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Hashimoto N, Hanada H, Miyoshi H, Nagaishi M, Sato K, Hontani H, Ohshima K, Takeuchi I. Multimodal Gated Mixture of Experts Using Whole Slide Image and Flow Cytometry for Multiple Instance Learning Classification of Lymphoma. J Pathol Inform 2024; 15:100359. [PMID: 38322152 PMCID: PMC10844119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2023.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a deep-learning-based multimodal classification method for lymphoma diagnosis in digital pathology, which utilizes a whole slide image (WSI) as the primary image data and flow cytometry (FCM) data as auxiliary information. In pathological diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, FCM serves as valuable auxiliary information during the diagnosis process, offering useful insights into predicting the major class (superclass) of subtypes. By incorporating both images and FCM data into the classification process, we can develop a method that mimics the diagnostic process of pathologists, enhancing the explainability. In order to incorporate the hierarchical structure between superclasses and their subclasses, the proposed method utilizes a network structure that effectively combines the mixture of experts (MoE) and multiple instance learning (MIL) techniques, where MIL is widely recognized for its effectiveness in handling WSIs in digital pathology. The MoE network in the proposed method consists of a gating network for superclass classification and multiple expert networks for (sub)class classification, specialized for each superclass. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we conducted experiments involving a six-class classification task using 600 lymphoma cases. The proposed method achieved a classification accuracy of 72.3%, surpassing the 69.5% obtained through the straightforward combination of FCM and images, as well as the 70.2% achieved by the method using only images. Moreover, the combination of multiple weights in the MoE and MIL allows for the visualization of specific cellular and tumor regions, resulting in a highly explanatory model that cannot be attained with conventional methods. It is anticipated that by targeting a larger number of classes and increasing the number of expert networks, the proposed method could be effectively applied to the real problem of lymphoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Hashimoto
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4648603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanada
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4648603, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 8300011, Japan
| | - Miharu Nagaishi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 8300011, Japan
| | - Kensaku Sato
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 8300011, Japan
| | - Hidekata Hontani
- Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 4668555, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 8300011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4648603, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4648603, Japan
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2
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Hwang SM, Oh I, Kwon SR, Lee JS, Seong MW. Comparison of Measurable Residual Disease in Pediatric B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia Using Multiparametric Flow Cytometry and Next-Generation Sequencing. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:354-358. [PMID: 38237930 PMCID: PMC10961625 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurable residual disease (MRD) testing, a standard procedure in B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) diagnostics, is assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. We evaluated the concordance between eight-color, two-tube MFC-MRD the LymphoTrack NGS-MRD assays using 139 follow-up samples from 54 pediatric patients with B-ALL. We also assessed the effect of hemodilution in MFC-MRD assays. The MRD-concordance rate was 79.9% (N=111), with 25 (18.0%) and 3 (2.2%) samples testing positive only by NGS-MRD (MFC-NGS+MRD) and MFC-MRD (MFC+NGS-MRD), respectively. We found a significant correlation in MRD values from total nucleated cells between the two methods (r=0.736 [0.647-0.806], P<0.001). The median MRD value of MFC-NGS+MRD samples was estimated to be 0.0012% (0.0001%-0.0263%) using the NGS-MRD assays. Notably, 14.3% of MFC-NGS+MRD samples showed NGS-MRD values below the limit of detection in the MFC-MRD assays. The percentages of hematogones detected in MFC-MRD assays significantly differed between the discordant and concordant cases (P<0.001). MFC and NGS-MRD assays showed relatively high concordance and correlation in MRD assessment, whereas the NGS-MRD assay detected MRD more frequently than the MFC-MRD assay in pediatric B-ALL. Evaluating the hematogone percentages can aid in assessing the impact of sample hemodilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mee Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inseong Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Ryun Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee-Soo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Shumilov E, Mazzeo P, Ghandili S, Künstner A, Weidemann S, Banz Y, Ströbel P, Pollak M, Kolloch L, Beltraminelli H, Kerkhoff A, Mikesch JH, Schliemann C, Haase D, Wulf G, Legros M, Lenz G, Feldmeyer L, Pabst T, Witte H, Gebauer N, Bacher U. Diagnostic management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) in close interaction with therapeutic considerations. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1587-1599. [PMID: 38194088 PMCID: PMC11009756 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), a rare malignancy derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cells, can mimic both acute leukemia and aggressive T-cell lymphoma. Therapy of this highly aggressive hematological disease should be initiated as soon as possible, especially in light of novel targeted therapies that have become available. However, differential diagnosis of BPDCN remains challenging. This retrospective study aimed to highlight the challenges to timely diagnoses of BPDCN. We documented the diagnostic and clinical features of 43 BPDCN patients diagnosed at five academic hospitals from 2001-2022. The frequency of BPDCN diagnosis compared to AML was 1:197 cases. The median interval from the first documented clinical manifestation to diagnosis of BPDCN was 3 months. Skin (65%) followed by bone marrow (51%) and blood (45%) involvement represented the most common sites. Immunophenotyping revealed CD4 + , CD45 + , CD56 + , CD123 + , HLA-DR + , and TCL-1 + as the most common surface markers. Overall, 86% (e.g. CD33) and 83% (e.g., CD7) showed co-expression of myeloid and T-cell markers, respectively. In the median, we detected five genomic alterations per case including mutational subtypes typically involved in AML: DNA methylation (70%), signal transduction (46%), splicing factors (38%), chromatin modification (32%), transcription factors (32%), and RAS pathway (30%), respectively. The contribution of patients (30%) proceeding to any form of upfront stem cell transplantation (SCT; autologous or allogeneic) was almost equal resulting in beneficial overall survival rates in those undergoing allogeneic SCT (p = 0.0001). BPDCN is a rare and challenging entity sharing various typical characteristics of other hematological diseases. Comprehensive diagnostics should be initiated timely to ensure appropriate treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Shumilov
- Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Paolo Mazzeo
- Clinics of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INDIGHO Laboratory, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ghandili
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation With Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yara Banz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Pollak
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lina Kolloch
- Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Helmut Beltraminelli
- Dermatopathology Department, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Kerkhoff
- Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan-Henrik Mikesch
- Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Detlef Haase
- Clinics of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INDIGHO Laboratory, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Wulf
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Myriam Legros
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Laurence Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pabst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, InselspitalBern, Switzerland
| | - Hanno Witte
- Department for Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Department for Hematology and Oncology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Niklas Gebauer
- Department for Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bacher
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Boero E, Carducci M, Keeley AJ, Berlanda Scorza F, Iturriza-Gómara M, Moriel DG, Rossi O. A flow cytometry-based assay to determine the ability of anti-Streptococcus pyogenes antibodies to mediate monocytic phagocytosis in human sera. J Immunol Methods 2024; 528:113652. [PMID: 38458312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, commonly referred to as Group A Streptococcus (Strep A), causes a spectrum of diseases, with the potential to progress into life-threatening illnesses and autoimmune complications. The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, stemming from the prevalent reliance on antibiotic therapies to manage Strep A infections, underscores the critical need for the development of disease control strategies centred around vaccination. Phagocytes play a critical role in controlling Strep A infections, and phagocytosis-replicating assays are essential for vaccine development. Traditionally, such assays have employed whole-blood killing or opsonophagocytic methods using HL-60 cells as neutrophil surrogates. However, assays mimicking Fcγ receptors- phagocytosis in clinical contexts are lacking. Therefore, here we introduce a flow cytometry-based method employing undifferentiated THP-1 cells as monocytic/macrophage model to swiftly evaluate the ability of human sera to induce phagocytosis of Strep A. We extensively characterize the assay's precision, linearity, and quantification limit, ensuring robustness. By testing human pooled serum, the assay proved to be suitable for the comparison of human sera's phagocytic capability against Strep A. This method offers a valuable complementary assay for clinical studies, addressing the gap in assessing FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. By facilitating efficient evaluation of Strep A -phagocyte interactions, it may contribute to elucidating the mechanisms required for the prevention of infections and inform the development of future vaccines and therapeutic advancements against Strep A infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alexander J Keeley
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, P. O. Box 273, the Gambia
| | | | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Danilo Gomes Moriel
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Kim SY, Huh HJ. Toward Standardization of Flow-Cytometric Immunophenotyping for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hematologic Malignancies. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:193-194. [PMID: 38145894 PMCID: PMC10813827 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Park M, Lim J, Ahn A, Oh EJ, Song J, Kim KH, Han JY, Choi HW, Park JH, Shin KH, Kim H, Kim M, Hwang SH, Kim HY, Cho D, Kang ES. Current Status of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping of Hematolymphoid Neoplasms in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:222-234. [PMID: 38145891 PMCID: PMC10813832 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of hematolymphoid neoplasms (FCI-HLN) is essential for diagnosis, classification, and minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring. FCI-HLN is typically performed using in-house protocols, raising the need for standardization. Therefore, we surveyed the current status of FCI-HLN in Korea to obtain fundamental data for quality improvement and standardization. Methods Eight university hospitals actively conducting FCI-HLN participated in our survey. We analyzed responses to a questionnaire that included inquiries regarding test items, reagent antibodies (RAs), fluorophores, sample amounts (SAs), reagent antibody amounts (RAAs), acquisition cell number (ACN), isotype control (IC) usage, positive/negative criteria, and reporting. Results Most hospitals used acute HLN, chronic HLN, plasma cell neoplasm (PCN), and MRD panels. The numbers of RAs were heterogeneous, with a maximum of 32, 26, 12, 14, and 10 antibodies used for acute HLN, chronic HLN, PCN, ALL-MRD, and multiple myeloma-MRD, respectively. The number of fluorophores ranged from 4 to 10. RAs, SAs, RAAs, and ACN were diverse. Most hospitals used a positive criterion of 20%, whereas one used 10% for acute and chronic HLN panels. Five hospitals used ICs for the negative criterion. Positive/negative assignments, percentages, and general opinions were commonly reported. In MRD reporting, the limit of detection and lower limit of quantification were included. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive study on the current status of FCI-HLN in Korea, confirming the high heterogeneity and complexity of FCI-HLN practices. Standardization of FCI-HLN is urgently needed. The findings provide a reference for establishing standard FCI-HLN guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyang Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ari Ahn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Yeong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Pan L, Parini P, Tremmel R, Loscalzo J, Lauschke VM, Maron BA, Paci P, Ernberg I, Tan NS, Liao Z, Yin W, Rengarajan S, Li X. Single Cell Atlas: a single-cell multi-omics human cell encyclopedia. Genome Biol 2024; 25:104. [PMID: 38641842 PMCID: PMC11027364 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing datasets are key in biology and medicine for unraveling insights into heterogeneous cell populations with unprecedented resolution. Here, we construct a single-cell multi-omics map of human tissues through in-depth characterizations of datasets from five single-cell omics, spatial transcriptomics, and two bulk omics across 125 healthy adult and fetal tissues. We construct its complement web-based platform, the Single Cell Atlas (SCA, www.singlecellatlas.org ), to enable vast interactive data exploration of deep multi-omics signatures across human fetal and adult tissues. The atlas resources and database queries aspire to serve as a one-stop, comprehensive, and time-effective resource for various omics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Pan
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, and, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Medicine Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman Tremmel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bradley A Maron
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paola Paci
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Zehuan Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Weiyao Yin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sundararaman Rengarajan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xuexin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.
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Pollenus E, Prenen F, Possemiers H, Knoops S, Mitera T, Lamote J, De Visscher A, Vandermosten L, Pham TT, Matthys P, Van den Steen PE. Aspecific binding of anti-NK1.1 antibodies on myeloid cells in an experimental model for malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Malar J 2024; 23:110. [PMID: 38637828 PMCID: PMC11025177 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional natural killer (cNK) cells play an important role in the innate immune response by directly killing infected and malignant cells and by producing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies on their role in malaria and its complications have resulted in conflicting results. METHODS Using the commonly used anti-NK1.1 depletion antibodies (PK136) in an in-house optimized experimental model for malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS), the role of cNK cells was investigated. Moreover, flow cytometry was performed to characterize different NK cell populations. RESULTS While cNK cells were found to be dispensable in the development of MA-ARDS, the appearance of a NK1.1+ cell population was observed in the lungs upon infection despite depletion with anti-NK1.1. Detailed characterization of the unknown population revealed that this population consisted of a mixture of monocytes and macrophages that bind the anti-NK1.1 antibody in an aspecific way. This aspecific binding may occur via Fcγ receptors, such as FcγR4. In contrast, in vivo depletion using anti-NK1.1 antibodies was proved to be specific for cNK cells. CONCLUSION cNK cells are dispensable in the development of experimental MA-ARDS. Moreover, careful flow cytometric analysis, with a critical mindset in relation to potential aspecific binding despite the use of commercially available Fc blocking reagents, is critical to avoid misinterpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pollenus
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fran Prenen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Possemiers
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Mitera
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jochen Lamote
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amber De Visscher
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandermosten
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Currently at Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ren T, Zhou Y, Cui X, Wu B, Rittmann BE. Differentiation and quantification of extracellular polymeric substances from microalgae and bacteria in the mixed culture. Water Res 2024; 256:121641. [PMID: 38643643 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play significant roles in the formation, function, and interactions of microalgal-bacteria consortia. Understanding the key roles of EPS depends on reliable extraction and quantification methods, but differentiating of EPS from microalgae versus bacteria is challenging. In this work, cation exchange resin (CER) and thermal treatments were applied for total EPS extraction from microalgal-bacteria mixed culture (MBMC), flow cytometry combined with SYTOX Green staining was applied to evaluate cell disruption during EPS extraction, and auto-fluorescence-based cell sorting (AFCS) was used to separate microalgae and bacteria in the MBMC. Thermal extraction achieved much higher EPS yield than CER, but higher temperature and longer time reduced cell activity and disrupted the cells. The highest EPS yield with minimal loss of cell activity and cell disruption was achieved using thermal extraction at 55℃ for 30 min, and this protocol gave good results for MBMC with different microalgae:bacteria (M:B) mass ratios. AFCS combined with thermal treatment achieved the most-efficient biomass differentiation and low EPS loss (<4.5 %) for the entire range of M:B ratios. EPS concentrations in bacteria were larger than in microalgae: 42.8 ± 0.4 mg COD/g TSS versus 9.19 ± 0.38 mg COD/g TSS. These findings document sensitive and accurate methods to extract and quantify EPS from microalgal-bacteria aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaocai Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, United States of America
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Jenkins JA, Draugelis-Dale RO, Hoffpauir NM, Baudoin BA, Matkin C, Driver L, Hodges S, Brown BL. Flow cytometric assessments of metabolic activity in bacterial assemblages provide insight into ecosystem condition along the Buffalo National River, Arkansas. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:170462. [PMID: 38311076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The Buffalo National River (BNR), on karst terrain in Arkansas, is considered an extraordinary water resource. Water collected in Spring 2017 along BNR was metagenomically analyzed using 16S rDNA, and for 17 months (5/2017-11/2018), bacterial responses were measured in relation to nutrients sampled along a stretch of BNR near a concentrated animal feed operation (CAFO) on Big Creek. Because cell count and esterase activity can increase proportionally with organic enrichment, they were hypothesized to be elevated near the CAFO. Counts (colony forming units; CFUs) were different among sites for 73 % of the months; Big Creek generated highest CFUs 27 % of the time, with the closest downstream site at 13.3 %. Esterase activity was different among sites 94 % of the time, with Big Creek exhibiting lowest activity 71 % of the time. Over the months, activity was similar across sites at ~70 % active, except at Big Creek (56 %). The α-diversity of BNR microbial consortia near a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the CAFO was related to distance from the WWTP and CAFO. The inverse relationship between high CFUs and low esterase activity at Big Creek (r = -0.71) actuated in vitro exposures of bacteria to organic wastewater contaminants (OWC) previously identified in the watershed. Exponential-phase Escherichia coli (stock strain), Streptococcus suis (avirulent, from swine), and S. dysgalactiae (virulent, from silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were incubated with atrazine, pharmaceuticals (17 α-ethynylestradiol and trenbolone), and antimicrobials (tylosin and butylparaben). Bacteria were differentially responsive. Activity varied with exposure time and OWC type, but not concentration; atrazine decreased it most. Taken together - the metagenomic taxonomic similarities along BNR, slightly higher bacterial growth and lower bacterial esterase at the CAFO, and the lab exposures of bacterial strains showing that OWC altered metabolism - the results indicated that bioactive OWC entering the watershed can strongly influence microbial processes in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Jenkins
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA.
| | - Rassa O Draugelis-Dale
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA
| | - Nina M Hoffpauir
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA
| | - Brooke A Baudoin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA
| | - Caroline Matkin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA.
| | - Lucas Driver
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center, 401 Hardin Rd., Little Rock, AR 72211, USA.
| | - Shawn Hodges
- Buffalo National River, National Park Service, 402 N. Walnut St., Harrison, AR 72601, USA.
| | - Bonnie L Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 105 Main St., Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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11
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Melnik M, Miyoshi E, Ma R, Corrada M, Kawas C, Bohannan R, Caraway C, Miller CA, Hinman JD, John V, Bilousova T, Gylys KH. Simultaneous isolation of intact brain cells and cell-specific extracellular vesicles from cryopreserved Alzheimer's disease cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110137. [PMID: 38626853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal and gliaI populations within the brain are tightly interwoven, making isolation and study of large populations of a single cell type from brain tissue a major technical challenge. Concurrently, cell-type specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold enormous diagnostic and therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). NEW METHOD Postmortem AD cortical samples were thawed and gently dissociated. Following filtration, myelin and red blood cell removal, cell pellets were immunolabeled with fluorescent antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell pellet supernatant was applied to a triple sucrose cushion for brain EV isolation. RESULTS Neuronal, astrocyte and microglial cell populations were identified. Cell integrity was demonstrated using calcein AM, which is retained by cells with esterase activity and an intact membrane. For some experiments cell pellets were fixed, permeabilized, and immunolabeled for cell-specific markers. Characterization of brain small EV fractions showed the expected size, depletion of EV negative markers, and enrichment in positive and cell-type specific markers. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS We optimized and integrated established protocols, aiming to maximize information obtained from each human autopsy brain sample. The uniqueness of our method lies in its capability to isolate cells and EVs from a single cryopreserved brain sample. Our results not only demonstrate the feasibility of isolating specific brain cell subpopulations for RNA-seq but also validate these subpopulations at the protein level. The accelerated study of EVs from human samples is crucial for a better understanding of their contribution to neuron/glial crosstalk and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Melnik
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Ricky Ma
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Corrada
- Departments of Neurology, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Departments of Neurology, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Neurobiology & Behavior, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ryan Bohannan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chad Caraway
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Jason D Hinman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tina Bilousova
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Karen H Gylys
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Werin B, Hansson Wennersten W, Olsson R, Kołodziejczyk O, Andersson MN, Carlquist M, Johanson U. Evaluation of heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris of Pine Weevil TRPA1 by GFP and flow cytometry. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:110. [PMID: 38609906 PMCID: PMC11015645 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wasabi receptor, also known as the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel, is a potential target for development of repellents for insects, like the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) feeding on conifer seedlings and causing damage in forestry. Heterologous expression of TRPA1 from pine weevil in the yeast Pichia pastoris can potentially provide protein for structural and functional studies. Here we take advantage of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tag to examine the various steps of heterologous expression, to get more insight in clone selection, expression and isolation of the intact purified protein. RESULTS The sequence of HaTRPA1 is reported and GFP-tagged constructs were made of the full-length protein and a truncated version (Δ1-708 HaTRPA1), lacking the N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain. Clones were screened on GFP expression plates, induced in small liquid cultures and in fed-batch cultures, and evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The screening on plates successfully identifies low-expression clones, but fails to predict the ranking of the best performing clones in small-scale liquid cultures. The two constructs differ in their cellular localization. Δ1-708 HaTRPA1 is found in a ring at the perimeter of cell, whereas HaTRPA1 is forming highly fluorescent speckles in interior regions of the cell. The pattern is consistent in different clones of the same construct and persists in fed-batch culture. The expression of Δ1-708 HaTRPA1 decreases the viability more than HaTRPA1, and in fed-batch culture it is clear that intact cells first express Δ1-708 HaTRPA1 and then become damaged. Purifications show that both constructs suffer from degradation of the expressed protein, but especially the HaTRPA1 construct. CONCLUSIONS The GFP tag makes it possible to follow expression by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Analyses of localization, cell viability and expression show that the former two parameters are specific for each of the two evaluated constructs, whereas the relative expression of the constructs varies with the cultivation method. High expression is not all that matters, so taking damaged cells into account, something that may be linked to protein degradation, is important when picking the most suitable construct, clone, and expression scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balder Werin
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Robin Olsson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Oliwia Kołodziejczyk
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Carlquist
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Urban Johanson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden.
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13
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Vucinic L, O'Connell D, Coxon C, Gill L. Back to the future: Comparing yeast as an outmoded artificial tracer for simulating microbial transport in karst aquifer systems to more modern approaches. Environ Pollut 2024; 349:123942. [PMID: 38604303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of karst groundwater is a major concern for public health. Artificial tracing studies are crucial for establishing links between locations where pollutants can rapidly reach the aquifer systems and subsequent receptors, as well as for enhanced understanding of pollutant transport. However, widely used solute artificial tracers do not always move through the subsurface in the same manner as particles and microorganisms, hence may not be ideal proxies for predicting movement of bacterial contaminants. This study evaluates whether a historically used microbial tracer (yeast) which is readily available, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, but usually overlooked in modern karst hydrogeological studies due to challenges associated with its detection and quantification in the past, can reemerge as a valuable tracer using the latest technology for its detection. Two field-based studies on separate karst systems were carried out during low-flow conditions using a portable particle counter along with flow cytometry measurements to monitor the recovery of the yeast at the springs. Soluble fluorescent dyes were also injected simultaneously with the yeast for comparison of transport dynamics. On one tracer test, through a karst conduit of much higher velocities, the injected yeast and fluorescent dye arrived at the same time at the spring, in comparison to the tracer test on a conduit system with lower groundwater velocities in which the yeast particles were detected before the dye at the sampling site. Both a portable particle counter and flow cytometry successfully detected yeast during both tests, thereby demonstrating the applicability of this tracer with contemporary instrumentation. Even though no significant advantages of flow cytometry over the portable counter system can be reported on the basis of the presented results, this study has shown that flow cytometry can be successfully used to detect and quantify introduced microbial tracers in karst environments with extremely high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Vucinic
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland.
| | - David O'Connell
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Coxon
- Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for the Environment, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laurence Gill
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
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Singh N, Ghavami S, Chelikani P. Characterization of Bitter Taste Receptor-Dependent Autophagy in Oral Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38578576 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis is an important trigger in the development of oral diseases. Oral keratinocytes or gingival epithelial cells (GECs) offer protection against various microbial insults. Recent studies suggest that GECs expressed higher level of bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14) compared to other taste receptors and toll-like receptors and act as innate immune sentinels. Macroautophagy or autophagy is a cellular conserved process involved in the regulation of host innate immune responses against microbial infection. Here, we describe a robust method for evaluation of T2R14-dependent autophagy flux in GECs. Autophagy flux was detected using Western blot analysis in GECs and further was confirmed using Acridine Orange-dependent flow cytometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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15
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Liu Q, Xia Z, Huang T, Yang F, Wang X, Yang F. Establishment of reference intervals for plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17A in healthy adults from the Jiangsu region of eastern China using flow cytometry: A single-center study. Cytokine 2024; 179:156594. [PMID: 38581867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are of utmost importance in both the physiological and pathological immune responses of the human body. This study utilized flow cytometry to measure the levels of plasma interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and established their reference intervals, aiming to provide data support for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases. METHODS According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 728 reference individuals were included in this study from January 2023 to June 2023. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyse the distributions of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A. The reference intervals of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A were established by the unilateral percentile method (95th percentile) based on the guidelines of C28-A 3 and WS/T 402-2012. RESULTS In this study, the levels of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A were nonnormally distributed. The concentrations of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A in healthy adults were not significantly different by sex or age (all P > 0.05). Therefore, all the reference individuals were combined into one group, and the reference intervals of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 were established by flow cytometry (IL-2 ≤ 10.25 pg/mL, IL-4 ≤ 9.87 pg/mL, IL-5 ≤ 3.36 pg/mL and IL-17A ≤ 9.46 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS We first established the reference intervals of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A in healthy adults based on a single-center population in the Jiangsu region in eastern China, which will provide an important reference value for evaluating human immune status and the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated with Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Zhengping Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated with Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donghai County People's Hospital, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated with Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated with Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Fumeng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated with Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, PR China.
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Yadav S, Kumari R, Rangan P, Gaikwad AB. Variability in genome size of Trigonella foenum-graecum, Trigonella corniculata and Trigonella caerulea as estimated by flow cytometry indicates complex evolutionary history of fenugreek. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:489. [PMID: 38578370 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of genome size is a fundamental step which provides a basis to initiate studies aimed at deciphering the genetic similarity of a species and to carry out other genomics based investigations. Fenugreek (Trigonella spp.) is an important spice crop which has numerous health promoting phytochemicals. Many species within this genus are known for their various health benefits owing to the presence of a wide diversity of important phytochemicals like diosgenin, trigonelline, fenugreekine, galactomannan, 4-hydroxy isoleucine, etc. It is a multipurpose crop being cultivated for food, animal feed and industrial purposes. Despite its importance, research on the genomics aspect of fenugreek remains scant. In the absence of sufficient genomic information, crop improvement in fenugreek is severely lagging. METHODS AND RESULTS Estimation of genome size of a species is the preliminary step for initiation of any genomic studies and therefore in the present study we have estimated the genome size for fenugreek. Here, we have determined the genome sizes of three different Trigonella spp. namely T. foenum-graecum, T. corniculata and T. caerulea through flow cytometry (FC). The 2 C DNA content values were found to be 6.05 pg (T. foenum-graecum), 1.83 pg (T. corniculata) and 1.96 pg (T. caerulea). The genome size of T. foenum-graecum is approximately three times the genome size of T. corniculata and T. caerulea. This variation in genome size of more than three-fold indicates the level of genetic divergence among the three species, though within the same genus. CONCLUSIONS The differences observed in the genome sizes of the three species provide conclusive evidence of their genetic divergence. Additionally, the information about the genome size would provide an impetus to the structural and functional genomics-based research in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheel Yadav
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Ratna Kumari
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Ambika Baldev Gaikwad
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
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Herring MB, Fernandez-Pol S. Loss of CD5-positive T-cells following anti-thymocyte globulin treatment. J Hematop 2024:10.1007/s12308-024-00581-y. [PMID: 38573562 DOI: 10.1007/s12308-024-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Herring
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Talarposhti MV, Salehzadeh A, Jalali A. Comparing the toxicity effects of copper oxide nanoparticles conjugated with Lapatinib on breast (MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03071-1. [PMID: 38563880 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in cancer morbidity and mortality has presented scientists with a major challenge in developing new therapeutic agents against cancer cells. This study aims to characterize the anticancer effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated with Lapatinib (CuO@Lapatinib) on breast and lung cancer cell lines. The physicochemical properties of the NPs were characterized by fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analyses. The antiproliferative potential of the NPs in the breast (MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and a normal cell line (MRC5) was investigated by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were used to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the treated and control cells were also determined. The NPs were spherical, with a size range of 20-59nm, a DLS size of 338nm, and a zeta potential of -42.9 mV. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CuO@Lapatinib NPs for the normal, breast cancer, and lung cancer cell lines was 105, 98, and 87 µg/ml, respectively. Treatment with CuO@Lapatinib NPs caused considerable apoptosis induction in breast cancer (from 0.65% to 68.96%) and lung cancer cell lines (from 1.11% to 44.11%). Also, an increased level of cell cycle arrest at the S phase was observed in both cancer cell lines. The ROS level in the breast and lung cancer cell lines after treatment with CuO@Lapatinib NPs increased by 3.45 and 21.04 folds, respectively. Nuclear morphological alterations, including chromatin condensation and fragmentation, were observed in both cancer cell lines. This study indicates CuO@Lapatinib is a potent antiproliferative compound with more efficient inhibitory effects on lung cancer than breast cancer cells, which can be related to the higher ROS generation in the A549 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Salehzadeh
- Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Amir Jalali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 384817758, Iran
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Kong GL, Nguyen TT, Rosales WK, Panikar AD, Cheney JHW, Lusardi TA, Yashar WM, Curtiss BM, Carratt SA, Braun TP, Maxson JE. CITEViz: interactively classify cell populations in CITE-Seq via a flow cytometry-like gating workflow using R-Shiny. BMC Bioinformatics 2024; 25:142. [PMID: 38566005 PMCID: PMC10988918 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-024-05762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid advancement of new genomic sequencing technology has enabled the development of multi-omic single-cell sequencing assays. These assays profile multiple modalities in the same cell and can often yield new insights not revealed with a single modality. For example, Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-Seq) simultaneously profiles the RNA transcriptome and the surface protein expression. The surface protein markers in CITE-Seq can be used to identify cell populations similar to the iterative filtration process in flow cytometry, also called "gating", and is an essential step for downstream analyses and data interpretation. While several packages allow users to interactively gate cells, they often do not process multi-omic sequencing datasets and may require writing redundant code to specify gate boundaries. To streamline the gating process, we developed CITEViz which allows users to interactively gate cells in Seurat-processed CITE-Seq data. CITEViz can also visualize basic quality control (QC) metrics allowing for a rapid and holistic evaluation of CITE-Seq data. RESULTS We applied CITEViz to a peripheral blood mononuclear cell CITE-Seq dataset and gated for several major blood cell populations (CD14 monocytes, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, B cells, and platelets) using canonical surface protein markers. The visualization features of CITEViz were used to investigate cellular heterogeneity in CD14 and CD16-expressing monocytes and to detect differential numbers of detected antibodies per patient donor. These results highlight the utility of CITEViz to enable the robust classification of single cell populations. CONCLUSIONS CITEViz is an R-Shiny app that standardizes the gating workflow in CITE-Seq data for efficient classification of cell populations. Its secondary function is to generate basic feature plots and QC figures specific to multi-omic data. The user interface and internal workflow of CITEViz uniquely work together to produce an organized workflow and sensible data structures for easy data retrieval. This package leverages the strengths of biologists and computational scientists to assess and analyze multi-omic single-cell datasets. In conclusion, CITEViz streamlines the flow cytometry gating workflow in CITE-Seq data to help facilitate novel hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Kong
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Thai T Nguyen
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Wesley K Rosales
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Anjali D Panikar
- Knight Campus Graduate Internship Program - Bioinformatics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - John H W Cheney
- Knight Campus Graduate Internship Program - Bioinformatics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Theresa A Lusardi
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97238, USA
| | - William M Yashar
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Brittany M Curtiss
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah A Carratt
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Theodore P Braun
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA.
| | - Julia E Maxson
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., KR-HEM, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Solomonova E, Shoman N, Akimov A, Rylkova O, Meger Y. Application of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry to identify physiological responses of Prorocentrum micans to the herbicide glyphosate. Mar Environ Res 2024; 196:106417. [PMID: 38394976 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The physiological response of the dinoflagellate P. micans to the effect of the herbicide glyphosate at a concentration of 25-200 μg L-1 was evaluated. It has been shown that P. micans is able to grow due to the consumption of dissolved organic phosphorus formed as a result of the mineralization of glyphosate by bacteria. The addition of glyphosate to the medium inhibits the photosynthetic activity of cells; there is a pronounced inhibition of the relative electron transfer rate along the electron transport chain and the maximum quantum efficiency of the use of light energy. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in P. micans cells were evaluated at sublethal (150 μg L-1) and lethal (200 μg L-1) glyphosate concentrations. It has been shown that at a herbicide concentration of 150 μg L-1, the first signs of apoptosis appear in most P. micans cells: a decrease in lateral light scattering, cytoplasmic retraction, partial destruction of cytoplasmic organelles, a change in the morphology of nuclei, mitochondria, a change in the potential of mitochondrial membranes, and a decrease in the autofluorescence of chlorophyll in cells. At a glyphosate concentration of 200 μg L-1, P. micans showed signs of a late stage of apoptosis: violation of the integrity of intracellular organelles and chromatin organization, fragmentation of nuclei, condensation of cytoplasm, disorganization of chloroplasts in the cells, and the release of cell contents beyond the cell membrane. The effectiveness of using flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy methods for identifying signs and stages of cell apoptosis when exposed to glyphosate is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Solomonova
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Nahimov Avе., Sevastopol, Russian Federation.
| | - Natalia Shoman
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Nahimov Avе., Sevastopol, Russian Federation
| | - Arkady Akimov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Nahimov Avе., Sevastopol, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Rylkova
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Nahimov Avе., Sevastopol, Russian Federation
| | - Yakov Meger
- Sevastopol State University, 299053, Universitetskaya Street, 33, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
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21
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Rico LG, Bardina J, Salvia R, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. True volumetric counting of CD34+ cells using flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2024; 527:113649. [PMID: 38395105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
While the single-platform flow cytometric CD34+ cell counting method is the preferred choice to predict the yield of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells, most flow cytometers lack the ability of hematology counter analyzers to perform volumetric counting. However, one of the problems using reference microbeads is the vanishing counting bead phenomenon. This phenomenon results in a drop in microbeads concentration and reduces the total and relative number of beads in calibration procedures. In the last years, flow cytometers including a volumetric system to quantify cells have been developed and may represent a promising alternative to enumerate CD34+ cells avoiding the use of beads. In this study we have used a direct true volumetric counting of CD34+ cells under continuous flow pump to overcome potential drawbacks with impact in rare cell analysis. To confirm this hypothesis, we have compared the results of CD34+ cell enumeration using non-volumetric vs. volumetric systems with FC500 (Beckman Coulter) and Attune NxT (ThermoFisher) flow cytometers, respectively, in mobilized peripheral blood samples. No statistically significant differences were observed between measurements of CD34+ cells using beads, when the FC500 and Attune NxT absolute counting values were compared, or when CD34+ counts were compared on the Attune NxT, either using or not using beads. Linear regressions to study the relationship between volumetric and non-volumetric CD34+ counts confirmed the accuracy of each method. Bland-Altman test showed agreement between both methods. Our data showed that CD34+ cell enumeration using a volumetric system is comparable with current counting systems. This method represents an alternative with the advantage of the simplification of sample preparation and the reduction of the analysis subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jorge Bardina
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Roser Salvia
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
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22
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Johnson BZ, O'Halloran E, Stevenson AW, Wood FM, Fear MW, Linden MD. Non-severe burn injury causes sustained platelet hyperreactivity. Burns 2024; 50:585-596. [PMID: 37945506 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who present to a hospital for treatment of a burn of any magnitude are more frequently hospitalised for ischemic heart disease, even decades after injury. Blood platelets are key mediators of cardiovascular disease. To investigate platelet involvement in post-burn cardiovascular risk, platelet reactivity was assessed in patients at 2- and 6-weeks after non-severe (TBSA < 20%) burn injury, and in a murine model 30 days after 8% TBSA full-thickness burn injury. Platelets were stimulated with canonical agonists and function reported by GPIIb/IIIa PAC1-binding site, CD62P expression, and formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates. In vivo thrombosis in a modified Folts model of vascular injury was assessed. Burn survivors had elevated frequencies of circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates, and platelets were hyperreactive, primarily to collagen stimulation. Burn plasma did not cause hyper-reactivity when incubated with control platelets. Platelets from burn injured mice also demonstrated increased response to collagen peptides but did not show any change in thrombosis following vascular injury. This study demonstrates the persistence of a small but significant platelet hyperreactivity following burn injury. Although our data does not suggest this heightened platelet sensitivity modulates thrombosis following vascular injury, the contribution of sub-clinical platelet hyperreactivity to accelerating atherogenesis merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Z Johnson
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Emily O'Halloran
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Burns Service of Western Australia, WA Department of Health, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Wan Q, Zhai S, Chen M, Xu M, Guo S. Δfur mutant as a potential live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidate protects American eels (Anguilla rostrata) from Vibrio harveyi infection. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106591. [PMID: 38401591 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The eel farming industry is highly susceptible to Vibriosis. Although various types of vaccines against Vibriosis have been investigated, there is limited research on decreasing the virulence of Vibrions through gene knockout and utilizing it as live attenuated vaccines (LAV). In this study, we aim to develop a LAV candidate against Vibrio harveyi infection in American eels (Anguilla rostrata) using a ferric uptake regulator (fur) gene mutant strain of V. harveyi (Δfur mutant). After the eels were administrated with the Δfur mutant at the dose of 4 × 102 cfu/g body weight, the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes, plasma IgM antibody titers, activity of lysozyme and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzyme, and gene expression levels of 18 immune related proteins were detected to evaluate the protection effect of the LAV. Preliminary findings suggest that the LAV achieved over 60% relative percent survival (RPS) after the American eels were challenged by a wild-type strain of V. harveyi infection on 28 and 42 days post the immunization (dpi). The protection was mainly attributed to increased plasma IgM antibody titers, higher levels of lysozyme, enhanced activity of SOD and some regulated genes encoded immune related proteins. Together, the Δfur mutant strain of V. harveyi, as a novel LAV vaccine, demonstrates promising protective effects against V. harveyi infection in American eels, thus presenting a potential candidate vaccine for fish farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijuan Wan
- Fisheries College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, China
| | - Shaowei Zhai
- Fisheries College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, China
| | - Minxia Chen
- Fisheries College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Fisheries College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Fisheries College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, China.
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24
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Egli T, Campostrini L, Leifels M, Füchslin HP, Kolm C, Dan C, Zimmermann S, Hauss V, Guiller A, Grasso L, Shajkofci A, Farnleitner AH, Kirschner AKT. Domestic hot-water boilers harbour active thermophilic bacterial communities distinctly different from those in the cold-water supply. Water Res 2024; 253:121109. [PMID: 38377920 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Running cold and hot water in buildings is a widely established commodity. However, interests regarding hygiene and microbiological aspects had so far been focussed on cold water. Little attention has been given to the microbiology of domestic hot-water installations (DHWIs), except for aspects of pathogenic Legionella. World-wide, regulations consider hot (or warm) water as 'heated drinking water' that must comply (cold) drinking water (DW) standards. However, the few reports that exist indicate presence and growth of microbial flora in DHWIs, even when supplied with water with disinfectant residual. Using flow cytometric (FCM) total cell counting (TCC), FCM-fingerprinting, and 16S rRNA-gene-based metagenomic analysis, the characteristics and composition of bacterial communities in cold drinking water (DW) and hot water from associated boilers (operating at 50 - 60 °C) was studied in 14 selected inhouse DW installations located in Switzerland and Austria. A sampling strategy was applied that ensured access to the bulk water phase of both, supplied cold DW and produced hot boiler water. Generally, 1.3- to 8-fold enhanced TCCs were recorded in hot water compared to those in the supplied cold DW. FCM-fingerprints of cold and corresponding hot water from individual buildings indicated different composition of cold- and hot-water microbial floras. Also, hot waters from each of the boilers sampled had its own individual FCM-fingerprint. 16S rRNA-gene-based metagenomic analysis confirmed the marked differences in composition of microbiomes. E.g., in three neighbouring houses supplied from the same public network pipe each hot-water boiler contained its own thermophilic bacterial flora. Generally, bacterial diversity in cold DW was broad, that in hot water was restricted, with mostly thermophilic strains from the families Hydrogenophilaceae, Nitrosomonadaceae and Thermaceae dominating. Batch growth assays, consisting of cold DW heated up to 50 - 60 °C and inoculated with hot water, resulted in immediate cell growth with doubling times between 5 and 10 h. When cold DW was used as an inoculum no significant growth was observed. Even boilers supplied with UVC-treated cold DW contained an actively growing microbial flora, suggesting such hot-water systems as autonomously operating, thermophilic bioreactors. The generation of assimilable organic carbon from dissolved organic carbon due to heating appears to be the driver for growth of thermophilic microbial communities. Our report suggests that a man-made microbial ecosystem, very close to us all and of potential hygienic importance, may have been overlooked so far. Despite consumers having been exposed to microbial hot-water flora for a long time, with no major pathogens so far been associated specifically with hot-water usage (except for Legionella), the role of harmless thermophiles and their interaction with potential human pathogens able to grow at elevated temperatures in DHWIs remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Egli
- Microbes-in-Water GmbH, Feldmeilen CH-8706, Switzerland.
| | - Lena Campostrini
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria
| | - Mats Leifels
- Division of Water Quality and Health, Dept. Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems A-3500, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria
| | | | - Claudia Kolm
- Division of Water Quality and Health, Dept. Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems A-3500, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria
| | - Cheng Dan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Vivian Hauss
- bNovate Technologies SA, Zurich CH-8045, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Division of Water Quality and Health, Dept. Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems A-3500, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Division of Water Quality and Health, Dept. Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems A-3500, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria.
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25
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Pedersen OB, Hvas AM, Nissen PH, Pasalic L, Kristensen SD, Grove EL. Immature platelets and platelet reactivity in patients with acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction using whole blood flow cytometry with SYTO-13 staining. Thromb Res 2024; 237:100-107. [PMID: 38579511 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced effect of antiplatelet therapy has been reported in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Multiple factors may concur to explain this, including increased amount of highly reactive immature platelets. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between immature platelets and reactivity determined with multicolour flow cytometry using the SYTO-13 dye in STEMI patients. METHODS We conducted an observational study of 59 patients with acute STEMI. Blood samples were obtained within 24 h after admission and after loading doses of dual antiplatelet therapy. For comparison, samples were obtained from 50 healthy individuals. Immature platelets and platelet reactivity were investigated using multicolour flow cytometry including the SYTO-13 dye that binds to platelet RNA and thus provides a method for subdividing platelets into immature and mature platelets. Additionally, we assessed platelet aggregation, serum-thromboxane B2 levels and standard immature platelet markers. RESULTS Immature platelets were more reactive than mature platelets in both STEMI patients and healthy individuals (p-values < 0.05). STEMI patients had lower platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 levels than healthy individuals. We found a positive association between automatically determined immature platelet markers and CD63 expression on activated platelets (Spearman's rho: 0.27 to 0.58, p-values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that immature platelets identified with a multicolour flow cytometric method using the SYTO-13 dye are more reactive than mature platelets in patients with acute STEMI and in healthy individuals. The presence of immature platelets may be important for the overall platelet reactivity, which may have implications for the effect of antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Buchhave Pedersen
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - Peter H Nissen
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Pasalic
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steen Dalby Kristensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Lerkevang Grove
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Niemand RR, Stafford JL. Counteracting immunotyrosine-based signaling motifs augment zebrafish leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic activity. Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 153:105121. [PMID: 38135021 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) represent a polymorphic and polygenic family of immunoregulatory proteins originally discovered in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; IpLITRs). Belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), IpLITRs are generally classified as stimulatory or inhibitory types based on their utilization of various intracellular tyrosine-based signaling motifs. While research has shown that IpLITRs can activate as well as abrogate different immune cell effector responses including phagocytosis, recent identification of LITRs within the zebrafish genome (Danio rerio; DrLITRs) revealed the existence of fish LITR-types uniquely containing counteracting stimulatory and inhibitory cytoplasmic tail (CYT) region motifs (i.e., an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif; ITAM, and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif; ITIM) within the same receptor. This arrangement is unusual as these motifs typically exist on separate stimulatory (i.e., ITAM-containing) or inhibitory (i.e., ITIM-containing) immunoregulatory receptors that then co-engage to fine-tune cellular signaling and effector responses. Using a flow cytometric-based phagocytosis assay, we show here that engagement of DrLITR 1.2-expressing cells with antibody coated 4.5 μm beads causes a robust ITAM-dependent phagocytic response and reveal that its tandem ITIM motif surprisingly enhances the DrLITR 1.2-induced phagocytic activity while simultaneously decreasing the receptors ability to bind the beads. Confocal microscopy studies also revealed that the ITIM-associated inhibitory signaling molecule SHP-2 is localized to the phagocytic synapse during the phagocytic response. Overall, these results provide the first functional characterization of teleost immune receptors containing a tandem ITAM and ITIM and allow for the proposal of an intracytoplasmic tail signaling model for ITIM-mediated enhancement of ITAM-dependent cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikus R Niemand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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27
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Nemoto R, Usui Y, Komatsu H, Tsubota K, Sugawara R, Nagao T, Goto H. Immunophenotypic profiles in chalazion and pyogenic granuloma associated with chalazion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:1329-1335. [PMID: 37934292 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate immunophenotypic profiles of infiltrating cells in surgically excised tissues of chalazion and pyogenic granuloma associated with chalazion. METHODS Eighty-two surgical specimens from 74 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with chalazion or chalazion-associated pyogenic granuloma at Tokyo Medical University Hospital between 2016 and 2022 were studied. Sixty specimens were chalazion lesions and 22 specimens were pyogenic granuloma lesions (from 15 men and 7 women, mean age 36.6 ± 14.4 years). All patients were immunocompetent Asian Japanese adults. Specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was performed using the following antibodies: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD16, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD25, CD34, CD44, CD56, CD69, and CD138. RESULTS In flow cytometric analysis, the proportion of cells expressing the T cell marker CD3 was significantly higher compared with other immune cells expressing specific markers (p < 0.0001), and the proportion of CD4-positive T cells was significantly higher than that of CD8-positive T cells (p < 0.0001), in both chalazion and pyogenic granuloma specimens. The chalazion and pyogenic granuloma lesions shared similar immunophenotypic profile characterized by predominant T cell infiltration, and CD4 T cells dominating over CD8 cells. The pattern of expression of CD4 and CD8 in the specimens was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates immunophenotypic features of chalazion and chalazion-associated pyogenic granuloma. Although various inflammatory cells are involved in the pathology of chalazion and pyogenic granuloma, a significantly higher proportion of CD4-positive T cells may be closely related to the pathological mechanisms of both lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rey Nemoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Komatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Sugawara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhu X, Rogers K, Bono C, Wang Z, Donovan C, Ji C. Immunophenotyping of canine T cell activation and proliferation by combined protein and RNA flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 270:110739. [PMID: 38492410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The limited availability of canine-reactive monoclonal antibodies restricts the analyses of immune cell subsets and their functions by flow cytometry. The PrimeFlow™ RNA Assay may serve as a potential solution to close this gap. Here we report a blood immunophenotyping method utilizing combined protein- and RNA-based flow cytometry to characterize canine T cell activation and proliferation within individual cells. In this assay, CD69 expression was detected by an RNA probe and CD25 and Ki67 were detected by antibodies. Canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with three agents with different modes of action, anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies, phytohemagglutinin, or phorbol myristate acetate /ionomycin. Robust T cell activation (CD25+ and/or CD69+) and proliferation (Ki67+) were detected. Both CD69 and CD25 appear to be robust and sensitive T cell activation markers with early induction and low background expression. Upon stimulation, T cell proliferation occurred later than T cell activation and was associated with CD25 expression. This canine T cell activation and proliferation immunophenotyping method was evaluated in 5 independent experiments using PBMCs from 10 different beagle dogs with satisfactory assay performance. This method can greatly facilitate the evaluation of immune disease pathogenesis and immunotoxicity risk assessment in nonclinical drug development in canine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Immunosafety Sciences, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kara Rogers
- Immunosafety Sciences, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christine Bono
- Immunosafety Sciences, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Nonclinical Statistics, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carol Donovan
- Immunosafety Sciences, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Changhua Ji
- Immunosafety Sciences, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA.
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Takahashi Y, Yoda M, Tsuji O, Horiuchi K, Watanabe K, Nakamura M. IL-33-ST2 signaling in fibro-adipogenic progenitors alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in mice. Skelet Muscle 2024; 14:6. [PMID: 38561845 PMCID: PMC10983726 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-024-00338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regenerative and adaptive capacity of skeletal muscles reduces with age, leading to severe disability and frailty in the elderly. Therefore, development of effective therapeutic interventions for muscle wasting is important both medically and socioeconomically. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the potential contribution of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), which are mesenchymal stem cells in skeletal muscles, to immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. METHODS Young (2-3 months), adult (12-14 months), and aged (20-22 months) mice were used for analysis. Muscle atrophy was induced by immobilizing the hind limbs with a steel wire. FAPs were isolated from the hind limbs on days 0, 3, and 14 after immobilization for transcriptome analysis. The expression of ST2 and IL-33 in FAPs was evaluated by flow cytometry and immunostaining, respectively. To examine the role of IL-33-ST2 signaling in vivo, we intraperitoneally administered recombinant IL-33 or soluble ST2 (sST2) twice a week throughout the 2-week immobilization period. After 2-week immobilization, the tibialis anterior muscles were harvested and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers was evaluated. RESULTS The number of FAPs increased with the progression of muscle atrophy after immobilization in all age-groups. Transcriptome analysis of FAPs collected before and after immobilization revealed that Il33 and Il1rl1 transcripts, which encode the IL-33 receptor ST2, were transiently induced in young mice and, to a lesser extent, in aged mice. The number of FAPs positive for ST2 increased after immobilization in young mice. The number of ST2-positive FAPs also increased after immobilization in aged mice, but the difference from the baseline was not statistically significant. Immunostaining for IL-33 in the muscle sections revealed a significant increase in the number of FAPs expressing IL-33 after immobilization. Administration of recombinant IL-33 suppressed immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in aged mice but not in young mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a previously unknown protective role of IL-33-ST2 signaling against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in FAPs and suggest that IL-33-ST2 signaling is a potential new therapeutic target for alleviating disuse muscle atrophy, particularly in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Osahiko Tsuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Dunham CL, Frank JA. Ultrasound Pressure-Dependent Cytokine and Immune Cell Response Lost in Aged Muscle. Ultrasound Med Biol 2024; 50:494-501. [PMID: 38218683 PMCID: PMC10922560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic ultrasound remains a highly discussed topic in physical therapy due to uncertainty between treatment regimens and biological benefits. Its impact on aged populations, who are vulnerable to insufficient healing after muscle injury because of sarcopenia, is understudied. Despite the coupling between muscle inflammation and regeneration, research on the immune response after therapeutic ultrasound is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate structure, inflammatory cytokine signaling and immune cell infiltration after therapeutic ultrasound in young and aging murine muscle. METHODS Young (6-week-old) and Adult (52-week-old) male and female mouse non-injured gastrocnemii were treated with either low-intensity pulsed ultrasound at 2 W/cm2 (∼0.243 MPa) or high-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound at 554 W/cm2 (∼5.96 MPa). Cytokine expression was evaluated at 1, 8 and 24 hours, cell infiltration was measured via flow cytometry at 1 and 24 hours and immunofluorescence assessed muscle fiber area, fibrosis and satellite cells at 24 hours after sonication. RESULTS Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound induced an early, transient inflammatory response where interleukin (IL)-15 and macrophages (M2 > M1) were increased 1 hour post-sonication. High-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound caused a late, extended immune response where monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages (M1 > M2) were increased 24 hours post-sonication. Notably, these changes manifested solely in Young gastrocnemius. The Adult gastrocnemius exhibited decreased cytokine expression (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-15, macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) and no alteration in immune cell recruitment post-sonication. There was no damage to muscle structure. CONCLUSION Therapeutic ultrasound induced a pressure-dependent inflammatory response that can augment or mitigate intrinsic muscle cytokine signaling and cell recruitment in adolescent or aged muscle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey L Dunham
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph A Frank
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Qu Z, Gong Z, Olajide JS, Wang J, Cai J. CRISPR-Cas9-based method for isolating microgametes of Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110131. [PMID: 38301346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella infections are known to cause severe caecal damage and death of the infected chicken. Gamogony is an essential stage in E. tenella life cycle and in the establishment of coccidiosis. Prior research had extensively explored isolation and separation of the parasite gametes - microgamete (male) and macrogamete (female). However, there is little information on the efficient, highly purified and distinctly separated male and female gametes. In this study, we generated a genome editing line expressing mCherry fluorescent protein fused with GCS1 protein in E. tenella by using Toxoplasma gondii CRISPR-Cas9 system, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. This allowed precise separation of E. tenella male and female gametes in the transgenic parasite population. The separation of male and female gametes would not only build on our understanding of E. tenella transmission, but it would also facilitate development of gametocidal compounds as drug targets for E. tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenxing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Centre for Distance Learning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Z, Shen H, Han M, Zhao X, Liu H, Ding K, Song J, Fu R. Immune profiles to predict bortezomib-based treatment response for multiple myeloma patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111640. [PMID: 38377849 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the distribution of bone marrow immune cell subsets and their correlation with treatment efficacy in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS We analyzed the bone marrow lymphocyte subsets of 186 newly diagnosed MM patients at diagnosis and their correlation with clinical characteristics. In our study, eight-color flow cytometry, a method commonly used to detect plasma cell phenotypes, was used to analyze seven bone marrow immune cell groups by change gate-strategy. RESULTS First, for all the 7 immune cell groups, the percentage of immature B cells was significantly lower in stage III patients than in stage I patients, while the trend was reversed in memory B cells in both the International Staging System(p = 0.004) and Revised International Staging System(p = 0.018). Second, the percentage of naïve B cells were significantly lower in patients with severe anemia, while the percentage of memory B cells had reversed trend. The percentage of immature B cells were lower in patients with Cr ≥ 2 mg/dL than in patients with Cr < 2 mg/dL. Then we followed the treatment efficacy of 152 patients who received four cycles of induction therapy (bortezomib + dexamethasone or bortezomib + lenalidomide + dexamethasone) and analyzed the relationship between bone marrow lymphocyte subsets at the initial stage and treatment response datasets. We found that both the percentage of B cells(p<0.001) and immature B(p = 0.002) were increased in patients who achieved very good partial remission(VGPR) after four cycles of induction therapy. The ROC results indicated the combination of the multiple immune subgroups had predictive values (AUC = 0.802, p<0.001) in the treatment effect after four cycles of induction therapy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that the analysis of lymphocyte subsets along with plasma cell immunophenotyping could be a potential index for determining the prognosis of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China.
| | - Hongli Shen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China
| | - Xianghong Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, Tianjin 300052 P. R. China.
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Yang P, Lu F. Study on the immunomodulatory mechanism of vitamin D in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27280. [PMID: 38496893 PMCID: PMC10944189 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the mechanism of vitamin D level on the regulation of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and serum Th1/Th2 cytokines in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Methods Eighty female patients with URSA attending Sichuan Jinxin Xinan Women's and Children's Hospital from January 2020 to May 2021 were selected as the study group, and 30 age-matched women with a history of healthy deliveries were chosen as the control group, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and serum Th1/Th2 cytokines of people with different levels of vitamin D were detected in the study group by flow cytometry, respectively. The results of immune factors before and after supplementation were analyzed in 40 of these patients with low vitamin D levels. The results of lymphoid subpopulations and Th1/Th2 cytokines in 19 patients with normal pregnancy before and after vitamin D supplementation and after normal pregnancy were also analyzed comparatively. Results (1) Serum 25(OH)D in the study group was lower than in the control group; peripheral blood Th cells, B cells and NK cells in the study group were higher than in the control group; IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 in the study group were higher than in the control group, while IL-4 and IL-10 in the study group were lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). (2) Th cells, B cells and NK cells of URSA patients in the vitamin D low level group were higher than those in the vitamin D normal group; serum cytokines IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ of patients in the vitamin D low level group were higher than those in the vitamin D normal group (P < 0.05); (3) Th cells, B cells and NK cells in URSA patients after vitamin D supplementation were lower than before vitamin D supplementation; serum cytokines IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ after vitamin D supplementation were lower than before vitamin D supplementation, IL-4 and IL-10 after vitamin D supplementation were higher than before vitamin D supplementation (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in IL-6 before and after vitamin D supplementation. (4) Th cells, B cells and NK cells in patients with normal pregnancy after vitamin D supplementation and after pregnancy were lower than those before vitamin D supplementation; serum cytokines IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ after vitamin D supplementation and after pregnancy were lower than those before vitamin D supplementation, and serum cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 after vitamin D supplementation and after pregnancy were higher than those before vitamin D supplementation, TNF -α, IFN-γ after pregnancy were lower than after vitamin D supplementation (P < 0.05), IL-6 was not significantly different before and after vitamin D supplementation and after pregnancy. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency rate was high in URSA patients. Th、B、NK cells and IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 cytokines were high, while IL-6 and IL-10 were low in URSA patients. IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ cytokines and Th, B, NK cells were increased in vitamin D deficient URSA patients, and Vitamin D deficiency may be an important cause or aggravating factor of immune dysfunction in URSA patients. Vitamin D has an immunomodulatory effect on URSA patients, promoting successful pregnancy by down-regulating peripheral blood Th, B, and NK cells and IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines, while up-regulating IL-4 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Jinxin Xinan Women's and Children's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenjian Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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Zhang X, Wu M, Zhang T, Gao H, Ou Y, Li M. Effects of biochar immobilization of Serratia sp. F4 OR414381 on bioremediation of petroleum contamination and bacterial community composition in loess soil. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134137. [PMID: 38555671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons pose a significant threat to human health and the environment. Biochar has increasingly been utilized for soil remediation. This study investigated the potential of biochar immobilization using Serratia sp. F4 OR414381 for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil through a pot experiment conducted over 90 days. The treatments in this study, denoted as IMs (maize straw biochar-immobilized Serratia sp. F4), degraded 82.5% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), 59.23% of the aromatic, and 90.1% of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions in the loess soils. During remediation, the soil pH values decreased from 8.76 to 7.33, and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) increased from 156 to 229 mV. The treatment-maintained soil nutrients of the IMs were 138.94 mg/kg of NO3- -N and 92.47 mg/kg of available phosphorus (AP), as well as 11.29% of moisture content. The activities of soil dehydrogenase (SDHA) and catalase (CAT) respectively increased by 14% and 15 times compared to the CK treatment. Three key petroleum hydrocarbon degradation genes, including CYP450, AJ025, and xylX were upregulated following IMs treatment. Microbial community analysis revealed that a substantial microbial population of 1.01E+ 09 cells/g soil and oil-degrading bacteria such as Salinimicrobium, Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, and Brevundimonas were the dominant genera in IMs treatment. This suggests that the biochar immobilized on Serratia sp. F4 OR414381 improves soil physicochemical properties and enhances interactions among microbial populations, presenting a promising and environmentally friendly approach for the stable and efficient remediation of petroleum-contaminated loess soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Manli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yawen Ou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Tang X, Mai H, Wang L, Chen S, Chen F, Li T, Liu Y, Zhou G, Liu S, Wang Y, Liu S, Fu X, Wen F. Diagnostic significance of cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry in Chinese children with B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:204. [PMID: 38519960 PMCID: PMC10958868 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) is one of the major causes of the poor prognosis of childhood leukemia. We aimed to compare the sensitivity of cytomorphology (CM) and flow cytometry (FCM) in diagnosing CNSL, emphasizing the importance of FCM in the diagnosis process. METHODS One-hundred-sixty-five children with newly diagnosed B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-cell ALL) were included in this study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were taken for routine CSF analysis, CM analysis, and FCM examination. Computed tomography scans and/or magnetic resonance imaging were performed at diagnosis. Patients with CNS2, CNS3, and traumatic lumbar puncture (TLP) at diagnosis received two additional courses of triple intrathecal injections during induction treatment. We compared the sensitivity of FCM and CM in the diagnosis of children with CNSL. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-eight (77.58%) CSF samples were negative by either CM or FCM (CM-/FCM-), four (2.42%) were positive by both CM and FCM (CM+/FCM+), and thirty-three (20%) displayed a single positive finding by FCM (CM-/FCM+) (p = 0.044). By adding two intrathecal injections in the induction treatment, ten children with TLP+ had no CNS relapse, like those with TLP-. However, compared to CNS1 and TLP, the event-free survival (EFS) did not significantly improve in patients with CNS2 and CNS3. Moreover, CNSL status was associated with worse 3-year EFS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We have validated that FCM is more accurate in stratifying the status of the CNS compared to CM analysis. However, to improve the EFS rate of childhood leukemia, it is necessary to combine CM examination, FCM, and cranial imaging for the early diagnosis of CNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huirong Mai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fen Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tonghui Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guichi Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sixi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China.
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Li J, Sun F, Zhu D, Hou Y, Cheng G, Wang P, Jin X, Zhou W, Sun X, Li Z, Liu T. Deficiency of peripheral CLA + Tregs and clinical relevance in Behcet's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:76. [PMID: 38515127 PMCID: PMC10956224 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-024-03306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune responses have been suggested to involvement in patients with Behcet's syndrome (BS). There has been growing attention towards the roles of cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)+ regular T cells (Tregs) in autoimmune diseases. The role of CLA+ Tregs in BS is still uncertain. This study aims to clarify the impact of CLA+ Tregs on BS. METHODS We collected peripheral blood from a total of 107 patients with BS and 114 healthy controls (HCs). The number of CLA+ Tregs, natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and several subtypes of CD4+ T cells were detected using flow cytometry and compared between patients and HCs. RESULTS The absolute number and proportion of CLA+ Tregs among CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD4+ Tregs were lower in patients with BS than in HCs. CLA+ Tregs were positively related with NK cells (r = 0.500, P < 0.001) and B cells (r = 0.470, P < 0.001) and negatively related with effector T cells (r=-0.402, P < 0.001) in patients with BS. Patients with BS and arterial aneurysms had CLA+ Treg cell deficiency. A decreased proportion of CLA+ Tregs was associated with arterial aneurysms in patients with BS. The proportion of CLA+ Tregs in patients with BS increased with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. CONCLUSION CLA+ Tregs decrease in association with arterial aneurysm in patients with BS. CLA+ Tregs may be a predictor of response to BS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Danxue Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yuke Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xu Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, PKUPH, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China.
- Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050030, China.
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Steverding D, Tinson RAJ, Piras M, Wren SP, Rushworth SA, Searcey M, Troeberg L. Suramin: Effectiveness of analogues reveals structural features that are important for the potent trypanocidal activity of the drug. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108744. [PMID: 38513971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Suramin was the first effective drug for the treatment of human African sleeping sickness. Structural analogues of the trypanocide have previously been shown to be potent inhibitors of several enzymes. Therefore, four suramin analogues lacking the methyl group on the intermediate rings and with different regiochemistry of the naphthalenetrisulphonic acid groups and the phenyl rings were tested to establish whether they exhibited improved antiproliferative activity against bloodstream forms of Trypanosomes brucei compared to the parent compound. The four analogues exhibited low trypanocidal activity and weak inhibition of the antitrypanosomal activity of suramin in competition experiments. This indicates that the strong trypanocidal activity of suramin is most likely due to the presence of methyl groups on its intermediate rings and to the specific regiochemistry of naphthalenetrisulphonic acid groups. These two structural features are also likely to be important for the inhibition mechanism of suramin because DNA distribution and nucleus/kinetoplast configuration analyses suggest that the analogues inhibit mitosis while suramin inhibits cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research and Education Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ryan A J Tinson
- Bob Champion Research and Education Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Piras
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Wren
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Rushworth
- Bob Champion Research and Education Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Bob Champion Research and Education Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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El-Nashar HAS, Al-Azzawi MA, Al-Kazzaz HH, Alghanimi YK, Kocaebli SM, Alhmammi M, Asad A, Salam T, El-Shazly M, Ali MAM. HPLC-ESI/MS-MS metabolic profiling of white pitaya fruit and cytotoxic potential against cervical cancer: Comparative studies, synergistic effects, and molecular mechanistic approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 244:116121. [PMID: 38581932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Natural approach became a high demand for the prevention and treatment of such diseases for their proven safety and efficacy. This study is aimed to perform comparative phytochemical analysis of white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peel, pulp and seed extracts via determination of total flavonoid content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity, coupled with HPLC-ESI/MS-MS analysis. Further, we evaluated the synergistic cytotoxic potential with Cisplatin against cervical cancer cells with investigation of underlying mechanism. The highest content of phenolics and antioxidants were found in both seed and peel extracts. The HPLC-ESI/MS-MS revealed identification of flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanin glycosides, lignans, stilbenes, and coumarins. The cytotoxicity effects were evaluated by MTT assay against prostate, breast and cervical (HeLa) and Vero cell lines. The seed and peel extracts showed remarkable cytotoxic effect against all tested cell lines. Moreover, the selectivity index confirmed high selectivity of pitaya extracts to cancer cells and safety on normal cells. The combined therapy with Cisplatin effectively enhanced its efficacy and optimized the treatment outcomes, through the apoptotic ability of pitaya extracts in HeLa cells, as evaluated by flow cytometry. Besides, RT-PCR and western blotting analysis showed downregulation of Bcl-2 and overexpression of P53, BAX among HeLa cells treated with pitaya extracts, which eventually activated apoptosis process. Thus, pitaya extract could be used as adjuvant therapy with cisplatin for treatment of cervical cancer. Furthermore, in-vivo extensive studies on the seed and peel extracts, and their compounds are recommended to gain more clarification about the required dose, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Mahmood A Al-Azzawi
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Science, Al-Karkh University of Science, P.O. Box 10081, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hassan Hadi Al-Kazzaz
- College of Medical and Health Technologies, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | | | - Moaz Alhmammi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Asad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Tarek Salam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A M Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Weiss R, Mostageer M, Eichhorn T, Huber S, Egger D, Spittler A, Tripisciano C, Kasper C, Weber V. The fluorochrome-to-protein ratio is crucial for the flow cytometric detection of tissue factor on extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6419. [PMID: 38494537 PMCID: PMC10944842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have crucial roles in hemostasis and coagulation. They sustain coagulation by exposing phosphatidylserine and initiate clotting by surface expression of tissue factor (TF) under inflammatory conditions. As their relevance as biomarkers of coagulopathy is increasingly recognized, there is a need for the sensitive and reliable detection of TF+ EVs, but their flow cytometric analysis is challenging and has yielded controversial findings for TF expression on EVs in the vascular system. We investigated the effect of different fluorochrome-to-protein (F/P) ratios of anti-TF-fluorochrome conjugates on the flow cytometric detection of TF+ EVs from activated monocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and in COVID-19 plasma. Using a FITC-labeled anti-TF antibody (clone VD8), we show that the percentage of TF+ EVs declined with decreasing F/P ratios. TF was detected on 7.6%, 5.4%, and 1.1% of all EVs derived from activated monocytes at F/P ratios of 7.7:1, 6.6:1, and 5.2:1. A similar decline was observed for EVs from MSCs and for EVs in plasma, whereas the detection of TF on cells remained unaffected by different F/P ratios. We provide clear evidence that next to the antibody clone, the F/P ratio affects the flow cytometric detection of TF+ EVs and should be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Marwa Mostageer
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla Tripisciano
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
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Mosebarger A, Vidal MS, Bento GFC, Lintao RCV, Severino MEL, Kumar Kammala A, Menon R. Immune cells at the feto-maternal interface: Comprehensive characterization and insights into term labor. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 163:104239. [PMID: 38493591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells at the feto-maternal interface play an important role in pregnancy; starting at implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition. The role of decidual immune cells in induction of labor still needs to be understood. Published reports on this topic show heterogeneity in methods of cell isolation, assay, analysis and cellular characterization making it difficult to collate available information in order to understand the contribution of immune cells at term leading to parturition. In the present study, available literature was reviewed to study the differences in immune cells between the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis, as well as between immune cells in term and preterm labor. Additionally, immune cells at the decidua parietalis were isolated from term not in labor (TNL) or term in labor (TL) samples and characterized via flow cytometry using a comprehensive, high-dimensional antibody panel. This allowed a full view of immune cell differences without combining multiple studies, which must include variation in isolation and analysis methods, for more conclusive data. The ratio of cells found in decidua parietalis in this study generally matched those reported in the literature, although we report a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells at term. We report that CD4 expression on CD8- NK cells decreased in term labor compared to not in labor samples, suggesting that natural killer cells may be migrating to other sites during labor. Also, we report a decrease in CD38 expression on CD8+ CD57+ T cells in labor, indicative of cytotoxic T cell senescence. Our study provides a comprehensive status of immune cells at the decidua-chorion interface at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mosebarger
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Manuel S Vidal
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Ryan C V Lintao
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mary Elise L Severino
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Marić I, Žiberna K, Kolenc A, Maličev E. Platelet activation and blood extracellular vesicles: The influence of venepuncture and short blood storage. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 106:102842. [PMID: 38492545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2024.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as membrane-bound particles released by various cells are potential tools for diagnosis and treatment. Blood cells, particularly platelets, are the source of circulating EVs. MATERIAL EVs were enriched with gradient ultracentrifugation and measured by nanoparticle tracking assay. A flow cytometric multiplex assay was used for cellular source determination. Activation of platelets was measured as a percentage of CD62p+/CD61+ platelets and correlated with the concentration and size of released EVs. RESULTS In general there was no statistically significant correlation between EVs` concentration and degree of platelet activation. EVs from different cellular sources were detected. Comparing different needle thicknesses, there was a decrease in the EVs concentration for the 16G needle versus the 21G needle, but no difference was observed for EVs` size and phenotype or platelets activation. During blood storage, platelet activation increased, but there was no effect on the EVs` concentration, size, or phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Preanalytical factors like needle thickness and storage time can affect the MVs' properties. Activation of platelets during blood collection or blood storage occurs; however, it is difficult to determine its effect on the physiological properties of EVs since the mechanisms of EVs` biogenesis and especially clearness are not precisely known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Marić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute for Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of the Republic of Slovenia - Slovenia Transplant, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Klemen Žiberna
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmarjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kolenc
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmarjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elvira Maličev
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmarjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Şansaçar M, Gencer Akçok EB. Measurement of Autophagic Activity in Cancer Cells with Flow Cytometric Analysis Using Cyto-ID Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38446407 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process providing the energy that cells need to survive, especially in stress situations, through catabolic processes. Considering the dual role of autophagy in cancer cells depending on the cellular context, it is crucial to comprehend the effect of drug candidates put forward to prevent cancer through the autophagy pathway. The CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit allows a rapid, specific and quantitative measurement of autophagic activity at the cellular level using a 488 nm-excitable green fluorescent detection reagent via flow cytometer. In this chapter, we present the CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection method with a stepwise protocol to monitor the autophagy flux after the application of any compound to suspension cancer cell lines with flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Şansaçar
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Department of Bioengineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emel Başak Gencer Akçok
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Li W, Liu H, Gao L, Hu Y, Zhang A, Li W, Liu G, Bai W, Xu Y, Xiao C, Deng J, Lei W, Chen G. In-depth human immune cellular profiling from newborn to frail. J Leukoc Biol 2024:qiae046. [PMID: 38447557 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune functional decline and remodeling accompany aging and frailty. It is still largely unknown how changes in the immune cellular composition differentiate healthy individuals from those become frail at a relatively early age. Our aim in this exploratory study was to investigate immunological changes from newborn to frailty, and the association between health statute and various immune cell subtypes. The participants analyzed in this study covered human cord blood cells and peripheral blood cells collected from young adults, healthy and frail old individuals. A total of 30 immune cell subsets was performed by flow cytometry based on the surface markers of immune cells. Furthermore, frailty was investigated for its relations with various leukocyte subpopulations. Frail individuals exhibited a higher CD4/CD8 ratio, a higher proportion of CD4+ central memory T (TCM) cells, CD8+ effector memory T cells, CD27- switched memory B (CD27-BSM) cells, CD27+ switched memory B cells, age-associated B cells (ABCs) and CD38-CD24- B cells, and a lower proportion of naïve CD8 + T cells and progenitor B cells. The Frailty index score was found to be associated with naïve T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, ABCs, CD27-BSM cells, and CD4+ TCM cells. Our findings conducted a relatively comprehensive and extensive atlas of age- and frailty-related changes in peripheral leukocyte subpopulations from newborn to frailty. The immune phenotypes identified in this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of immunosenescence in frailty and may provide a rationale for future interventions and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchun Li
- Affiliated Shunde Hospital, Jinan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Hangyu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute, Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Anna Zhang
- Affiliated Shunde Hospital, Jinan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Affiliated Shunde Hospital, Jinan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Guolong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yudai Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chanchan Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jieping Deng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Mamedova LK, Krogstad KC, McDonald PO, Pokhrel L, Hua DH, Titgemeyer EC, Bradford BJ. Investigation of HCAR2 antagonists as a potential strategy to modulate bovine leukocytes. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:38. [PMID: 38444010 PMCID: PMC10916251 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-00999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy cows experiencing ketosis after calving suffer greater disease incidence and are at greater risk of leaving the herd. In vitro administration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA; the primary blood ketone) has inhibitory effects on the function of bovine leukocytes. BHBA is a ligand of HCAR2 and the activation of these receptors promotes an anti-inflammatory response which may be related with immunosuppression observed in transition dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to identify and test antagonists for HCAR2 in bovine immune cells cultured with BHBA. RESULTS We observed expression of HCAR2 at the protein level within lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. The proportion of cells expressing HCAR2 tended to be greater in mid-lactation compared to early lactation cows; the increase was a result of increased proportion of T and B cells expressing HCAR2. Stimulation of HCAR2 with niacin or BHBA promoted Ca2+ mobilization in neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells treated with BHBA had diminished intracellular Ca2+ responses when HCAR2 was knocked down by siRNA silencing, indicating Ca2+ mobilization was mediated by HCAR2 signaling. Two candidate antagonists for HCAR2, synthesized from niacin (NA-1 and NA-5), were tested; monocytes and neutrophils pre-treated with NA-1 and NA-5 had reduced Ca2+ mobilization after incubation with BHBA. Furthermore, NA-5 but not NA-1 prevented BHBA-associated reductions in cyclic AMP. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that HCAR2 is present on bovine leukocytes and has greater expression later in lactation. We confirmed that BHBA and niacin derived HCAR2 antagonists alter bovine leukocyte activity. Our results demonstrate that both BHBA and niacin affect bovine leukocyte Ca2+ mobilization in a HCAR2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laman K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kirby C Krogstad
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Paiton O McDonald
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laxman Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Duy H Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Barry J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Smith J, Tan JKH, Moro C. Mast cell distribution and prevalence in the murine urinary bladder. BMC Urol 2024; 24:51. [PMID: 38443866 PMCID: PMC10913575 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have been implicated in the pathology of various urinary bladder disorders. However, the distribution of mast cells throughout urinary bladder tissue remains uncertain despite mast cell prevalence being relatively well-defined. Using a mouse tissue model, this study aims to characterise the prevalence and distribution of mast cells throughout the urinary bladder. METHODS Bladder tissues were collected from six C57BL/6J female mice. Mast cell prevalence was quantified by flow cytometry, based on the expression of the following characteristic markers: CD45, CD117 and FcɛRIα. The toluidine blue stain assessed mast cell distribution, size, and proximity to vasculature. A repeated measures one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the density of mast cells between the discrete layers of the urinary bladder, and an ordinary one-way ANOVA was used to assess potential differences between mast cell size across the urinary bladder wall. RESULTS It was determined that mast cells compose less than 4% of all live leukocytes in the urinary bladder. They were also found to be more prominent in the lamina propria and detrusor muscle layers, compared to the urothelium and adventitia. In addition, 20.89% of mast cells were located near vasculature, which may be an important factor in consideration of their function and potential to contribute to various bladder pathologies, such as cystitis or overactive bladder. CONCLUSION These findings provide a baseline understanding of mast cell prevalence and distribution throughout the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Smith
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, 4226, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kah Huat Tan
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, 4226, Australia
| | - Christian Moro
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, 4226, Australia.
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Jones NR, de Jersey AM, Lavers JL, Rodemann T, Rivers-Auty J. Identifying laboratory sources of microplastic and nanoplastic contamination from the air, water, and consumables. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133276. [PMID: 38128232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic and nanoplastic research has proliferated in recent years in response to the escalating plastic pollution crisis. However, a lack of optimised methods for sampling and sample processing has potential implications for contaminating samples resulting in an overestimation of the quantity of microplastics and nanoplastics present in environmental samples. In response, a series of recommendations have been made, but most have not been quantified or validated sources of contamination. In the present study, we investigated sources of plastic contamination in common laboratory procedures including water sources (e.g., Milli-Q), consumables (e.g., unburnt glassware), airflow (e.g., fume hood) and dust. Using flow cytometry, we identified water, air flow and dust as sources of significant contamination. Milli-Q and reverse osmosis were the least contaminated sources when compared with tap water. Interestingly, current recommendations are to use glass consumables in replacement of plastic consumables, however, we have identified glassware and glass consumables as a significant source of contamination. Current best practice is to cover the glass tube with aluminium foil to reduce airborne contamination, but we found fresh aluminium foil to be a significant source of contamination, bringing light to the limitations foil has as a contamination control measure. Lastly, we identified significant quantities of microplastics and nanoplastics present in dust collected within the laboratory, suggesting this is a widespread and underestimated source of contamination. We have provided validated sources of contamination for both consumables and common laboratory procedures and provided mitigation strategies based on these. Additional recommendations include the appropriate design of experimental controls to quantify levels of introduced contamination based on methods and the detection techniques utilised. The application of these mitigation strategies and appropriate experimental design will allow for more accurate estimations on the level of microplastic and nanoplastic contamination within environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Jones
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia; Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Alix M de Jersey
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Bird Group, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP, United Kingdom; Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Thomas Rodemann
- Central Science Laboratory, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jack Rivers-Auty
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
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Ashrafi E, Sauvageau D, Elliott JW. Effects of different cryopreservation parameters on the differences between trypan blue and fluorescent SYTO 13/GelRed assays. Cryobiology 2024:104883. [PMID: 38452848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Post-thaw cell viability assessment is very important in cryopreservation because it is the main assessment method used to optimize the cryopreservation protocols for each cell type; hence, having standardized accurate, quick, and reliable assays for post-thaw cell viability measurements is of utmost importance. The trypan blue exclusion assay and nucleic-acid-binding fluorescence-based assays are two different methods for cell viability assessment. Both assays identify cells with damaged membranes by whether they let a compound enter the cell. In this study, these two assays are compared in the context of cryopreservation and the impacts of important cryopreservation parameters on the differences in measurements are investigated. H9c2 myoblasts were cryopreserved with different freezing protocols. Cell membrane integrities were measured immediately after thaw as well as after cryoprotectant removal by a hemocytometer-based trypan blue dye exclusion assay and a dual fluorometric SYTO 13/GelRed assay; and the results were compared. This study quantifies how i) the absence or presence of different cryoprotectants, ii) different cell-cryoprotectant incubation conditions, and iii) the presence or removal of cryoprotectants after thaw affect the differences between these two viability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ashrafi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dominic Sauvageau
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - JanetA W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Gershon R, Polevikov A, Karepov Y, Shenkar A, Ben-Horin I, Alter Regev T, Dror-Levinsky M, Lipczyc K, Gasri-Plotnitsky L, Diamant G, Shapira N, Bensimhon B, Hagai A, Shahar T, Grossman R, Ram Z, Volovitz I. Frequencies of 4 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes potently predict survival in glioblastoma, an immune desert. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:473-487. [PMID: 37870293 PMCID: PMC10912003 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GBM is an aggressive grade 4 primary brain tumor (BT), with a 5%-13% 5-year survival. Most human GBMs manifest as immunologically "cold" tumors or "immune deserts," yet the promoting or suppressive roles of specific lymphocytes within the GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) is of considerable debate. METHODS We used meticulous multiparametric flow cytometry (FC) to determine the lymphocytic frequencies in 102 GBMs, lower-grade gliomas, brain metastases, and nontumorous brain specimen. FC-attained frequencies were compared with frequencies estimated by "digital cytometry." The FC-derived data were combined with the patients' demographic, clinical, molecular, histopathological, radiological, and survival data. RESULTS Comparison of FC-derived data to CIBERSORT-estimated data revealed the poor capacity of digital cytometry to estimate cell frequencies below 0.2%, the frequency range of most immune cells in BTs. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status was found to affect TME composition more than the gliomas' pathological grade. Combining FC and survival data disclosed that unlike other cancer types, the frequency of helper T cells (Th) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) correlated negatively with glioma survival. In contrast, the frequencies of γδ-T cells and CD56bright natural killer cells correlated positively with survival. A composite parameter combining the frequencies of these 4 tumoral lymphocytes separated the survival curves of GBM patients with a median difference of 10 months (FC-derived data; P < .0001, discovery cohort), or 4.1 months (CIBERSORT-estimated data; P = .01, validation cohort). CONCLUSIONS The frequencies of 4 TME lymphocytes strongly correlate with the survival of patients with GBM, a tumor considered an immune desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Gershon
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonina Polevikov
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yevgeny Karepov
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Anatoly Shenkar
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Idan Ben-Horin
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Oncology Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Alter Regev
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Meytal Dror-Levinsky
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kelly Lipczyc
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lital Gasri-Plotnitsky
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Diamant
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nati Shapira
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Barak Bensimhon
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aharon Hagai
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Shahar
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Grossman
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Ram
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Volovitz
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Neurosurgery Department, The Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Gu T, Zhong J, Ge M, Shi R, He L, Bai P. Water-stable perovskite-silica nanocomposites for encoded microbeads construction and multiplexed detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:580-589. [PMID: 38071807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
All-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals exhibiting bright luminescence have great potential as fluorescence elements for optical encoding. However, their limited stability in water hinders the application in biosensing. In this study, novel optical encoded microbeads based on CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals are developed and applied in bead-based suspension arrays for the first time. Through the in-situ crystallization of CsPbX3 nanocrystals within mesoporous silica nano-templates (MSNs), accompanied by mesopores collapse after sintering, CsPbX3@MSNs (X3M) nanocomposites with uniform morphology and stable fluorescence intensity in aqueous solutions for up to 50 days are obtained. By assembling X3M with microspheres to form a host-guest structure, an optical encoding microbead (MX3M) library is established by varying the X3M ratio, halide composition, and the size of host microspheres, which can be easily decoded under multi-channel flow cytometer. As a result, MX3M exhibits outstanding capacity for specific target capture and negligible nonspecific absorption performance in the multiplex nucleic acid detection of respiratory viruses, with a low limit of detection (10 copies/rxn). This result highlights the tremendous potential of MX3M encoded microbeads constructed based on CsPbX3 nanocrystals for multiplexed bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxu Gu
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiajun Zhong
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Ge
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiju Shi
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang He
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China; CAS Key Lab of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengli Bai
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China; CAS Key Lab of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Ramirez NJ, Schulze JJ, Walter S, Werner J, Mrovecova P, Olek S, Sachsenmaier C, Grimbacher B, Salzer U. Epigenetic immune cell quantification for diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of patients with inborn errors of immunity and secondary immune deficiencies. Clin Immunol 2024; 260:109920. [PMID: 38307474 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection and monitoring of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in humans require quantitative determination of immune cells from fresh blood analyzed by flow cytometry. However, epigenetic immune cell quantification allows analysis from fresh, frozen, or dried blood samples. We demonstrate the utility of epigenetic immune cell quantification for patients with PID. METHODS Epigenetic quantification of basic lymphocyte subpopulations of 259 samples from PID patients were compared to flow cytometric data. Epigenetic analysis was extended to T-cell subsets (Treg, Th17, Tfh, PD-1+, CCR6+) and memory B-cells and compared between venous EDTA and dried blood. RESULTS A high correlation of >0.9 was observed for basic T- and B-cell subsets. Extended epigenetic analysis showed quantitative trends within PID subgroups, but individually these varied substantially within these groups. Epigenetic analysis of dried blood samples was equivalent to EDTA blood. CONCLUSION Epigenetic immune cell quantification is suitable for immune cell profiling in PID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftali J Ramirez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Pavla Mrovecova
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Ivana Turbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Precision for Medicine GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.
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