Isolation of three different sizes of exosomes in an Asian population with different retinal diseases before and after treatment: preliminary results

Exosomes are membranous structures measuring between 40-120 nm that are secreted by various cells of the human body into the body fluid system. Exosomes contain proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and signaling molecules, and physiologically they assist in the intercellular transport of proteins and RNA molecules. In this study, we used an immunoaffinity filter paper platform combined with scanning electron microscopy and microfluidic systems to detect the size of exosomes within the aqueous humor. Eight aqueous humor samples showed three distinct sizes of exosomes that were significantly different on scanning electron microscopy(P < 0.01). We further used nanoparticle tracking analysis to assess the size distribution of exosomes within the aqueous humor. We found significantly different distributions of exosomes between patients with three different ocular diseases and patients with normal cataracts as controls. An obvious peak of exomeres(size around 35 nm)was found in the patients with central retinal vein occlusion and vitreous hemorrhage. Flare-ups of large exosomes(size 90-120 nm)were found in the patients with the inflammatory ocular disease pars planitis. No obvious peaks in exomeres or large exosomes were found in the control group. There was a high association between the distribution of exosomes and the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. After intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, the aqueous humor from the patients with neovascular diseases showed a significant reduction in exosomes in nanoparticle tracking analysis. These findings suggest that at least three distinct sizes of exosomes exist in the aqueous humor:(1)exomeres:<35 nm;(2)small exosomes:60-80 nm; and (3)large exosomes:90-120 nm. Different sizes of exosomes may have different implications in normal or diseased eyes.

Effects of total coumarins from Pileostegia tomentella on exosomal miRNA expression and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer cells

CONTEXT

Pileostegia tomentella Hand. Mazz (Saxifragaceae) total coumarins (TCPT) show antitumour activity in colorectal cancer (CRC) with unknown mechanism of action. Tumour angiogenesis mediated by exosomes-derived miRNA exhibits the vital regulation of endothelial cell function in metastasis of CRC.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of TCPT on exosomal miRNA expression and angiogenesis of CRC cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HT-29-derived exosomes were generated from human CRC cells (HT-29) or either treated with TCPT (100 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by identification by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and Western blot. Co-culture experiments for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and exosomes were performed to detect the uptake of exosomes in HUVECs and its influence on HUVECs cells migration and lumen formation ability. Potential target miRNAs in exosomes were screened out by sequencing technology. Rescue assays of angiogenesis were performed by the transfecting mimics or inhibitors of targeted miRNA into HUVECs.

RESULTS

HT-29-derived exosomes, after TCPT treatment (Exo-TCPT), inhibited the migration and lumen formation of HUVECs, reduced the expression levels of vascular marker (FLT-1, VCAM-1 and VEGFR-2) in HUVECs. Furthermore, the level of miR-375-3p was significantly upregulated in Exo-TCPT. Rescue assays showed that high expression of miR-375-3p in HUVECs inhibited migration and lumen formation abilities, which was consistent with the effects of Exo-TCPT, whereas applying miR-375-3p inhibitors displayed opposite effects.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

TCPT exhibits anti-angiogenesis in CRC, possibly through upregulating exosomal miR-375-3p. Our findings will shed light on new target exosomes miRNA-mediated tumour microenvironment and the therapeutic application of Pileostegia tomentella in CRC.

Advances and challenges of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and treatment

Exosomes, also termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and exert versatile effects on the molecular communications in the TME of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosome-mediated intercellular communication is closely associated with the tumorigenesis and development of HCC. Exosomes can be extracted through ultracentrifugation and size exclusion, followed by molecular analysis through sequencing. Increasing studies have confirmed the important roles of exosome-derived ncRNAs in HCC, including tumorigenesis, progression, immune escape, and treatment resistance. Due to the protective membrane structure of exosomes, the ncRNAs carried by exosomes can evade degradation by enzymes in body fluids and maintain good expression stability. Thus, exosome-derived ncRNAs are highly suitable as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of HCC, such as exosomal miR-21-5p, miR-221-3p and lncRNA-ATB. In addition, substantial studies revealed that the up-or down-regulation of exosome-derived ncRNAs had an important impact on HCC progression and response to treatment. Exosomal biomarkers, such as miR-23a, lncRNA DLX6-AS1, miR-21-5p, lncRNA TUC339, lncRNA HMMR-AS1 and hsa_circ_0004658, can reshape immune microenvironment by regulating M2-type macrophage polarization and then promote HCC development. Therefore, by controlling exosome biogenesis and modulating exosomal ncRNA levels, HCC may be inhibited or eliminated. In this current review, we summarized the recent findings on the role of exosomes in HCC progression and analyzed the relationship between exosome-derived ncRNAs and HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Multi-platform omics sequencing dissects the atlas of plasma-derived exosomes in rats with or without depression-like behavior after traumatic spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND

Exosomes can penetrate the blood-brain barrier for material exchange between the peripheral and central nervous systems. Differences in exosome contents could explain the susceptibility of different individuals to depression-like behavior after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI).

METHODS

Hierarchical clustering was used to integrate multiple depression-related behavioral outcomes in sham and TSCI rats and ultimately identify non-depressed and depressed rats. The difference in plasma exosome contents between non-depressed and depressed rats after TSCI was assessed in 15 random subjects by performing plasma exosome transcriptomics, mass spectroscope-based proteomics, and non-targeted metabolomics analyses.

RESULTS

The results revealed that about 27.6% of the rats developed depression-like behavior after TSCI. Totally, 10 differential metabolites, 81 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 373 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 55 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified between non-depressed TSCI and sham rats. Meanwhile, 37 differential metabolites, 499 DEPs, 1361 DEGs, and 89 DEmiRNAs were identified between depressed and non-depressed TSCI rats. Enrichment analysis showed that the progression of depression-like behavior after TSCI may be related to amino acid metabolism disorder and dysfunction of multiple signaling pathways, including endocytosis, lipid and atherosclerosis, toll-like receptor, TNF, and PI3K-Akt pathway.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study systematically revealed for the first time the differences in plasma exosome contents between non-depressed and depressed rats after TSCI, which will help broaden our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in brain functional recombination after TSCI.

Maternal resveratrol improves the intestinal health and weight gain of suckling piglets during high summer temperatures: The involvement of exosome-derived microRNAs and immunoglobin in colostrum

Previous studies have shown that maternal resveratrol improved growth performance and altered the microbial composition of suckling piglets under hot summer conditions. However, it remains unclear how maternal resveratrol improves growth performance of suckling piglets during high summer temperatures. A total of 20 sows (Landrace × Large White; three parity) were randomly assigned to 2 groups (with or without 300 mg/kg resveratrol) from d 75 of gestation to d 21 of lactation during high ambient temperatures (from 27 to 30 °C). The results showed that maternal resveratrol supplementation increased total daily weight gain of piglets under hot summer conditions, which is consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, we found that maternal resveratrol improved the intestinal morphology and intestinal epithelial proliferation in suckling piglets. Dietary resveratrol supplementation affected the characteristics of exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in sow colostrum, as well as the genes targeted by differentially produced miRNAs. MiRNAs are concentrated in the tight junction pathway. As a result, the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins was increased in suckling piglets (P < 0.05). Notably, maternal resveratrol increased the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of suckling piglets via colostrum immunoglobin (P < 0.05), which could increase the abundance of beneficial microbiota to further increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in suckling piglets' intestine (P < 0.05). Finally, our correlation analysis further demonstrated the positive associations between significantly differential intestinal microbiota, intestinal sIgA production and SCFA concentrations, as well as the positive relation between total daily weight gain and intestinal health of suckling piglets. Taken together, our findings suggested that maternal resveratrol could promote intestinal health to improve piglet growth during high summer temperatures, which might be associated with the immunoglobin and exosome-derived miRNAs in sows' colostrum.

Exosomal MALAT1 promotes the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through glyoxalase 1-dependent methylglyoxal removal

In previous study we characterized the oncogenic role of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the detailed mechanism remains obscure. Here we identified glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) as the most possible executor of MALAT1 by microarray screening. GLO1 is responsible for degradation of cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MGO), which is by-product of tumor glycolysis. Accumulated MGO may lead to glycation of DNA and protein, resulting in elevated advanced glycation end products (AGEs), while glyoxalase 1 detoxify MGO to alleviate its cytotoxic effect to tumor cells. GLO1 interfering led to accumulation of AGEs and following activation of DNA injury biomarkers, which lead to cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition. In silico analysis based on online database revealed abundant enrichment of histone acetylation marker H3K27ac in GLO1 promotor, and acetyltransferase inhibitor C646 declined GLO1 expression. Acetyltransferase KAT2B, which was also identified as a target of MALAT, mediated histone lysine acetylation of GLO1 promotor, which was confirmed by ChIP-qPCR experiment. Shared binding sites of miR-206 were found on MALAT1 and KAT2B mRNA. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed interaction within MALAT1-miR-206-GLO1. Finally, we identified MALAT1 encapsuled by exosome from donor cells, and transferred malignant behaviors to recipient cells. The secreted exosomes may enter circulation, and serum MALAT1 level combined with traditional tumor markers showed potential power for ESCC diagnosis.

Ultrasensitive protein and exosome analysis based on a rolling circle amplification assisted-CRISPR/Cas12a strategy

CRISPR/Cas12a system has attracted extensive concern in biosensing due to its high specificity and programmability. Nevertheless, existing Cas12a-based assays mainly focus on nucleic acid detection and have limitations in non-nucleic acid biomarker analysis. To broaden the application prospect of the CRISPR/Cas technology, a cascade Cas12a biosensing platform is reported by combining dual-functionalized gold nanoparticles (FGNPs)-assisted rolling circle amplification (RCA) and Cas12a trans-cleavage activity (GAR-Cas) for ultrasensitive protein and exosome analysis. FGNPs serve as a critical component in the transduction of protein or exosome recognition information into nucleic acid amplification events to produce Cas12a activators. In the GAR-Cas assay, by integrating the triple cascade amplification of FGNPs-assisted transduction, RCA, and Cas12a signal amplification, ultralow abundance of target molecules can arouse numerous concatemers to activate Cas12a trans-cleavage activity to release intense fluorescence, allowing the ultrasensitive detection of as low as 1 fg/mL (∼41 aM) cTnI and 5 exosomes per μL. Furthermore, the presented strategy can be applied to detect exosome levels from clinical samples, showing excellent performance in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals. The GAR-Cas sensing platform exhibits great potential in clinical diagnosis and enlarges biosensing toolboxes based on CRISPR/Cas technology for non-nucleic acid target analysis.

Environmental pollutants and exosomes: A new paradigm in environmental health and disease

This study investigates the intricate interplay between environmental pollutants and exosomes, shedding light on a novel paradigm in environmental health and disease. Cellular stress, induced by environmental toxicants or disease, significantly impacts the production and composition of exosomes, crucial mediators of intercellular communication. The heat shock response (HSR) and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, activated during cellular stress, profoundly influence exosome generation, cargo sorting, and function, shaping intercellular communication and stress responses. Environmental pollutants, particularly lipophilic ones, directly interact with exosome lipid bilayers, potentially affecting membrane stability, release, and cellular uptake. The study reveals that exposure to environmental contaminants induces significant changes in exosomal proteins, miRNAs, and lipids, impacting cellular function and health. Understanding the impact of environmental pollutants on exosomal cargo holds promise for biomarkers of exposure, enabling non-invasive sample collection and real-time insights into ongoing cellular responses. This research explores the potential of exosomal biomarkers for early detection of health effects, assessing treatment efficacy, and population-wide screening. Overcoming challenges requires advanced isolation techniques, standardized protocols, and machine learning for data analysis. Integration with omics technologies enhances comprehensive molecular analysis, offering a holistic understanding of the complex regulatory network influenced by environmental pollutants. The study underscores the capability of exosomes in circulation as promising biomarkers for assessing environmental exposure and systemic health effects, contributing to advancements in environmental health research and disease prevention.

Exosomes secreted by CSFV-infected cells evade neutralizing antibody to activate innate immune responses and establish productive infection in recipient cells

Exosomes, which are small membrane-enclosed vesicles, are actively released into the extracellular space by a variety of cells. Growing evidence indicates that exosomes derived from virus-infected cells can selectively encapsulate viral proteins, genetic materials, or even entire virions. This enables them to mediate cell-to-cell communication and facilitate virus transmission. Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and must be reported to the organisation. It is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles originating from autophagy can facilitate the antibody-resistant spread of classical swine fever virus. However, due to the extreme difficulty in achieving a complete separation from virions, the role of exosomes during CSFV infection and proliferation remains elusive. In this study, we ingeniously chose to perform immunoprecipitation (IP) targeting the CSFV E2 protein, thereby achieving the complete removal of infectious virions. Subsequently, we discovered that the purified exosomes are shown to contain viral genomic RNA and partial viral proteins. Furthermore, exosomes secreted by CSFV-infected cells can evade CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies, establish subsequent infection, and stimulate innate immune system after uptake by recipient cells. In summary, exosomes play a critical role in CSFV transmission. This is of great significance for in-depth exploration of the characteristics of CSFV and its complex interactions with the host.

One-step and label-free ratiometric fluorescence assay for the detection of plasma exosome towards cancer diagnosis

Exosomes are closely associated with tumor development and are regarded as viable biomarkers for cancer. Here, a ratiometric fluorescence method was proposed for the one-step and label-free detection of plasma exosomes. A bicolor streptavidin magnetic beads were specifically created with an immobilized Cy5-labeled hairpin aptamer for CD63 (Cy5-Apt) on its surface to identify exosome, and a green color SYBR Green I (SGI) embedded in the stem of Cy5-Apt to respond to exosomes. After exosome capture, the Cy5-Apt could undergo a conformational shift and release the encapsulated SGI, allowing exosome measurement based on the fluorescence ratio of Cy5 and SGI. The enrichment, separation and detection of exosomes in proposed method could be completed in one step (30 min), which is a significant improvement over previous method. Furthermore, the use of ratiometric fluorescence and magnetic separation allows for exosome enrichment and interference elimination from complex matrices, improving accuracy and sensitivity. Particularly, the assay could detect exosomes in plasma and has potential to distinguish lung cancer patients from healthy volunteers with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.85. Besides, the study provided an efficient method for analyzing the various divisions of exosomes by merely modifying the aptamer, which holds great promise for point-of-care applications.

Exosomal miR-122-3p represses the growth and metastasis of MCF-7/ADR cells by targeting GRK4-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer whose incidence continues to grow while its medical progress has stagnated. miRNAs are vital messengers that facilitate communications among different cancer cells. This study was to reveal the correlation of miR-122-3p expression with BC metastasis and Adriamycin (ADM) resistance and its mechanism of inhibiting BC metastasis. We found that expression of miR-122-3p is negatively correlated with BC metastasis and is lower in MCF-7/ADR cells. Overexpression of miR-122-3p in MCF-7/ADR cancer cells impairs their ability to migrate, invade, and stimulate blood vessel formation. Further research found that miR-122-3p directly binds to the 3' UTR of GRK4, reducing the phosphorylation of LRP6, which activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, facilitating BC development and metastasis. In addition, we observed that miR-122-3p is present in MCF-7  cells, and treatment of MCF-7/ADR cells with MCF-7-derived exosomes, but not with exosomes from miR-122-3p-deficient MCF-7 cells, has identical effects to miR-122-3p overexpression. Data from xenograft experiments further suggest that excess miR-122-3p and MCF-7-derived exosomes inhibit the growth and metastasis of MCF-7/ADR cancer cells in vivo. In conclusion our data reveal that exosomal miR-122-3p may negatively regulate BC growth and metastasis, potentially serving as a diagnostic and druggable target for BC treatment.

Exosomes derived from olive flounders infected with Streptococcus parauberis: Proteomic analysis, immunomodulation, and disease resistance capacity

Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus parauberis causes high fish mortality in aquaculture, necessitating an urgent need for innovative control strategies. This study aimed to develop an immunizing agent against S. parauberis using exosomes isolated from the plasma of olive flounders infected experimentally with S. parauberis (Sp-Exo). Initially, we tested the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of Sp-Exo in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and compared it to that of exosomes isolated from naïve fish (PBS-Exo-treated). Notably, Sp-Exo treatment significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Il1β, Tnfα, and Il10), antimicrobial peptide, defensin isoforms (Def-rs2 and Def-ps1), and antiviral (Ifnβ1 and Isg15) genes. In vivo studies in larval and adult zebrafish revealed similar patterns of immunomodulation. Furthermore, larval and adult zebrafish exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced resistance to S. parauberis infection following treatment with Sp-Exo compared to that with PBS-Exo. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach revealed the presence of 77 upregulated and 94 downregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in Sp-Exo, with 22 and 37 significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated and downregulated DEPs, respectively. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins analyses revealed that these genes are associated with key pathways, such as innate immune responses, complement system, acute phase responses, phospholipid efflux, and chylomicron remodeling. In conclusion, Sp-Exo demonstrated superior immunomodulatory activity and significant resistance against S. parauberis infection relative to that on treatment with PBS-Exo. Proteomic analysis further verified that most DEPs in Sp-Exo were associated with immune induction or modulation. These findings highlight the potential of Sp-Exo as a promising vaccine candidate against S. parauberis and other bacterial infections in olive flounder.

Exosomal circRNAs: Novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urinary tumors

Exosomal circRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urinary tumors. In this review, we explored the intricate role of exosomal circRNAs in urological cancers, focusing on their biological functions, dysregulation in tumors, and potential clinical applications. The review delves into the mechanisms by which exosomal circRNAs contribute to tumor progression and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic implications. By synthesizing current research findings, we present a compelling case for the significance of exosomal circRNAs in the context of urinary tumors. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with utilizing exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic agents. There is a need for further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms of exosomal circRNA secretion and delivery, as well as to enhance the detection methods for clinical translational applications. Overall, this comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of exosomal circRNAs in urinary tumors and underscores their potential as valuable biomarkers and therapeutic tools in the management of urological cancers.

Metabolomics and miRNA profiling reveals feature of gallbladder cancer-derived biliary extracellular vesicles

BACKGROUND

Although there are several studies in the development of various human cancers, the role of exosomes is poorly understood in the progression of gallbladder cancer. This study aims to characterize the metabolic changes occurring in exosomes obtained from patients with gallbladder cancer compared with those from other gallbladder disease groups.

METHODS

Biliary exosomes were isolated from healthy donors (n = 3) and from patients with gallbladder cancer (n = 3), gallbladder polyps (n = 4), or cholecystitis (n = 3) using a validated exosome isolation kit. Afterward, we performed miRNA profiling and untargeted metabolomic analysis of the exosomes. The results were validated by integrating the results of the miRNA and metabolomic analyses.

RESULTS

The gallbladder cancer group exhibited a significant reduction in the levels of multiple unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines compared to the normal group, which resulted in the loss of exosome membrane integrity. Additionally, the gallbladder cancer group demonstrated significant overexpression of miR-181c and palmitic acid, and decreased levels of conjugated deoxycholic acid, all of which are strongly associated with the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that the contents of exosomes are disease-specific, particularly in gallbladder cancer, and that altered metabolites convey critical information regarding their phenotype. We believe that our metabolomic and miRNA profiling results may provide important insights into the development of gallbladder cancer.

Role of exosomes in the communication and treatment between OSCC and normal cells

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent cancer that needs new therapeutic targets due to the poor postoperative prognosis in patients. Exosomes are currently one of important research areas owing to their unique properties. Exosomes are capable of acting as drug transporters, as well as facilitating interactions between OSCC and normal cells. Exosomes can be detected in body fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and bile. When exosomes are released from donor cells, they can carry various bioactive molecules to recipient cells, where these molecules participate in biological processes. This review highlights the mechanisms of exosome transfer between normal and OSCC cells. Exosomes isolated from donor OSCC cells can carry circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) and play a role in signaling processes in the recipient OSCC cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and macrophages. Exosomes secreted by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, and stem cells can also enter the recipient OSCC cells and modulate signaling events in these cells. Exosomes isolated from OSCC plasma, serum, and saliva are also associated with OSCC prognosis. Furthermore, while exosomes were shown to be associated with chemotherapy resistance in OSCC, they can also be used for drug delivery during OSCC treatment. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and functions of exosomes from different cell sources in OSCC cells, providing a basis for diagnosis and prognosis prediction in OSCC patients, and offering guidance for the design of molecular targets carried by exosomes in OSCC.

Mitovesicles secreted into the extracellular space of brains with mitochondrial dysfunction impair synaptic plasticity

BACKGROUND

Hypometabolism tied to mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the aging brain and in neurodegenerative disorders, including in Alzheimer's disease, in Down syndrome, and in mouse models of these conditions. We have previously shown that mitovesicles, small extracellular vesicles (EVs) of mitochondrial origin, are altered in content and abundance in multiple brain conditions characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. However, given their recent discovery, it is yet to be explored what mitovesicles regulate and modify, both under physiological conditions and in the diseased brain. In this study, we investigated the effects of mitovesicles on synaptic function, and the molecular players involved.

METHODS

Hippocampal slices from wild-type mice were perfused with the three known types of EVs, mitovesicles, microvesicles, or exosomes, isolated from the brain of a mouse model of Down syndrome or of a diploid control and long-term potentiation (LTP) recorded. The role of the monoamine oxidases type B (MAO-B) and type A (MAO-A) in mitovesicle-driven LTP impairments was addressed by treatment of mitovesicles with the irreversible MAO inhibitors pargyline and clorgiline prior to perfusion of the hippocampal slices.

RESULTS

Mitovesicles from the brain of the Down syndrome model reduced LTP within minutes of mitovesicle addition. Mitovesicles isolated from control brains did not trigger electrophysiological effects, nor did other types of brain EVs (microvesicles and exosomes) from any genotype tested. Depleting mitovesicles of their MAO-B, but not MAO-A, activity eliminated their ability to alter LTP.

CONCLUSIONS

Mitovesicle impairment of LTP is a previously undescribed paracrine-like mechanism by which EVs modulate synaptic activity, demonstrating that mitovesicles are active participants in the propagation of cellular and functional homeostatic changes in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.

Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate human hypoxic AKI-on-a-Chip within a tight treatment window

BACKGROUND

Acute hypoxic proximal tubule (PT) injury and subsequent maladaptive repair present high mortality and increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) - chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hBMMSC-Exos) as potential cell therapeutics can be translated into clinics if drawbacks on safety and efficacy are clarified. Here, we determined the real-time effective dose and treatment window of allogeneic hBMMSC-Exos, evaluated their performance on the structural and functional integrity of 3D microfluidic acute hypoxic PT injury platform.

METHODS

hBMMSC-Exos were isolated and characterized. Real-time impedance-based cell proliferation analysis (RTCA) determined the effective dose and treatment window for acute hypoxic PT injury. A 2-lane 3D gravity-driven microfluidic platform was set to mimic PT in vitro. ZO-1, acetylated α-tubulin immunolabelling, and permeability index assessed structural; cell proliferation by WST-1 measured functional integrity of PT.

RESULTS

hBMMSC-Exos induced PT proliferation with ED50 of 172,582 µg/ml at the 26th hour. Hypoxia significantly decreased ZO-1, increased permeability index, and decreased cell proliferation rate on 24-48 h in the microfluidic platform. hBMMSC-Exos reinforced polarity by a 1.72-fold increase in ZO-1, restored permeability by 20/45-fold against 20/155 kDa dextran and increased epithelial proliferation 3-fold compared to control.

CONCLUSIONS

The real-time potency assay and 3D gravity-driven microfluidic acute hypoxic PT injury platform precisely demonstrated the therapeutic performance window of allogeneic hBMMSC-Exos on ischemic AKI based on structural and functional cellular data. The novel standardized, non-invasive two-step system validates the cell-based personalized theragnostic tool in a real-time physiological microenvironment prior to safe and efficient clinical usage in nephrology.

Effect of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation of Microglia-Derived Exosomes on Hippocampal Neurons: A Study on miR-124 and Inflammatory Cytokines

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease that threatens human health. Developing safe and effective drugs and finding therapeutic targets has become an urgent scientific problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oxygen-glucose deprivation of the microglia-derived exosome on hippocampal neurons and its relationship to miR-124 in the exosome. We incubated hippocampal neurons with exosomes secreted by oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R) microglia. The levels of glutamic acid (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. CCK-8 was used to measure neuronal survival rates. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by RT-qPCR to evaluate the effect of exosomes on neurons. RT-qPCR was then used to detect miR-124 in microglia and their secreted exosomes. Finally, potential targets of miR-124 were analyzed through database retrieval, gene detection with dual luciferase reporters, and western blotting experiments. The results showed that the contents of GLU, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA increased in the supernatant of cultured hippocampal neurons, the content of GABA decreased, and the survival rate of neurons decreased. Oxygen-glucose deprivation increases miR-124 levels in microglia and their released exosomes. miR-124 acts as a target gene on cytokine signaling suppressor molecule 1(SOCS1), while miR-124 inhibitors reduce the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in neurons. These results suggest that oxygen- and glucose-deprived microglia regulate inflammatory cytokines leading to reduced neuronal survival, which may be achieved by miR-124 using SOCS1 as a potential target.

Hypoxic microenvironment-induced exosomes confer temozolomide resistance in glioma through transfer of pyruvate kinase M2

OBJECTIVE

Glioma, a malignant primary brain tumor, is notorious for its high incidence rate. However, the clinical application of temozolomide (TMZ) as a treatment option for glioma is often limited due to resistance, which has been linked to hypoxic glioma cell-released exosomes. In light of this, the present study aimed to investigate the role of exosomal pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in glioma cells that exhibit resistance to TMZ.

METHODS

Sensitive and TMZ-resistant glioma cells were subjected to either a normoxic or hypoxic environment, and the growth patterns and enzymatic activity of glycolysis enzymes were subsequently measured. From these cells, exosomal PKM2 was isolated and the subsequent effect on TMZ resistance was examined and characterized, with a particular focus on understanding the relevant mechanisms. Furthermore, the intercellular communication between hypoxic resistant cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via exosomal PKM2 was also assessed.

RESULTS

The adverse impact of hypoxic microenvironments on TMZ resistance in glioma cells was identified and characterized. Among the three glycolysis enzymes that were examined, PKM2 was found to be a critical mediator in hypoxia-triggered TMZ resistance. Upregulation of PKM2 was found to exacerbate the hypoxia-mediated TMZ resistance. Exosomal PKM2 were identified and isolated from hypoxic TMZ-resistant glioma cells, and were found to be responsible for transmitting TMZ resistance to sensitive glioma cells. The exosomal PKM2 also contributed towards mitigating TMZ-induced apoptosis in sensitive glioma cells, while also causing intracellular ROS accumulation. Additionally, hypoxic resistant cells also released exosomal PKM2, which facilitated TMZ resistance in tumor-associated macrophages.

CONCLUSION

In the hypoxic microenvironment, glioma cells become resistant to TMZ due to the delivery of PKM2 by exosomes. Targeted modulation of exosomal PKM2 may be a promising strategy for overcoming TMZ resistance in glioma.

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes inhibits fibrosis in human endometrial stromal cells via miR-140-3p/FOXP1/Smad axis

Endometrial fibrosis is the histologic appearance of intrauterine adhesion (IUA). Emerging evidences demonstrated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (UCMSC-exo) could alleviate endometrial fibrosis. But the specific mechanism is not clear. In this study, we explored the effect of UCMSC-exo on endometrial fibrosis, and investigated the possible role of miR-140-3p/FOXP1/Smad axis in anti-fibrotic properties of UCMSC-exo. UCMSC-exo were isolated and identified. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was used to induce human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) fibrosis. Dual luciferase assay was performed to verify the relationship between miR-140-3p and FOXP1. The expressions of fibrotic markers, SIP1, and p-Smad2/p-Smad3 in HESCs stimulated with UCMSC-exo were detected by western blot. In addition, the effects of miR-140-3p mimic, miR-140-3p inhibitor and FOXP1 over-expression on endometrial fibrosis were assessed. The isolated UCMSC-exo had a typical cup-shaped morphology and could be internalized into HESCs. The expressions of fibrotic markers were significantly increased by TGF-β, which was reversed by UCMSC-exo. MiR-140-3p in UCMSC-exo ameliorated TGf-β-induced HESCs fibrosis. FOXP1 was identified as the direct target of miR-140-3p, which could inversely regulate miR-140-3p's function on HESCs fibrosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-140-3p in UCMSC-exo regulated Smad signal pathway to exert the anti-fibrotic effect in HESCs. The anti-fibrotic effect of UCMSC-derived exosomes against HESC fibrosis was at least partially achieved by miR-140-3p/FOXP1/Smad axis.

Spinning with exosomes: electrospun nanofibers for efficient targeting of stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue regeneration

Electrospinning technique converts polymeric solutions into nanoscale fibers using an electric field and can be used for various biomedical and clinical applications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived small lipid vesicles enriched with biological cargo (proteins and nucleic acids) potential therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss extending the scope of electrospinning by incorporating stem cell-derived EVs, particularly exosomes, into nanofibers for their effective delivery to target tissues. The parameters used during the electrospinning of biopolymers limit the stability and functional properties of cellular products. However, with careful consideration of process requirements, these can significantly improve stability, leading to longevity, effectiveness, and sustained and localized release. Electrospun nanofibers are known to encapsulate or surface-adsorb biological payloads such as therapeutic EVs, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids. Small EVs, specifically exosomes, have recently attracted the attention of researchers working on regeneration and tissue engineering because of their broad distribution and enormous potential as therapeutic agents. This review focuses on current developments in nanofibers for delivering therapeutic cargo molecules, with a special emphasis on exosomes. It also suggests prospective approaches that can be adapted to safely combine these two nanoscale systems and exponentially enhance their benefits in tissue engineering, medical device coating, and drug delivery applications.

Essential role of Alix in regulating cardiomyocyte exosome biogenesis under physiological and stress conditions

BACKGROUND

Exosomes released by cardiomyocytes are essential mediators of intercellular communications within the heart, and various exosomal proteins and miRNAs are associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, whether the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and its key component Alix is required for exosome biogenesis within cardiomyocyte remains poorly understood.

METHODS

Super-resolution imaging was performed to investigate the subcellular location of Alix and multivesicular body (MVB) in primary cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte-specific Alix-knockout mice were generated using AAV9/CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in vivo gene editing. A stable Alix-knockdown H9c2 cardiomyocyte line was constructed through lentiviral-mediated delivery of short hairpin RNA. In order to determine the role of Alix in controlling exosome biogenesis, exosomes from cardiomyocyte-specific Alix-knockout mice plasma and Alix-knockdown H9c2 culture medium were isolated and examined by western blot, NTA analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to determine the role of ESCRT machinery in regulating MVB formation. Lastly, transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac pressure overload model was established to further explore the role of Alix-mediated exosome biogenesis under stress conditions.

RESULTS

A significant proportion of Alix localized to the MVB membrane within cardiomyocytes. Genetic deletion of Alix in murine heart resulted in a reduction of plasma exosome content without affecting cardiac structure or contractile function. Consistently, the downregulation of Alix in H9c2 cardiomyocyte line also suppressed the biogenesis of exosomes. We found the defective ESCRT machinery and suppressed MVB formation upon Alix depletion caused compromised exosome biogenesis. Remarkably, TAC-induced cardiac pressure overload led to increased Alix, MVB levels, and elevated plasma exosome content, which could be totally abolished by Alix deletion.

CONCLUSION

These results establish Alix as an essential and stress-sensitive regulator of cardiac exosome biogenesis and the findings may yield valuable therapeutic implications.

Selective microRNA expression of exosomes from retinal pigment epithelial cells by oxidative stress

The function of exosomal miRNAs (miRs) in retinal degeneration is largely unclear. We were aimed to investigate the functions of exosomes as well as their miRs derived from retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells following exposure to oxidative stress (OS). After the OS by lipopolysaccharide and rotenone on RPE cells, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) were upregulated, along with the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulated oxidative damage marker 8-OH-dG in RPE cells. RPE-derived exosomes were then isolated, identified, injected into the subretinal space in mice. After subretinal injection, RPE-exosomes after OS not only induced higher ROS level and apoptotic retinal cells, but also elevated IL-1β, IL-6 alongside TNF-α expressions among retina/RPE/choroidal complex. Next, miRs inside the exosomes were sequenced by the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. NGS revealed that certain miRs were abundant in exosomes, while others were selectively kept by RPE cells. Further, downregulated miRs, like miR-125b-5p, miR-125a-5p, alongside miR-128-3p, and upregulated miR, such as miR-7-5p were validated byRT-qPCR. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were used to find the possible target genes of those selective exosomal miRs. Our results proved that the RPE-derived exosomes after OS selectively express certain miRs, providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in future.

Exosome-loaded decellularized tissue: Opening a new window for regenerative medicine

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXO) have received a lot of interest recently as a potential therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as exosomes (EXOs) are crucial for cell-cell communication throughout a variety of activities including stress response, aging, angiogenesis, and cell differentiation. Exploration of the potential use of EXOs as essential therapeutic effectors of MSCs to encourage tissue regeneration was motivated by success in the field of regenerative medicine. EXOs have been administered to target tissues using a variety of methods, including direct, intravenous, intraperitoneal injection, oral delivery, and hydrogel-based encapsulation, in various disease models. Despite the significant advances in EXO therapy, various methods are still being researched to optimize the therapeutic applications of these nanoparticles, and it is not completely clear which approach to EXO administration will have the greatest effects. Here, we will review emerging developments in the applications of EXOs loaded into decellularized tissues as therapeutic agents for use in regenerative medicine in various tissues.

Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 is discarded by exosomes after internalization

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1), a G protein-coupled receptor, is poised for interaction with its ligands on the plasma membrane. Analyses of MCHR1 knockout mice suggest that this receptor could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of appetite disorders, glucose metabolism, psychiatric disorders, and inflammation. Binding of MCH to MCHR1 initiates calcium signaling, which is subsequently attenuated through receptor internalization. However, the ultimate destiny of the receptor post-internalization remains unexplored. In this study, we report the extracellular secretion of MCHR1 via exosomes. The recruitment of MCHR1 to exosomes occurs subsequent to its internalization, which is induced by stimulation with the ligand MCH. Although a highly glycosylated form of MCHR1, potentially representing a mature form, is selectively recruited to exosomes, the MCHR1 transferred into other cells does not exhibit functionality. The truncation of MCHR1 at the C-terminus not only impairs its response to MCH but also hinders its recruitment to exosomes. These findings imply that functional MCHR1 could be secreted extracellularly via exosomes, a process that may represent a mechanism for the termination of intracellular MCHR1 signaling.

M1-type microglia-derived exosomes contribute to blood-brain barrier damage

BACKGROUND

As a key substance for intercellular communication, exosomes could be a potential strategy for stroke treatment. Activated microglia disrupt the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate the stroke process. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the effect of microglia-derived exosomes on BBB cell model injury and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

M1 polarization of BV2 cells was induced with LPS and their derived exosomes were isolated. Astrocytes were cultured in primary culture and constructed with End3 cells as a BBB cell model. After co-culture with exosomes, the BBB cell model was examined for changes in TEER, permeability, and expression of BBB-related proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1 and JAM). Resting and M1-type BV2 cell-derived exosomes perform small RNA sequences and differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) are identified by bioinformatics.

RESULTS

M1-type BV2 cell-derived exosomes decreased End3 cell viability, and increased their apoptotic ratio. Moreover, M1 type BV2 cell-derived exosomes dramatically enhanced the permeability of BBB cell model, and diminished the TEER and BBB-related protein (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1) expression. Notably, resting BV2 cell-derived exosomes had no effect on the integrity of BBB cell model. Sequencing results indicated that 71 DE-miRNAs were present in M1 BV2 cell-derived exosomes, and their targets mediated neurological development and signaling pathways such as MAPK and cAMP. RT-qPCR confirmed the differential expression of mmu-miR-125a-5p, mmu-miR-122b-3p, mmu-miR-139-3p, mmu-miR-330-3p, mmu-miR-3057-5p and mmu-miR-342-3p consistent with the small RNA sequence. Furthermore, Creb1, Jun, Mtor, Frk, Pabpc1 and Sdc1 are the most well-connected proteins in the PPI network.

CONCLUSION

M1-type microglia-derived exosomes contribute to the injury of BBB cell model, which has the involvement of miRNAs. Our findings provide new perspectives and potential mechanisms for future M1 microglia-derived exosomes as therapeutic targets in stroke.

Exosomes from SHED-MSC regulate polarization and stress oxidative indexes in THP-1 derived M1 macrophages

OBJECTIVE

The inhibition of M1 macrophages may be interesting for targeted therapy with mesenchymal stem cell-derived Exosomes (MSC-EXOs). This study aimed to investigate the stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived EXOs (SHED-MSC-EXOs) effect on regulating the pro- and anti-oxidant indexes and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. Besides, an in-silico analysis of SHED-MSC-EXO miRNAs as the highest frequency of small RNAs in the exosomes was performed to discover the possible mechanism.

METHODS

The flow cytometry analysis of CD80 and CD86 as M1-specific markers confirmed the polarization of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells. After exosome isolation, characterization, and internalization, THP-1-derived M1 macrophages were treated with SHED-MSC-EXOs. M1-specific markers and pro- and anti-oxidant indexes were evaluated. For in-silico analysis of SHED-MSC-EXOs miRNAs, initial miRNA array data of SHED-EXOs is collected from GEO, and the interaction of the miRNAs in M1 macrophage polarization (M1P), mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) and LPS-induced oxidative stress (LOS) were analyzed by miRWalk 3.0 server. Outcomes were filtered by 75th percentile signal intensity, score cut-off ≥0.95, minimum free energy (MEF)≤ -20 kcal/mol, and seed = 1.

RESULTS

It shows a decrease in the expression of CD80 and CD81, a reduction in pro-oxidant indicators, and an increase in the anti-oxidant indexes (P < 0.05). Computational analysis showed that eight microRNAs of SHED-MSC-EXO miRNAs can bind to and interfere with the expression of candidate genes in the M1P, MOS, and LOS pathways simultaneously.

CONCLUSION

SHED-MSCs-EXOs can be utilized to treat conditions related to M1 macrophage-induced diseases (M1IDs) due to their unique physical properties and ability to penetrate target cells easily.

Exosome/antimicrobial peptide laden hydrogel wound dressings promote scarless wound healing through miR-21-5p-mediated multiple functions

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is an effective strategy for regenerative therapy. However, safety and ease of use are still issues to be overcome in clinical applications. Exosomes are naturally derived nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules, which serve as ideal cell-free therapeutic modalities. However, issues such as delivery, long-term preservation and activity maintenance of exosomes are other problems that limit their application. In this study, we proposed the use of rapid freeze-dry-thaw macroporous hydrogels for the encapsulation of HucMSC-derived exosomes (HucMSC-Exos) combined with an antimicrobial peptide coating. This exosome-encapsulated hyaluronic acid macroporous hydrogel HD-DP7/Exo can achieve long-term storage and transport by lyophilization and can be rapidly redissolved for treatment. After comprehensively comparing the therapeutic effects of HucMSC-Exos and HucMSC-loaded hydrogels, we found that HucMSC-Exos could also effectively regulate fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages and inhibit myofibroblast-mediated fibrosis, thus promoting tissue regeneration and inhibiting scar formation in a mouse model of deep second-degree burn infection healing. These properties of lyophilized storage and whole-process-repair make HD-DP7/Exo have potential application value and application prospects.

Small extracellular vesicles: multi-functional aspects in non-small cell lung carcinoma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact normal and pathological cellular signaling through bidirectional trafficking. Exosomes, a subset of EVs possess biomolecules including proteins, lipids, DNA fragments and various RNA species reflecting a speculum of their parent cells. The involvement of exosomes in bidirectional communication and their biological constituents substantiate its role in regulating both physiology and pathology, including multiple cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancers (85%) with high incidence, mortality and reduced overall survival. Lack of efficient early diagnostic and therapeutic tools hurdles the management of NSCLC. Interestingly, the exosomes from body fluids similarity with parent cells or tissue offers a potential future multicomponent tool for the early diagnosis of NSCLC. The structural twinning of exosomes with a cell/tissue and the competitive tumor derived exosomes in tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes the unpinning horizons of exosomes as a drug delivery, vaccine, and therapeutic agent. Exosomes in clinical point of view assist to trace: acquired resistance caused by various therapeutic agents, early diagnosis, progression, and surveillance. In an integrated approach, EV biomarkers offer potential cutting-edge techniques for the detection and diagnosis of cancer, though the purification, characterization, and biomarker identification processes for the translational research regarding EVs need further optimization.

Albumen exosomes alleviate LPS-induced inflammation of intestinal epithelial cells via miR-22/ATM/p53/NF-κB axis

Biological macromolecules identified in albumen were found benefit to intestinal health, whether albumen contains exosomes and function of their cargos in intestinal inflammation remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate characteristics and cargos of albumen exosomes, as well as their potential roles in alleviating inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. Our results demonstrated that albumen contains exosomes that are cup-shaped morphology vesicles with diameter ranging from 50 to 200 nm. There were 278 miRNAs and 45 proteins with higher expression levels in albumen exosomes, and they were mainly involved in immune responses and programmed cell death pathways, including apoptosis and p53 signaling pathway. LPS induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and excessive apoptosis, which could be reversed by albumen exosomes. The beneficial effects of exosomes could be mainly attributed to miRNA cargos and their inhibition on inflammatory response signaling pathways (p53 and NF-κB pathways). Mechanically, exosome miR-22 targeted ATM and inhibited p53/NF-κB pathway, alleviating LPS-induced overexpression of Caspase-3 and Bax, and inflammatory response. Collectively, albumen exosomes alleviate inflammation of intestinal epithelial cells via miR-22/ATM/p53/NF-κB axis and these findings may provide theoretical basis to the potential application of albumen exosomes for intestinal inflammation.

Ginsenoside Rg3 suppresses vasculogenic mimicry by impairing DVL3-maintained stemness via PAAD cell-derived exosomal miR-204 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is an angiogenesis-independent process that potentially contributes to the poor clinical outcome of anti-angiogenesis therapy in multiple malignant cancers, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Several studies have shown that ginsenoside Rg3, a bioactive component of ginseng, holds considerable potential for cancer treatment. Our previous work has proved that Rg3 can inhibit VM formation in PAAD. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

PURPOSE

To explore the underlying mechanism by which Rg3 affects VM formation in PAAD.

METHODS

We first investigated the effects of Rg3 on the cellular phenotypes of two PAAD cell lines (SW-1990 and PCI-35), and the expression of EMT- and stemness-related proteins. SW-1990 cells were adopted to construct xenograft models, and the anti-tumor effects of Rg3 in vivo were validated. Subsequently, we isolated the exosomes from the two PAAD cell lines with Rg3 treatment or not, and explored whether Rg3 regulated VM via PAAD cell-derived exosomes. MiRNA sequencing, clinical analysis, and rescue experiments were performed to investigate whether and which miRNA was involved. Subsequently, the target gene of miRNA was predicted using the miRDB website (https://mirdb.org/), and rescue experiments were further conducted to validate those in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

Rg3 indeed exhibited excellent anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, with inhibitory effects on EMT and stemness of PAAD cells. More interestingly, Rg3-treated PAAD cell-derived exosomes suppressed the tube-forming ability of HUVEC and PAAD cells, with a decrease in stemness-related protein expression, indicating that Rg3 inhibited both angiogenesis and VM processes. Subsequently, we found that Rg3 induced the up-regulation of miR-204 in PAAD cell-derived exosomes, and miR-204 alone inhibited tube and sphere formation abilities of PAAD cells like exosomes. Specifically, miR-204 down-regulated DVL3 expression, which was involved in regulating cancer cell stemness, and ultimately affected VM. The in vivo experiments further indicated that Rg3-treated SW-1990 cell-derived exosome-inhibited tumor growth, VM formation, and stemness-related protein expression can be abrogated by DVL3 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

Ginsenoside Rg3 increased the PAAD cell-derived exosomal miR-204 levels, which subsequently inhibited its target genes DVL3 expression in the receptor PAAD cells, and the down-regulated DVL3 broke stemness maintenance, ultimately suppressing VM formation of PAAD. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which Rg3 exerted its anti-tumor activity in PAAD via inhibiting VM, and provided a promising strategy to make up for the deficiency of anti-angiogenesis therapy in cancer.

The core exosome proteome of Trichomonas vaginalis

BACKGROUND

Trichomonas vaginalis is parasitic protozoan that causes human urogenital infections. Accumulated reports indicated that exosomes released by this parasite play a crucial role in transmitting information and substances between cells during host-parasite interactions. Current knowledge on the protein contents in T. vaginalis exosome is mainly generated from three previous studies that used different T. vaginalis isolates as an experimental model. Whether T. vaginalis exosomes comprise a common set of proteins (core exosome proteome) is still unclear.

METHODS

To explore the core exosome proteome in T. vaginalis, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the contents of sucrose ultracentrifugation-enriched exosome and supernatant fractions isolated from six isolates.

RESULTS

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of exosomes in the enriched fraction. Proteomic analysis identified a total of 1870 proteins from exosomal extracts. There were 1207 exosomal-specific proteins after excluding 436 'non-core exosomal proteins'. Among these, 72 common exosomal-specific proteins were expressed in all six isolates. Compared with three published T. vaginalis exosome proteome datasets, we identified 16 core exosomal-specific proteins. These core exosomal-specific proteins included tetraspanin (TvTSP1), the classical exosome marker, and proteins mainly involved in catalytic activity and binding such as ribosomal proteins, ras-associated binding (Rab) proteins, and heterotrimeric G proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlighted the importance of using supernatant fraction from exosomal extract as a control to eliminate 'non-core exosomal proteins'. We compiled a reference core exosome proteome of T. vaginalis, which is essential for developing a fundamental understanding of exosome-mediated cell communication and host-parasite interaction.

Human lens epithelial-secreted exosomes attenuate ocular angiogenesis via inhibiting microglial activation

The lens is an avascular tissue, where epithelial cells (LECs) are the primary living cells. The role of LECs-derived exosomes (LEC-exos) is largely unknown. In our study, we determined the anti-angiogenic role of LEC-exos, manifested as regressed retinal neovascularization (NV) using the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), and reduced choroidal NV size and pathological vascular leakage using the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (laser-induced CNV). Furthermore, the activation and accumulation of microglia were also restricted by LEC-exos. Based on Luminex multiplex assays, the expressions of chemokines such as SCYB16/CXCL16, MCP-1/CCL2, I-TAC/CXCL11, and MIP 3beta/CCL19 were decreased after treatment with LEC-exos. Transwell assays showed that LEC-exos restricted the migration of the mouse microglia cell line (BV2 cells). After incubation with LEC-exos-treated BV2 cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hUVECs) were collected for further evaluation using tube formation, Transwell assays, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) assays. Using in vitro experiments, the pro-angiogenic effect of microglia was restricted by LEC-exos. Hence, it was investigated that LEC-exos attenuated ocular NV, which might attribute to the inhibition of microglial activation and accumulation.

Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of exosomal microRNAs in renal cancer

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the tubular epithelial cells of the nephron. It has the highest mortality rate among urological cancers. There are no effective therapeutic approaches and no non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up. Thus, suitable novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are essential for improving RCC diagnosis/prognosis and treatment. Circulating exosomes such as exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs) provide non-invasive prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and valuable therapeutic targets, as they can be easily isolated and quantified and show high sensitivity and specificity. Exosomes secreted by an RCC can exhibit alterations in the miRs' profile that may reflect the cellular origin and (patho)physiological state, as a ''signature'' or ''fingerprint'' of the donor cell. It has been shown that the transportation of renal-specific miRs in exosomes can be rapidly detected and measured, holding great potential as biomarkers in RCC. The present review highlights the studies reporting tumor microenvironment-derived Exo-miRs with therapeutic potential as well as circulating Exo-miRs as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in patients with RCC.

Human gestational diabetes mellitus-derived exosomes impair glucose homeostasis in pregnant mice and stimulate functional maturation of offspring-islets

AIMS

Pancreatic islets undergo critical development and functional maturation during the perinatal period when they are highly sensitive to microenvironment. We aim to determine the effects and mechanisms of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) hypermetabolic stress on glucose homeostasis in pregnant mice and functional maturation of the islets of their offspring.

MAIN METHODS

Exosomes were extracted from the umbilical vein blood of individuals with or without GDM for administration to pregnant mice. The blood glucose, serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipopolysaccharide levels were measured in pregnant mice. The expression and localization of insulin, glucagon, PC1/3, PDX1, and p-S6 in the islets of neonatal rats were continuously monitored using immunofluorescence to evaluate their functional status. Primary islet cells were cultured and treated with GDM exosomes and exendin to determine the expression of GLP-1R, AKT, p-AKT, and p-S6 via western blotting.

KEY FINDINGS

GDM exosomes induced remarkable oral glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and metabolic inflammation in pregnant mice. The islets of GDM offspring exhibited high insulin, glucagon, PC1/3, PDX1, and p-S6 expression at and after birth, and activation of the local GLP-1/GLP-1R axis. The functional maturation of normal-offspring islets did not commence until after birth, while it was activated prior to birth in GDM offspring, seriously disrupting the whole process. GDM exosomes activated the GLP-1/GLP-1R axis between α and β cells, and stimulated functional maturation of β cells via the Akt-mTORC1-pS6 pathway.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings provide preliminary insights into the mechanisms underlying the high incidence of diabetes in the offspring of mothers with GDM.

Therapeutic effects of coptisine derivative EHLJ7 on colorectal cancer by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world with high mortality rate. EHLJ7 is a quaternary coptisine derivative synthesized by our institute. In this study, the role and mechanism of EHLJ7 on CRC are further elucidated. Using target fishing, colon cancer-associated target screening and molecular docking analysis, PI3K/AKT pathway was selected for the target of EHLJ7 at CRC. Results of Flow cytometry, wound healing assay and transwell migration assay confirmed that EHLJ7 could inhibit migration and apoptosis of colon cancer cells by specifically inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway in vitro. Xenograft tumor models and a newly established azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)/Peptostreptococcus anaerobiu (P.anaerobius)-induced CRC mouse model are applied to access the anti-cancer action and mechanism of EHLJ7 using western-blot, immunohistochemistry and analysis of exosomes. The key findings in this study are listed as follows: (1) EHLJ7 exerts superior anti-tumor effect with good safety on Xenograft tumor model and CRC model; (2) EHLJ7 exerted its anti-CRC effect by specifically inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. In summary, we demonstrated that EHLJ7 exerts therapeutic effect against CRC by PI3K/AKT pathway, which made it possible as a potentially effective compound for the treatment of CRC.

Mysterious interactions between macrophage-derived exosomes and tumors; what do we know?

Through their ability to modify the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells, macrophages play a crucial role in the promotion of tumorigenesis, development of tumors and metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. A growing body of research has indicated that exosomes may be essential for coordinating the communication between cancer cells and macrophages. One type of extracellular vehicle called an exosome is utilized for delivering a variety of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to specific cells in order to produce pleiotropic effects. Exosomes derived from macrophages exhibit heterogeneity across various cancer types and function paradoxically, suppressing tumor growth while stimulating it, primarily through post-transcriptional control and protein phosphorylation regulation in the receiving cells. Exosomes released by various macrophage phenotypes offer a variety of therapeutic alternatives in the interim. We outlined the most recent developments in this article, including our understanding of the roles that mechanisms and macrophage-derived exosomal biogenesis play in mediating the progression of cancer and their possible therapeutic uses.

Analysis of biomarkers in speculative CNS-enriched extracellular vesicles for parkinsonian disorders: a comprehensive systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Parkinsonian disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS), exhibit overlapping early-stage symptoms, complicating definitive diagnosis despite heterogeneous cellular and regional pathophysiology. Additionally, the progression and the eventual conversion of prodromal conditions such as REM behavior disorder (RBD) to PD, MSA, or DLB remain challenging to predict. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-enclosed structures released by cells, playing a vital role in communicating cell-state-specific messages. Due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the peripheral circulation, measuring biomarkers in blood-isolated speculative CNS enriched EVs has become a popular diagnostic approach. However, replication and independent validation remain challenging in this field. Here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of speculative CNS-enriched EVs for parkinsonian disorders.

METHODS

We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review and meta-analysis, covering 18 studies with a total of 1695 patients with PD, 253 with MSA, 21 with DLB, 172 with PSP, 152 with CBS, 189 with RBD, and 1288 HCs, employing either hierarchical bivariate models or univariate models based on study size.

RESULTS

Diagnostic accuracy was moderate for differentiating patients with PD from HCs, but revealed high heterogeneity and significant publication bias, suggesting an inflation of the perceived diagnostic effectiveness. The bias observed indicates that studies with non-significant or lower effect sizes were less likely to be published. Although results for differentiating patients with PD from those with MSA or PSP and CBS appeared promising, their validity is limited due to the small number of involved studies coming from the same research group. Despite initial reports, our analyses suggest that using speculative CNS-enriched EV biomarkers may not reliably differentiate patients with MSA from HCs or patients with RBD from HCs, due to their lesser accuracy and substantial variability among the studies, further complicated by substantial publication bias.

CONCLUSION

Our findings underscore the moderate, yet unreliable diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers in speculative CNS-enriched EVs in differentiating parkinsonian disorders, highlighting the presence of substantial heterogeneity and significant publication bias. These observations reinforce the need for larger, more standardized, and unbiased studies to validate the utility of these biomarkers but also call for the development of better biomarkers for parkinsonian disorders.

Trans-3, 5, 4'-trimethoxystilbene restrains non-small-cell lung carcinoma progression via suppressing M2 polarization through inhibition of m6A modified circPACRGL-mediated Hippo signaling

BACKGROUND

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for ∼85% of all lung carcinomas. Trans-3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene (TMS) shows strong anti-tumor activity and induces tumor cell apoptosis. However, its function and mechanism in NSCLC still require investigation.

METHODS

PMA was used to treated THP-1 cells for macrophage differentiation. The abundance and m6A modification of circPACRGL were examined with qRT-PCR and MeRIP. Colony forming, transwell, wound healing, and Western blotting assays were applied to analyze proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT. Macrophage polarization was determined through flow cytometry analysis of M1 and M2 markers. The interplay between circPACRGL, IGF2BP2 and YAP1 was validated by RNA pull-down and RIP assays. Mice received subcutaneous injection of NSCLC cells as a mouse model of subcutaneous tumor.

RESULTS

CircPACRGL was upregulated in NSCLC cells, but it was reduced by TMS treatment. CircPACRGL depletion blocked proliferation, migration, and invasion in H1299 and H1975 cells. TMS suppressed these malignant behaviors, but it was abolished by circPACRGL overexpression. In addition, NSCLC-derived exosomes delivered circPACRGL into THP-1 cells to promote its M2 polarization, but TMS inhibited these effects by downregulating exosomal circPACRGL. Mechanically, exosomal circPACRGL bound to IGF2BP2 to improve the stability of YAP1 mRNA and regulate Hippo signaling in polarized THP-1 cells. TMS inhibited NSCLC growth via suppressing Hippo signaling and M2 polarization in vivo.

CONCLUSION

TMS restrains M2 polarization and NSCLC progression by reducing circPACRGL and inhibiting exosomal circPACRGL-mediated Hippo signaling. Thus, these findings provide a novel mechanism underlying NSCLC progression and potential therapeutic targets.

Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells alleviate biliary ischemia reperfusion injury in fatty liver transplantation by inhibiting ferroptosis

Fatty liver grafts are susceptible to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), increasing the risk of biliary complications after liver transplantation (LT). Ferroptosis, a newly recognized programmed cell death, is expected to be a novel therapeutic target for IRI. We investigated whether exosomes derived from heme oxygenase 1-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HExos) relieve ferroptosis and protect biliary tracts from IRI in a rat fatty liver transplantation model. Rats were fed with a methionine choline deficient (MCD) diet for 2 weeks to induce severe hepatic steatosis. Steatotic grafts were implanted and HExos were administered after liver transplantation. A series of functional assays and pathological analysis were performed to assess ferroptosis and biliary IRI. The HExos attenuated IRI following liver transplantation, as demonstrated by less ferroptosis, improved liver function, less Kupffer and T cell activation, and less long-term biliary fibrosis. MicroRNA (miR)-204-5p delivered by HExos negatively regulated ferroptosis by targeting a key pro-ferroptosis enzyme, ACSL4. Ferroptosis contributes to biliary IRI in fatty liver transplantation. HExos protect steatotic grafts by inhibiting ferroptosis, and may become a promising strategy to prevent biliary IRI and expand the donor pool.

Machine learning-based exosome profiling of multi-receptor SERS sensors for differentiating adenocarcinoma in situ from early-stage invasive adenocarcinoma

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles released by cells, hold potential as diagnostic markers for the early detection of lung cancer. Despite their clinical promise, current technologies lack rapid and effective means to discriminate between exosomes derived from adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and early-stage invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC). This challenge arises from the intrinsic structural heterogeneity of exosomes, necessitating the development of advanced methodologies for precise differentiation. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for plasma exosome detection utilizing multi-receptor surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology to differentiate between AIS and early-stage IAC. To accomplish this, we synthesized a stable and uniform two-dimensional SERS substrate (BC/Au NPs film) by fabricating gold nanoparticles onto bacterial cellulose. We then enhanced its capabilities by introducing multi-receptor SERS functionality via modifying the substrate with both low-specificity and physicochemical-selective molecules. Furthermore, by strategically combining all capturer-exosome SERS spectra, comprehensive "combined-SERS spectra" are reconstructed to enhance spectral variations of the exosome. Combining these features with partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) modeling significantly improved discriminatory accuracy, achieving 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity in distinguishing AIS from early-stage IAC. Our developed SERS sensor provides an effective method for early detection of lung cancer, thereby paving a new way for innovative advancements in diagnosing lung cancer.

Fructobacillus fructosus OS-1010 strain stimulates intestinal cells to secrete exosomes that activate muscle cells

Fructobacillus is a lactic-acid bacterium recently identified in fructose-rich environments. Fructobacillus is also known to exhibit unusual growth characteristics due to an incomplete gene encoding alcohol/acetaldehyde hydrogenase, which results in an imbalance in the nicotinamide adenine mononucleotide (NAD+)/NADN levels. Recently, the addition of d-fructose to the culture medium of Fructobacillus strains increased the intracellular nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) content. In the present study, we evaluated the functionality of Fructobacillus that produces high levels of NMN, using one substrain (Fructobacillus fructosus OS-1010). Therefore, in this study, we examined its functionality in the interaction between intestinal cells and muscle cells. The results showed that supernatant derived from intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells) treated with F. fructosus OS-1010 activated muscle cells (C2C12 cells). Further analysis revealed that Caco-2 cells treated with F. fructosus OS-1010 secreted exosomes known as extracellular vesicles, which activated the muscle cells. Furthermore, pathway analysis of the target genes of miRNA in exosomes revealed that pathways involved in muscle cell activation, including insulin signaling and cardiac muscle regulation, neurotrophic factors, longevity, and anti-aging, can be activated by exosomes. In other words, F. fructosus OS-1010 could activate various cells such as the skin and muscle cells, by secreting functional exosomes from the intestinal tract.

The role of miR-222-2p in exosomes secreted by hexavalent chromium-induced premature senescent hepatocytes as a SASP component

With the development of world industrialization, the environmental pollution of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is becoming an increasingly serious problem. In particular, the mechanisms by which long-term and low-dose exposure to Cr(VI) leading the development of related cancers are not well understood. As senescent cells gradually lose their ability to proliferate and divide, they will not be malignantly transformed. However, Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) released by senescent cells into the cellular microenvironment can act on neighboring cells. Since SASP has a bidirectional regulatory role in the malignant transformation of cells. Hence, It is very necessary to identified the composition and function of SASP which secreted by Cr(VI) induced senescent L02 hepatocytes (S-L02). Exosomes, a vesicle-like substances released extracellularly after the fusion of intracellular multivesicular bodies with cell membrane, are important components of SASP and contain a large number of microRNAs (miRNAs). By establishing Cr(VI)-induced S-L02 model, we collected the exosomes from the supernatants of S-L02 and L02 culture medium respectively, and screened out the highly expressed miRNAs in the exosomes of S-L02, namely the new SASP components. Among them, the increase of miR-222-5p was the most significant. It was validated that as SASP, miR-222-5p can inhibit the proliferation of L02 and S-L02 hepatocytes and at the same time accelerate the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that miR-222-5p attenuated the regulatory effect of protein phosphatase 2A subunit B isoform R2-α (PPP2R2A) on Akt via repressing its target gene PPP2R2A, causing reduced expressions of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a), p27 and p21, and finally increasing the proliferation of HCC cells after diminishing the negative regulation of on cell cycle. This study certainly provides valuable laboratory evidence as well as potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and further personalized treatment of Cr(VI)-associated cancers.

BMSCs-derived Exosome CISH Alleviates Myocardial Infarction by Inactivating the NF-κB Pathway to Stimulate Macrophage M2 Polarization

Current myocardial infarction (MI) treatments are suboptimal, necessitating deeper pathogenesis understanding of MI. This research explored how exosomes (Exo) derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) contribute to MI mitigation and their therapeutic potential. Isolated BMSCs was identified by microscope, flow cytometry, alizarin red and oil red O staining. Exo were identified by TEM, NTA and western blot. HE staining, masson staining, and cardiac function parameters were used to assess the cardiac function in MI mice. TUNEL staining, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect apoptosis, inflammatory factors and M1/M2 markers. The NF-κB pathway activation was detected through western blot assays. Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate macrophage polarization. MI mice showed cardiac injury, increased apoptosis and inflammation, while BMSCs-Exo treatment alleviated these effects. In MI mice, the macrophage M1 polarization was increased and the NF-κB pathway was activated, whereas BMSCs-Exo treatment reversed these changes. Furthermore, CISH expression was reduced in MI mice, but was elevated with BMSCs-Exo treatment. In vitro, LPS shifted RAW264.7 cells to M1 phenotype and activated the NF-κB pathway, yet BMSCs-Exo shifted them to M2 phenotype and inhibited the NF-κB pathway. Mechanistically, BMSCs-Exo induced macrophage M2 polarization by transmitting CISH to inhibit NF-κB activation. BMSCs-Exo mitigates MI by transmitting CISH to inhibit the NF-κB pathway, promoting macrophages to M2 type. This implies BMSCs-Exo could be a useful treatment for MI, and CISH could be a potential therapy target.

Navigating the future of retinitis pigmentosa treatments: A comprehensive analysis of therapeutic approaches in rd10 mice

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a degenerative disease, caused by genetic mutations that lead to a loss in photoreceptors. For research on RP, rd10 mice, which carry mutations in the phosphodiesterase (PDE) gene, exhibit degenerative patterns comparable to those of patients with RP, making them an ideal model for investigating potential treatments. Although numerous studies have reported the potential of biochemical drugs, gene correction, and stem cell transplantation in decelerating rd10 retinal degeneration, a comprehensive review of these studies has yet to be conducted. Therefore, here, a comparative analysis of rd10 mouse treatment research over the past decade was performed. Our findings suggest that biochemical drugs capable of inhibiting the inflammatory response may be promising therapeutics. Additionally, significant progress has been made in the field of gene therapy; nevertheless, challenges such as strict delivery requirements, bystander editing, and off-target effects still need to be resolved. Nevertheless, secretory function is the only unequivocal protective effect of stem cell transplantation. In summary, this review presents a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the treatment approaches employing rd10 mice as experimental subjects, describing a clear pathway for future RP treatment research and identifies potential clinical interventions.

Critical role of exosome, exosomal non-coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs in head and neck cancer angiogenesis

Head and neck cancer (HNC) refers to the epithelial malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. HNCs have a constant yet slow-growing rate with an unsatisfactory overall survival rate globally. The development of new blood vessels from existing blood conduits is regarded as angiogenesis, which is implicated in the growth, progression, and metastasis of cancer. Aberrant angiogenesis is a known contributor to human cancer progression. Representing a promising therapeutic target, the blockade of angiogenesis aids in the reduction of the tumor cells oxygen and nutrient supplies. Despite the promise, the association of existing anti-angiogenic approaches with severe side effects, elevated cancer regrowth rates, and limited survival advantages is incontrovertible. Exosomes appear to have an essential contribution to the support of vascular proliferation, the regulation of tumor growth, tumor invasion, and metastasis, as they are a key mediator of information transfer between cells. In the exocrine region, various types of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) identified to be enriched and stable and contribute to the occurrence and progression of cancer. Mounting evidence suggest that exosome-derived ncRNAs are implicated in tumor angiogenesis. In this review, the characteristics of angiogenesis, particularly in HNC, and the impact of ncRNAs on HNC angiogenesis will be outlined. Besides, we aim to provide an insight on the regulatory role of exosomes and exosome-derived ncRNAs in angiogenesis in different types of HNC.

Engineered exosomes with enhanced stability and delivery efficiency for glioblastoma therapy

Due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the application of chemical drugs for glioblastoma treatment is severely limited. Recently, exosomes have been widely applied for drug delivery to the brain. However, the differences in brain targeting efficiency among exosomes derived from different cell sources, as well as the premature drug leakage during circulation, still limit the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we designed a functional oligopeptide-modified exosome loaded with doxorubicin (Pep2-Exos-DOX) for glioblastoma treatment. BV2 mouse microglial cell line was selected as the exosome source due to the favorable BBB penetration. To avoid drug release in the circulation, a redox-response oligopeptide was designed for incorporation into the membranes of exosomes to lock the drug during circulation. The enrichment of the drug in glioblastoma was confirmed. Pharmacodynamic evaluation showed Pep2-Exos-DOX possessed significant anti-cancer activity against glioblastoma as well as relative biosafety. This exosome-based drug delivery system modified with redox-response oligopeptides provides us a novel strategy for brain diseases treatment.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Characteristics and applications in disease pathology and management

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a role in tissue regeneration and homeostasis because of inherent immunomodulatory capacity and the production of factors that encourage healing. There is substantial evidence that MSCs' therapeutic efficacy is primarily determined by their paracrine function including in cancers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are basic paracrine effectors of MSCs that reside in numerous bodily fluids and cell homogenates and play an important role in bidirectional communication. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) offer a wide range of potential therapeutic uses that exceed cell treatment, while maintaining protocell function and having less immunogenicity. We describe characteristics and isolation methods of MSC-EVs, and focus on their therapeutic potential describing its roles in tissue repair, anti-fibrosis, and cancer with an emphasis on the molecular mechanism and immune modulation and clinical trials. We also explain current understanding and challenges in the clinical applications of MSC-EVs as a cell free therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A novel promising neuroprotective agent for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of neurons in the brain. However, there are no effective drugs for AD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs), as a new mediator of intercellular communication, are associated with low immunogenicity, low risk of tumor formation, and good safety profile. Therefore, MSCs-EVs may be a safe and attractive cell-free nanotherapeutics, offering a new perspective for AD treatment. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSCs-EVs have significant neuroprotective effects, the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to: outline the diagnostic and delivery roles of MSCs-EVs for AD treatment; summarize the optimal sources and delivery methods of MSCs-EVs; provide a comprehensive review on the neuroprotective mechanisms of MSCs-EVs; explore how to enhance the neuroprotective effects of MSCs-EVs; and discuss the limitations and potential of their translation to the clinic. Therefore, this study may provide a more precise theoretical reference and practical basis for clinical research of MSCs-EVs.

LRRC59 promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with SRP pathway components and enhancing the secretion of CKAP4-containing exosomes

Background

As a ribosome receptor, LRRC59 was thought to regulate mRNA translation on the ER membrane. Evidence suggests that LRRC59 is overexpressed in a number of human malignancies and is associated with poor prognoses, but its primary biological function in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains obscure.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to investigate at the expression changes and functional role of LRRC59 in OSCC.

Methods

LRRC59 gene expression and correlation with prognosis of OSCC patients were first examined using the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Following that, a series of functional experiments, including cell counting kit-8, cell cycle analysis, wound healing assays, and transwell assays, were carried out to analyze the biological roles of LRRC59 in tumor cells. Mechanistically, we employed Tandem Affinity Purification-Mass Spectrometry (TAP-MS) approach to isolate and identify protein complexes of LRRC59. Downstream regulatory proteins of LRRC59 were verified through immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments. Furthermore, we isolated exosomes from OSCC cell supernatant and conducted co-culture experiments to examine the effect of LRRC59 knockdown on OSCC cells.

Results

In samples from OSCC patients, LRRC59 was highly expressed and correlated with poor prognoses. Moreover, the gene sets analysis based on TCGA RNA-seq data indicated that LRRC59 seemed to be strongly related with protein secretory and OSCC migration. Upregulated levels of LRRC59 are more prone to lymph node metastasis in OSCC patients. LRRC59 knockdown impaired the ability of OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion invitro. Mechanistically, our TAP-MS data situate LRRC59 in a functional nexus for mRNA translation regulation via interactions with SRP pathway components, translational initiation factors, CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization factors. More importantly, we found that LRRC59 interacted with cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) and promoted the formation of CKAP4-containing exosomes. We also revealed that the LRRC59-CKAP4 axis was a crucial regulator of CKAP4-containing exosome secretion in OSCC cells for migration and invasion.

Conclusions

Therefore, based on our findings, LRRC59 may serve as a potential biomarker for OSCC patients, and LRRC59-induced exosome secretion via the CKAP4 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.