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Meetiyagoda TAOK, Samarakoon T, Takahashi T, Fujino T. Cytogenotoxicity of raw and treated dairy manure slurry by two-stage chemical and electrocoagulation: An application of the Allium cepa bioassay. Sci Total Environ 2024; 915:170001. [PMID: 38218494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Livestock farming is an essential agricultural practice. However, the improper management of livestock wastes and discharge of untreated or partially treated livestock manure slurry poses significant environmental problems. In this study, we aimed to compare the cytogenotoxic potential of untreated and treated dairy manure slurry treated with a two-stage chemical and electrocoagulation (EC) using the Allium cepa bioassay. The A. cepa bioassay is a well-established standard tool for assessing the cytogenotoxic effects of environmental contaminants, especially those that are occurred as complex contaminant mixtures. The dairy manure slurry was subjected to chemical treatment utilizing polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) at optimized conditions, followed by EC utilizing either aluminum (Al) or steel anodes. The treated and untreated samples were then evaluated for their potential cytogenotoxicty using the A. cepa bioassay, by measuring the nuclear abnormalities (NAs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs), along with the mitotic indices (MIs). Our findings revealed a significant reduction in cytogenotoxic indicators in the treated liquid fraction compared to the untreated dairy manure slurry. Specifically, the frequency of total NAs showed a significant reduction from 154 ‰ to 37 ‰ when the dairy manure slurry was treated with chemical coagulation followed by EC utilizing an Al anode. Moreover, the MI exhibited a significant improvement from 7 ‰ to 123 ‰, suggesting the mitigation of toxic effects. These results collectively demonstrate the effectiveness of the two-stage chemical and EC treatment under optimal conditions in treating diary manure slurry while reducing its cytogenotoxicity for living systems. The A. cepa bioassay proved to be a sensitive and reliable method for assessing the toxicity of the treated samples. The efficient solid-liquid separation and the reduction of toxicity in the liquid fraction for biological systems achieved through this treatment process highlight its potential for sustainable management of livestock waste and the preservation of water quality. Nevertheless, further studies are required to assess the toxicity of solid fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thilomi Samarakoon
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka.
| | - Toshinori Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujino
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Bhatt P, Engel BA, Shivaram KB, Turco RF, Zhou Z, Simsek H. Treatment and optimization of high-strength egg-wash wastewater effluent using electrocoagulation and electrooxidation methods. Chemosphere 2024; 347:140632. [PMID: 37967677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Egg-washing wastewater contains a high concentration of nutrition and organic matter since eggs are broken during the washing and cleaning processes. Moreover, the wastewater contains small amounts of detergents or sanitizing agents. These contaminants may pose environmental challenges when they are not properly managed or treated. The study scrutinizes the efficiency of electrocoagulation (EO) and electrooxidation (EO) approaches for egg-wash wastewater treatment. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the operational parameters. The removal efficiencies of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD 90%), ammonia (NH3-N 91%), nitrate (NO3--N 97%), nitrite (NO2--N 89.3%), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN 91%), and phosphate (90%) were measured under various treatment conditions. The optimum treatment conditions achieved in the combined EC + EO process were pH 6.0, current density 20 mA cm-2, and electrolysis time of 60 min, respectively. Degradation kinetics of the egg-wash pollutants showed a significant reduction in half-life (t1/2) with EO (after EC-Aluminum) at 15 min, 12 min, 17 min, and 15 min for sCOD, NO2--N. NO3--N, and TDN, respectively. Whereas the half-life of NH3-N (18 min) and phosphate (17 min) reduced significantly with the EO (after EC-iron). Al and Fe electrodes coupled with boron-doped diamond were found efficient for pollutant removal. Environmental implication. Egg-wash wastewater has a high protein content and contains nutrients that are essential for living organisms. While these compounds can be valuable for agricultural use by increasing soil phosphate concentration, they can also become an issue if the excess nutrients are not properly managed. The soil has a threshold limit for holding phosphate, and any excess amount may be transported through surface runoff or contaminate groundwater through leachate, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems and water quality. This study explores the efficiency of electrocoagulation and electrooxidation methods in treating egg-wash wastewater. These methods aim to remove pollutants and reduce their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bernard A Engel
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Karthik B Shivaram
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ronald F Turco
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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3
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Mosur Nagarajan A, Subramanian A, Prasad Gobinathan K, Mohanakrishna G, Sivagami K. Electrochemical-based approaches for the treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater. J Environ Manage 2023; 344:118385. [PMID: 37392690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, emerging contaminants (ECs) like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater have become a major concern in the environment. Electrochemical treatment technologies proved to be more efficient to degrade or remove PPCPs present in the wastewater. Electrochemical treatment technologies have been the subject of intense research for the past few years. Attention has been given to electro-oxidation and electro-coagulation by industries and researchers, indicating their potential to remediate PPCPs and mineralization of organic and inorganic contaminants present in wastewater. However, difficulties arise in the successful operation of scaled-up systems. Hence, researchers have identified the need to integrate electrochemical technology with other treatment technologies, particularly advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Integration of technologies addresses the limitation of indiviual technologies. The major drawbacks like formation of undesired or toxic intermediates, s, energy expenses, and process efficacy influenced by the type of wastewater etc., can be reduced in the combined processes. The review discusses the integration of electrochemical technology with various AOPs, like photo-Fenton, ozonation, UV/H2O2, O3/UV/H2O2, etc., as an efficient way to generate powerful radicals and augment the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The processes are targeted for PPCPs such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, polyparaben and carbamezapine. The discussion concerns itself with the various advantages/disadvantages, reaction mechanisms, factors involved, and cost estimation of the individual and integrated technologies. The synergistic effect of the integrated technology is discussed in detail and remarks concerning the prospects subject to the investigation are also stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mosur Nagarajan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Faculty of Process and Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aishwarya Subramanian
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; School of Process Engineering, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Krishna Prasad Gobinathan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; School of Process Engineering, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- Center for Energy and Environment (CEE), School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India.
| | - Krishnasamy Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Zhang Y, Gu L, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li Q, Yu S, Li C, Wei K. Energy-efficient reuse of bio-treated textile wastewater by a porous-structure electrochemical PbO2 filter: Performance and mechanism. Environ Res 2023; 231:116254. [PMID: 37245572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel porous-structure electrochemical PbO2 filter (PEF-PbO2) was developed to achieve the reuse of bio-treated textile wastewater. The characterization of PEF-PbO2 confirmed that its coating has a variable pore size that increases with depth from the substrate, and the pores with a size of 5 μm account for the largest proportion. The study on the role of this unique structure illustrated that PEF-PbO2 possesses a larger electroactive area (4.09 times) than the conventional electrochemical PbO2 filter (EF-PbO2) and enhanced mass transfer (1.39 times) in flow mode. The investigation of operating parameters with a special discussion of electric energy consumption suggested that the optimal conditions were a current density of 3 mA cm-2, Na2SO4 concentration of 10 g L-1 and pH value of 3, which resulted in 99.07% and 53.3% removal of Rhodamine B and TOC, respectively, together with an MCETOC of 24.6%. A stable removal of 65.9% COD and 99.5% Rhodamine B with a low electric energy consumption of 5.19 kWh kg-1 COD under long-term reuse of bio-treated textile wastewater indicated that PEF-PbO2 was durable and energy-efficient in practical applications. Mechanism study by simulation calculation illustrated that the part of the pore of the PEF-PbO2's coating with small size (5 μm) plays an important role in this excellent performance which provides the advantage of rich ·OH concentration, short pollutant diffusion distance and high contact possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Liankai Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Shuyan Yu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Congju Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kajia Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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5
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Li S, Zeng F, Zheng S, Fan Z, Huang L. Multivariate optimization of characteristic parameters of continuous-flow system with a front buffer tank for industrial reverse osmosis concentrate treatment. Chemosphere 2023:139078. [PMID: 37268228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) was electrochemically oxidized using a continuous-flow system (CFS) with a front buffer tank. Multivariate optimization including Plackett-Burman (PBD) and central composite design based on response surface method (CCD-RSM) was implemented to investigate the effects of characteristic (e.g., recirculation ratio (R value), ratio of buffer tank and electrolytic zone (RV value)) and routine (e.g., current density (i), inflow linear velocity (v) and electrode spacing (d)) parameters. R, v values and current density significantly influenced chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N removal and effluent active chlorine species (ACS) level, while electrode spacing and RV value had negligible effects. High chloride content of industrial ROC facilitated the generation of ACS and subsequent mass transfer, low hydraulic retention time (HRT) of electrolytic cell improved the mass transfer efficiency, and high HRT of buffer tank prolonged the reaction between the pollutants and oxidants. The significance levels of COD removal, energy efficiency, effluent ACS level and toxic byproduct level CCD-RSM models were validated by statistical test results, including higher F value than critical effect value, lower P value than 0.05, low deviation between predicted and observed values, and normal distribution of calculated residuals. The highest pollutant removal was achieved at a high R value, a high current density and a low v value; the highest energy efficiency was achieved at a high R, a low current density and a high v value; the lowest effluent ACS and toxic byproduct levels were achieved at a low R value, a low current density and a high v value. Following the multivariate optimization, the optimum parameters were decided to be v = 1.2 cm h-1, i ≥ 8 mA cm-2, d ≥ 4, RV = 10-20 and R = 1 to achieve better effluent quality (i.e., lower effluent pollutant, ACS and toxic byproduct levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Li
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Fantang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhongya Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Lu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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6
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Miripour ZS, Ghahremani A, Karimi K, Jahanbakhsh F, Abbasvandi F, Hoseinpour P, Parniani M, Abdolahad M. Electrochemical therapy (EChT) of cancer tumor with an external anode, a way to achieve pathological complete response. Med Oncol 2023; 40:117. [PMID: 36928512 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for re-evaluation of electrochemical therapy (EChT) approaches of solid tumors to address the challenges of the currently used method: incomplete pathological response. The coexistence of anode and cathode in the tumor region resulted in acid-alkaline mixation (buffered pH) when the electrodes are so near each other (d < 1 cm), and in the non-affected lesions when the electrodes are far from each other (d > 1 cm), both have resulted in intact tumoral lesions in EChT field. Here, we presented a designation model study of EChT with an external anode out of the tumor and filled the tumor with dense distribution of cathode electrodes to completely destroy the tumoral lesions without any remaining vital tumoral residues. Anode was located in a biological ionic gel chamber (located on top of the skin) which mediates the ionic interface between the external anode and intratumoral cathode. Our newly reported method can solve the lack of a comprehensive therapeutic guideline for any solid tumors. A remarkable increase in the efficiency of EChT without any over-treating was achieved by alkaline therapy of the tumor (without any limitation in locating cathodic needles all over the tumor) and an external acidic region on top of the skin in a cylindrical gel chamber. We found that the destructive volumes and treating ability of mice tumors by this newly represented method were more significant than the conventional EChT method in fewer therapy sessions and no damage to the skin (both anode and cathode electrodes inside the tumor) (P < 0.05). Results of this study applied to mouse model tumors shed new light on returning attraction to EChT as a valuable complementary method for treating different types of solid breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sadat Miripour
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
- UT&TUMS Cancer Electronics Research Center, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghahremani
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koosha Karimi
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Jahanbakhsh
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Abbasvandi
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 15179/64311, Tehran, Iran
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, P.O. Box: 15179/64311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Hoseinpour
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
- SEPAS Pathology Lab, P. O. Box: 1991945391, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Parniani
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, P.O. Box: 15179/64311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdolahad
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran.
- UT&TUMS Cancer Electronics Research Center, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran.
- Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1419733141, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Sarfo DK, Kaur A, Marshall DL, O'Mullane AP. Electrochemical degradation and mineralisation of organic dyes in aqueous nitrate solutions. Chemosphere 2023; 316:137821. [PMID: 36640986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical treatment of organic matter for environmental remediation necessitates the development of cheap and robust electrodes that are chemically and structurally stable. To address this challenging requirement, we demonstrate a new electrochemical approach using a simple copper electrode under cathodic conditions to electrochemically generate reactive nitrosonium ions for the degradation of different classes of synthetic organic dyes. This could be achieved in an aqueous HNO3/KNO3 electrolyte at a relatively low cathodic potential of -0.5 V RHE at room temperature. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry and total organic carbon measurements revealed the rapid decolorisation and mineralisation of several dye types such as triarylmethane dyes (crystal violet, cresol red), an azo dye (methyl orange) as well as a sulfur containing thiazine dye (toluidine blue). The total organic carbon content of a 50 mg L-1 methyl orange solution was found to decrease by 83% after 1 h of electrolysis. Promisingly, locally sourced river and creek water samples spiked with 50 mg L-1 methyl orange were also successfully treated for up to 6 cycles at a simple Cu electrode, demonstrating potential for the remediation of polluted waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Sarfo
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Arshdeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
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8
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Veloso WB, Ataide VN, Rocha DP, Nogueira HP, de Siervo A, Angnes L, Muñoz RAA, Paixão TRLC. 3D-printed sensor decorated with nanomaterials by CO 2 laser ablation and electrochemical treatment for non-enzymatic tyrosine detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:63. [PMID: 36670263 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The combination of CO2 laser ablation and electrochemical surface treatments is demonstrated to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) 3D-printed electrodes through the growth of flower-like Na2O nanostructures on their surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the combination of treatments ablated the electrode's polymeric layer, exposing a porous surface where Na2O flower-like nanostructures were formed. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes was measured by the reversibility of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple presenting a significantly improved performance compared with electrodes treated by only one of the steps. Electrodes treated by the combined method also showed a better electrochemical response for tyrosine oxidation. These electrodes were used as a non-enzymatic tyrosine sensor for quantification in human urine samples. Two fortified urine samples were analyzed, and the recovery values were 106 and 109%. The LOD and LOQ for tyrosine determination were 0.25 and 0.83 μmol L-1, respectively, demonstrating that the proposed devices are suitable sensors for analyses of biological samples, even at low analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Veloso
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa N Ataide
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Pitanga, PR, 85200-000, Brazil
| | - Helton P Nogueira
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Abner de Siervo
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin," Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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9
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Bettman N, Alam R, Patterson-Fortin L, Asadi M, McPhedran K. Optimization and assessment of an electrochemical advanced oxidation system for synthetic stormwater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:81505-81519. [PMID: 35729396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (eAOPs) such as the current advanced oxidation system (AOS) are a type of electrochemical wastewater treatment that creates oxidative species, such as iodide species, chloride species, and hydroxyl radicals, that can treat even the most recalcitrant contaminants. It is important to determine the concentrations and locations of oxidative species in eAOPs for optimization of the wastewater treatment process. In this study, a spectrophotometric methodology was used to determine concentrations of iodide and chloride oxidative species (starting at 10, 25, and 50 ppm) within an AOS under various input voltages (6, 12, and 24 V). Overall, it was found that iodate and chlorite were the dominant species created in their respective treatments. Additionally, the concentration of iodide oxidative species increased with increasing voltage, whereas the chloride species decreased with increasing voltage. The optimal conditions for the efficient creation of AOS oxidative species were 12 V and 10 ppm potassium iodide and 6 V and 10 ppm sodium chloride, respectively. In addition, the use of iodide is recommended for wastewater treatment using the AOS to effectively create oxidative species. Following optimization, the AOS performance was tested for synthetic stormwater. Results indicated that the AOS performed well for reduction of Escherichia coli; however, reduction of other contaminants was inconsistent as would be expected given the AOS was optimized for disinfection, not decontamination. Further AOS optimization for decontamination would be expected to result in improved decontamination performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bettman
- Department of Civil, Geological & Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Raquibul Alam
- Department of Civil, Geological & Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | | | - Mohsen Asadi
- Department of Civil, Geological & Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Kerry McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological & Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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10
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Bracher GH, Carissimi E, Wolff DB, Glusczak AG, Graepin C. Performance of an electrocoagulation-flotation system in the treatment of domestic wastewater for urban reuse. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:49439-49456. [PMID: 35583758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater is an important alternative source of water in the face of a growing discrepancy between water availability and demand. The use of techniques that enable the urban reuse of treated sewage is essential to make cities more sustainable and resilient to water scarcity. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation-flotation system in the treatment of domestic wastewater for urban reuse. The study was performed using raw domestic wastewater samples. The electrocoagulation-flotation system was a cylindrical reactor with aluminum electrodes. The treatment conditions involved agitation at 262.5 rpm, electrical current of 1.65 A, electrolysis time of 25 min, an initial pH of 6, and inter-electrode distance of 1 cm. Overall, the electrocoagulation-flotation system was highly efficient for removal of apparent color (97.9%), chemical oxygen demand (82.9%), turbidity (95.8%), and orthophosphate phosphorous (> 98.2%). The electrocoagulation-flotation system had a consumption of electrical energy ranging from 9.5 to 13.3 kWh m-3, electrode mass from 294.7 to 557.0 g m-3, and hydrochloric acid from 4.3 to 6.6 L m-3. Sludge production in the system ranged from 1,125.7 to 1,835.7 g m-3. Treated wastewater had a satisfactory quality for several urban reuse activities. The electrocoagulation-flotation system showed potential to be used for domestic wastewater treatment for urban reuse purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Holz Bracher
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Carissimi
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Delmira Beatriz Wolff
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gabriela Glusczak
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Graepin
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
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11
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Meng LX, Sun YJ, Zhu L, Lin ZJ, Shuai XY, Zhou ZC, Chen H. Mechanism and potential risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria carrying last resort antibiotic resistance genes under electrochemical treatment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 821:153367. [PMID: 35085630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The significant rise in the number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that resulted from our abuse of antibiotics could do severe harm to public health as well as to the environment. We investigated removal efficiency and removal mechanism of electrochemical (EC) treatment based on 6 different bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater carrying 3 last resort ARGs including NDM-1, mcr-1 and tetX respectively. We found that the removal efficiency of ARGs increased with the increase of both voltage and electrolysis time while the maximum removal efficiency can reach 90%. The optimal treatment voltage and treatment time were 3 V and 120 min, respectively. Temperature, pH and other factors had little influence on the EC treatment process. The mechanism of EC treatment was explored from the macroscopic and microscopic levels by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and flow cytometry. Our results showed that EC treatment significantly changed the permeability of cell membrane and caused cells successively experience early cell apoptosis, late cell apoptosis and cell necrosis. Moreover, compared with traditional disinfection methods, EC treatment had less potential risks. The conjugative transfer frequencies of cells were significantly reduced after treatment. Less than 1% of bacteria entered the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and less than 5% of intracellular ARGs (iARGs) turned into extracellular ARGs (eARGs). Our findings provide new insights into as well as important reference for future electrochemical treatment in removing ARB from hospital wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xuan Meng
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Jie Sun
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ze-Jun Lin
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Yi Shuai
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Chao Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Özyonar F, Korkmaz MU. Sequential use of the electrocoagulation-electrooxidation processes for domestic wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 2022; 290:133172. [PMID: 34914950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the decrease in useable water resources day by day necessitates studies on the protection of resources by treating wastewater. It is also one of the best options for reusing the water to be treated, and electrochemical technologies can be an alternative to existing technologies, because of the easy operation and effectiveness of pollutants treatment. The study evaluated the treatment of domestic wastewater by Electrocoagulation-Electrooxidation successive processes in continuous and batch modes. The effects of the operational parameters on the Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation processes were determined for removals of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, turbidity, phosphate-phosphorus, nitrite-nitrogen, and Escherichia coli. The experiments revealed that the Electrocoagulation process effectively removed all pollutants but not ammonium-nitrogen. After the Electrocoagulation process was completed, ammonium-nitrogen from domestic wastewater treatment was removed with the Electrooxidation process for further treatment. The optimum operational conditions in the Electrocoagulation process were electrode type iron anode-carbon felt cathode, current density 100 A m-2, initial pH original, and operation time 20 min. Under these conditions, removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, phosphate-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and Escherichia coli were found to be 90.2%, 96%, 88.2%, 73.6%, and 97.9%, respectively. The removal efficiencies for the optimum operating conditions of the Electrooxidation process using Ti/SbO2 anode and stainless steel cathode were obtained as 95.4% (chemical oxygen demand), 89.4% (ammonium-nitrogen), and 99.99% (Escherichia coli) at 100 A m-2, 5 mm electrode distance, and 30 min operation time. Finally, the EC process is an effective process for removing chemical oxygen demand, phosphate-phosphorus, turbidity, nitrite-nitrogen, and nitrate-nitrogen. However, the Electrooxidation process is a successful process for the treatment of ammonium-nitrogen and Escherichia coli. This research revealed that the sequential processes effectively removed organic, inorganic, and Escherichia coli from domestic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Özyonar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Utku Korkmaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
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13
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Lobo GP, Kalyan B, Gadgil AJ. Electrochemical deposition of amorphous aluminum oxides on lead pipes to prevent lead leaching into the drinking water. J Hazard Mater 2022; 423:127195. [PMID: 34544000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over 5000 public drinking water systems in the US are out of compliance with the Lead and Copper Rule. Lead leaching from lead pipes is limited by the solubility of a naturally occurring scale. Changes in water quality may cause this scale to become more soluble, releasing lead into the drinking water. We propose a novel electrochemical method to prevent lead leaching from lead pipes. In this method, an aluminum wire and an alkaline phosphate electrolyte are inserted into the pipes. The pipes are then anodized for 2 h by using an external power supply, resulting in the electrodeposition of an insoluble aluminum oxide layer on top of the preexisting scale. This technology was tested on lead pipes from the EBMUD water distribution systems located in Berkeley, CA, using recirculating synthetic and actual tap water for 120 days. The untreated pipes leached an average of 23 ppb and 38 ppb of lead respectively, when using free chlorine and monochloramine as disinfection residuals. In contrast, the treated pipes leached 3 ppb and 5 ppb respectively. These results suggest that the proposed treatment has the potential to prevent lead leaching regardless of the disinfection residual and thus should be further explored in a field trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Lobo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
| | - B Kalyan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
| | - A J Gadgil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States.
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14
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Yang C, Fan Y, Shang S, Li P, Li XY. Fabrication of a permeable SnO 2-Sb reactive anodic filter for high-efficiency electrochemical oxidation of antibiotics in wastewater. Environ Int 2021; 157:106827. [PMID: 34418849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (ECO) is an appealing technology for treating emerging organic pollutants in wastewater. However, the conventional flow-by ECO process is expensive with a low energy efficiency owing to the limitations of mass transport of contaminants to the limited surface area of the anode. In this study, a novel freestanding porous and permeable SnO2-Sb anode was fabricated by one-step sintering using micrometer-sized (NH4)2CO3 grains as the pore-forming agents. This permeable SnO2-Sb anode without Ti substrate functioned as a reactive anodic filter (RAF) in an ECO cell to treat wastewater containing ciprofloxacin (CIP). Forcing the wastewater through the porous RAF depth-wise improved the mass transport and vastly enlarged the electroactive surface area. Compared with the conventional flow-by configuration, the flow-through RAF exhibited a 12-fold increase in the mass transfer rate constant (60.7 × 10-6 m s-1) and a 5-fold increase in the CIP degradation rate constant (0.077 min-1). At a cell potential of 4.0 V, more than 92% of the CIP was degraded in a single-pass operation at a filtration flux of 54 L m-2 h-1 and a short retention time of 1.7 min through the RAF. The robustness and stability of the RAF were demonstrated by its remarkable CIP degradation efficacy of 99% during 200 h of operation. The mechanism of CIP degradation was examined using probe molecules and density functional theory calculations and found to be a combined effect of direct electron transfer and oxidation by generated radicals (OH and SO4-). The great potential of RAF in flow-through ECO was further validated by its effective removal (>92%) of various organic pollutants in actual municipal wastewater at a low energy consumption of 0.33 kWh m-3. The RAF-based ECO process thus provides an advanced environmental technology for the oxidation of toxic and recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiang Fan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Oseghe EO, Idris AO, Feleni U, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM. A review on water treatment technologies for the management of oxoanions: prospects and challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:61979-61997. [PMID: 34561799 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxoanions are a class of contaminants that are easily released into the aquatic systems either through natural or anthropogenic activities. Depending on their oxidation states, they are highly mobile, resulting in the contamination of underground water. Above the permissible level in groundwater, they pose as threats to mammals when the contaminated water is consumed. Some of the health challenges caused are cancer, neurological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and skin disorders. Several treatment technologies have been adopted over the years for the management of these oxoanions present in the aquatic systems. However interesting these treatment technologies might be, they also have their limitations such as cost-effectiveness, the complexity of the process, and generation of secondary pollutants. This work focused on some of the water treatment technologies applied for the removal of oxoanions. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of these treatment technologies are also highlighted. Amongst all the treatment technologies, adsorption is the most applied method for the removal of oxoanions. However, photocatalysis has a higher prospect since it is non-selective and secondary pollutants are not generated after the treatment process. Also, photocatalysis can simultaneously reduce and oxidise oxoanions as well as organic pollutants respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekemena Oghenovoh Oseghe
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa.
| | - Azeez Olayiwola Idris
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Usisipho Feleni
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Bhekie Brilliance Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
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16
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Mallick SP, Ryan DR, Venkiteshwaran K, McNamara PJ, Mayer BK. Electro-oxidation to convert dissolved organic nitrogen and soluble non-reactive phosphorus to more readily removable and recoverable forms. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130876. [PMID: 34134436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment processes cannot effectively remove dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and soluble non-reactive phosphorus (sNRP), which can pose regulatory compliance challenges for total nitrogen and total phosphorus discharges. Moreover, DON and sNRP are not easily recoverable for beneficial reuse as part of the waste to resource paradigm. Conversion of DON and sNRP to more readily removable dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (sRP), respectively, will help meet stringent nutrient limits and facilitate nutrient recovery. In this study, electro-oxidation (EO) was evaluated for conversion of four DON compounds to DIN and five sNRP compounds to sRP. EO was more efficient and provided higher extents of conversion of the recalcitrant nutrient fractions compared to a more traditional advanced oxidation process, UV/H2O2. Direct electron transfer was likely the dominant oxidation mechanism for EO-based DON and sNRP conversion, with DON being more recalcitrant. Among the DON compounds tested, greater availability of primary amine (C-N bonds) yielded greater conversion compared to compounds with fewer primary amine or those with secondary amine (C-N-C bond). Among the sNRP compounds tested, those with P-O-C bonds (organic sNRP) converted more readily than those with P-O-P bonds (inorganic sNRP), presumably because cleavage of the latter bond requires greater energy. Using 30 min of EO treatment, the highest DON and sNRP compound conversion was 11.7 ± 0.09% for urea and 31.1 ± 0.75% for beta-glycerol phosphate. A similar extent of EO-based conversion of DON (6.41 ± 1.5%) and sNRP (32.7 ± 3.3%) was observed in real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia P Mallick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Donald R Ryan
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Kaushik Venkiteshwaran
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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17
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de Santana Mota WJ, de Oliveira Santiago Santos G, Resende Dória A, Rubens Dos Reis Souza M, Krause LC, Salazar-Banda GR, Barrios Eguiluz KI, López JA, Hernández-Macedo ML. Enhanced HCB removal using bacteria from mangrove as post-treatment after electrochemical oxidation using a laser-prepared Ti/RuO 2-IrO 2-TiO 2 anode. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130875. [PMID: 34134435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental persistence of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a challenge that promotes studies for efficient treatment alternatives to minimize its environmental impact. Here, we evaluated the HCB removal by electrochemical, biological, and combined approaches. The electrochemical treatment of 4 μM HCB solutions was performed using a synthesized Ti/RuO2-IrO2-TiO2 anode, while the biological treatment using mangrove-isolated bacteria was at 24, 48, and 72 h. The HCB degradability was assessed by analyzing chemical oxygen demand (COD), microbial growth capacity in media supplemented with HCB as the only carbon source, gas chromatography, and ecotoxicity assay after treatments. The synthesized anode showed a high voltammetric charge and catalytic activity, favoring the HCB biodegradability. All bacterial isolates exhibited the ability to metabolize HCB, especially Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus luteus. The HCB degradation efficiency of the combined electrochemical-biological treatment was evidenced by a high COD removal percentage, the non-HCB detection by gas chromatography, and a decrease in ecotoxicity tested with lettuce seeds. The combination of electrochemical pretreatment with microorganism degradation was efficient to remove HCB, thereby opening up prospects for in situ studies of areas contaminated by this recalcitrant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Jeane de Santana Mota
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Industrial Biotechnology Graduation, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Gessica de Oliveira Santiago Santos
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Aline Resende Dória
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Michel Rubens Dos Reis Souza
- Materials Synthesis and Chromatography Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Industrial Biotechnology Graduation, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Laiza Canielas Krause
- Materials Synthesis and Chromatography Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Industrial Biotechnology Graduation, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Richard Salazar-Banda
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.
| | - Jorge A López
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Industrial Biotechnology Graduation, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - María Lucila Hernández-Macedo
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research and Technology Institute - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Industrial Biotechnology Graduation, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
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18
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Divyapriya G, Singh S, Martínez-Huitle CA, Scaria J, Karim AV, Nidheesh PV. Treatment of real wastewater by photoelectrochemical methods: An overview. Chemosphere 2021; 276:130188. [PMID: 33743419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An inadequate and inefficient performance ability of conventional methods to remove persistent organic pollutants urges the need of alternative or complementary advanced wastewater treatments methods to ensure the safer reuse of reclaimed water. Photoelectrochemical methods are emerging as promising options among other advanced oxidation processes because of the higher treatment efficiency achieved due to the synergistic effects of combined photochemical and electrolysis reactions. Synergistic effects of integrated photochemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical processes not only increase the hydroxyl radical production; an enhancement on the mineralization ability through various side reactions is also achieved. In this review, fundamental reaction mechanisms of different photoelectrochemical methods including photoelectrocatalysis, photo/solar electro-Fenton, photo anodic oxidation, photoelectroperoxone and photocatalytic fuel cell are discussed. Various integrated photochemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical processes and their synergistic effects are elaborated. Different reactor configurations along with the positioning of electrodes, photocatalysts and light source of the individual/combined photoelectrochemical treatment systems are discussed. Modified photoanode and cathode materials used in the photoelectrochemical reactors and their performance ability is presented. Photoelectrochemical treatment of real wastewater such as landfill leachate, oil mill, pharmaceutical, textile, and tannery wastewater are reviewed. Hydrogen production efficiency in the photoelectrochemical process is further elaborated. Cost and energy involved in these processes are briefed, but the applicability of photocatalytic fuel cells to reduce the electrical dependence is also summarised. Finally, the use of photoelectrochemical approaches as an alternative for treating soil washing effluents is currently discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Divyapriya
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Omvati Devi Degree College, Bhalaswagaj, Haridwar, India
| | - Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jaimy Scaria
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ansaf V Karim
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | - P V Nidheesh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
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19
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Cao Q, Lucktong J, Shao Z, Chang Y, Venton BJ. Electrochemical treatment in KOH renews and activates carbon fiber microelectrode surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021. [PMID: 34302181 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are the standard electrodes for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of neurotransmitters. CFMEs are generally used untreated but the surface can be activated with different treatments to improve electrochemical performance. In this work, we explored electrochemical treatments to clean and activate the CFME surface. We used different solution conditions for electrochemical treatment and found that electrochemical pretreatment in KOH outperforms treatment in KCl, H2O2, or HCl by accelerating the surface renewal process. The etching rate of carbon with electrochemical treatment in KOH is 37 nm/min, which is 10 times faster than that in the other solutions. Electrochemical treatment in KOH for several minutes regenerates a new carbon surface, which introduces more oxygen functional groups beneficial for adsorption and electron transfer. The KOH-treated CFMEs improved the limit of detection (LOD) to 9 ± 2 nM from 14 ± 4 nM for untreated CFMEs, and they successfully detected stimulated dopamine release in rat brain slices, demonstrating that they are stable and sensitive enough to use in biological systems. Electrochemical treatment in KOH completely restores the electrode sensitivity after biofouling. The proposed electrochemical treatment is simple and fast and can be applied prior to using CFMEs or after use to restore the surface. Thus, the method has potential to be a standard step to clean the carbon surface, or restore the sensitivity of electrodes from biofouling.
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20
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Ding L, Lin H, Hetchler B, Wang Y, Wei W, Hu B. Electrochemical mitigation of hydrogen sulfide in deep-pit swine manure storage. Sci Total Environ 2021; 777:146048. [PMID: 33677300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic and hazardous gas and is commonly present in livestock operations, which occasionally causes associated exposure accidents. This study evaluated the effectiveness of electrochemical control of H2S in lab-scale swine manure storage using different electrode materials, and further selected suitable materials to demonstrate the performance of a pilot-scale field test in the deep-pit manure storage of a 200-head swine barn. In the lab-scale test, electrochemical sulfide oxidation mainly contributed to the H2S mitigation, resulting in high H2S removal efficiencies when using low carbon steel (LCS) and stainless steel 304 (SS304) as electrodes. Based on their better H2S treatment performance and lower material costs, LCS and SS304 were selected for the pilot-scale test. In a 92-day operation, the pilot-scale demonstration showed H2S removal efficiencies of 84.0% and 63.5% for LCS and SS304, respectively. A techno-economic assessment indicated that the installation and operation of the electrochemical system accounted for 16% of barn construction cost using LCS as electrodes. Further optimization may substantially decrease the electrode material consumption and the overall cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingkan Ding
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hongjian Lin
- College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Brian Hetchler
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Metropolitan State University, 700 East 7(th) Street, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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21
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Kekre KM, Anvari A, Kahn K, Yao Y, Ronen A. Reactive electrically conducting membranes for phosphorus recovery from livestock wastewater effluents. J Environ Manage 2021; 282:111432. [PMID: 33386173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel 'proof-of-concept' electrochemically based membrane filtration process for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock wastewater following an anaerobic digestion step. Reactive electrically conducting membranes are shown to precipitate and separate struvite, an eco-friendly fertilizer from synthetic livestock wastewater, resulting in the production of a solid fertilizer and a high-quality water stream, fit for irrigation. The recovery process is based on electrochemical hydrolysis and control of local pH in proximity to the surface of the membrane, and therefore, does not require chemical additives for pH adjustment. The system was assessed at varying concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus corresponding to diluted and concentrated livestock wastewater (up to 1000 mg/L of N and P). Experimental results show up to 65% removal of phosphorus and nitrogen in the first 30 min of electrochemical filtration, and the precipitates were analytically confirmed to be struvite. In addition, the recovery process was shown efficient as it resulted in limited membrane fouling and flux reduction. Fouling and precipitation results were explained by a mathematical model describing the concentration of N, P, Mg ions in the presence of an external electric field. Accordingly, precipitation takes place in proximity to the membrane's surface but not directly on it, thus, limiting surface fouling. The electrochemical filtration system does not require chemical additives for pH adjustment, and the cost associated with electrochemical membrane-based struvite recovery was calculated to be $158 per ton of dry struvite, which is about 1.4 times lower in comparison to conventional recovery approaches. Overall, the electrochemical filtration system may be a promising alternative for nutrient recovery from livestock wastewater in terms of operational costs, recovery efficiency, and fouling mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikeya M Kekre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Arezou Anvari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Katelyn Kahn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Avner Ronen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA.
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22
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Wang Y, Li A, Cui C. Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by electrokinetic technology: Mechanisms and applicability. Chemosphere 2021; 265:129071. [PMID: 33248732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation is a widely admitted technology forrectifying heavy metal-contaminated soil. Various technologies have been effectively developed to improve the metal removal efficiency of contaminated soil by electrochemical treatment alone or in combination with other remediation technologies. The working components for electrokinetic system, such as supplying power for electric fields, installing electrodes to generate electric fields, introducing electrolytes and other potential materials as a reactive medium are crucial. This review focuses on the specific functions of the working components in electrokinetic systems and their effects on the efficiency of heavy metal removal using electrochemical process. The advancements in working components were systematically summarized, such as power for electric fields, electrodes, electrolytes and ion exchange membrane, which have various impacts on the effectiveness of electrokinetic remediation. Additionally, this study introduces the application of dominating technologies at present coupled with electrokinetics. Overall, a judicious design and reasonable operation in the application of electrokinetic-coupled remediation should be implemented to enhance the removal process of heavy metals from contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwei Cui
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Sharif HMA, Mahmood A, Djellabi R, Cheng HY, Dong H, Ajibade FO, Ali I, Yang B, Wang AJ. Utilization of electrochemical treatment and surface reconstruction to achieve long lasting catalyst for NO x removal. J Hazard Mater 2021; 401:123440. [PMID: 33113717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalysts has seen tremendous growth recently but most strategies only report utilization of catalysts for a few initial cycles without taking into account the influence of oxygen poisoning. Here, the magnetic Fe3O4@EDTA-Fe (MEFe, having a core Fe3O4 particle with EDTA-Fe coating) was investigated as a model catalyst for long-term recycling for the removal of nitrogen oxide (NOx) from NO/O2 mixture, followed by N2O recovery. The concentration of oxygen in the flue gas was found to have a strong impact on NOx absorption and catalytic response. To circumvent the oxygen poisoning, the MEFe was subjected to electrochemical treatment in the presence of neutral red (N.R.) and NO removal efficiency was ∼95 % noted. Furthermore, the surface of the catalyst degraded significantly (p < 0.05) after 6-7 repetitive cycling due to surface catalytic reactions, surface poisoning, oxidation of metallic species as well as residual stresses. The MEFe surface was reconstructed after 7 cycles using EDTA solution and Fe source to achieve similar surface coating as the fresh MEFe catalyst. The reconstructed MEFe exhibited similar NOx absorption capability as the fresh MEFe and the reconstruction loop was repeated several times to achieve long term cycling, which make the catalyst cost-effective. Hence, it is proposed that a successful regeneration process can be employed for promising, sustainable and long-lasting catalytic treatment of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Adeel Sharif
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Asif Mahmood
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Hao-Yi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Heng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
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Brewster ET, Freguia S, Edraki M, Berry L, Ledezma P. Staged electrochemical treatment guided by modelling allows for targeted recovery of metals and rare earth elements from acid mine drainage. J Environ Manage 2020; 275:111266. [PMID: 32846359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a challenge for current and legacy mining operations worldwide given its potential to severely harm ecosystems and communities if inadequately managed. Treatment costs for AMD are amongst the highest in the industrial wastewater treatment sector, with limited sustainable options available to date. This work demonstrates a novel chemical-free approach to tackle AMD, whereby staged electrochemical neutralisation is employed to treat AMD and concomitantly recover metals as precipitates. This approach was guided by physico-chemical modelling and tested on real AMD from two different legacy mine sites in Australia, and compared against conventional chemical-dosing-based techniques using hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The electrochemical treatment demonstrated the same capacity than Ca(OH)2 to neutralise AMD and remove sulfates, and both were significantly better than NaOH. However, the electrochemical approach produced less voluminous and more easily settleable sludge than Ca(OH)2. Moreover, the staged treatment approach demonstrated the potential to produce metal-rich powdered solids with a targeted composition, including rare earth elements and yttrium (REY). REY were recovered in concentrations up to 0.1% of the total solids composition, illustrating a new avenue for AMD remediation coupled with the recovery of critical metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Thompson Brewster
- Kinetic Group Worldwide Pty Ltd, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia; Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mansour Edraki
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Luke Berry
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Pablo Ledezma
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Bakheet B, Prodanovic V, Deletic A, McCarthy D. Effective treatment of greywater via green wall biofiltration and electrochemical disinfection. Water Res 2020; 185:116228. [PMID: 32736285 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Low energy and cost solutions are needed to combat raising water needs in urbanised areas and produce high quality recycled water. In this study, we investigated key processes that drive a unique greywater treatment train consisting of a passive green wall biofiltration system followed by disinfection using a Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In both systems, the treatment was performed without any additional chemicals and pollutants of concern were monitored for process evaluation. The green wall system removed over 90% of turbidity, apparent colour, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and biological oxygen demand, and 1 log of E. coli and total coliforms, mostly through biological processes. The green wall effluent met several proposed greywater reuse guidelines, except for E. coli and total coliform treatment (below 10 MPN/100 mL). Further disinfection of treated greywater (contained 28 mg/L Cl¯ and electrical conductivity (EC) of 181.3 µS/cm) by electrolysis at current density 25 mA/cm2 inactivated over 3.5 logs of both E. coli and total coliforms, in 10 - 15 min of electrolysis, resulting in recycled water with less than 2 MPN/100 mL. A synergistic effect between electrochemically-generated free chlorines and reactive oxygen species contributed to the inactivation process. Although the treated water contained diluted chloride and had low EC, estimated energy consumption was just 0.63 - 0.83 kWh/m3. This is the first study to show the effectiveness of a low energy and a low cost greywater treatment train that combines green urban infrastructure with BDD electrochemical treatment process with SPE, offering a reliable and an environmentally-friendly method for greywater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Bakheet
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Veljko Prodanovic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ana Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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26
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Enmili A, Monette F, Yahiat C, Amor M, Hedhli A, Azzouz A. Aluminosilicate-catalyzed electrochemical removal of ammonium cation from water -kinetics and selectivity. Environ Res 2020; 185:109412. [PMID: 32234598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminosilicate-catalyzed electrochemical decomposition of ammonium cation (NH4+) in water was investigated using NH4+-saturated clinoptilolite and copper-nickel electrodes in the presence of different salts and acidic species. The results showed beneficial roles of chloride anion and moderately acidic media. NH4+ adsorbed by the zeolites was converted with a 98% selectivity into nitrogen. The process was found to obey zero-order kinetics in the presence of clinoptilolite and a first order process when NaCl is added. Beneficial buffering effects of the zeolite and acidic species were registered. Clinoptilolite turned out to act as both catalyst and NH4+ reservoir. These results allow envisaging effective and waste-free technology in treating NH4+-rich aqueous effluents through total electroconversion into nitrogen using low cost aluminosilicates. Clay minerals, soils, sludges and natural water turbidity are potential catalysts for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Enmili
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Frédéric Monette
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Chakib Yahiat
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Makram Amor
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Ali Hedhli
- University of Quebec at Montreal, Department of Chemistry, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Abdelkrim Azzouz
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada; University of Quebec at Montreal, Department of Chemistry, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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27
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Liu X, Novak JT, He Z. Synergistically coupling membrane electrochemical reactor with Fenton process to enhance landfill leachate treatment. Chemosphere 2020; 247:125954. [PMID: 32069725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is challenging to treat due to its complex composition. Advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton process can be effective to treat leachate. Herein, a previously developed membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) was coupled with Fenton oxidation through providing synergistic benefits with the low solution pH, reduced organics, and ammonia removal/recovery. This two-stage coupled system reduced the leachate COD by 88%, much higher than that from the standalone Fenton process treating raw leachate. In addition, the usage of chemical reagents has been greatly reduced. At a dimensionless oxidant dose of 1.0, the coupled MER-Fenton system reduced the consumption of both FeSO4⋅7H2O and H2O2 by 39%, H2SO4 by 100%, and NaOH by 55%. Consequently, the sludge production was reduced by 51% in weight and 12% in volume. Despite electricity consumption by the MER, the coupled system cost $4.76 per m3 leachate less than the standalone Fenton treatment. More notably, direct Fenton oxidation removed only 21% of ammonia; in comparison the MER-Fenton system removed ammonia by 98% with the possibility for recovery at a rate of 30.6-55.2 kg N m-3 reactor d-1. Those results demonstrate that coupling MER with Fenton process could mitigate some inherent drawbacks of Fenton oxidation such as ineffective ammonia removal, high acid and chemical reagents dose requirements, and a large amount of sludge generation. This system may be moved towards practical applications by addressing a few challenges such as using renewable energy to power MER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - John T Novak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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28
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Orts F, Bonastre J, Fernández J, Cases F. Effect of chloride on the one step electrochemical treatment of an industrial textile wastewater with tin dioxide anodes. The case of trichromy procion HEXL. Chemosphere 2020; 245:125396. [PMID: 31784183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The resulting solutions from the cotton fabrics dyeing using the trichromy Procion HEXL, with NaCl as electrolyte, were electrochemically treated. These dyes have two azo groups as chromophores and two monochlorotriazinic groups as reactive groups in their structure. The combined oxidation/reduction at 125 mA cm-2 in a filter-press cell without compartment separation was carried out using an anode of Ti/SnO2-Sb-Pt and a cathode of stainless steel. This procedure has been effective in previous experiments using sulphate as electrolyte. A significant decrease in total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total nitrogen (TN) was obtained. Moreover, the process took place efficiently. The average oxidation state (AOS) and the carbon oxidation state (COS) data confirmed the presence of stable oxidized intermediates in the electrolysed solution. The chromatography and the UV-Visible spectrophotometry assays indicated that full decolourisation is obtained at a loaded charge of around 0.81 Ah L-1 which is associated with an electrical energy per order (EEO) of 1.20 kWh m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Orts
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - J Bonastre
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - J Fernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - F Cases
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain.
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29
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Misal SN, Lin MH, Mehraeen S, Chaplin BP. Modeling electrochemical oxidation and reduction of sulfamethoxazole using electrocatalytic reactive electrochemical membranes. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121420. [PMID: 31685319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this research, degradation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was studied using electrochemical reduction and oxidation in single pass, flow-through mode using porous titanium suboxide (Ti4O7) reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs) and Pd-Cu doped Ti4O7 REMs (Pd-Cu/Ti4O7 REMs). Electrochemical reduction of SMX increased from 3.8 ± 0.3% for the Ti4O7 REM to 96.1 ± 3.9% for the Pd-Cu/Ti4O7 REM at -1.14 V/SHE and at a permeate flux of 300 L m-2 h-1 (LMH) (liquid residence time: ∼1.8 s). By contrast, electrochemical oxidation using Ti4O7 REMs achieved 95.7 ± 1.0% removal of SMX at 2.03 V/SHE and a permeate flux of 300 LMH (liquid residence time: ∼9.0 s) without the catalyst addition. We developed a reactive transport mathematical model and calibrated it to the SMX experimental data. The calibrated model predicted SMX permeate concentrations at fixed potentials and as a function of permeate flux. Based on products from SMX reduction, we proposed that SMX was reduced by a hydrogen atom transfer reaction that was mediated by the Pd-Cu/Ti4O7 REM. Toxicity tests indicated that electrochemical oxidation/reduction lowered solution toxicity. The results of this work indicate that a tandem electrochemical reduction/oxidation approach using the REM-based technology is a potential treatment strategy for sulfonamide-contaminated pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh N Misal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 S. Clinton St., Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 S. Clinton St., Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - Shafigh Mehraeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 S. Clinton St., Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 S. Clinton St., Chicago, IL, 60607, United States.
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30
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Klein N, Mercadal B, Stehling M, Ivorra A. In vitro study on the mechanisms of action of electrolytic electroporation (E2). Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 133:107482. [PMID: 32062417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrolytic Electroporation (E2) is the combination of reversible electroporation and electrolysis. It has been proposed as a novel treatment option to ablate tissue percutaneously. The present in vitro study in cells in suspension was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action of E2. Different types of experiments were performed to isolate the effects of the electrolysis and the electroporation components of the treatment. Additionally, thermal simulations were performed to determine whether significant temperature increase contributes to the effect. The results indicate that E2's cell killing efficacy is due to a combinational effect of electrolysis and reversible electroporation that takes place within the first two minutes after E2 application. The results further show that cell death after E2 treatment is significantly delayed. These observations suggest that cell death is induced in permeabilized cells due to the uptake of electrolysis species. Thermal simulations revealed a significant but innocuous temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klein
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Roc Boronat 138, E-08018 Barcelona, Spain; Institut fur Bildgebende Diagnostik, Strahlenbergerstrasse 110, 63067 Offenbach, Germany; Inter Science GmbH, Reussblickstr 23, 6038 Gisikon, Lucerne, Switzerland; Catalan Industrial Doctorates Program, Spain.
| | - Borja Mercadal
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Roc Boronat 138, E-08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Stehling
- Institut fur Bildgebende Diagnostik, Strahlenbergerstrasse 110, 63067 Offenbach, Germany; Inter Science GmbH, Reussblickstr 23, 6038 Gisikon, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Antoni Ivorra
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Roc Boronat 138, E-08018 Barcelona, Spain; Serra Húnter Fellow Programme, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Carboneras MB, Rodrigo MA, Canizares P, Villasenor J, Fernandez-Morales FJ. Removal of oxyfluorfen from polluted effluents by combined bio-electro processes. Chemosphere 2020; 240:124912. [PMID: 31574437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the combination of biological and electrochemical processes to mineralize oxyfluorfen has been studied. First, an acclimatized mixed-culture biological treatment was used to degrade the biodegradable fraction of the pesticide, reaching up to 90% removal. After that, the non-biodegraded fraction was oxidised by electrolysis using boron-doped diamond as the anode. The results showed that the electrochemical technique was able to completely mineralize the residual pollutants. The study of the influence of the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical process showed that the trace mineral solution used in the biological treatment was enough to completely mineralize the oxyfluorfen, resulting in total organic carbon removal rates that were well-fitted by a first-order model with a kinetic constant of 0.91 h-1. However, the first-order degradation rate increased approximately 20% when Na2SO4 was added as supporting electrolyte, reaching a degradation rate of 1.16 h-1 with a power consumption that was approximately 70% lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Carboneras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Canizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Villasenor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F J Fernandez-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Rodziewicz J, Mielcarek A, Janczukowicz W, Jóźwiak T, Struk-Sokołowska J, Bryszewski K. The share of electrochemical reduction, hydrogenotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification in nitrogen removal in rotating electrobiological contactor (REBC) treating wastewater from soilless cultivation systems. Sci Total Environ 2019; 683:21-28. [PMID: 31129328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing global environmental problem of agricultural wastewater from soilless plant cultivation systems. In most countries dominate open fertilization systems, in which excess of nutrient solution is discharged in an uncontrolled way into the ground inside greenhouses or adjacent areas. Wastewater from such systems is characterized by a very high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and their discharge into the environment causes significant pollution of the water and soil environment. The goal of the research was to determine the contribution of electrochemical reduction of nitrogen, hydrogenotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification in the process of nitrogen removal in a rotating electrobiological contactor (REBC) depending on hydraulic retention time (HRT) and electric current density (J). Synthetic sewage with characteristics corresponding to wastewater from soilless cultivation of tomatoes was the subject of the research. The first part of the experiment included determination of the effect of HRT on the effectiveness of bio-processes of nutrients removal in a rotating biological contactor (RBC). The second concerned the effect of HRT and J on the effectiveness of nutrients removal in a rotating electrochemical contactor (RECC), while the third part - the effect of HRT and J on the effectiveness of nutrients removal in REBC. RBC was characterized by low efficiency of denitrification (6.2 to 9.2%). The effectiveness of nitrogen removal in RECC was determined by both electric current density and hydraulic retention time. The highest efficiency was 53.4%. REBC nitrogen removal effectiveness was higher than in RBC and in RECC. The nitrogen removal efficiency increased along with increasing values of HRT, reaching the maximum value of 68.6% for J=10.0A/m2 and HRT=24h. The contribution of hydrogenotrophic denitrification in total nitrogen removal increased with the increase of electric current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rodziewicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Artur Mielcarek
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Janczukowicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jóźwiak
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Joanna Struk-Sokołowska
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology and Systems, Wiejska St. 45E, Bialystok 15-351, Poland.
| | - Kamil Bryszewski
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
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Kirkelund GM, Jensen PE, Ottosen LM, Pedersen KB. Comparison of two- and three-compartment cells for electrodialytic removal of heavy metals from contaminated material suspensions. J Hazard Mater 2019; 367:68-76. [PMID: 30594019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialytic remediation can be applied to remove heavy metals from contaminated particulate materials in suspension. The applied electric current is the cleaning agent and the heavy metals are removed by electromigration. In this study, a two-compartment cell was compared to a three-compartment cell, for several contaminated materials such as soils, sediments, mine tailings and ashes and totally 20 experiments were conducted. The pH decrease was faster in the two-compartment cell, but the metal removal was higher in the three-compartment cell since anionic metal species are removed from the material suspension in this cell set-up. For materials with relatively high chloride content, fly ash and harbour sediments, up to 38% of the metals were found in the filtrate in the two-compartment cell. Up to 9% of the current was used to transport heavy metal ions in the experiments and the current was mainly carried by H+ and Ca2+. Even with the lower pH in the two-compartment cell experiments, there was little difference in the percentage of the current carried by the metal ions between the two set-ups. Multivariate analysis showed that the choice of cell set-up depends on the metals targeted by remediation and the material characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunvor M Kirkelund
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Pernille E Jensen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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Mussa ZH, Al-Qaim FF, Yuzir A, Latip J. Electro-transformation of mefenamic acid drug: a case study of kinetics, transformation products, and toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:10044-10056. [PMID: 30756352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor removal of many pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage treatment plants leads to their discharge into the receiving waters, where they may cause negative effects for aquatic environment and organisms. In this study, electrochemical removal process has been used as alternative method for removal of mefenamic acid (MEF). For our knowledge, removal of MEF using electrochemical process has not been reported yet. Effects of initial concentration of mefenamic acid, sodium chloride (NaCl), and applied voltage were evaluated for improvement of the efficiency of electrochemical treatment process and to understand how much electric energy was consumed in this process. Removal percentage (R%) was ranged between 44 and 97%, depending on the operating parameters except for 0.1 g NaCl which was 9.1%. Consumption energy was 0.224 Wh/mg after 50 min at 2 mg/L of mefenamic acid, 0.5 g NaCl, and 5 V. High consumption energy (0.433 Wh/mg) was observed using high applied voltage of 7 V. Investigation and elucidation of the transformation products were provided by Bruker software dataAnalysis using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Seven chlorinated and two non-chlorinated transformation products were investigated after 20 min of electrochemical treatment. However, all transformation products (TPs) were eliminated after 140 min. For the assessment of the toxicity, it was impacted by the formation of transformation products especially between 20 and 60 min then the inhibition percentage of E. coli bacteria was decreased after 80 min to be the lowest value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Haider Mussa
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Babylon, PO Box 4, Hilla, Iraq.
| | - Ali Yuzir
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jalifah Latip
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Paulista LO, Presumido PH, Theodoro JDP, Pinheiro ALN. Efficiency analysis of the electrocoagulation and electroflotation treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using aluminum and graphite anodes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:19790-19800. [PMID: 29736656 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of electrocoagulation (EC) and electroflotation (EF) was investigated for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in a bench scale unit cell electrolyzer with different EC-to-EF ratios at current densities of 3, 9, and 15 mA cm-2. The EC-to-EF ratio was controlled by current reversal using aluminum and graphite electrodes. The electrochemical treatment showed satisfactory removal efficiencies for Al coagulant loads greater than 51.8 mg L-1. The 4/5 EC to EF ratio (69.1 mg L-1 Al and 32.2 NmL L-1 additional EF gas) and 3/5 (51.8 mg L-1 Al/64 NmL L-1 additional EF gas) presented the best results for the removal of COD (76-85%), color (93-99%), and turbidity (95-99%), with the additional benefit of reducing the electrode consumption and sludge disposal costs proportionally to the EC-to-EF ratio. The effects of the EC-to-EF ratio and the current density on efficiency of the electrochemical treatment for the removal of COD, apparent color, turbidity, TSS, TSD, and NH3-N were discussed in the light of the physicochemical and electrochemical processes underlying the removal mechanism for each parameter. In particular, the blow-off mechanism seems to play an important role in the NH3-N removal, whereas indirect electrooxidation mechanism accounts for a fraction of the soluble COD removal for the electrodes configuration used in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Oliveira Paulista
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Londrina, Av. dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Presumido
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Londrina, Av. dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Joseane Debora Peruço Theodoro
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Londrina, Av. dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Alexei Lorenzetti Novaes Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Londrina, Av. dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil.
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Bakheet B, Islam MA, Beardall J, Zhang X, McCarthy D. Electrochemical inactivation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and removal of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin. J Hazard Mater 2018; 344:241-248. [PMID: 29055197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to ways of removing toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water prior to its use due to public health concerns. The efficacy of treating the toxic filamentous cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (C. raciborskii) by electrolysis with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) in Chloride-free solution was investigated. At optimum current, about 87 and 93% removal of cell density at 60 and 180min and about 72 and 90% of Chl a, respectively. Additionally, a physiological test (FV/Fm) indicated that cells were completely inactivated in 45min. Furthermore, initial total cylindrospermopsin concentration 1.83μg/L was also degraded to below the detection limit (<0.05μg/L) in 30min. Hydroxyl radical (OH) played the major role in cell inactivation, however, Na2SO4 also played a minor role in algae removal due to the formation of SO4- and subsequently S2O82- by BDD electrode. The results of this study suggest that BDD electrochemical treatment of algae in Chloride-free water is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Bakheet
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Xiwang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800,Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Sandhwar VK, Prasad B. Comparison of phthalic acid removal from aqueous solution by electrochemical methods: Optimization, kinetic and sludge study. J Environ Manage 2017; 203:476-488. [PMID: 28841515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, comparative study between electrochemical processes such as electrocoagulation (EC), peroxi-coagulation (PC) and peroxi-electrocoagulation (PEC) was performed for the removal of phthalic acid (PA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from aqueous medium. Initially, acid treatment was studied at various pH (1-3) and temperature (10-55 °C). Subsequently, the supernatant was re-treated by electrochemical processes such as EC, PC and PEC separately. Independent parameters viz. pH, current density (CD), electrolyte concentration (m), electrode gap (g), H2O2 concentration and electrolysis time (t) were optimized by Central Composite Design (CCD) for these electrochemical processes. All three processes were compared based on removal, energy consumption, kinetic analysis, operating cost and sludge characteristics. In this study, PEC process was found more efficient among EC, PC and PEC processes in order to get maximum removal, minimum energy consumption and minimum operating cost. Maximum removal of PA- 68.21%, 74.36%, 82.25% & COD- 64.79%, 68.15%, 75.21% with energy consumption - 120.95, 97.51, 65.68 (kWh/kg COD removed) were attained through EC, PC and PEC processes respectively at their corresponding optimum conditions. Results indicated that PA and COD removals are in order of PEC > PC > EC under optimum conditions. First order kinetic model was found able to describe the degradation kinetics and provided best correlation for the removal rate within the acceptable error range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Sandhwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Basheshwar Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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38
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Ghasemian S, Asadishad B, Omanovic S, Tufenkji N. Electrochemical disinfection of bacteria-laden water using antimony-doped tin-tungsten-oxide electrodes. Water Res 2017; 126:299-307. [PMID: 28965032 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical disinfection has been shown to be an efficient method with a shortrequired contact time for treatment of drinking water supplies, industrial raw water supplies, liquid foodstuffs, and wastewater effluents. In the present work, the electrochemical disinfection of saline water contaminated with bacteria was investigated in chloride-containing solutions using Sb-doped Sn80%-W20%-oxide anodes. The influence of current density, bacterial load, initial chloride concentration, solution pH, and the type of bacteria (E. coli D21, E. coli O157:H7, and E. faecalis) on disinfection efficacy was systematically examined. The impact of natural organic matter and a radical scavenger on the disinfection process was also examined. The electrochemical system was highly effective in bacterial inactivation for a 0.1 M NaCl solution contaminated with ∼107 CFU/mL bacteria by applying a current density ≥1 mA/cm2 through the cell.100% inactivation of E. coli D21 was achieved with a contact time of less than 60 s and power consumption of 48 Wh/m3, by applying a current density of 6 mA/cm2 in a 0.1 M NaCl solution contaminated with ∼107 CFU/mL. Reactive chlorine species as well as reactive oxygen species (e.g. hydroxyl radicals) generated in situ during the electrochemical process were determined to be responsible for inactivation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloumeh Ghasemian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Bahareh Asadishad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Sasha Omanovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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Yu H, Zhao M, Zhang L, Dong H, Yu H, Chen Z. Investigation and improvement of a novel double-working-electrode electrochemical system for organic matter treatment from high-salinity wastewater. Environ Technol 2017; 38:2907-2915. [PMID: 28084144 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1282543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel double-working-electrode electrochemical system with air diffusion cathode (ADC) and Ti/SnO2-Sb anode (TSSA) has shown higher efficiency and lower energy consumption for the degradation of organic pollutant from high-salinity wastewater, compared to the traditional single anode system. To further investigate and improve this system, in this work, firstly the effect of vital factors of the double-working-electrode electrochemical system including initial methyl orange (MO) concentration, NaCl concentration and initial pH value of organic solution were investigated, using MO as the targeted organic pollutant, carbon black ADC (CBAC) as cathode and stainless steel mesh electrode (SSME) as control. Besides, for the further improvement of removal performance, a novel home-made activated carbon-ADC (ACAC) was studied as cathode with the same investigation process. The results showed that, in the experiments studying the effect of both initial MO and NaCl concentrations, the removal performance was in the order of TSSA-ACAC > TSSA-CBAC > TSSA-SSME in all conditions of initial MO and NaCl concentrations. However, with the pH value reduced from 6.0 to 3.0, the performances of three systems turned to be much closer to each other. Besides, ACAC played a synergistic role in MO removal by greatly improving the MO removal performance and enhancing its adaptability to the reactor parametric variation. ACAC created a weak acidic environment for accelerating the indirect electro-oxidation of MO on TSSA. The MO degradation pathways in the three systems were the same but the TSSA-ACAC system gave a higher degradation kinetics order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- a Research Center for Cleaner Production, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
- b Department of Water Resources Engineering , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Min Zhao
- a Research Center for Cleaner Production, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Linus Zhang
- b Department of Water Resources Engineering , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Heng Dong
- a Research Center for Cleaner Production, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- a Research Center for Cleaner Production, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- a Research Center for Cleaner Production, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
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Del Río AI, García C, Molina J, Fernández J, Bonastre J, Cases F. On the behavior of reduced graphene oxide based electrodes coated with dispersed platinum by alternate current methods in the electrochemical degradation of reactive dyes. Chemosphere 2017; 183:242-251. [PMID: 28550781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of different carbon-based electrodes with and without nanoparticles of platinum electrochemically dispersed on their surface has been studied. Among others, reduced graphene oxide based electrodes was used to determine the best conditions for the decolorization/degradation of the reactive dye C.I. Reactive Orange 4 in sulfuric medium. Firstly, the electrochemical behavior was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Secondly, different electrolyses were performed using two cell configurations: cell with anodic and cathodic compartments separated (divided configuration) and without any separation (undivided configuration). The best results were obtained when reduced graphene oxide based anodes were used. The degree of decolorization was monitored by spectroscopic methods and high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that all of them followed pseudo-first order kinetics. When reduced graphene oxide-based electrodes coated with dispersed platinum by alternate current methods electrodes were used, the lowest energy consumption and the higher decolorization kinetics rate were obtained. Scanning Electronic Microscopy was used to observe the morphological surface differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Del Río
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - C García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - J Molina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - J Fernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - J Bonastre
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain
| | - F Cases
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801, Alcoy, Spain.
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Ghazouani M, Akrout H, Bousselmi L. Nitrate and carbon matter removals from real effluents using Si/BDD electrode. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:9895-9906. [PMID: 27623854 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the electrochemical treatment of four real effluents which were municipal wastewater (MWW), human urine (HU), river water (Wadi), and slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW). The treatment was performed on a Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) as anode/cathode material with an applied current density of 35.7 mA cm-2 and without any reagent addition. Effluent characterization before treatment indicated that nitrogen pollution existed essentially as ammonium/ammonia ions, low level of nitrate, and in some cases as nitrite form. Organic pollution was also determined by COD values which were 920, 7300, 320, and 2280 mg O2 L-1 for MWW, HU, Wadi, and SHWW effluents, respectively. The effectiveness of the electrochemical oxidation/reduction was assessed by nitrogenous compounds and COD removals. Obtained removals underlined the simultaneous oxidation and reduction at the BDD interfaces of the main species present in the real effluents as well as the electro-generated ones. Results confirmed the high performance of BDD electrode for removal of coexistent pollutants from the studied matrix. The oxidation of organic matter and ammonium/ammonia as well as the kinetic of COD degradation was rapid in acidic medium (HU case) than that in neutral and alkaline medium (MWW, Wadi, and SHWW). Moreover, the phytotoxicity test showed less toxic behavior only in the cases of MWW and SHWW with a Germination Index equal to 58.8 and 72.2 %, respectively. The EC and ACE were also evaluated for all studied wastewaters, and the lowest EC value (0.03 kWh (g COD)-1) was obtained for the more charged effluent (HU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Ghazouani
- Laboratory of Wastewaters and Environment, Centre of Water Researches and Technologies (CERTE), Techopark Borj Cedria, Touristic road of Soliman, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Hanene Akrout
- Laboratory of Wastewaters and Environment, Centre of Water Researches and Technologies (CERTE), Techopark Borj Cedria, Touristic road of Soliman, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
| | - Latifa Bousselmi
- Laboratory of Wastewaters and Environment, Centre of Water Researches and Technologies (CERTE), Techopark Borj Cedria, Touristic road of Soliman, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
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42
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Trigueiro LF, Silva LM, Itto LABD, Oliveira TMBF, Motheo AJ, Martínez-Huitle CA, Alves JJF, Castro SSL. Inactivation, lysis and degradation by-products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electrooxidation using DSA. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:6096-6105. [PMID: 27495919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a microorganism with cell walls resistant to many types of treatments, was chosen as a model to study electrochemical disinfection process using dimensionally stable anodes (DSA). DSA electrodes with nominal composition of Ti/RuO2TiO2 and Ti/RuO2TiO2IrO2 were evaluated in 0.05 mol L-1 Na2SO4 containing yeast. The results showed inactivation about of 100 % of the microorganisms at Ti/RuO2TiO2 by applying 20 and 60 mA cm-2 after 120 min of electrolysis, while a complete inactivation at Ti/RuO2IrO2TiO2 electrode was achieved after 180 min at 60 mA cm-2. When chloride ions were added in the electrolyte solution, 100 % of the yeast was inactivated at 20 mA cm-2 after 120 min of electrolysis, independent of the anode used. In the absence of chloride, the energy consumption (EC) was of 34.80 kWh m-3, at 20 mA cm-2 by using Ti/RuO2TiO2 anode. Meanwhile, in the presence of chloride, EC was reduced, requiring 30.24 and 30.99 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2, for Ti/RuO2TiO2 and Ti/RuO2IrO2TiO2 electrodes, respectively, The best performance for cell lysis was obtained in the presence of chloride with EC of 88.80 kWh m-3 (Ti/RuO2TiO2) and 91.85 kWh m-3 (Ti/RuO2IrO2TiO2) to remove, respectively, 92 and 95 % of density yeast. The results clearly showed that yeast, as a model adopted, was efficiently inactivated and lysed by electrolysis disinfection using DSA-type electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyliane F Trigueiro
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, CP 70, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Silva
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, CP 70, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Luciana A B D Itto
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, CP 70, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Thiago M B F Oliveira
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, CP 70, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Artur J Motheo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário s/n, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Janete J F Alves
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, CP 70, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Suely S L Castro
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, CP 70, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Gargouri B, Gargouri OD, Khmakhem I, Ammar S, Abdelhèdi R, Bouaziz M. Chemical composition and direct electrochemical oxidation of table olive processing wastewater using high oxidation power anodes. Chemosphere 2017; 166:363-371. [PMID: 27700999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Table olive processing wastewater (TOW) is a notoriously polluting due to its high organic and phenol content. To reduce them, an electrochemical process has been studied for the treatment of this effluent. Experiments were performed with a cell equipped with lead dioxide (PbO2) or boron-doped diamond (BDD) as anode and platinum as cathode, where Table Olive Wastewater (TOW) were destroyed by hydroxyl radicals formed at the anode surface from water oxidation. The comparative study of both systems shows the performance of the BDD anode compared to PbO2, explained by the large amounts of hydroxyl radicals generated effective at BDD anode and its synthesis characteristics. Using LC/MS analysis, it was possible to determine hydroxytyrosol, as major phenolic compounds, in table olive processing wastewater and its concentration reach 890 mg L-1. A possible reaction mechanism oxidation for hydroxytyrosol was proposed. The kinetics decays for hydroxytyrosol degradation on PbO2 anode follows a pseudo-first order reaction with a rate constant 0.9 h-1 for japp value 20 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boutheina Gargouri
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP «1173», 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Dridi Gargouri
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP «1173», 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibtihel Khmakhem
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP «1173», 3038, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratoire d'Analyse, Valorisation et Sécurité des Aliments, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Université de Sfax, BP 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonda Ammar
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP «1173», 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Abdelhèdi
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP «1173», 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP «1173», 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Mascia M, Monasterio S, Vacca A, Palmas S. Electrochemical treatment of water containing Microcystis aeruginosa in a fixed bed reactor with three-dimensional conductive diamond anodes. J Hazard Mater 2016; 319:111-120. [PMID: 26988900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical treatment was investigated to remove Microcystis aeruginosa from water. A fixed bed reactor in flow was tested, which was equipped with electrodes constituted by stacks of grids electrically connected in parallel, with the electric field parallel to the fluid flow. Conductive diamond were used as anodes, platinised Ti as cathode. Electrolyses were performed in continuous and in batch recirculated mode with flow rates corresponding to Re from 10 to 160, current densities in the range 10-60Am(-2) and Cl(-) concentrations up to 600gm(-3). The absorbance of chlorophyll-a pigment and the concentration of products and by-products of electrolysis were measured. In continuous experiments without algae in the inlet stream, total oxidants concentrations as equivalent Cl2, of about 0.7gCl2m(-3) were measured; the maximum values were obtained at Re=10 and i=25Am(-2), with values strongly dependent on the concentration of Cl(-). The highest algae inactivation was obtained under the operative conditions of maximum generation of oxidants; in the presence of microalgae the oxidants concentrations were generally below the detection limit. Results indicated that most of the bulk oxidants electrogenerated is constituted by active chlorine. The prevailing mechanism of M. aeruginosa inactivation is the disinfection by bulk oxidants. The experimental data were quantitatively interpreted through a simple plug flow model, in which the axial dispersion accounts for the non-ideal flow behaviour of the system; the model was successfully used to simulate the performances of the reactor in the single-stack configuration used for the experiments and in multi-stack configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mascia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Sara Monasterio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vacca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simonetta Palmas
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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Fernandes A, Coelho J, Ciríaco L, Pacheco MJ, Lopes A. Electrochemical wastewater treatment: influence of the type of carbon and of nitrogen on the organic load removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:24614-24623. [PMID: 27197658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) and Ti/Pt/PbO2 anodes were utilized to perform the electrodegradation of synthetic samples containing humic acid in the presence of different organic and inorganic carbon-containing and nitrogen-containing compounds. The influence of the chloride ion in the degradation process of the different synthetic samples was also assessed. The results showed that the anodic oxidation process can efficiently degrade recalcitrant compounds such as humic acid. The presence of carbonate in solution enhances the nitrogen removal, whereas it hinders the oxidation of the organic compounds. When organic nitrogen is present, it is converted to NH4+, which in turn is oxidized to nitrate and to volatile nitrogen compounds. Hydroxyl radicals are more prone to oxidize the organic nitrogen than the ammonium nitrogen. The presence of chloride enhances the organic matter and nitrogen removal rates, BDD being the anode material that yields the highest removals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Fernandes
- FibEnTech/MTP Unit and Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - João Coelho
- FibEnTech/MTP Unit and Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Ciríaco
- FibEnTech/MTP Unit and Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria José Pacheco
- FibEnTech/MTP Unit and Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Lopes
- FibEnTech/MTP Unit and Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
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Vaiopoulou E, Provijn T, Prévoteau A, Pikaar I, Rabaey K. Electrochemical sulfide removal and caustic recovery from spent caustic streams. Water Res 2016; 92:38-43. [PMID: 26827256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spent caustic streams (SCS) are produced during alkaline scrubbing of sulfide containing sour gases. Conventional methods mainly involve considerable chemical dosing or energy expenditures entailing high cost but limited benefits. Here we propose an electrochemical treatment approach involving anodic sulfide oxidation preferentially to sulfur coupled to cathodic caustic recovery using a two-compartment electrochemical system. Batch experiments showed sulfide removal efficiencies of 84 ± 4% with concomitant 57 ± 4% efficient caustic production in the catholyte at a final concentration of 6.4 ± 0.1 wt% NaOH (1.6 M) at an applied current density of 100 A m(-2). Subsequent long-term continuous experiments showed that stable cell voltages (i.e. 2.7 ± 0.1 V) as well as constant sulfide removal efficiencies of 67 ± 5% at a loading rate of 47 g(S) L(-1) h(-1) were achieved over a period of 77 days. Caustic was produced at industrially relevant strengths for scrubbing (i.e. 5.1 ± 0.9 wt% NaOH) at current efficiencies of 96 ± 2%. Current density between 0 and 200 A m(-2) and sulfide loading rates of 50-200 g(S) L(-1) d(-1) were tested. The higher the current density the more oxidized the sulfur species produced and the higher the sulfide oxidation. On the contrary, high loading rate resulted in a reduction of sulfide oxidation efficiency. The results obtained in this study together with engineering calculations show that the proposed process could represent a cost-effective approach for sodium and sulfur recovery from SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vaiopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology & Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Provijn
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology & Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonin Prévoteau
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology & Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology & Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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López-Bernabeu S, Ruiz-Rosas R, Quijada C, Montilla F, Morallón E. Enhanced removal of 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid in an activated carbon cloth by electroadsorption in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 2016; 144:982-988. [PMID: 26433936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the electrochemical treatment (potentiostatic treatment in a filter-press electrochemical cell) on the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon cloth (ACC) was analyzed in relation with the removal of 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid pollutant from water. The adsorption capacity of an ACC is quantitatively improved in the presence of an electric field (electroadsorption process) reaching values of 96% in comparison to 55% in absence of applied potential. In addition, the cathodic treatment results in higher removal efficiencies than the anodic treatment. The enhanced adsorption capacity has been proved to be irreversible, since the removed compound remains adsorbed after switching the applied potential. The kinetics of the adsorption processes is also improved by the presence of an applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Bernabeu
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - R Ruiz-Rosas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - C Quijada
- Departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera, Universitat Politècnica de València, Pza- Ferràndiz y Carbonell, E-03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | - F Montilla
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - E Morallón
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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48
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Ferraro A, van Hullebusch ED, Huguenot D, Fabbricino M, Esposito G. Application of an electrochemical treatment for EDDS soil washing solution regeneration and reuse in a multi-step soil washing process: Case of a Cu contaminated soil. J Environ Manage 2015; 163:62-69. [PMID: 26292775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil washing is an extensively used process for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils. However the amount of fresh washing solution to be used represents a significant economical drawback of this process. This paper investigates the application of an electrochemical process (Fe/Fe electrodes couple) for the regeneration of a spent EDDS solution, containing Cu and major competitor cations (Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn). The effect of current density, pH and conductivity of the washing solution on the recovery process performances was investigated. Current density showed the highest influence on Cu, Mg and Mn removal yields. Maximum removal yields reached 99% for Cu, 77% for Mn and 49% for Mg. No influence of the investigated parameters on Ca removal was observed, while an increase of Fe concentration due to anode dissolution occurred. Characterization of sludge produced from the 2 h electrochemical test (5 mA cm(-2), pH = 8, 8 mS cm(-1)) displayed concentrations of 2.8 g kg(-1) for Ca, 0.4 g kg(-1) for Cu, 535.6 g kg(-1) for Fe, 2.6 g kg(-1) for Mg. TCLP tests at pH 2.88 and 4.93 showed a low leaching percentage (Ca, 10-21%; Cu, 6-12%; Fe, 0.22% Mg, 27-36%). Multi-washing tests were carried out to assess the decrease of the chelating ability of the regenerated washing solution and the Cu extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferraro
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy; Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - David Huguenot
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Massimiliano Fabbricino
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy
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49
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Kijjanapanich P, Kijjanapanich P, Annachhatre AP, Esposito G, Lens PNL. Spontaneous electrochemical treatment for sulfur recovery by a sulfide oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction galvanic cell. J Environ Manage 2015; 149:263-270. [PMID: 25463589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide is the product of the biological sulfate reduction process which gives toxicity and odor problems. Wastewaters or bioreactor effluents containing sulfide can cause severe environmental impacts. Electrochemical treatment can be an alternative approach for sulfide removal and sulfur recovery from such sulfide rich solutions. This study aims to develop a spontaneous electrochemical sulfide oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction cell with a graphite electrode system to recover sulfide as elemental sulfur. The effects of the internal and external resistance on the sulfide removal efficiency and electrical current produced were investigated at different pH. A high surface area of the graphite electrode is required in order to have as less internal resistance as possible. In this study, graphite powder was added (contact area >633 cm(2)) in order to reduce the internal resistance. A sulfide removal efficiency up to 91% and electrical charge of more than 400 C were achieved when using five graphite rods supplemented with graphite powder as the electrode at an external resistance of 30 Ω and a sulfide concentration of 250 mg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimluck Kijjanapanich
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Pairoje Kijjanapanich
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ajit P Annachhatre
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio, 43 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Piet N L Lens
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
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50
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Haque MM, Smith WT, Wong DKY. Conducting polypyrrole films as a potential tool for electrochemical treatment of azo dyes in textile wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 2014; 283:164-170. [PMID: 25262487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate conducting polypyrrole films as a potential green technology for electrochemical treatment of azo dyes in wastewaters using Acid Red 1 as a model analyte. These films were synthesised by anodically polymerising pyrrole in the presence of Acid Red 1 as a supporting electrolyte. In this way, the anionic Acid Red 1 is electrostatically attracted to the cationic polypyrrole backbone formed to maintain electroneutrality, and is thus entrapped in the film. These Acid Red 1-entrapped polypyrrole films were characterised by electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Based on a two-level factorial design, the solution pH, Acid Red 1 concentration and polymerisation duration were identified as significant parameters affecting the entrapment efficiency. The entrapment process will potentially aid in decolourising Acid Red 1-containing wastewaters. Similarly, in a cathodic process, electrons are supplied to neutralise the polypyrrole backbone, liberating Acid Red 1 into a solution. In this work, following an entrapment duration of 480 min in 2000 mg L(-1) Acid Red 1, we estimated 21% of the dye was liberated after a reduction period of 240 min. This allows the recovery of Acid Red 1 for recycling purposes. A distinctive advantage of this electrochemical Acid Red 1 treatment, compared to many other techniques, is that no known toxic by-products are generated in the treatment. Therefore, conducting polypyrrole films can potentially be applied as an environmentally friendly treatment method for textile effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Danny K Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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