1
|
Pasdaran A, Hamedi A, Shiehzadeh S, Hamedi A. A review of citrus plants as functional foods and dietary supplements for human health, with an emphasis on meta-analyses, clinical trials, and their chemical composition. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:311-336. [PMID: 36963879 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruits, flowers, leaves, essential oils, hydrosols, and juices of citrus spp. Are utilized to prepare various forms of food products. Along with their nutritional values, in the health industry, different parts of the plants of the citrus genus have been used as supplements or remedies to prevent or control diseases. This review focused on reported meta-analyses and clinical trials on the health benefits of citrus plants as functional foods. Also, chemical compounds of various citrus species were reviewed. The following information sources were used for data collection: Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Various keywords, including "citrus AND chemical compounds," "citrus AND phytochemicals," "citrus species," "citrus AND meta-analysis," "nutritional and therapeutical values of citrus spp.," "clinical trials AND citrus," "clinical trials AND Rutaceae," "health benefits of citrus spp.," "citrus edible or non-edible applications," and scientific names of the citrus plants were utilized to collect data for the review. The scientific name and common name of all twenty-eight citrus species, along with any of the above keywords, were also searched in the mentioned databases. Scientific papers and data sources were sought to review and discuss the citrus plant's nutritional and therapeutic importance. Several meta-analyses and clinical trials have reported beneficial effects of citrus spices on a variety of cancer risks, cardiovascular risk factors, neurologic disorders, urinary tract conditions, and gastrointestinal tract conditions. They have shown anxiolytic, antimicrobial, and pain-alleviating effects. Some of them can be helpful in managing obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Shiehzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fontana G, Bruno M, Sottile F, Badalamenti N. The Chemistry and the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Citrus Genus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010023. [PMID: 36670885 PMCID: PMC9855034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) are a large group of compounds belonging to the more general class of flavonoids that possess a flavan carbon framework decorated with a variable number of methoxy groups. Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavonoids (HPMFs), instead, are characterized by the presence of both hydroxyl and methoxy groups in their structural unities. Some of these compounds are the aglycone part in a glycoside structure in which the glycosidic linkage can involve the -OH at various positions. These compounds are particular to Citrus genus plants, especially in fruits, and they are present mainly in the peel. A considerable number of PMFs and HPMFs have shown promising biological activities and they are considered to be important nutraceuticals, responsible for some of the known beneficial effects on health associated with a regular consumption of Citrus fruits. Among their several actions on human health, it is notable that the relevant contribution in controlling the intracellular redox imbalance is associated with the inflammation processes. In this work, we aim to describe the status concerning the chemical identification and the anti-inflammatory activity of both PMFs and HPMFs. In particular, all of the chemical entities unambiguously identified by isolation and complete NMR analysis, and for which a biochemical evaluation on the pure compound was performed, are included in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Sottile
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Centro di Conservazione della Biodiversità di Interesse Agrario, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Natale Badalamenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Julaeha E, Nurzaman M, Wahyudi T, Nurjanah S, Permadi N, Anshori JA. The Development of the Antibacterial Microcapsules of Citrus Essential Oil for the Cosmetotextile Application: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228090. [PMID: 36432192 PMCID: PMC9693560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) obtained from the Citrus genus were reported to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Therefore, they can potentially be applied in daily necessities such as textile sectors as antibacterial functional fabric products. However, a packaging technique to retain such volatile and labile active substances is compulsory. In particular, microencapsulation was found to be a common coating technique employed to protect EOs from the effects of light, heat, humidity, stability, and controlled release of active substances. Various microencapsulation techniques have been introduced, but the most widely used method is complex coacervation, as it is simple, inexpensive, and capable of snaring high essential oils. Hence, this review focused on the microencapsulation of the most consumable citrus EOs with complex coacervation methods and their immobilization on commonly carried-out fabrics. In addition, it also discusses the isolation methods of the EOs, their chemical composition, and the mechanism of antibacterial action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euis Julaeha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Nurzaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Tatang Wahyudi
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40272, Indonesia
| | - Sarifah Nurjanah
- Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nandang Permadi
- Study Program of Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Jamaludin Al Anshori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flori L, Macaluso M, Taglieri I, Sanmartin C, Sgherri C, De Leo M, Ciccone V, Donnini S, Venturi F, Pistelli L, Martelli A, Calderone V, Testai L, Zinnai A. Development of Fortified Citrus Olive Oils: From Their Production to Their Nutraceutical Properties on the Cardiovascular System. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1557. [PMID: 32471156 PMCID: PMC7352984 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Recently the use of food by-products as natural sources of biologically active substances has been extensively investigated especially for the development of functional foods fortified with natural antioxidants. Due to their content of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, flavonoids and limonoids, citrus peels could be suitable to formulate enriched olive oils able to boost healthy nutrition. The aim of this study was: (i) to determine the compositional and sensory profiles of citrus olive oil; and (ii) to evaluate its nutraceutical properties in rats with high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress. The results obtained show the potential of using citrus peels as a source of bioactive compounds to improve the sensory profile as well as the phytochemical composition of olive oil. We demonstrated that the production system of Citrus x aurantium olive oil and Citrus limon olive oil improves its organoleptic properties without altering its beneficial effects, which, like control extra virgin olive oil, showed protective effects relating to glucose and serum lipid levels, metabolic activity of adipocytes, myocardial tissue functionality, oxidative stress markers and endothelial function at blood vessel level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Monica Macaluso
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.); (C.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Isabella Taglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.); (C.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Chiara Sanmartin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.); (C.S.); (F.V.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Sgherri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.); (C.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Ciccone
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.)
- Toscana Life Sciences Str. del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Donnini
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.)
- Toscana Life Sciences Str. del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Venturi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.); (C.S.); (F.V.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Zinnai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (M.D.L.); (L.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (A.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Torres I, Sánchez MT, de la Haba MJ, Pérez-Marín D. LOCAL regression applied to a citrus multispecies library to assess chemical quality parameters using near infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 217:206-214. [PMID: 30939367 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The non-destructive on-tree measurement of the chemical quality attributes of fruits belonging to the Citrus genus using rapid spectral sensors is of vital interest to citrus growers, allowing them to carry out a selective harvest of any species of Citrus fruit. With this objective, the viability of using of a handheld portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument to predict soluble solid content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), maturity index and BrimA, in order to measure the optimum harvest time in a group made up of 608 samples belonging to the Citrus genus (378 oranges and 230 mandarins) was evaluated. For each of the parameters analysed, both non-linear regression (LOCAL algorithm) and linear regression (Modified Partial Least Squares, MPLS) strategies were designed and compared. The use of the LOCAL algorithm in the sample group of oranges and mandarins for all the parameters analysed allowed to obtain more robust models than those obtained with MPLS regression, and it could also be extended more easily when routinely applied. The results confirm that NIRS technology combined with non-linear regression strategies such as the LOCAL algorithm can indeed respond to the needs of the Citrus growers and help them to set the optimum harvest time, in this case of oranges and mandarins, by predicting the chemical quality parameters in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Torres
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Sánchez
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - María-José de la Haba
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Marín
- Department of Animal Production, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Páscoa RN, Moreira S, Lopes JA, Sousa C. Citrus species and hybrids depicted by near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:3953-3961. [PMID: 29385231 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus trees are among the most cultivated plants in the world, with a high economic impact. The wide sexual compatibility among relatives gave rise to a large number of hybrids that are difficult to discriminate. This work sought to explore the ability of infrared spectroscopy to discriminate among Citrus species and/or hybrids and to contribute to the elucidation of its relatedness. RESULTS Adult leaves of 18 distinct Citrus plants were included in this work. Near- and mid-infrared (NIR and FTIR) spectra were acquired from leaves after harvesting and a drying period of 1 month. Spectra were modelled by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Both techniques revealed a high discrimination potential (78.5-95.9%), being the best results achieved with NIR spectroscopy and air-dried leaves (95.9%). CONCLUSION Infrared spectroscopy was able to successfully discriminate several Citrus species and/or hybrids. Our results contributed also to enhance insights regarding the studied Citrus species and/or hybrids. Despite the benefit of including additional samples, the results herein obtained clearly pointed infrared spectroscopy as a reliable technique for Citrus species and/or hybrid discrimination. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nmj Páscoa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvana Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João A Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clara Sousa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|