. Meanwhile, we hypothesize that the amino acid sequence may affect the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and the two may rely on common significant sites within the amino acid sequence. Therefore, we analyzed the amino acid sequence using a quantitative structure-activity relationship model to explore the connection between the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of PFA. Both capacities were closely associated with six sites within the amino acid sequence. Collectively, this study illustrates that PFA exhibits both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, with six specific sites identified as significantly affecting both activities.

Biodegradable film of carboxymethyl cellulose modified with red onion peel powder waste and boron nitride nanoparticles: Investigation of physicochemical properties and release of active substances

The aim of this study was to modify carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films with onion peel extract (OPE) (0-2 g), onion peel powder (OPP) (0-2 g) and boron nitride nanoparticles (BN) (0-100 mg). 17 different CMC/OPE/OPP/BN films were provided and the physicochemical properties of films were studied. The release of active compounds of the composite film was investigated over time. The obtained results showed that OPE, OPP and BN increased the physical resistance and flexibility of the films. The percentage of moisture and solubility of the films decreased with the increase of OPE, OPP and BN. By adding BN, OPE and OPP, the structure of the film became stronger and the permeability to water vapor decreased. Addition of OPE and OPP significantly increased the antioxidant property of the film. In general, it can be said that the antioxidant substances of the onion peel are protected inside the film by preparing a CMC/OPE/OPP/BN film, which, in addition to stabilizing the antioxidants, can play an effective role in the controlled release of these antioxidant substances.

Effects of steam explosion on raspberry leaf structure and the release of water-soluble nutrients and phenolics

Raspberry leaves were subjected to steam explosion at 0.5 and 1.0 MPa for 60-120 s, aiming to disrupt their physical and chemical structure and, consequently, promote the release of phenolic compounds into the leaf aqueous infusion. Under optimal condition of 1.0 MPa for 60 s, steam explosion led to a notable 23 % increase in total phenolic content, a 29 % elevation in ABTS radical scavenging capacity, and a 13 % rise in DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the aqueous infusion. Utilizing UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-QE-MS/MS techniques, respectively, a total of 39 phenolic compounds were identified from raspberry leaves, and the changes in the contents of the most important 11 species were analyzed following steam explosion. Through correlation analysis and considering the content of each phenolic compound, it was inferred that the heightened antioxidant capacity of the aqueous infusion primarily stemmed from a substantial increase in the release of ellagic acid after steam explosion.

Polyphenol recovery from sorghum bran waste by microwave assisted extraction: Structural transformations as affected by grain phenolic profile

Sorghum milling waste stream (bran), contains diverse phenolic compounds with bioactive properties. The study determined the potential of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) to recover the bran phenolic compounds. Red, white, and lemon-yellow pericarp sorghum brans were subjected to MAE and phenolic yield and structural transformation vs conventional extraction (control) assessed by UPLC-MS/MS, Folin-Ciocalteu and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity methods. Phenols yield increased from 3.7-20.3 to 12.6-75.5 mg/g, while antioxidants capacity increased average 3.3X in MAE extracts vs controls. Hydroxycinnamic acids increased most dramatically (3.0-32X) in MAE extracts (0.08-2.64 to 2.57-8.01 mg/g), largely driven by release of cell-wall derived feruloyl- and coumaroyl-arabinose. MAE hydrolyzed flavonoid glycosides into aglycones, and depolymerized condensed flavonoid heteropolymers into flavanones, flavanols and (deoxy)anthocyanidins. Thus, MAE dramatically enhances yield of valuable phenolics from sorghum bran waste, but also alters the phenolic profile in ways that may influence their chemical and biological properties.

Preparation of edible antibacterial films based on corn starch /carbon nanodots for bioactive food packaging

Packaging plays an important role in protecting food from environmental impacts. However, traditional petroleum-based packaging has difficulty in meeting the antimicrobial and antioxidant requirements of prepared foods. This study introduced carbon dots (CDs), prepared by using carrot as a precursor, into corn starch (CS) to construct a bio-friendly composite film with high freshness retention properties. The scavenging of DPPH radicals reached 92.77 % at a CDs concentration of 512 µg/mL, and the antimicrobial activity of CS/5% CDs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was increased to 99.9 %. Notably, the homogeneous doping of CDs creates a dense surface and high carbon content inside the film, which promotes the elasticity and thermal stability of the composite film. Finally, we encapsulated deep-fried meatballs in CS-CDs films. The results showed that the CS-CDs films effectively protected the quality of deep-fried meatballs, and have excellent potential for application in food preservation.

Cowhide gelatin peptide as a source of antioxidants for inhibiting the deterioration of pudding quality during storage

To investigate the effect of gelatin peptide on the inhibition of quality deterioration in stored pudding, gelatin peptide with antioxidant properties was added to pudding products. For this purpose, a pudding recipe containing gelatin peptides was created. The gelatin peptides were characterized based on their antioxidant activity and protein structure. It was found that gelatin peptides had better antioxidant properties, lower thermal stability and crystallinity, higher hydrophobic amino acid content, and greater surface hydrogen bond exposure than commercially available peptides. Properties such as the pH, colony growth, and sensory characteristics of the pudding were characterized at 4 °C and 25 °C. The results showed that the addition of 0.5-1.0 % gelatin peptide to pudding was capable of significantly (P< 0.05) slowing down the decline in pH and sensory scores of the pudding and significantly inhibiting colony growth. It could prolong its storage life by five days at 4 °C and three days at 25 °C.

Effects of fatty acid hydroperoxides produced by lipoxygenase in wheat cultivars during dough preparation on volatile compound formation

The formation of volatile compounds affects the flavor of processed wheat flour products. Herein, the effects of the composition of fatty acid hydroperoxides and the differences in the antioxidant contents among wheat cultivars on the flavor of wheat flour products were clarified. For this purpose, the volatile compounds in wheat flour doughs, LOX activity, fatty acid hydroperoxide composition from fractionated LOX, and antioxidant content were analyzed. Norin61 exhibited a high LOX activity and 9-fatty acid hydroperoxide production. Unsaturated aldehydes derived from 9-fatty acid hydroperoxides contributed significantly to the volatile compound profile of Norin61. Moreover, the lowest lutein content was observed in Norin61 among the analyzed cultivars. The LOX activity and composition of the fatty acid hydroperoxides produced by LOX affected the production of volatile compounds, whereas carotenoids had a suppressive effect. This study provides useful information for product design with the desired flavor for developing various processed wheat flour products.

Bioinspired wet adhesive carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel with rapid shape adaptability and antioxidant activity for diabetic wound repair

Currently, adhesive hydrogels have shown promising effect in chronic diabetic wound repair. However, there are issues and challenges in treating diabetic wounds due to inadequate wet adhesion, unable to fill irregular and deep wounds, and oxidative stress. Herein, a mussel-inspired naturally hydrogel dressing with rapid shape adaptability, wet adhesion and antioxidant abilities for irregular, deep and frequently movement diabetic wounds repair was constructed by comprising catechol modified carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-DA) and tannic acid. Benefiting from the reversible hydrogen bonding, the resulting hydrogels exhibited injectability, remarkable self-healing ability, rapid shape adaptability and strong tissue adhesion (45.9 kPa), thereby contributing to self-adaptive irregular-shaped wounds or moving joint parts. Especially, the adhesion strength of the hydrogel on wet tissue still remained at 14.9 kPa. Besides, the hydrogels could be easily detached from the skin by ice-cooling that avoided secondary damage caused by dressing change. Remarkably, the hydrogels possessed excellent antioxidant, satisfactory biocompatibility, efficient hemostasis and antibacterial properties. The in vivo evaluation further demonstrated that the hydrogel possessed considerable wound-healing promotion effect by regulating diabetic microenvironment, attributed to that the hydrogel could significantly reduce inflammatory response, alleviate oxidative stress and regulate neovascularization. Overall, this biosafe adhesive hydrogel had great potentials for diabetic wound management.

From waste to bioactive compounds: A response surface methodology approach to extract antioxidants from Pistacia vera shells for postprandial hyperglycaemia management

Pistacia vera shells, an abundant agricultural by-product, are a rich source of undiscovered bioactive compounds. This study employed a response surface methodology (RSM) approach to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidants. The highest total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity were achieved under the optimized extraction conditions (20 % ethanol, 1000 W, 135 s, and solvent-to-solid ratio of 27 mL/g). The resulting extract (OPVS-E) included gallic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, fatty acids, and anacardic acids. Remarkably, OPVS-E displayed potent inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 2.05 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 41.07 μg/mL), by far more powerful than the anti-diabetic drug acarbose, OPVS-E exhibited a strong antiradical capacity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) without causing toxicity in intestinal cells (HT29-MTX and Caco-2). These findings introduce OPVS-E as a potential novel dual-action nutraceutical ingredient, able to mitigate postprandial hyperglycemia and counteract the ROS overproduction occurring in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Wolff essential oil: An in vivo and in silico approach

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H. Wolff, commonly known as 'Ajamoda,' is a neglected Indian spice highly used in Ayurveda and folklore remedies as an antimicrobial for chronic wounds and discharges, along with many other disease conditions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to explore chemical composition and to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and wound healing activities of T. roxburghianum fruit essential oil from India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The phytochemical characterization of the oil was determined through standard qualitative procedures and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The in vitro antioxidant aptitude was assessed by scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. The antimicrobial potential of the oil was investigated using the disc diffusion method, followed by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains. The analgesic potential was evaluated using thermal and chemically induced pain models in Swiss albino mice. Wound healing was assessed in vivo, including determining wound contraction rates, histopathology, and hydroxyproline estimation, using the excision wound model in Swiss albino mice.

RESULTS

GC-MS analysis identified 55 compounds with major terpenoids, including thymol (13.8%), limonene (11.5%), and others. Substantial radical-scavenging activity was exhibited by T. roxburghianum fruit essential oil (TREO) (IC50 94.41 ± 2.00 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 91.28 ± 1.94 μg/mL in ABTS assay). Microorganisms were inhibited with low MIC (2 μL/mL for the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis; 4 μL/mL against Salmonella typhi and 16 μL/mL against Candida albicans). In the cytotoxicity study, no cytotoxicity was observed on the Monkey Normal Kidney Cell line (Vero). Significant antinociceptive effects were observed (25.47 ± 1.10 % of inhibition at 100 mg/kg and 44.31 ± 1.69 % at 200 mg/kg). A remarkable rate of wound closure and epithelization, along with a marked increase in hydroxyproline content, were observed for the oil during wound healing in mice.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that oil could be utilized as a potential source of wound healing therapeutics.

Unraveling the potential nutritional benefits of fermented date syrup waste: Untargeted metabolomics and carbohydrate metabolites of in vitro digested fraction

Valorization of fruit by-products is a crucial area of research for the development of innovative bio-based products. This study investigated the physicochemical properties and health-promoting benefits of date syrup waste, both fermented by Pichia cecembensis or Pichia kudriavzevii (FDSW), and unfermented (CDSW). Metabolomics profiles of these samples were identified post in vitro digestion. FDSW exhibited 42 volatile compounds, including 9 new ones, and contained (-)-epicatechin, tyrosol, and gallic acid. Bioaccessible fractions of FDSW demonstrated substantial α-amylase inhibition, with percentages of 40.7 % and 53.9 %, respectively. FDSW displayed superior cytotoxicity against Caco2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, with an average of ∼75 % and 56 %, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed an increase in secondary metabolites, totaling 27 metabolites. LC-QTOF analysis of bioaccessible carbohydrate metabolites in FDSW identified two phytochemical groups, alkaloids, and terpenoids. This study underscores the potential of FDSW for producing value-added bio-based products with desirable characteristics and health benefits.

Evaluating the biological (antidiabetic) potential of TEM, FTIR, XRD, and UV-spectra observed berberis lyceum conjugated silver nanoparticles

Diabetes is a life-threatening disease that affects different parts of the body including the liver, kidney, and pancreas. The core root of diabetes is mainly linked to oxidative stress produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Berberis lyceum Royle (BLR) is the source of natural products. It comprises numerous bioactive compounds having antioxidant activities. In the current investigation, silver nanoparticles from BLR root extract were synthesized, characterized, and assessed for antidiabetic potential. UV spectrophotometry, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied for the characterization of NPs. It was evident from the morphological studies that the synthesized NPs were spherical and the average size was 11.02 nm. Results revealed that BLR-AgNPs showed higher radical scavenging activity as compared to BLR extract. Moreover, BLR-AgNPs displayed superior in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity in comparison to BLR extract. Glucose level (116.5 ± 5.1 mg/dL), liver function test (ALAT: 54.038 ± 6.2 IU/L; ASAT: 104.42 ± 13.9 IU/L; ALP: 192.6 ± 2.4 IU/L; bilirubin: 1.434 ± 0.14 mg/dL; total protein: 5.14 ± 0.24 mg/dL), renal function test (urea: 39.6 ± 0.63 mg/dL; uric acid: 21.4 ± 0.94 mg/dL; creatinine: 0.798 ± 0.03 mg/dL; albumin: 4.14 ± 0.2 mg/dL), lipid profile level (cholesterol: 101.62 ± 3 mg/dL; triglyceride: 110.42 ± 7 mg/dL; HDL-C: 29.7 ± 3 mg/dL; LDL-C: 47.056 ± 1 mg/dL; VLDL-C: 22.0 ± 1.3 mg/dL) and hematology (WBCs: 3.82 ± 0.24 103 /μL; RBCs: 4.78 ± 0.42 106 /μL; Hb: 12.6 ± 1.0 g/dL; Hematocrit: 39.4 ± 3.7%; MCV: 65.8 ± 3 fL; platelets: 312 ± 22.4; neutrophils: 34.8 ± 1.87; eosinophils: 3.08 ± 0.43; monocytes: 3.08 ± 0.28; lymphocytes: 75.6 ± 3.77) confirmed the significant antidiabetic potential of BLR-AgNPs. Histopathological examination authenticated that BLR-AgNPs caused a significant revival in the morphology of the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Hence, findings of the study suggested the BLR-AgNPs as a potent antidiabetic agent and could be an appropriate nanomedicine to prevent diabetes in future. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Berberis lyceum extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilization agent for the BLR-AgNPs synthesis Evaluation of α-amylase inhibition, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibition potential Thorough characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer, which is 1st of its kind In-vivo antidiabetic activity evaluation through multiple biomarkers.

Elucidation of the composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of essential oil and extract from Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle peel

The most effective methodologies for generating Musa spp. explants involve the utilization of plant tissue culture micropropagation techniques. However, the pervasive challenge of microbial contamination significantly impedes the successful micropropagation of Musa spp. This study examined the antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics of the essential oil (LPO) and extract (LPE) obtained from the peel of Citrus aurantifolia. Additionally, we explored their mechanisms against common microbial contaminants in Musa spp. micropropagation. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified 28 components in LPO, with δ-limonene, β-pinene, citral, trans-citral, β-bisabolene, geranyl acetate, and α-pinene as the primary constituents. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 17 components in LPE, highlighting nobiletin, tangeretin, scoparone, sinensetin, tetramethylscutellarein, 5-demethylnobiletin, and pyropheophorbide A as the predominant compounds. Evaluation using the DPPH and ABTS methods revealed the IC50 values for LPE at 0.66 ± 0.009 and 0.92 ± 0.012 mg/mL, respectively, indicating higher antioxidant activity compared to LPO, with IC50 values of 3.03 ± 0.019 and 4.27 ± 0.023 mg/mL using the same methods. Both LPO and LPE exhibited antimicrobial activities against all tested contaminant microorganisms through in vitro assays. Mechanistic investigations employing time-kill analysis, assessment of cell membrane integrity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed changes in the morphological characteristics of the tested microbial contaminants, intensifying with increased concentration and exposure duration of LPO and LPE. These alterations led to substantial damage, including cell wall lysis, leakage of intracellular components, and subsequent cell death. Consequently, LPO and LPE emerge as promising alternatives for addressing microbial contamination in banana tissue cultures.

Zinc improves the developmental ability of bovine in vitro fertilization embryos through its antioxidative action

Zinc, an essential trace mineral, exerts a pivotal influence in various biological processes. Through zinc concentration analysis, we found that the zinc concentration in the bovine embryo in vitro culture (IVC) medium was significantly lower than that in bovine follicular fluid. Therefore, this study explored the impact of zinc sulfate on IVC bovine embryo development and investigated the underlying mechanism. The results revealed a significant decline in zygote cleavage and blastocyst development rates when zinc deficiency was induced using zinc chelator N, N, N', N'-Tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) in culture medium during embryo in vitro culture. The influence of zinc-deficiency was time-dependent. Conversely, supplementing 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate to culture medium (CM) increased the cleavage and blastocyst formation rate significantly. Moreover, this supplementation reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, elevated the glutathione (GSH) levels in blastocysts, upregulated the mRNA expression of antioxidase-related genes, and activated the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathways. Furthermore, 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, maintained DNA stability, and enhanced the quality of bovine (in vitro fertilization) IVF blastocysts. In conclusion, the addition of 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate to CM could enhance the antioxidant capacity, activates the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathways, augment mitochondrial membrane potential, and stabilizes DNA, ultimately improving blastocyst quality and in vitro bovine embryo development.

Identification of antioxidant and flavour marker compounds in Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica brewed coffee processed using different postharvest treatment methods

This research aims to predict the presence of marker compounds that differentiate tubruk brew from coffee beans with different postharvest processing. This research also aims to predict compounds correlating with antioxidant activity and sensory flavour attributes. This research used Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica coffee beans, which were processed with three different postharvest processing (honey, full-washed and natural), roasted at medium level, and brewed using the tubruk method. Each brew was analyzed for chemical profiles using LC-MS and GC-MS, antioxidant analysis using the DPPH IC50 and FRAP methods, and sensory analysis for flavour using the QDA and SCAA methods for cupping scores. OPLS-DA analysis revealed the presence of marker compounds from each brew, and the dried fruit flavour attribute was to be an inter-process marker. After that, OPLS analysis showed marker compounds that correlate to antioxidant activity and flavour attributes. Rhaponticin is thought to be one of the marker compounds in natural coffee brews and is one of the compounds that correlates to the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method (IC50); prunin is thought to be one of the marker compounds for full-washed coffee brews and is one of the compounds that correlates to the activity antioxidants of FRAP method. Triacetin, which is thought to be a marker compound in natural brewed coffee, correlates with fruity flavour. 3-acetylpyridine, as a marker in honey-brewed coffee, correlates with nutty flavour. Even though there are differences in dominant flavours, the cupping score shows the brew is categorized as a specialty. This research shows that different post-harvest processing processes influence the compound profile, antioxidant activity and flavour attributes of Tubruk brewed coffee.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05948-8.

Use of encapsulated pomegranate seed oil in novel coarse and nanosized materials for improving the storage life of strawberry

Different-sized pomegranate seed oil-based emulsions (coarse (CsP) and nanoemulsions (NsP): 1246 and 325 nm) were successfully prepared. Strawberries treated with NsP and CsP showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in yeast-mold counts (TMY) by 1.80 log CFU g-1, and mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts (TMAB) decreased (p < 0.05) by 0.91 log CFU g-1, respectively. CsP- and NsP-treated strawberries had a TPC of 74.45 and 82.35 mg GAE kg-1, respectively, while control samples had a TPC of 44.24 mg GAE kg-1. The strawberries treated with NsP exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity with 179.44 mol TEAC g-1. After treatment with a coarse emulsion, severity levels of A. niger and B. cinerea were 60 and 73 % while the nanoemulsion treatment significantly reduced severity levels to 55.3 and 56 %. The coarse and nanoemulsions may have potential use within the food industry owing to their antioxidant and antifungal properties as well as their ability to enhance strawberry quality and function.

Scholz) sprouts and microgreens through in vitro bio-accessibility assessment

This study has redirected focus towards the untapped potential of millets, exploring their utilization as small-scale vegetables like sprouts and microgreens. This study assessed the metabolite profiles and therapeutic efficacy of barnyard millets as sprouts and microgreens for antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and bioaccessibility properties. Based on the study, sprouts contained 456.52 mg GE/g of starch and microgreens contained 470.04 mg GE/g of carbohydrates, whereas the gastric phase of microgreens showed 426.85 mg BSAE/g, 397.6 mg LE/g, 348.19 g RE/g, and 307.40 g AAE/g of proteins, amino acids, vitamin A and vitamin C respectively. Secondary metabolites were significantly concentrated in the microgreen stage which is responsible for their increased antioxidant and antidiabetic potential than sprouts. This study validated the therapeutic and nutritional value of millet sprouts and microgreens by demonstrating their significant nutritional composition.

Novel strategy to the characterization and enhance the glycemic control properties of walnut-derived peptides via zinc chelation

This study aimed to utilize zinc coordination to promote the hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties of walnut-derived peptides, such as walnut protein hydrolysate (WPH) and Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu-Arg (LPLLR, LP5), of which LP5 was previously identified from WPH. The optimal conditions for the chelation were a peptide-to-zinc ratio of 6:1, pH of 9, duration of 50 min, and temperature of 50 °C. The WPH-Zn and LP5-Zn complexes increased the α-glucosidase inhibition, α-amylase inhibition, and antioxidant activity more than WPH and LP5 (p < 0.05). In particular, the antioxidant activity of WPH-Zn was superior to LP5-Zn. This is attributable to the WPH containing more aromatic amino acids, carboxylate groups and the imidazole groups, which implies its capacity to potentially coordinate with Zn2+ to form the WPH-Zn complex. Moreover, particle size, zeta potential, and scanning electron microscope indicated that the chelation of Zn2+ by peptides led to intramolecular and intermolecular folding and aggregation.

Indigenous wisdom of a Kwatha to treat NASH: An insight into the mechanism

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common severe liver disease globally, progressing further into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha (VK) is an Ayurvedic formulation traditionally used to treat liver diseases and other metabolic complications. This study is an ethnopharmacological approach to unravel this indigenous remedy.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to discover the probable mechanism of action of VK against NASH in this study, using network pharmacology, molecular docking, in vitro study, and preclinical investigation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Among the 55 components identified, 10 were confirmed based on mass, elution charecteristics, MS/MS analysis data, and fragmentation rules. Computational study indicated 92 targets involved in the central pathways of NASH, out of which only 15 targets and 9 VK constituents have significant docking scores. In vitro and in vivo analysis results showed that VK significantly reduces weight gain and improves insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis and overall histological features of NASH compared to saroglitazar (SGZR).

CONCLUSION

Our detailed study yielded three signalling pathways related to NASH on which VK has maximum effect, bringing up a probable alternative treatment for NASH.

Effect of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché on glutathione level and glycosylated hemoglobin percentage in a Mexican rural population with type 2 diabetes

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché fruit is widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) because it has been attributed with antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties in different experimental models and T2D patients. An imbalance in physiological glutathione (GSH) concentrations increases the susceptibility to developing complications associated with oxidative stress in T2D patients.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effect of C. ficifolia on the antioxidant properties of GSH, general health measurements, and biochemical parameters in a Mexican rural population, and to evaluate the changes in socio-affective scores of patients due to improvement in T2D.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-seven women diagnosed with T2D with poor glycemic control volunteered and were divided into two groups: C. ficifolia (0.5 g/kg of fresh pulp weight) with hypoglycemic pharmacotherapy, and another group with only hypoglycemic pharmacotherapy, for 12 weeks. We evaluated the effect of the fresh pulp of C. ficifolia on body mass index, blood pressure, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and GSH. Expanding the study, we evaluated the quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores before and after the intervention.

RESULTS

Treatment with the fresh pulp of C. ficifolia for 12 weeks reduced glycosylated hemoglobin, similar to the hypoglycemic pharmacotherapy group, and significantly increased GSH concentrations. The patients' moods did not change despite increased GSH concentrations and improved T2D control.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased GSH concentrations due to the consumption of fresh pulp of C. ficifolia could help to protect against oxidative stress and extend therapeutic benefits in addition to the usual hypoglycemic drugs in patients with T2D.

Phytochemical profiling and nephroprotective potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Polyalthia longifolia against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in rat model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Kidney problems are becoming more common globally and are considered a major health issue in the modern world with high mortality rate. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites is a tropical ethnomedicinal plant used to treat various diseases like diabetes, hypertension and urinary disorders and possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition of 70% ethanolic leaf extract of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites (PL) and evaluates its nephroprotective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The leaves of PL were extracted with 70% ethanol and performed the phytochemical profiling using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The nephroprotective effect of PL leaf extract was evaluated at three doses (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days against cisplatin toxicity (16 mg/kg, i.p., once) in male Wistar rats. Body and kidney weight indices, kidney function markers and lipid profile markers in serum, and oxidative stress markers in kidney tissue were performed along with the histopathological analysis of kidney.

RESULTS

The LC-MS chromatograph confirmed the presence of various phytocompounds include N-Methylhernagine (aporphine alkaloid), 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (gamma amino acid) and choline, etc. in the PL leaf extract. Exposure of cisplatin (16 mg/kg, i.p., once only) to the animals significantly elevated the levels of kidney functional markers (i.e. serum urea, uric acid, creatinine) and the lipid markers (triglyceride and total cholesterol) in blood circulation with depletion of serum albumin which were reversed by the therapy of PL leaf extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) in dose-dependent manner. The altered level of body and kidney weight in cisplatin treated group was also restored by the therapy. PL leaf extract effectively improved the antioxidant defense system of kidney at all doses by restoring the levels of tissue glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase with the dose-dependent reduction of lipid peroxidation against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress. The histopathological observations also showed the significant recovery in cellular morphology after PL treatment when compared to the cisplatin toxicity group. The highest dose 600 mg/kg of PL leaf extract showed more pronounced renal recovery (p < 0.001) followed by other two doses, which was similar to the silymarin treatment group (a reference drug) against nephrotoxicity.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study revealed the nephroprotective effects of PL leaves against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by reversing the level of biochemical markers and mitigating oxidative stress as well as improving the architecture of renal tissues. This renal protection by PL might be due to the synergistic effect of its phytoconstituents and antioxidant efficacy.

Thermal degradation of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata f. rubra) anthocyanins in a water model extract under accelerated shelf-life testing

Red cabbage (RC) represents a source of anthocyanins acylated with hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) that are described to enhance their stability. Nevertheless, data about their thermal degradation are still controversial. Our aim was to comprehensively analyse the degradation kinetics of individual RC anthocyanins in a model aqueous extract treated at 40 °C × 30 days to simulate severe but realistic storage conditions. Free anthocyanins and radical-scavenging capacity showed different kinetics. The results confirm the high stability of RC anthocyanins (t1/2: 16.4-18.4 days), although HPLC analyses of each molecule displayed distinct kinetics with t1/2 from 12.6 to 35.1 days. In particular, the sinapoyl acylation negatively affected the stability of the anthocyanins, while the forms monoacylated with glycosyl p-coumaric and ferulic acids exhibited higher stability. In conclusion, our results indicate that acylation is not a prerogative of stability, as this is instead more dependent on specific acylation patterns and the glycosylation of HCA.

Polyphenolic characterization and biological assessment of Acacia nilotica (L.) wild. Ex delilie: An In vitro and In vivo appraisal of wound healing potential

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex Delilie is a shrub with significant ethnomedicinal stature. Therefore, in the undertaken study, its wound healing attributes are determined.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The current study provided evidence of the traditional use of A. nilotica species and conferred A. nilotica bark extract as a potent candidate for wound healing agents.

MATERIALS & METHODS

A. nilotica leaves extract (ANL-E); A. nilotica bark extract (ANB-E), and A. nilotica stem extract (ANS-E) were prepared using methanol-chloroform (1:1). Phytochemical analysis was performed using gallic acid equivalent (GAE) total phenolic content (TPC), quercetin equivalent (QE) total flavonoid content (TFC) assays and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro antioxidant potential (free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay), antibacterial activity (broth microdilution method) and hemolytic analysis was carried out. Wound healing proficiency of ANB-E was determined by wound excision model followed by estimating hydroxyproline content and endogenous antioxidant markers.

RESULTS

Maximum phenolic and flavonoid content were depicted by ANB-E i.e., 50.9 ± 0.34 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 28.7 ± 0.13 μg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, respectively. HPLC analysis unraveled the presence of a significant amount of catechin in ANL-E, ANB-E and ANS-E (54.66 ± 0.02, 44.9 ± 0.004 and 31.36 ± 0.02 μg/mg extract) respectively. Highest percent free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing action power (i.e., 93.3 ± 0.42 %, 222.10 ± 0.76, and 222.86 ± 0.54 μg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg extract) were exhibited by ANB-E. Maximum antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus was exhibited by ANB-E (MIC 12.5 μg/ml). Two of the extracts i.e., ANL-E and ANB-E were found biocompatible with less than 5 % hemolytic potential. Based upon findings of in vitro analysis, ANB-E (10, 5, and 2.5 % w/w, C1, C2, and C3, respectively) was selected for evaluating its in vivo wound healing potential. Maximum contraction of wound area and fastest epithelization i.e., 98 ± 0.05 % and 11.2 ± 1.00 (day) was exhibited by C1. Maximum hydroxyproline content, glutathione, catalase, and peroxidase were demonstrated by C1 i.e., 15.9 ± 0.52 μg/mg, 9.3 ± 0.17 mmol/mg, 7.2 ± 0.17 and 6.2 ± 0.14 U/mg, respectively. Maximal curbed lipid peroxidation i.e., 0.7 ± 0.15 mmol/mg was also depicted by C1.

CONCLUSIONS

In a nutshell, the current investigation endorsed the wound healing potential of ANB-E suggesting it to be an excellent candidate for future studies.

Indole-based NNN donor Schiff base ligand and its complexes: Sonication-assisted synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, anti-cancer evaluation and in-vitro biological assay

A novel indole based NNN donor Schiff base ligand and its Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes have been synthesized using sonication-assisted method which is a highly efficient eco-friendly mechanism. The synthesized complexes have been characterized using elemental analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, FT-IR, and NMR and are optimized using DFT approach, which provided their theoretical framework. The stoichiometry between the ligand and the metal ions was also determined using Job's method. The thermogravimetric (TGA/DSC) analyses confirm the stability for all complexes at room temperature followed by thermal decomposition in different steps. DNA binding activities have been assessed by employing UV-visible and fluorescence spectra using the CT-DNA. The estimated intrinsic binding constant (Kb) for NiL, ZnL, and CdL complexes was 6.00 × 105, 5.58 × 105, and 4.7 × 105, respectively. In accordance with the Kb value, the quenching constant (Ksv) values of NiL, ZnL, and CdL are 5.59 × 105 M-1, 4.3 × 105 M-1, and 4.08 × 105 M-1 respectively. The anticancer properties have been assessed using MTT Assay. It has been found that the Ni(II) complex (NiL) is the most potent among the series with IC50 of 169 µg/mL. An in-vitro antioxidant experiment using DPPH was used to evaluate the synthesizedcomplexes' ability to scavenge free radicals. The findings indicated that the complexes exhibited notable antioxidant properties. The antioxidant property ZnL has been found to be the highest with an IC50 of 2.91 µg/mL and it follows the order is ZnL > NiL > CdL > L. Using the egg albumin denaturation technique, the anti-inflammatory property have been assessed, and the amount of protein denaturation inhibition has been computed. NiL has the highest % inhibition among the series studied. Comparatively, the metal complexes have been reported to exhibit higher biological activities than the prepared Schiff base ligand. The reason for the excellent biological properties observed in the metal complexes could be attributed to the incorporation of the electron-withdrawing CH3COO- during complexation. Molecular docking studies have been performed on the 2GYT protein and it has been found that the complexes have excellent binding affinity, with NiL having the lowest binding energy of -6.93 Kcal mol-1. The values suggested that NiL is more effective against HePG2 cancer cells, which is also in accordance with the MTT Assay results.

Revealing the variances in color formation and bioactivities of seven catechin monomers throughout the enzymatic reaction by colorimetric and mass spectrometry

The capacity differences of seven catechin monomers to produce colors after treating with catechin-free extract were investigated. After 240-min reaction, only (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (+)-catechin (C) presented obvious luminous red color with L* values of 63.32-71.73, a* values of 37.13-46.44, and b* values of 65.64-69.99. Meanwhile, the decrease rate of EC and C was 43.52 %-50.35 %, which were significantly lower than those of other catechin monomers (85.91 %-100 %). The oxidized products of catechin monomers were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry coupled with diode array detector, wherein dehydro-dimers and -trimers (oxidative coupling products of catechins' A-B ring) were found to be the major chromogenic compounds of EC and C. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of catechin monomers only decreased after 30-min reaction, while along with further enzymatic reaction, catechin monomers presented comparable oxyradical scavenging ability (e.g., the DPPH inhibitory rates of catechin monomers were in the range of 24.42 %-50.77 %) to vitamin C (positive control, DPPH inhibitory rate was 27.66 %). Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of most catechin monomers on α-glucosidase were enhanced in different degrees. These results provided basis for the development of enzymatically-oxidized catechin monomers as functional food color additives.

Enhanced stability and bioavailability of mulberry anthocyanins through the development of sodium caseinate-konjac glucomannan nanoparticles

This study was carried out to improve the stability of anthocyanins (ACNs) by developing MA-SC-KGM nanoparticles using a self-assembly method that involved the combination of sodium caseinate (SC) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) with mulberry anthocyanin extract (MA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed SC encapsulated MA successfully. Multispectral techniques demonstrated the presence of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the nanoparticles. MA-SC-KGM ternary mixture improved storage stability, color stability and anthocyanin retention better compared to the MA-SC binary mixture. Notably, MA-SC-KGM nanoparticles significantly inhibited the thermal degradation of ACNs, improved pH stability, and showed stability and a slow-release effect in gastrointestinal digestion experiments. In addition, MA-SC-KGM nanoparticles were effective in scavenging DPPH· and ABTS+ free radicals, with enhanced stability and antioxidant capacity even during the heating process. This study successfully developed a novel MA-SC-KGM protein-polysaccharide composite material that effectively stabilized natural ACNs, expanding the application of ACNs in various industries.

Are age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by a lack of the diet-derived compound ergothioneine?

We propose that the diet-derived compound ergothioneine (ET) is an important nutrient in the human body, especially for maintenance of normal brain function, and that low body ET levels predispose humans to significantly increased risks of neurodegenerative (cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson's disease) and possibly other age-related diseases (including frailty, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease). Hence, restoring ET levels in the body could assist in mitigating these risks, which are rapidly increasing due to ageing populations globally. Prevention of neurodegeneration is especially important, since by the time dementia is usually diagnosed damage to the brain is extensive and likely irreversible. ET and vitamin E from the diet may act in parallel or even synergistically to protect different parts of the brain; both may be "neuroprotective vitamins". The present article reviews the substantial scientific basis supporting these proposals about the role of ET.

Research progress on the role of reactive oxygen species in the initiation, development and treatment of breast cancer

According to international cancer data, breast cancer (BC) is the leading type of cancer in women. Although significant progress has been made in treating BC, metastasis and drug resistance continue to be the primary causes of mortality for many patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in vivo: normal levels can maintain the body's normal physiological function; however, high levels of ROS below the toxicity threshold can lead to mtDNA damage, activation of proto-oncogenes, and inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, which are important causes of BC. Differences in the production and regulation of ROS in different BC subtypes have important implications for the development and treatment of BC. ROS can also serve as an important intracellular signal transduction factor by affecting the antioxidant system, activating MAPK and PI3K/AKT, and other signal pathways to regulate cell cycle and change the relationship between cells and the activity of metalloproteinases, which significantly impacts the metastasis of BC. Hypoxia in the BC microenvironment increases ROS production levels, thereby inducing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and forming "ROS- HIF-1α-ROS" cycle that exacerbates BC development. Many anti-BC therapies generate sufficient toxic ROS to promote cancer cell apoptosis, but because the basal level of ROS in BC cells exceeds that of normal cells, this leads to up-regulation of the antioxidant system, drug efflux, and apoptosis inhibition, rendering BC cells resistant to the drug. ROS crosstalks with tumor vessels and stromal cells in the microenvironment, increasing invasiveness and drug resistance in BC.

Rheological properties, biochemical changes, and potential health benefits of dehulled and defatted industrial hempseeds after fermentation

Dehulled hempseed (DHS), fermented dehulled hempseed (FDHS), hempseed cake (HSC), and fermented HSC (FHSC) were examined for their phytochemical composition, health benefits, and rheological characteristics. At 500 µg/mL concentration, DHS, FDHS, HSC, and FHSC extracts exhibited the ability to inhibit DPPH radicals, with 32.46 %, 47.35 %, 33.85 %, and 47.41 %, respectively. Similarly, they demonstrated potential to scavenge ABTS radicals by 13.7 %, 27.87 %, 14.40 % and 25.70 %, respectively. For lipase inhibition activity, FDHS (72.92 %) and FDHS (85.89 %) outperformed DHS (52.94 %) and HSC (43.08 %). Furthermore, FHSC enhanced the survival and reduced fat accumulation in glucose-supplemented Caenorhabditis elegans. We used HPLC and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS for metabolite analysis, quantifying eight polyphenols using HPLC and identifying thirty-four metabolites with UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Generally, metabolomics indicated an improved metabolite profile after fermentation. Fermentation also showed impact on rheological characteristics, modifying viscosity, loss modulus, and storage modulus. These findings collectively demonstrate the ability of fermentation in enhancing overall value of hempseed.

Development of controlled-release antioxidant poly (lactic acid) bilayer active film with different distributions of α-tocopherol and its application in corn oil preservation

The antioxidant poly (lactic acid) bilayer active films with a different distribution of α-tocopherol (TOC) in two layers (outer layer/inner layer: 0%/6%, 2%/4%, 3%/3%, 4%/2%, 6%/0%) were developed. The effects of TOC distribution on the structural, physicochemical, mechanical, antioxidant and release properties of the films and their application in corn oil packaging were investigated. The different distributions of TOC showed insignificant effects on the color, transparency, tensile strength and oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of the films, but it affected the release behavior of TOC from the films into 95% ethanol and the oxidation degree of corn oil. The film with higher TOC in outer layer showed a slower release rate. The corn oil packaged by the film containing 4% TOC in outer layer and 2% TOC in inner layer exhibited the best oxidative stability. This concept showed a great potential to develop controlled-release active films for food packaging.

Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alleviate alcohol-induced liver injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have confirmed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of active ginseng components that protect against liver injury. However, ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs), low-immunogenicity nanovesicles derived from ginseng, have not been reported to be hepatoprotective.

PURPOSE

In this study, we investigated whether GDNPs could attenuate alcohol-induced liver injury in LO2 cells and mice by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, thereby advancing the theoretical basis for the development of novel pharmacological treatments.

STUDY DESIGN

Alcohol was used to construct in vitro and in vivo models of alcoholic liver injury. To explore the mechanisms by which GDNPs exert their protective effects against alcoholic liver injury, we examined the expression of oxidative stress-related genes and analysed inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. The experimental findings were verified using network pharmacology.

METHODS

The composition of the GDNPs was analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. GDNPs were extracted and purified using differential ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In vitro models of alcoholic liver injury were established using LO2 cells, whereas C57BL/6 J mice were used as in vivo models. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver injury indicators were measured using appropriate kits. Levels of proteins associated with oxidative stress and inflammation were measured via western blot, while nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NF-κB protein expression was tested using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The levels of relevant transcription factors were determined using qPCR. Experimental haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to characterise the liver histological appearance and damage in mice. Network pharmacological analysis of GDNP mRNA sequencing of GDNPs was used to predict drug targets and disease associations using TCMSP.

RESULTS

GDNPs primarily included 77 compounds, including organic acids and their derivatives, amino acids and their derivatives, sugars, terpenoids, and flavonoids. GDNPs have features that allow them to be taken up by LO2 cells and promote their proliferation. In vitro data indicated that GDNPs reduced the levels of alcohol-induced reactive oxygen species by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway, whilst inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and thereby reducing NO, tumour necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β levels to alleviate inflammation. An in vivo model showed that GDNPs improved the liver parameters and pathology in mice with alcoholic liver injury. GDNPs activate the Nrf2/HO-1/Keap1 signalling pathway in a p62-dependent manner to exert antioxidant effects. Furthermore, the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway was involved in the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect. Network pharmacology also confirmed that the effects of GDNPs on liver disease were associated with oxidative stress and inflammation-related targets and pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study showed for the first time that GDNPs can alleviate alcohol-induced liver damage by activating the Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway and blocking the NF-κB signalling pathway, thus lowering oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Hereby, we present the Nrf2/HO1 and NF-κB signalling pathways as potential targets and GDNPs as a novel therapeutic approach for the management of alcohol-induced liver damage.

Musculoskeletal crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multifaceted respiratory disorder characterized by progressive airflow limitation and systemic implications. It has become increasingly apparent that COPD exerts its influence far beyond the respiratory system, extending its impact to various organ systems. Among these, the musculoskeletal system emerges as a central player in both the pathogenesis and management of COPD and its associated comorbidities. Muscle dysfunction and osteoporosis are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients, leading to a substantial decline in exercise capacity and overall health. These manifestations are influenced by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances, all hallmarks of COPD. Recent research has uncovered an intricate interplay between COPD and musculoskeletal comorbidities, suggesting that muscle and bone tissues may cross-communicate through the release of signalling molecules, known as "myokines" and "osteokines". We explored this dynamic relationship, with a particular focus on the role of the immune system in mediating the cross-communication between muscle and bone in COPD. Moreover, we delved into existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing musculoskeletal disorders in COPD. It underscores the development of personalized treatment approaches that target both the respiratory and musculoskeletal aspects of COPD, offering the promise of improved well-being and quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex condition. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of recognizing the profound impact of COPD on the musculoskeletal system and its comorbidities. By unravelling the intricate connections between these systems and exploring innovative treatment avenues, we can aspire to enhance the overall care and outcomes for COPD patients, ultimately offering hope for improved health and well-being.

Fractionation and antioxidation activities of polysaccharides from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim

Zanthoxylum bungeanum has a lengthy history of widespread use as a food ingredient in China. However, the composition of Zanthoxylum bungeanum polysaccharide remains ambiguous, and the antioxidant effect has received limited attention. This study aimed to extract water-soluble polysaccharide from the dried pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, referred to as WZBP, which was fractionated into a neutral component (WZBP-N) and three pectic components (WZBP-A-I, WZBP-A-II, WZBP-A-III). The findings indicated that WZBP-A-III is a pectic polysaccharide "smooth region" without many side chains. All components of WZBP exhibited a notable capacity for scavenging free radicals, with WZBP-A-III demonstrating the most potent antioxidation activity, and WZBP-A-III also observed to effectively extend the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes. These results provide valuable insight and direction for future research on Zanthoxylum bungeanum polysaccharide as an antioxidant agent.

In vitro and in silico studies of the potential cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effects of chitin from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells

This study aimed to characterize chitin extracted from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells, as well as to assess its in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory potentials. In silico molecular docking, molecular dynamic, and ADMET prediction analyses were also carried out. Chitin was extracted from mangrove crab shells using deproteination and demineralization processes, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) characterization are then performed. The MTT method was further tested in a study of cell viability, while in vitro method was used to assess HMG CoA reductase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The extracted chitin was found to have a moderate level of cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. In vitro studies showed that it has an IC50 of 36,65 ± 0,082 μg/mL as an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, and decreased enzyme activity by 68.733 % at 100 μg/mL as a concentration. Furthermore, in the in silico study, chitin showed a strong affinity to several targets, including HMG CoA reductase, HMG synthase, LDL receptor, PPAR-alfa, and HCAR-2 with binding energies of -5.7; -5.8; -3.6; -5.6; -4.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on the ADMET properties, it had non-toxic molecules, which were absorbed and distributed across the blood-brain barrier. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation also showed that it remained stable in the active sites of HMG CoA reductase receptor for 100 ns. These results indicated that chitin from Indonesian mangrove crab shells can be used to develop more potent HMG CoA reductase inhibitor with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities for effective dyslipidemia therapy.

The antioxidant and anticancer activity of Quercus coccifera plant leaves extracts

Quercus species are one of the medicinal plants that commonly used in the treatment of different diseases. Quercus coccifera (Q. coccifera) is part of the Quercus species which grow in Jordan and used in traditional folklore medicine. The aim of this study is to confirm the ability of (Q. coccifera) leaves extracts to exert anticancer activity. In this study, an extraction method of the dried-leaves using different polarity solvents was used. Extracts were pre-evaluated for antioxidant and anticancer activities while active extracts were used to measure half maximal effective concentration (EC50) against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against cancer cells. Methanol, boiled and microwaved water extracts had greater than 80 % antioxidant activity, and the strongest activity, of more than 99 %, was boiled water extract. Similarly, the pre-evaluation treatments of cancer cell lines indicated a strong biological activity of more than 70 % from the previously mentioned extracts, and the highest activity, of greater than 90 %, was from boiled water extracts against all cancer cell lines. The highest EC50 against DPPH was obtained by using 0.009 mg/ml boiled water extracts, which was lower than positive control quercetin. In the same manner, lung, breast, and prostate cancer cell lines were highly affected by boiled water extracts with IC50 of 14.1, 7.2, and 25.1 µg/ml, respectively, and a selectivity index (SI) of greater than 4.71. Q. coccifera leaves extracts show promising ability to be a source of a new anticancer therapeutics.

Chitosan-based hydrogel dressings for diabetic wound healing via promoting M2 macrophage-polarization

A long-term inflammatory phase of diabetic wounds is the primary cause to prevent their effective healing. Bacterial infection, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially failure of M2-phenotype macrophage polarization can hinder the transition of diabetic wounds from an inflammation phase to a proliferation one. Herein, a chitosan-based hydrogel dressing with the ability of regulating M2 macrophage polarization was reported. The PAAc/CFCS-Vanillin hydrogel dressing was synthesized by one step thermal polymerization of catechol-functionalized chitosan (CFCS), acrylic acid, catechol functional methacryloyl chitosan‑silver nanoparticles (CFMC-Ag NPs) and bioactive vanillin. The PAAc/CFCS-Vanillin hydrogel possessed sufficient mechanical strength and excellent adhesion properties, which helped rapidly block bleeding of wounds. Thanks to CFCS, CFMC-Ag NPs and vanillin in the hydrogel, it displayed excellent antibacterial infection in the wounds. Vanillin helped scavenge excess ROS and regulate the levels of inflammatory factors to facilitate the polarization of macrophages into the M2 phenotype. A full-thickness skin defect diabetic wound model showed that the wounds treated by the PAAc/CFCS-Vanillin hydrogel exhibited the smallest wound area, and superior granulation tissue regeneration, remarkable collagen deposition, and angiogenesis were observed in the wound tissue. Therefore, the PAAc/CFCS-Vanillin hydrogel could hold promising potential as a dressing for the treatment of diabetic chronic wounds.

Exploring of multi-functional umami peptides from Stropharia rugosoannulata: Saltiness-enhancing effect and mechanism, antioxidant activity and potential target sites

Umami peptides enhance flavor and offer potential health benefits. We analyzed the taste-value profiles of five novel umami peptides from Stropharia rugosoannulata using E-tongue, exhibiting significant saltiness characteristics. While the peptides PHEMQ and SEPSHF exhibited higher saltiness, their mixture with salt did not enhance saltiness compared to individual peptides. Surprisingly, SGCVNEL, which was initially weak in saltiness, showed remarkably enhanced saltiness when mixed with salt, possibly due to have strong binding with receptors. Molecular docking elucidated the salt-forming mechanism of TMC4, highlighting the P2-domain and hydrogen bonds' role in the composite structure stability. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity evaluation demonstrated dose-dependent effects primarily through free radical scavenging via the single-electron transfer potential mechanism for SGCVNEL, EPLCNQ, and ESCAPQL. Docking experiments with antioxidant targets revealed varied binding stabilities, indicating diverse antioxidant effects of the peptides. These findings provide valuable insights into the exploration and application of versatile bioactive flavor peptides.

Assessment of possible biomedical applications of green synthesized TiO2NPs-an in-vitro approach

Biomedical applications for various types of nanoparticles are emerging on a daily basis. Hence this research was performed to evaluate the antifungal (Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Trichophyton sp., Candida sp., and Penicillium sp.), cytotoxicity (MCF10A cell lines), and antioxidant (DPPH) potential of Coleus aromaticus mediated and pre-characterized TiO2NPs were studied with respective standard methodology. Interestingly, the TiO2NPs exhibited significant antifungal activity on pathogenic fungal strains like Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. (31 ± 1.4), Penicillium sp. (31 ± 1.9) Trichophyton sp. (27 ± 2.1), and Candida sp. (26 ± 2.3) at high concentration (250 μg mL-1). However, the considerable levels of zone of inhibitions on fungal pathogens were recorded at 100 μg mL-1 of TiO2NPs as well as it was considerably greater than positive control. It also demonstrated dose based anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. The plant-mediated TiO2NPs demonstrated a maximum DPPH scavenging efficiency of 91% at a dosage of 250 μg mL-1, comparable to the positive control's 94%. Furthermore, TiO2NPs at 100 μg mL-1 concentration did not cause cytotoxicity in MCF10A cell lines. At higher concentrations (250 μg mL-1), the nanoparticles showed the lowest cytotoxicity (17%). These findings suggest that C. aromaticus-mediated TiO2NPs have significant biomedical applications. However, in-vivo studies are needed to learn more about their (C. aromaticus-mediated TiO2NPs) potential biomedical applications.

Anti-Shigella and antioxidant-based screening of some Cameroonian medicinal plants, UHPLC-LIT-MS/MS fingerprints, and prediction of pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties of identified chemicals

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shigella infection is a public health problem responsible for approximately 700,000 deaths annually. The management of this disease is impaired by the emergence of multidrug-resistant Shigella species, highlighting the urgent need to search for alternative treatment options. In this regard, investigating medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrheal infections, and/or associated symptoms in endemic regions might provide an opportunity to identify phytochemicals that could be further used as a basis for the development of future anti-shigella drug candidates.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to investigate the anti-shigella and antioxidant-based ethnopharmacological potency of some Cameroonian medicinal plants with an emphasis on pharmacokinetic properties of the identified chemical pharmacophore.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Briefly, plant species were selected and collected based on their ethnopharmacological uses and information reported in the literature. Crude aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, and hydroethanolic (30:70, v/v) extracts from these plants were prepared and then screened for their anti-Shigella activity against four Shigella strains and cytotoxicity against Vero and Raw cell lines using microdilution and resazurin-based methods, respectively. The antioxidant activities of potent extracts were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, NO, and FRAP scavenging assays. The chemical profile of potent extracts was performed using the UHPLC-LIT-MS/MS and the pharmacokinetic properties, druglikeness, and likely molecular targets of the chemical scaffolds identified were predicted using SwissADME and SwissTargetPredictor.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine (39) plants belonging to 26 plant families were harvested. Out of the 228 extracts tested, 18 extracts originating from 6 plants (15.38 %) were active (MICs 250-1000 μg/mL) and nontoxic toward Vero (CC50 129.25-684.55 μg/mL) and Raw cell lines (CC50 336.20 to >1000 μg/mL). Six potent extracts from the two plants exhibited moderate to potent DPPH (SC50 8.870-54.410 μg/mL), ABTS (SC50 12.020-27.36 μg/mL), and NO (SC50 0.02-195.85 μg/mL) scavenging activities. Later, these extracts showed interesting ferric iron-reducing power (1.28-12.14 μg equivalent NH2OH/g of extract). The shortest onset of action time (4 and 6 h) observed following inhibition kinetics studies was observed with extracts BFSHE, PMSE, and PMSM. The UHPLC-LIT-MS/MS and some databases (Mass Spectral Library (NIST 14), Human Metabolome Database (HMD), MassBank, SuperNatural 3.0, The Food Database (FooDB), and Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)) allowed the annotation of 18 and 17 metabolites in the extracts from stem bark of P. macrophylla and B. ferruginea respectively. Pharmacokinetic prediction of these chemicals showed that compound 6 (4,6a-bis(Hydroxymethyl)-9a-methyl-3-oxo-1a,1b,3,5,6,6a,7a,9a-octahydrobis (oxireno)[2',3':5,6; 2″,3'':9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-5-yl methacrylate), compound 8 (Corynoxeine), and compounds 35 (Stachybotrydial acetate) demonstrated acceptable druglike and pharmacokinetic properties and might act through inhibition of kinase, transferase, protease, oxidoreductase, and family AG protein-linked receptors.

CONCLUSION

The findings from this investigation demonstrated that Cameroonian medicinal plants are suitable reservoirs of anti-Shigella and antioxidant agents with good drug candidate properties.

The annonalide diterpene extracted from Casimirella ampla (Miers) reduces inflammatory and antinociceptive events in general models of inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The plants of the genus Casimirella ampla (Miers) (C. ampla) are extensively used in folk medicine. For a long time, rural communities have been using extracts from its roots for food and therapeutic purposes. The extract is rich in diterpenoid annonalide (Annona), which has antiophidic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties. Inflammation is the body's primary defense mechanism against cell damage and invasion by pathogens, which can trigger acute and chronic inflammatory processes. The first line of treatment for this condition consists of the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but these have numerous associated collateral damages, based on scientific knowledge about diterpenoids from C. ampla, as well as their already reported antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

Evaluate the effect of Annona in classic models of inflammation and pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals were pretreated with Annona (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg), or Tween 80 (2%), or indomethacin (Indo) (10 mg/kg) orally in the paw edema tests induced by carrageenan (Cg), serotonin (5-HT), histamine, bradykinin, 48/80 and, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), evaluating microscopic lesion scores, migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity, concentration of myeloperoxide (MPO), malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), abdominal contortion test by acetic acid and formalin test.

RESULTS

Treatment with Annona compound at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg was more effective in reducing inflammatory, oxidant and nociceptive parameters, as it reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, through different mediators and migration of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, it worked by reducing the concentration of MPO, MDA, preserving GSH levels and reducing nociception caused by formalin and acetic acid.

Effects of climate change and mixtures of pesticides on the Amazonian fish Colossoma macropomum

Several studies highlighted the complexity of mixing pesticides present in Amazonian aquatic environments today. There is evidence that indicates that ongoing climate change can alter the pattern of pesticide use, increasing the concentration and frequency of pesticide applications. It is known that the combination of thermal and chemical stress can induce interactive effects in aquatic biota, which accentuates cell and molecular damage. However, considering that the effects of climate change go beyond the increase in temperature the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of climate change scenarios proposed by 6 th IPCC report and a mixture of pesticides on the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). The hypothesis of this study is that the negative effects will be accentuated by the combination of an extreme climate changes scenario and a mixture of pesticides. To test the hypothesis, juvenile tambaqui were exposed to a combination of four pesticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbendazim and atrazine) in two scenarios, one that simulates current environmental conditions and another that predicted the environmental scenario for the year 2100. Fish were subjected to the experimental conditions for 96 h. At the end of the experiment, samples of blood, gills, liver, brain, and muscle were obtained for hematological, genotoxic, biochemical, and histopathological analyses. The results demonstrate that environmentally realistic concentrations of pesticides, when mixed, can alter the biochemical responses of tambaqui. The extreme scenario promotes hematological adjustments, but impairs branchial antioxidant enzymes. There is an interaction between the mixture of pesticides and the extreme scenario, accentuating liver tissue damage, which demonstrates that even increased activity of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes were not sufficient to prevent liver damage.

A comprehensive tool in recycling plant-waste of Gossypium barbadense L agricultural and industrial waste extracts containing gossypin and gossypol: hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects

Improper management of agricultural and industrial cotton wastes causes environmental pollution and worsens the climate change challenge. Green recycling of cotton could contribute to a circular economy. One of the economic values of cotton wastes lies in their bioactive components. Two types of cotton wastes-agricultural and industrial-of the species Gossypium barbadense L. Giza 95 were targeted in the current study, aiming to maximize their medicinal value and investigate the anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities of their phytochemical extracts. Phytochemical extraction was performed using different solvents extraction. An anti-inflammatory effect was tested in carrageenan-induced acute edema in a rat paw model. A carbon tetrachloride chronic model of liver injury was used for the assessment of hepatoprotective potential. Liver enzymes (AST and ALT), oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH), inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein), and histopathological features were investigated. As a result, ethyl acetate proved to be the solvent of best choice to extract the gossypin polyphenolics, where the extracted amount reached 14,826.2 µg/g, followed by butanol (8751.4 µg/g extract). The chloroform (CHCL3) fraction showed the highest amounts of gossypol (190.7 µg/g extract), followed by petroleum ether. Cotton waste's composition analysis showed a wide range of components, including 33 metabolites such as gossypetin, polyphenolics, and other metabolites that possess therapeutic effects. Both chloroform extract and industrial waste extracts showed superior anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects in comparison to other extracts. All tested extracts (ethyl acetate, chloroform, and industrial waste) showed proper antioxidant activities.

(Nabq) leaves

A total of 20 endophytic fungi were isolated (ZSEFL1-ZSEFL20) from Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. (Nabq) leaves. Four isolates A2/ZSEFL2, Alternaria alternata, D/ZSEFL14, Aspergillus niger, E/ZSEFL15, Epicoccum nigrum, and S/ZSEFL19, Penicillium crustosum were found to show the most promising antimicrobial activities either in plug or disc diffusion screening assays against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Serratia marcescens ATCC 14764, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Fusarium oxysporum ATCC417. In vitro antioxidant activity assay was conducted using the ABTS [2,2'-Azino-bis (3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid)] free radical scavenging method. EtOAc extracts of all isolated endophytic fungi showed antioxidant activities. This study would be one of the first reports to measure the antioxidant activity of Z. spina-christi (L.) Desf. endophytic fungi. Therefore, these isolated endophytic fungi can provide additional information for medicinal sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

Argentine squid (Illex argentinus): A source of mycosporine-like amino acids with antioxidant properties

Here we report on the occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the Argentine shortfin squid, Illex argentinus, the second fishery resource mostly exploited in the Argentinean continental shelf. The total content of four MAAs was evaluated by reverse-phase-HPLC in different tissues (eyes, skin, liver, and gonads). Also, the antioxidant activity of crude extracts was assessed by in-vitro determinations: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu, and ferrous ion-chelating capacity assays. The content of MAAs was found to be almost ten times higher in female gonads than in other tissues (11,89 ± 0,56 mg/g dry weight). Extracts from skin, female gonads and eyes, exhibit higher antioxidant activity than the reference compounds ascorbic acid and TROLOX. Overall, Argentine squid waste is a promising potential source of MAAs with antioxidant and UV photoprotective properties, which could bear interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, thus encouraging maximal and sustainable use of fishing resources.

Neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid against oxidative stress in rats subjected to lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus

Epilepsy is a condition marked by sudden, self-sustained, and recurring brain events, showcasing unique electro-clinical and neuropathological phenomena that can alter the structure and functioning of the brain, resulting in diverse manifestations. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can be very effective in 30% of patients in controlling seizures. Several factors contribute to this: drug resistance, individual variability, side effects, complexity of epilepsy, incomplete understanding, comorbidities, drug interactions, and no adherence to treatment. Therefore, research into new AEDs is important for several reasons such as improved efficacy, reduced side effects, expanded treatment options, treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy, improved safety profiles, targeted therapies, and innovation and progress. Animal models serve as crucial biological tools for comprehending neuronal damage and aiding in the discovery of more effective new AEDs. The utilization of antioxidant agents that act on the central nervous system may serve as a supplementary approach in the secondary prevention of epilepsy, both in laboratory animals and potentially in humans. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a significant compound, widely prevalent in numerous medicinal and food plants, exhibiting an extensive spectrum of biological activities such as neuroprotection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects, among others. In this research, we assessed the neuroprotective effects of commercially available CGA in Wistar rats submitted to lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) model. After 72-h induction of SE, rats received thiopental and were treated for three consecutive days (1st, 2nd, and 3rd doses). Next, brains were collected and studied histologically for viable cells in the hippocampus with staining for cresyl-violet (Nissl staining) and for degenerating cells with Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining. Moreover, to evaluate oxidative stress, the presence of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was quantified. Rats administered with CGA (30 mg/kg) demonstrated a significant decrease of 59% in the number of hippocampal cell loss in the CA3, and of 48% in the hilus layers after SE. A significant reduction of 75% in the cell loss in the CA3, shown by FJC+ staining, was also observed with the administration of CGA (30 mg/kg). Furthermore, significant decreases of 49% in MDA production and 72% in the activity of SOD were seen, when compared to animals subjected to SE that received vehicle. This study introduces a novel finding: the administration of CGA at a dosage of 30 mg/kg effectively reduced oxidative stress induced by lithium-pilocarpine, with its effects lasting until the peak of neural damage 72 h following the onset of SE. Overall, the research and development of new AEDs are essential for advancing epilepsy treatment, improving patient outcomes, and ultimately enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy.

Comparison of Cu3, Cu5, and Cu7 clusters as potential antioxidants: A theoretical quest

CONTEXT

Herein, we compare and contrast the dual roles of Cun clusters (n = 3, 5, and 7 atoms) in scavenging or generating RO• free radicals from ROH at the theoretical levels (where R = H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and phenyl). This investigation is performed in water media to mimic the actual environment in the biological system. In the presence of the Cun clusters, bond dissociation energy (BDE) of RO-H and R-OH is reduced. This is clear evidence for the increased possibility of both the RO-H and R-OH bonds breakage and scavenging of RO• radicals. The nature of anchoring bonds responsible for the interaction of Cun clusters with ROH and RO• are interpreted using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The DFT results indicate that the O•⋅⋅⋅•Cu bond is stronger and has more covalent character in RO•⋅⋅⋅•Cun radical complexes than in ROH⋅⋅⋅•Cun. Therefore, the interactions of Cun clusters with RO• radicals (antioxidant) are more pronounced than their interactions with ROH non-radicals (pro-oxidant).

METHODS

The GAMESS software package was utilized in this paper. The B3LYP and M06 functions with the 6-311 +  + G(d,p), and LANL2DZ/SDD basis sets was used to perform the important geometrical parameters of RO•⋅⋅⋅•Cun and ROH⋅⋅⋅•Cun, binding energy (Eb), and bond dissociation energy (BDE).