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Honkimaa A, Laine P, Suppula J, Tynninen O, Saarela M, Laakso SM, Hetemäki I, Liimatainen H, Auvinen P, Auvinen E. Exploring JC polyomavirus sequences and human gene expression in brain tissue of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae066. [PMID: 38365889 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare neurological condition associated with reactivation of dormant JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). In this study, we characterized gene expression and JCPyV rearrangements in PML brain tissue. Infection of white matter astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as well as occasional brain cortex neurons was shown. PML brain harbored exclusively rearranged JCPyV variants. Viral transcripts covered the whole genome on both strands. Strong differential expression of human genes associated with neuroinflammation, blood-brain-barrier permeability and neurodegenerative diseases was shown. Pathway analysis revealed wide immune activation in PML brain. The study provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Suppula
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Tynninen
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Saarela
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini M Laakso
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iivo Hetemäki
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Liimatainen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Shi S, Marcelissen T, Alharbi RA, Mobarki M, Almalki SSR, van Roermund J, zur Hausen A, Samarska I. Human polyomaviruses JCPyV and MCPyV in urothelial cell carcinoma: a single institution experience. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1251244. [PMID: 38192628 PMCID: PMC10773619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1251244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is the most common type of urinary bladder. JCPyV and BKPyV have been detected in the urine and tissue of urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC) in immunocompetent patients. Here, we investigated the presence of several HPyVs in UCC samples using diverse molecular techniques to study the prevalence of HPyVs in UCC. Methods A large single-institution database of urine cytology specimens (UCS; n = 22.867 UCS) has previously been searched for decoy cells (n = 30), suggesting polyomavirus infection. The available urine sediments and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of UCC patients were tested for the presence of JCPyV-LTAg expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) labeled with SV40-LTAg antibody (clone: PAb416) and subsequent PCR followed by sequencing. In addition, the presence of the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the presence of human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and 7 (HPyV7) DNA were tested with DNA PCR or IHC. Results Of the 30 patients harboring decoy cells, 14 were diagnosed with UCC of the urinary bladder (14/30; 46.6%) before presenting with decoy cells in the urine. The SV40-LTAg IHC was positive in all 14 UCC urine sediments and negative in the FFPE tissues. JCPyV-DNA was identified in all five available UCS and in three FFPE samples of UCC (three of 14; 21.4%). Two UCC cases were positive for MCPyV-DNA (two of 14; 14.3%), and one of them showed protein expression by IHC (one of 14; 7.1%). All specimens were HPyV6 and HPyV7 negative. Conclusion Our findings show the presence of JCPyV in the urine and UCC of immunocompetent patients. Moreover, MCPyV was detected in two UCC cases. In total, five UCC cases showed the presence of either JCPyV or MCPyV. The evidence here supports the hypothesis that these viruses might sporadically be associated with UCC. Further studies are needed to confirm the relevance of JCPyV or MCPyV as a possible risk factor for UCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tom Marcelissen
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Raed A. Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Mobarki
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaia Saleh R. Almalki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joep van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Iryna Samarska
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Oberholster L, Mathias A, Perriot S, Blaser E, Canales M, Jones S, Culebras L, Gimenez M, Kaynor GC, Sapozhnik A, Richetin K, Goelz S, Du Pasquier R. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of JC polyomavirus-infected human astrocytes and their extracellular vesicles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0275123. [PMID: 37815349 PMCID: PMC10714778 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02751-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a crimpling demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). Much about JCPyV propagation in the brain remains obscure because of a lack of proper animal models to study the virus in the context of the disease, thus hampering efforts toward the development of new antiviral strategies. Here, having established a robust and representative model of JCPyV infection in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes, we are able to fully characterize the effect of JCPyV on the biology of the cells and show that the proteomic signature observed for JCPyV-infected astrocytes is extended to extracellular vesicles (EVs). These data suggest that astrocyte-derived EVs found in body fluids might serve as a rich source of information relevant to JCPyV infection in the brain, opening avenues toward better understanding the pathogenesis of the virus and, ultimately, the identification of new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larise Oberholster
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emma Blaser
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Culebras
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Gimenez
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexey Sapozhnik
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Richetin
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Goelz
- MS&SI, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Butic AB, Spencer SA, Shaheen SK, Lukacher AE. Polyomavirus Wakes Up and Chooses Neurovirulence. Viruses 2023; 15:2112. [PMID: 37896889 PMCID: PMC10612099 DOI: 10.3390/v15102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary tract, of immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised settings, however, JCPyV can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), where it causes several encephalopathies of high morbidity and mortality. JCPyV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating demyelinating brain disease, was an AIDS-defining illness before antiretroviral therapy that has "reemerged" as a complication of immunomodulating and chemotherapeutic agents. No effective anti-polyomavirus therapeutics are currently available. How depressed immune status sets the stage for JCPyV resurgence in the urinary tract, how the virus evades pre-existing antiviral antibodies to become viremic, and where/how it enters the CNS are incompletely understood. Addressing these questions requires a tractable animal model of JCPyV CNS infection. Although no animal model can replicate all aspects of any human disease, mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in mice and JCPyV in humans share key features of peripheral and CNS infection and antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting how JCPyV migrates from the periphery to the CNS, innate and adaptive immune responses to polyomavirus infection, and how the MuPyV-mouse model provides insights into the pathogenesis of JCPyV CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.B.B.); (S.A.S.); (S.K.S.)
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Honkimaa A, Suppula J, Tynninen O, Saarela M, Liimatainen H, Laine P, Auvinen P, Auvinen E. JC Polyomavirus Modifies the Expression of Human microRNAs in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Brain. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:829-833. [PMID: 36988117 PMCID: PMC10547454 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe neurological condition caused by reactivation of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) in immunosuppression. Asymptomatic JCPyV persists in peripheral tissues. Upon reactivation, neurotropic rearrangements may emerge, and the virus gains access to the brain. To assess the mechanisms of PML pathogenesis, brain tissue material from PML patients was collected for small RNA sequencing. Upregulation of 8 microRNAs (miRNAs) in PML brain was validated using quantitative microRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bioinformatics tools were utilized to identify major associations of the upregulated miRNAs: neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. The results indicate involvement of human miRNA regulation in PML pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Suppula
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Tynninen
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Saarela
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Liimatainen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Frutos MC, Blanco S, Barahona NY, Mangeaud A, Carrizo LH, Gallego S. Infection by human polyomaviruses JCPyV and BKPyV in blood donors of Argentina. Vox Sang 2023; 118:695-699. [PMID: 37339938 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A spectrum of blood-borne infectious agents may be transmitted through transfusion of blood components from asymptomatic donors. Despite the persistence of polyomaviruses in blood cells, no studies have been conducted in Argentina to assess the risk of transfusion infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated BKPyV and JCPyV in 720 blood donors, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for a region of T antigen common to both viruses. Positive T-antigen samples were subjected to two additional PCR assays targeting the VP1 region. Viral genotypes were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Polyomaviruses were detected in 1.25% (9/720) of the blood samples selected; JCPyV was identified in 0.97% (7/720) and BKPyV in 0.28% (2/720) of them. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the JCPyV sequences clustered with 2A genotype and Ia of BKPyV. CONCLUSION This study describes for the first time the prevalence of polyomavirus DNA in blood donors of Córdoba, Argentina. The polyomavirus DNAemia in healthy populations suggests that those viruses are present in blood components eligible for transfusion. Therefore, the epidemiological surveillance of polyomavirus in blood banks might be incorporated into haemovigilance programmes, to determine the infectious risk and implement newer interventions to ensure the safety of blood supplies, if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Frutos
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INVIV, FCM, UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Blanco
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INVIV, FCM, UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Fundación Banco Central de Sangre (FBCS), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nubia Yandar Barahona
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INVIV, FCM, UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Arnaldo Mangeaud
- Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sandra Gallego
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INVIV, FCM, UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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Passerini S, Prezioso C, Prota A, Babini G, Bargiacchi L, Bartolini D, Moens U, Antonelli M, Pietropaolo V. Detection of human neurotropic JCPyV DNA sequence in pediatric anaplastic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:232-236. [PMID: 37097595 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to its peculiar histopathological findings, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), a rare cerebral tumor of young adults with a slow growth and a good prognosis, resembles to the lytic phase of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). Therefore, the presence of JCPyV DNA was examined in an 11-year-old child with xanthoastrocytoma, WHO grade 3, by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) using primers amplifying sequences encoding the N- and C-terminal region of large T antigen (LTAg), the non-coding control region (NCCR), and viral protein 1 (VP1) DNA. The expression of transcripts from LTAg and VP1 genes was also evaluated. In addition, viral microRNAs' (miRNAs) expression was investigated. Cellular p53 was also searched at both DNA and RNA level. qPCR revealed the presence of JCPyV DNA with a mean value of 6.0 × 104 gEq/mL. nPCR gave a positive result for the 5' region of the LTAg gene and the NCCR, whereas 3' end LTAg and VP1 DNA sequences were not amplifiable. Only LTAg transcripts of 5' end were found whereas VP1 gene transcript was undetectable. Although in most cases, either Mad-1 or Mad-4 NCCRs have been identified in association with JCPyV-positive human brain neoplasms, the archetype NCCR structure was observed in the patient's sample. Neither viral miRNA miR-J1-5p nor p53 DNA and RNA were detected. Although the expression of LTAg supports the possible role of JCPyV in PXA, further studies are warranted to better understand whether the genesis of xanthoastrocytoma could depend on the transformation capacity of LTAg by Rb sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Prota
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Babini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Bargiacchi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Badura B, Barczak S, Mikuła T, Wiercińska-Drapało A. Rapid-progressing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in two patients newly diagnosed with HIV: case series and review of literature. J Neurovirol 2023. [PMID: 36774452 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a virus of global distribution and is usually kept under control by the immune system. In patients with AIDS, a latent JCPyV infection can reactivate and develop into progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Around half of the patients with PML die within 2 years since the diagnosis, yet in rare cases, the disease advances significantly quicker and seems to be insusceptible to any medical actions. In our clinic, we observed two cases of such course in HIV-positive patients in the AIDS stage. On admission, both patients had mild neurological symptoms such as dizziness, vision disturbances, and muscle weakness. Both had extremely low CD4 lymphocyte count (7 cells/μL, 40 cells/μL) and high HIV-1 viral load (VL) (50,324 copies/ml, 78,334 copies/ml). PML was confirmed by PCR for JCPyV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) coupled with clinical and radiological features. Despite receiving though antiretroviral (ARV) treatment paired with intra-venous (IV) steroids, the disease progressed rapidly with neurological manifestations exacerbating throughout the few weeks following the admission. Eventually, both patients developed respiratory failure and died within less than 3 months after the onset of the neurological symptoms. Even though such curse of the disease is not common, it should be a warning to all how deadly both PML and AIDS can be and remind doctors to offer testing even to asymptomatic patients.
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Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V, Moens U, Ciotti M. JC polyomavirus: a short review of its biology, its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and the diagnostic value of different methods to manifest its activity or presence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:143-157. [PMID: 36786077 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2179394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION JC polyomavirus is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease resulting from the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes that may develop in immunosuppressed individuals: HIV1 infected or individuals under immunosuppressive therapies. Understanding the biology of JCPyV is necessary for a proper patient management, the development of diagnostic tests, and risk stratification. AREAS COVERED The review covers different areas of expertise including the genomic characterization of JCPyV strains detected in different body compartments (urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid) of PML patients, viral mutations, molecular diagnostics, viral miRNAs, and disease. EXPERT OPINION The implementation of molecular biology techniques improved our understanding of JCPyV biology. Deep sequencing analysis of viral genomes revealed the presence of viral quasispecies in the cerebrospinal fluid of PML patients characterized by noncoding control region rearrangements and VP1 mutations. These neurotropic JCPyV variants present enhanced replication and an altered cell tropism that contribute to PML development. Monitoring these variants may be relevant for the identification of patients at risk of PML. Multiplex realtime PCR targeting both the LTAg and the archetype NCCR could be used to identify them. Failure to amplify NCCR should indicate the presence of a JCPyV prototype speeding up the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy.,IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
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Prezioso C, Moens U, Pietropaolo V. Reply to Henriksen, S.; Rinaldo, C.H. Should SVGp12 Be Used for JC Polyomavirus Studies? Comment on "Prezioso et al. COS-7 and SVGp12 Cellular Models to Study JCPyV Replication and MicroRNA Expression after Infection with Archetypal and Rearranged-NCCR Viral Strains. Viruses 2022, 14, 2070". Viruses 2022; 15:93. [PMID: 36680133 PMCID: PMC9861638 DOI: 10.3390/v15010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In relation to the comment by Henriksen and Rinaldo, the authors intend to emphasize that before every experiment with SVGp12 cells they routinely test the cells for the absence of BKPyV contamination. The scientists can state that the SVGp12 cells used in their laboratory were not infected by BKPyV and that their results were also validated on the COS-7 cell line, which is permissive for JCPyV infection. Therefore, the overall findings of the study and its conclusions remain authentic. The authors recommend the necessity of carefully testing SVGp12 cells for BKPyV infection before use or, alternatively, in case of a first purchase; moreover, it is possible to choose different cell lines to avoid running into this unpleasant situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Henriksen S, Rinaldo CH. Should SVGp12 Be Used for JC Polyomavirus Studies? Comment on Prezioso et al. COS-7 and SVGp12 Cellular Models to Study JCPyV Replication and MicroRNA Expression after Infection with Archetypal and Rearranged-NCCR Viral Strains. Viruses 2022, 14, 2070. Viruses 2022; 15:89. [PMID: 36680132 PMCID: PMC9867049 DOI: 10.3390/v15010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent paper in Viruses investigates the impact of the JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) microRNA on the replication of different JCPyV strains. Unfortunately, one of the cell lines used, the human fetal glial cell line SVGp12, is productively infected by the closely related BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), which may confound results. Scientists need to take this into account and the potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Henriksen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Karimi AA, Tarharoudi R, Kianmehr Z, Sakhaee F, Jamnani FR, Siadat SD, Fateh A. Traces of JC polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer: a comprehensive study in Iran. Virol J 2022; 19:153. [PMID: 36163265 PMCID: PMC9513940 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is known to induce solid tumors such as astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and neuroblastomas in experimental animals, and recent studies have shown that the virus may be correlated with carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of JCPyV on the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods A total of 1057 samples, including 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS) and 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were evaluated for the presence of JCPyV DNA and RNA. Results We observed that 10.8% (114/1057) samples, including 17.5% (72/412) FBS and 6.5% (42/645) PEBS were positive for the JCPyV DNA. Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the mean JCPyV copy number was lower in patients with PEBS (0.3 × 10–4 ± 0.1 × 10–4 copies/cell) compared to FBS (1.8 × 10–1 ± 0.4 × 10–1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.2 × 10–5 ± 0.01 × 10–5 copies/cell), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was lower in PEBS than in FBS, while no VP1 gene transcript expression was found. Conclusions Although our results confirmed the presence of JCPyV in some Iranian patients with PTC, more research is needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Karimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kianmehr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Fang CY, Chen SY, Hsiao BX, Huang HY, Chen YJ, Tung CL, Fang CY. Unusually high incidence of polyomavirus JC infection in the higher grade of colorectal cancer tissues in Taiwan. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:127. [PMID: 35859146 PMCID: PMC9301828 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) has been detected in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and is suggested to contribute to CRC tumorigenesis. The rearrangement of the JCPyV regulatory region is supposedly associated with CRC development. The progression of CRC involves the stepwise accumulation of mutations. The large tumor antigen (LT) of JCPyV can trigger uncontrolled cell cycle progression by targeting oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes, and causing chromosome instability. Few studies have focused on the presence of JCPyV DNA in the higher grade of CRC tissues. Methods We collected 95 tissue blocks from samples of stages I, II, III, and IV CRC. Nested PCR targeting the regulatory region of the viral genome was performed to determine the presence of JCPyV DNA in the various stages of colorectal cancer tissues. Results The nested PCR results showed that the positive rate of JCPyV DNA increased with the progression of CRC stages. The archetypal-like, non-rearrangement genotype of JCPyV with subtle mutations was the major genotype found in CRC samples. Conclusions This finding in our study suggests that there may be an association between JCPyV and CRC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40001-022-00756-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yin Fang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Sports Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Xiu Hsiao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539, Chung Hsiao Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asian University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Yao Fang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539, Chung Hsiao Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
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14
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Kartau M, Auvinen E, Verkkoniemi-Ahola A, Mannonen L, Helanterä I, Anttila VJ. JC polyomavirus DNA detection in clinical practice. J Clin Virol 2021; 146:105051. [PMID: 34883406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data about the use and clinical value of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) DNA detection in various clinical indications. METHODS We reviewed the clinical records of 410 patients from whom cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, urine, or tissue samples had been collected for JCPyV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) between 2012 and 2018. RESULTS JCPyV DNA was analyzed in 224 plasma, 190 CSF-, 32 urine and 10 tissue samples. 240 patients had a history of hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation, 159 had nephrological disease, 90 had hematologic malignancies, 58 had neurological disease, 37 had infectious disease and 23 had AIDS/HIV as underlying disease. Six patients had no underlying disease. The main reasons to take CSF or plasma samples were neurological symptoms of unknown etiology. Most urine samples were taken to monitor kidney transplantation patients. JCPyV DNA PCR contributed to the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in eight patients (2.0%), of which seven had hematologic malignancy as an underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS JCPyV PCR is most informative among immunosuppressed patients with neurologic symptoms. CSF and brain biopsy are useful when there is clinical suspicion of PML, whereas plasma samples are not useful. The value of plasma samples is a matter of dispute in the screening of JCPyV-associated nephropathy, as BK polyomavirus is the causative agent in most polyomavirus-associated nephropathy cases. JCPyV detection is valuable in case the patient has past, current or planned treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.
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15
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Munker D, Veit T, Schönermarck U, Arnold P, Leuschner G, Barton J, Mümmler C, Briegel I, Mumm JN, Zoller M, Kauke T, Sisic A, Ghiani A, Walter J, Milger K, Mueller S, Michel S, Munker S, Keppler O, Fischereder M, Meiser B, Behr J, Kneidinger N, Neurohr C. Polyomavirus exerts detrimental effects on renal function in patients after lung transplantation. J Clin Virol 2021; 145:105029. [PMID: 34798365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation (LTX). Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity is the leading cause of CKD. After kidney transplantation, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN) is a well-recognized problem. This study aims to evaluate the role of polyomavirus in patients after LTX. METHODS From January 2017 to January 2020, all lung transplant recipients who performed follow-up visits in our center were included in the study and retrospectively assessed. We measured renal function (creatinine levels before and after transplantation), JCPyV, and BKPyV load by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in serum and urine samples after transplantation. RESULTS In total, 104 consecutive patients (59 males, 56.7%) with a mean age of 49.6 ± 11.1 years were identified. JCPyV was found in urine of 36 patients (34.6%) and serum of 3 patients (2.9%). BKPyV was found in urine of 40 patients (38.5%) and serum of 4 patients (3.8%), respectively. Urine evidence for JCPyV (p < 0.001, coefficient: +21.44) and BKPyV (p < 0.001, coefficient: +29.65) correlated highly with further kidney function decline. CONCLUSION Kidney function deterioration is associated with JCPyV and BKPyV viruria in patients after LTX. This might indicate a role of PyVAN in lung transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Munker
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Veit
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Schönermarck
- Department of Medicine IV, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Arnold
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Leuschner
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Barton
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Carlo Mümmler
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ignaz Briegel
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan-Niclas Mumm
- Department of Urology, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Zoller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Kauke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Alma Sisic
- Transplant Center, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ghiani
- Department of Pneumology and Respiratory Medicine, Schillerhoehe Clinic (affiliated to Rober-Bosch-Hospital GmbG, Stuttgart), Solitudestr. 18, 70839, Gerlingen, Germany
| | - Julia Walter
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Milger
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Mueller
- Department of Pathology, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Michel
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Transplant Center, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Munker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Keppler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Meiser
- Transplant Center, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kneidinger
- Department of Medicine V, University hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Neurohr
- Department of Virology, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pneumology and Respiratory Medicine, Schillerhoehe Clinic (affiliated to Rober-Bosch-Hospital GmbG, Stuttgart), Solitudestr. 18, 70839, Gerlingen, Germany
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16
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Mormando R, Wolfe AJ, Putonti C. Discriminating between JCPyV and BKPyV in Urinary Virome Data Sets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061041. [PMID: 34072839 PMCID: PMC8230216 DOI: 10.3390/v13061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are abundant in the human body. The polyomaviruses JC virus (JCPyV) and BK virus (BKPyV) are common viruses in the human urinary tract. Prior studies have estimated that JCPyV infects between 20 and 80% of adults and that BKPyV infects between 65 and 90% of individuals by age 10. However, these two viruses encode for the same six genes and share 75% nucleotide sequence identity across their genomes. While prior urinary virome studies have repeatedly reported the presence of JCPyV, we were interested in seeing how JCPyV prevalence compares to BKPyV. We retrieved all publicly available shotgun metagenomic sequencing reads from urinary microbiome and virome studies (n = 165). While one third of the data sets produced hits to JCPyV, upon further investigation were we able to determine that the majority of these were in fact BKPyV. This distinction was made by specifically mining for JCPyV and BKPyV and considering uniform coverage across the genome. This approach provides confidence in taxon calls, even between closely related viruses with significant sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mormando
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
| | - Alan J. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stitch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
| | - Catherine Putonti
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stitch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Torreggiani E, Bononi I, Pietrobon S, Mazzoni E, Guerra G, Feo C, Martini F, Tognon M. Colorectal Carcinoma Affected Patients Are Significantly Poor Responders Against the Oncogenic JC Polyomavirus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632129. [PMID: 34113338 PMCID: PMC8185217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many investigations reported the association between human tumors and JCPyV, a polyomavirus with oncogenic potential. The association has been supported by studies that found JCPyV footprints in CRC and gliomas of different types. Indeed, JCPyV footprints including its nucleic acids and Tag oncoprotein have been revealed in CRC tissues. Methods Herein, sera from colorectal carcinoma (CRC) affected patients and healthy individuals (HS), employed as control, were analysed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against specific JCPyV viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) antigens. The investigation was carried out employing an innovative immunological assay. Indeed, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with JCPyV VP1 mimotopes was used. JCPyV VP1 mimotopes consisted of synthetic peptides mimicking VP1 epitopes. Results Sera from CRC affected patients, evaluated using indirect ELISAs with synthetic mimotopes, showed a significant lower prevalence of IgG antibodies against JCPyV VP1 mimotopes (26%) compared to HS (51%), p<0.005. These data were confirmed by another method, the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay. Altogether these results, i.e. the prevalence of serum IgG antibodies against JCPyV VP1 mimotopes from patients with CRC is approximately 50% lower than in HS, are of interest. Discussion Our data suggest that patients with CRC are significantly poor responders against JCPyV VP1 antigens. It is possible that CRC patients are affected by a specific immunological deregulation. This immunological dysfunction, revelled in CRC patients, may account for their predisposition to the colorectal carcinoma onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torreggiani
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pietrobon
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guerra
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Feo
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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18
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Wu Z, Graf FE, Hirsch HH. Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2220. [PMID: 33729628 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) encompass more than 10 species infecting 30%-90% of the human population without significant illness. Proven HPyV diseases with documented histopathology affect primarily immunocompromised hosts with manifestations in brain, skin and renourinary tract such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC), polyomavirus-associated urothelial cancer (PyVUC), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) and pruritic hyperproliferative keratinopathy. Although virus-specific immune control is the eventual goal of therapy and lasting cure, antiviral treatments are urgently needed in order to reduce or prevent HPyV diseases and thereby bridging the time needed to establish virus-specific immunity. However, the small dsDNA genome of only 5 kb of the non-enveloped HPyVs only encodes 5-7 viral proteins. Thus, HPyV replication relies heavily on host cell factors, thereby limiting both, number and type of specific virus-encoded antiviral targets. Lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening systems and relevant small animal models complicates the preclinical development. Current clinical studies are limited by small case numbers, poorly efficacious compounds and absence of proper randomized trial design. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated small molecules with presumed antiviral activity against HPyVs and provide an outlook regarding potential new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Wu
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Agostini S, Mancuso R, Costa AS, Caputo D, Clerici M. JCPyV miR-J1-5p in Urine of Natalizumab-Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030468. [PMID: 33809082 PMCID: PMC8000901 DOI: 10.3390/v13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can cause the reactivation of the polyomavirus JC (JCPyV); this may result in the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare and usually lethal disease. JCPyV infection is highly prevalent in worldwide population, but the detection of anti-JCPyV antibodies is not sufficient to identify JCPyV infection, as PML can develop even in patients with negative JCPyV serology. Better comprehension of the JCPyV biology could allow a better understanding of JCPyV infection and reactivation, possibly reducing the risk of developing PML. Here, we investigated whether JCPyV miR-J1-5p—a miRNA that down-regulates the early phase viral protein T-antigen and promotes viral latency—could be detected and quantified by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) in urine of 25 Natalizumab-treated MS patients. A 24-month study was designed: baseline, before the first dose of Natalizumab, and after 1 (T1), 12 (T12) and 24 months (T24) of therapy. miR-J1-5p was detected in urine of 7/25 MS patients (28%); detection was possible in three cases at T24, in two cases at T12, in one case at T1 and T12, and in the last case at baseline and T1. Two of these patients were seronegative for JCPyV Ab, and viral DNA was never found in either urine or blood. To note, only in one case miR-J1-5p was detected before initiation of Natalizumab. These results suggest that the measurement of miR-J1-5p in urine, could be a biomarker to monitor JCPyV infection and to better identify the possible risk of developing PML in Natalizumab-treated MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Saul Costa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Domenico Caputo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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20
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Del Valle L, Khalili K. Induction of Brain Tumors by the Archetype Strain of Human Neurotropic JCPyV in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020162. [PMID: 33499370 PMCID: PMC7911272 DOI: 10.3390/v13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JC Virus (JCPyV), a member of the Polyomaviridiæ family, is a human neurotropic virus with world-wide distribution. JCPyV is the established opportunistic infectious agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal demyelinating disease, which results from the cytolytic infection of oligodendrocytes. Mutations in the regulatory region of JCPyV determine the different viral strains. Mad-1 the strain associated with PML contains two 98 base pair repeats, whereas the archetype strain (CY), which is the transmissible form of JCPyV, contains only one 98 tandem with two insertions of 62 and 23 base pairs respectively. The oncogenicity of JCPyV has been suspected since direct inoculation into the brain of rodents and primates resulted in the development of brain tumors and has been attributed to the viral protein, T-Antigen. To further understand the oncogenicity of JCPyV, a transgenic mouse colony containing the early region of the archetype strain (CY), under the regulation of its own promoter was generated. These transgenic animals developed tumors of neural crest origin, including: primitive neuroectodermal tumors, medulloblastomas, adrenal neuroblastomas, pituitary tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and glioblastomas. Neoplastic cells from all different phenotypes express T-Antigen. The close parallels between the tumors developed by these transgenic animals and human CNS tumors make this animal model an excellent tool for the study of viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (L.D.V.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence: (L.D.V.); (K.K.)
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Schneider-Hohendorf T, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Ostkamp P, Janoschka C, Pawlitzki M, Luessi F, Zipp F, Meuth SG, Klotz L, Wiendl H, Gross CC, Schwab N. High anti- JCPyV serum titers coincide with high CSF cell counts in RRMS patients. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1491-1496. [PMID: 33150829 PMCID: PMC8414828 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520970103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can in rare cases occur in
natalizumab-treated patients with high serum anti-JCPyV antibodies,
hypothetically due to excessive blockade of immune cell migration. Objective: Immune cell recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) was assessed in
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients stratified by low
versus high anti-JCPyV antibody titers as indicator for PML risk. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts of 145 RRMS patients were quantified by
flow cytometry. Generalized linear models were employed to assess influence
of age, sex, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS),
clinical/radiological activity, current steroid or natalizumab treatment, as
well as anti-JCPyV serology on CSF cell subset counts. Results: While clinical/radiological activity was associated with increased CD4,
natural killer (NK), B and plasma cell counts, natalizumab therapy reduced
all subpopulations except monocytes. With and without natalizumab therapy,
patients with high anti-JCPyV serum titers presented with increased CSF
T-cell counts compared to patients with low anti-JCPyV serum titers. In
contrast, PML patients assessed before (n = 2) or at
diagnosis (n = 5) presented with comparably low CD8 and
B-cell counts, which increased after plasma exchange
(n = 4). Conclusion: High anti-JCPyV indices, which could be indicative of increased viral
activity, are associated with elevated immune cell recruitment to the CNS.
Its excessive impairment in conjunction with viral activity could predispose
for PML development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Ostkamp
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Janoschka
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Del Valle L, Sweet T, Parker-Struckhoff A, Perez-Liz G, Piña-Oviedo S. JCPyV T-Antigen Activation of the Anti-Apoptotic Survivin Promoter-Its Role in the Development of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Viruses 2020; 12:E1253. [PMID: 33153187 DOI: 10.3390/v12111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the CNS, resulting from the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by the human neurotropic polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), typically associated with severe immunocompromised states and, in recent years, with the use of immunotherapies. Apoptosis is a homeostatic mechanism to dispose of senescent or damaged cells, including virally infected cells, triggered in the vast majority of viral infections of the brain. Previously, we showed upregulation of the normally dormant anti-apoptotic protein Survivin in cases of PML, which—in vitro—resulted in protection from apoptosis in JCPyV-infected primary cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the present study, we first demonstrate the absence of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and the lack of caspase activity in 16 cases of PML. We also identified the viral protein large T-Antigen as being responsible for the activation of the Survivin promoter. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assay shows a direct binding between T-Antigen and the Survivin promoter DNA. Finally, we have identified the specific region of T-Antigen, spanning from amino acids 266 and 688, which binds to Survivin and translocates it to the nucleus, providing evidence of a mechanism that results in the efficient replication of JCPyV and a potential target for novel therapies.
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Agostini S, Mancuso R, Costa AS, Guerini FR, Clerici M. COS-7 cells are a cellular model to monitor polyomavirus JC miR-J1-5p expression. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9201-5. [PMID: 33085050 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous human neurotropic virus that can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes as a consequence of drug treatment for disabling diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis. JCPyV expresses microRNAs (miRNAs), and in particular miR-J1-5p, but at now we have limited knowledge regarding this aspect. In the present study the expression of JCPyV miR-J1-5p was measured in infected COS-7, to verify if and when this miRNA is expressed in a cell model of JCPyV-MAD-4 strain infection. Results showed that miR-J1-5p expression was relatively constant inside the cells from 11 days to 35 days after infection (mean: 4.13 × 105 copies/μg), and became measurable in supernatants 18 days after infection (mean: 7.20 × 104 copies/μl). miR-J1-5p expression in supernatants peaked (3.76 × 105 copies/μl) 25 days after infection and started to decrease 32 days after infection (7.20 × 104 copies/μl). These data show that COS-7 cells, already used as model for JCPyV replication cycle, can be also utilized to study JCPyV miRNAs expression, potentially opening new research avenues for diseases in which current therapeutic approaches could result in severe adverse effects (e.g. Natalizumab-associated JCPyV reactivation in Multiple Sclerosis patients). In these situations monitoring of miR-J1-5p may shed light on the mechanisms of virus reactivation and may help the clarification of the mechanisms responsible for such severe side effects.
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24
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Lauver MD, Lukacher AE. JCPyV VP1 Mutations in Progressive MultifocalLeukoencephalopathy: Altering Tropismor Mediating Immune Evasion? Viruses 2020; 12:v12101156. [PMID: 33053912 PMCID: PMC7600905 DOI: 10.3390/v12101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause lifelong, asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals. Although these viruses are restrained by an intact immune system, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for developing severe diseases driven by resurgent viral replication. In particular, loss of immune control over JC polyomavirus can lead to the development of the demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Viral isolates from PML patients frequently carry point mutations in the major capsid protein, VP1, which mediates virion binding to cellular glycan receptors. Because polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, VP1 is also the target of the host's neutralizing antibody response. Thus, VP1 mutations could affect tropism and/or recognition by polyomavirus-specific antibodies. How these mutations predispose susceptible individuals to PML and other JCPyV-associated CNS diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the current understanding of polyomavirus capsid mutations and their effects on viral tropism, immune evasion, and virulence.
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25
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Helle F, Handala L, Bentz M, Duverlie G, Brochot E. Intercellular Transmission of Naked Viruses through Extracellular Vesicles: Focus on Polyomaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E1086. [PMID: 32993049 DOI: 10.3390/v12101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a novel mode of viral transmission exploited by naked viruses to exit host cells through a nonlytic pathway. Extracellular vesicles can allow multiple viral particles to collectively traffic in and out of cells, thus enhancing the viral fitness and diversifying the transmission routes while evading the immune system. This has been shown for several RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae, Hepeviridae, Reoviridae, and Caliciviridae families; however, recent studies also demonstrated that the BK and JC viruses, two DNA viruses that belong to the Polyomaviridae family, use a similar strategy. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms used by naked viruses to hijack extracellular vesicles, and we discuss the implications for the biology of polyomaviruses.
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26
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Treasure T, Nelson CDS. Inhibition of JC polyomavirus infectivity by the retrograde transport inhibitor Retro-2.1. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:783-791. [PMID: 32965709 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a common human pathogen that results in a chronic asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. Under conditions of immunosuppression, JCPyV spreads to the central nervous system and can cause the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a disease for which there are no vaccines or antiviral therapies. Retro-2 is a previously identified small molecule inhibitor that was originally shown to block retrograde transport of toxins such as ricin toxin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Retro-2.1 is a chemical analog of Retro-2 that has been shown to inhibit ricin intoxication of cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Retro-2 has previously been shown to prevent retrograde transport of JCPyV virions to the ER, but the effect of Retro-2.1 on JCPyV infectivity is unknown. Here it is shown that Retro-2.1 inhibits JCPyV with an EC50 of 3.9 μM. This molecule inhibits JCPyV infection at dosages that are not toxic to human tissue culture cells. Retro-2.1 was also tested against two other polyomaviruses, the human BK polyomavirus and simian virus 40, and was also shown to inhibit infection at similar concentrations. Viral uncoating studies demonstrate that Retro-2.1 inhibits BKPyV infectivity in a manner similar to Retro-2. These studies demonstrate that improved analogs of Retro-2 can inhibit infection at lower dosages than Retro-2 and further optimization of these compounds may lead to effective treatment options for those suffering from JCPyV infection and PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashania Treasure
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Cortland, Cortland, New York
| | - Christian D S Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Cortland, Cortland, New York
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27
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Lanzarini NM, Marinho Mata R, Mendes Saggioro E, Costa Moreira J, Ferreira Mannarino C, Pereira Miagostovich M. Evaluation of Viral Recovery Methodologies from Solid Waste Landfill Leachate. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:209-217. [PMID: 32578012 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leachate from solid waste landfill is a dark liquid of variable composition and possible source of contamination of groundwater and surface waters. This study aims to assess skimmed milk flocculation and ultracentrifugation as viral concentration methods associated to different nucleic acid extraction protocols in order to establish a methodology for virus recovery from sanitary landfill leachate. Spiking experiments using human adenovirus (HAdV) and bacteriophage PP7 revealed the association of QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit® nucleic acid extraction and ultracentrifugation as an effective method for recovering HAdV (346.18%) and PP7 (523.97%) when compared to organic flocculation method (162.64% for HAdV and 0.61% for PP7) that presented PCR inhibition in all undiluted samples. Ultracentrifugation applied in three landfill samples confirm efficiency of the methodology detecting HAdV in all samples with a mean of 3.44E + 06 ± 1.56E + 06 genomic copies/mL. Nucleotide sequencing characterized HAdV as belonging to group B and F. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was also investigated in those samples; however, detection was not observed. Methodologies for detection of viruses in leachate can be useful to generate data for future health risk analysis of workers who have contact with solid urban waste, as well as populations exposed to different environmental matrices contaminated by these effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies On Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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28
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Assetta B, Morris-Love J, Gee GV, Atkinson AL, O'Hara BA, Maginnis MS, Haley SA, Atwood WJ. Genetic and Functional Dissection of the Role of Individual 5-HT 2 Receptors as Entry Receptors for JC Polyomavirus. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1960-1966.e6. [PMID: 31091436 PMCID: PMC6544161 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The entry receptors for JCPyV belong to the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor (5-HT2R) family, but how individual members of the family function to facilitate infection is not known. We used proximity ligation assay (PLA) to determine that JCPyV interacts with each of the 5-HT2 receptors (5-HT2Rs) in a narrow window of time during entry. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to randomly introduce stop codons in the gene for each receptor and discovered that the second intracellular loop of each was necessary for infection. This loop contains a motif possibly involved in receptor internalization by β-arrestin. Mutation of this motif and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of β-arrestin recapitulated the results of our CRISPR-Cas9 screen, showing that this motif is critical. Our results have implications for the role these receptors play in virus infection and for their normal functioning as receptors for serotonin. 5-HT2 receptors are important for infection of cells by JC virus (JCPyV). Assetta et al. show that JCPyV interacts transiently with each of three 5-HT2 receptors during entry and pinpoint a critical role for a proline in the second intracellular loop of each receptor in facilitating virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Assetta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenna Morris-Love
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gretchen V Gee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Abigail L Atkinson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bethany A O'Hara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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29
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Tagliapietra A, Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Mazzoni E, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Contini C, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F. Footprints of BK and JC polyomaviruses in specimens from females affected by spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:433-440. [PMID: 30590693 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infections associated with spontaneous abortion (SA)? SUMMARY ANSWER There is no association of JCPyV or BKPyV with SA. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A large number of risk factors have been associated with SA. The role of polyomaviruses, including JCPyV and BKPyV, in SA remains to be clarified. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a case-control study including women affected by spontaneous abortion (SA, n = 100, the cases) and women who underwent voluntary interruption of pregnancy (VI, n = 100, the controls). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Viral DNAs were investigated by qualitative PCR and quantitative droplet-digital PCR (ddPCR) in matched chorionic villi tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SA (n = 100) and VI (n = 100). Indirect ELISAs with mimotopes/synthetic peptides corresponding to JCPyV and BKPyV viral capsid protein 1 epitopes were then employed to investigate specific IgG antibodies against JCPyV and BKPyV in human sera from SA (n = 80) and VI (n = 80) cohorts. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE JCPyV DNA was detected in 51% and 61% of SA and VI samples, respectively, with a mean viral DNA load of 7.92 copy/104 cells in SA and 5.91 copy/104 cells in VI (P > 0.05); BKPyV DNA was detected in 11% and 12% of SA and VI specimens, respectively, with a mean viral DNA load of 2.7 copy/104 cells in SA and 3.08 copy/104 cells in VI (P > 0.05). JCPyV was more prevalent than BKPyV in both SA and VI specimens (P < 0.0001). In PBMCs from the SA and VI cohorts, JCPyV DNA was detected with a prevalence of 8% and 12%, respectively, with a mean viral DNA load of 2.29 copy/104 cells in SA and 1.88 copy/104 cells in VI (P > 0.05). The overall prevalence of serum IgG antibodies against JCPyV detected by indirect ELISAs was 52.5% and 48.7% in SA and VI groups, respectively, whereas BKPyV-positive sera were found in 80% SA and 78.7% VI samples. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study did not investigate the presence of viral mRNA and/or proteins, which are indicative of an active viral infection, and these might be taken into consideration in future studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS JCPyV and BKPyV DNA sequences were detected and quantitatively analyzed for the first time by PCR/ddPCR in chorionic villi tissues and PBMCs from SA and VI specimens. Moreover specific immunological approaches detected serum IgG against JCPyV/BKPyV. Statistical analyses, however, do not indicate an association between these polyomaviruses and SA. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the University of Ferrara, FAR research grants and the University Hospital of Ferrara/University of Ferrara joint grant. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tagliapietra
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J C Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - I Bononi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Mazzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Magagnoli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Maritati
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology; University of Ferrara, 8, Aldo Moro Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology; University of Ferrara, 8, Aldo Moro Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Vesce
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, 8, Aldo Moro Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology; Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, 64/B, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Haley SA, O'Hara BA, Atwood WJ. Adipocyte Plasma Membrane Protein (APMAP) promotes JC Virus ( JCPyV) infection in human glial cells. Virology 2020; 548:17-24. [PMID: 32838939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the human polyomavirus, JCPyV, under conditions of prolonged immunosuppression. Initial infection is asymptomatic, and the virus establishes lifelong persistence in the host. Following the loss of immune surveillance, the virus can traffic to the central nervous system and infect oligodendrocytes to cause demyelination and PML. The mechanisms involved in glial cell infection are not completely understood. In a screen for N-glycosylated proteins that influence JCPyV pathology, we identified Adipocyte Plasma Membrane Associated Protein (APMAP) as a host cell modulator of JCPyV infection. The removal of APMAP by small interfering siRNA as well as by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing resulted in a significant decrease in JCPyV infection. Exogenous expression of APMAP in APMAP knockout cell lines rescued susceptibility to infection. These data suggest that virus infection of glial cells is dependent on APMAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Bethany A O'Hara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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31
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Limam S, Missaoui N, Bdioui A, Yacoubi MT, Krifa H, Mokni M, Selmi B. Investigation of simian virus 40 (SV40) and human JC, BK, MC, KI, and WU polyomaviruses in glioma. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:347-357. [PMID: 32124265 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gliomagenesis remains not fully established and their etiological factors still remain obscure. Polyomaviruses were detected and involved in several human tumors. Their potential implication in gliomas has been not yet surveyed in Africa and Arab World. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of six polyomaviruses (SV40, JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, KIPyV, and WUPyV) in 112 gliomas from Tunisian patients. The DNA sequences of polyomaviruses were examined by PCR assays. Viral infection was confirmed by DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationships between polyomavirus infection and tumor features were evaluated. Specific SV40 Tag, viral regulatory, and VP1 regions were identified in 12 GBM (10.7%). DNA ISH targeting the whole SV40 genome and SV40 Tag IHC confirmed the PCR findings. Five gliomas yielded JCPyV positivity by PCR and DNA ISH (2.7%). However, no BKPyV, KIPyV, and WUPyV DNA sequences were identified in all samples. MCPyV DNA was identified in 30 gliomas (26.8%). For GBM samples, MCPyV was significantly related to patient age (p = 0.037), tumor recurrence (p = 0.024), and SV40 (p = 0.045) infection. No further significant association was identified with the remaining tumor features (p > 0.05) and patient survival (Log Rank, p > 0.05). Our study indicates the presence of SV40, JCPyV, and MCPyV DNA in Tunisian gliomas. Further investigations are required to more elucidate the potential involvement of polyomaviruses in these destructive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Limam
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Missaoui
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Sidi Bouzid, Kairouan University, Kairouan, Tunisia.
| | - Ahlem Bdioui
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Hedi Krifa
- Neurosurgery Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Boulbeba Selmi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Integrative Biology and Exploiting, ISB, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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Handala L, Blanchard E, Raynal PI, Roingeard P, Morel V, Descamps V, Castelain S, Francois C, Duverlie G, Brochot E, Helle F. BK Polyomavirus Hijacks Extracellular Vesicles for En Bloc Transmission. J Virol 2020; 94:e01834-19. [PMID: 31896595 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01834-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of BKPyV is responsible for nephropathies in kidney transplant recipients, which frequently lead to graft loss. The mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion used by this virus remain poorly understood, and a therapeutic option for transplant patients is still lacking. Here, we show that BKPyV can be released into EVs, enabling viral particles to infect cells using an alternative entry pathway. This provides a new view of BKPyV pathogenesis. Even though we did not find any decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies when comparing EV-associated particles and naked virions, our study also raises important questions about developing prevention strategies based on the induction or administration of neutralizing antibodies. Deciphering this new release pathway could enable the identification of therapeutic targets to prevent BKPyV nephropathies. It could also lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of other polyomaviruses that are associated with human diseases. Most people are asymptomatic carriers of the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), but the mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion remain poorly understood. Furthermore, BKPyV is responsible for nephropathies in kidney transplant recipients. Unfortunately, the sole therapeutic option is to modulate immunosuppression, which increases the risk of transplant rejection. Using iodixanol density gradients, we observed that Vero and renal proximal tubular epithelial infected cells release two populations of infectious particles, one of which cosediments with extracellular vesicles (EVs). Electron microscopy confirmed that a single vesicle could traffic tens of viral particles. In contrast to naked virions, the EV-associated particles (eBKPyVs) were not able to agglutinate red blood cells and did not use cell surface sialylated glycans as an attachment factor, demonstrating that different entry pathways were involved for each type of infectious particle. However, we also observed that naked BKPyV and eBKPyV were equally sensitive to neutralization by the serum of a seropositive patient or commercially available polyvalent immunoglobulin preparations, which occurred at a postattachment step, after endocytosis. In conclusion, our work shows a new mechanism that likely plays a critical role during the primary infection and in the persistence, but also the reactivation, of BKPyV. IMPORTANCE Reactivation of BKPyV is responsible for nephropathies in kidney transplant recipients, which frequently lead to graft loss. The mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion used by this virus remain poorly understood, and a therapeutic option for transplant patients is still lacking. Here, we show that BKPyV can be released into EVs, enabling viral particles to infect cells using an alternative entry pathway. This provides a new view of BKPyV pathogenesis. Even though we did not find any decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies when comparing EV-associated particles and naked virions, our study also raises important questions about developing prevention strategies based on the induction or administration of neutralizing antibodies. Deciphering this new release pathway could enable the identification of therapeutic targets to prevent BKPyV nephropathies. It could also lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of other polyomaviruses that are associated with human diseases.
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Wilczek MP, DuShane JK, Armstrong FJ, Maginnis MS. JC Polyomavirus Infection Reveals Delayed Progression of the Infectious Cycle in Normal Human Astrocytes. J Virol 2020; 94:e01331-19. [PMID: 31826993 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01331-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects 50 to 80% of the population and is the causative agent of a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). JCPyV presents initially as a persistent infection in the kidneys of healthy people, but during immunosuppression, the virus can reactivate and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Within the CNS, JCPyV predominately targets two cell types, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Until recently, the role of astrocytes has been masked by the pathology in the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, which are lytically destroyed by the virus. To better understand how astrocytes are impacted during JCPyV infection, the temporal regulation and infectious cycle of JCPyV were analyzed in primary normal human astrocytes (NHAs). Previous research to define the molecular mechanisms underlying JCPyV infection has mostly relied on the use of cell culture models, such as SVG-A cells (SVGAs), an immortalized, mixed population of glial cells transformed with simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen. However, SVGAs present several limitations due to their immortalized characteristics, and NHAs represent an innovative approach to study JCPyV infection in vitro Using infectivity assays, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence assay approaches, we have further characterized JCPyV infectivity in NHAs. The JCPyV infectious cycle is significantly delayed in NHAs, and the expression of SV40 T antigen alters the cellular environment, which impacts viral infection in immortalized cells. This research establishes a foundation for the use of primary NHAs in future studies and will help unravel the role of astrocytes in PML pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Animal models are crucial in advancing biomedical research and defining the pathogenesis of human disease. Unfortunately, not all diseases can be easily modeled in a nonhuman host or such models are cost prohibitive to generate, including models for the human-specific virus JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). JCPyV infects most of the population but can cause a rare, fatal disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There have been considerable advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of JCPyV infection, but this has mostly been limited to immortalized cell culture models. In contrast, PML pathogenesis research has been greatly hindered because of the lack of an animal model. We have further characterized JCPyV infection in primary human astrocytes to better define the infectious process in a primary cell type. Albeit a cell culture model, primary astrocytes may better recapitulate human disease, are easier to maintain than other primary cells, and are less expensive than using an animal model.
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Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Pietrobon S, Torreggiani E, Rossini M, Pugliatti M, Casetta I, Castellazzi M, Granieri E, Guerra G, Martini F, Tognon M. Specific antibodies reacting to JC polyomavirus capsid protein mimotopes in sera from multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases-affected patients. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5847-5855. [PMID: 32012272 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Published data support the hypothesis that viruses could be trigger agents of multiple sclerosis onset. This link is based on evidence of early exposure to viral agents in patients affected by this neurologic disease. JC (JC polyomavirus [JCPyV]), BK (BKPyV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) neurotropic polyomavirus footprints have been detected in brain tissue specimens and samples from patients affected by different neurological diseases. In this investigation, serum samples from patients affected by multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory and noninflammatory neurologic diseases, as well as healthy subjects representing the control, were investigated for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against JCPyV. To this end, an immunologic approach was employed, which consists of employing indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing with synthetic peptides mimicking viral capsid protein 1 antigens. A significantly lower prevalence of IgG antibodies against JCPyV VP1 epitopes, with a low titer, was detected in serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases than in healthy subjects. Our study indicates that the prevalence of JCPyV antibodies from patients with multiple sclerosis is 50% lower than in healthy subjects, suggesting specific immune impairments. These results indicate that patients affected by neurological diseases, including MS, respond poorly to JCPyV VP1 antigens, suggesting specific immunologic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pietrobon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Torreggiani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marika Rossini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maura Pugliatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Casetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Castellazzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guerra
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Abstract
The human DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signaling network constituting many factors responsible for the preservation of genomic integrity. Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) are able to harness the DDR machinery during their infectious cycle by expressing an array of tumor (T) antigens. These molecular interactions between human polyomavirus T antigens and the DDR create conditions that promote viral replication at the expense of host genomic stability to cause disease as well as carcinogenesis in the cases of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and BK polyomavirus. This review focuses on the six HPyVs with disease association, emphasizing strain-dependent differences in their selective manipulation of the DDR. Appreciation of the HPyV-DDR interface at a molecular scale is conducive to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyal Tahseen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Del Valle L, Piña-Oviedo S. Human Polyomavirus JCPyV and Its Role in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Oncogenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:711. [PMID: 31440465 PMCID: PMC6694743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic virus JCPyV, a member of the Polyomaviridiae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal disease seen in severe immunosuppressive conditions and, during the last decade, in patients undergoing immunotherapy. JCPyV is a ubiquitous pathogen with up to 85% of the adult population word-wide exhibiting antibodies against it. Early experiments demonstrated that direct inoculation of JCPyV into the brain of different species resulted in the development of brain tumors and other neuroectodermal-derived neoplasias. Later, several reports showed the detection of viral sequences in medulloblastomas and glial tumors, as well as expression of the viral protein T-Antigen. Few oncogenic viruses, however, have caused so much controversy regarding their role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors, but the discovery of new Polyomaviruses that cause Merkel cell carcinomas in humans and brain tumors in racoons, in addition to the role of JCPyV in colon cancer and multiple mechanistic studies have shed much needed light on the role of JCPyV in cancer. The pathways affected by the viral protein T-Antigen include cell cycle regulators, like p53 and pRb, and transcription factors that activate pro-proliferative genes, like c-Myc. In addition, infection with JCPyV causes chromosomal damage and T-Antigen inhibits homologous recombination, and activates anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Survivin. Here we review the different aspects of the biology and physiopathology of JCPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Pena GPA, Mendes GS, Dias HG, Gavazzoni LS, Amorim AR, Santos N. Human polyomavirus KI, WU, BK, and JC in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:135-139. [PMID: 30338464 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of infections caused by the human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), information about their transmission, pathogenesis, and epidemiology is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the excretion and distribution of HPyV (HPyV1-HPyV4 [former BKPyV, JCPyV, KIPyV, and WUPyV, respectively]) among asymptomatic individuals from different geographic regions in Brazil, in order to verify the existence of distinct epidemiologic patterns among the Brazilian population. Saliva samples from 889 healthy volunteers living in nine locations in Brazil were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HPyV1-4. Among 889 participants, 346 (39%) had evidence of infection with one or more HPyV species: 127 (14.3%) had HPyV1 only; 70 (7.9%) had HPyV3 only; 60 (6.7%) had HPyV4 only, and 25 (2.8%) had HPyV2 only. Coinfections were detected in 64 participants (7.3%). Although HPyV excretion was detected in samples from all locations, the frequency and distribution of viral species varied significantly. The epidemiologic findings presented demonstrate that the four HPyV species studied are circulating in five geographic regions of Brazil. Salivary excretion of these viruses appears common among healthy Brazilians. The distribution of viral species varies considerably between regions as well as within regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle P A Pena
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriella S Mendes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helver G Dias
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Gavazzoni
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ariane R Amorim
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norma Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CCS - Bl. I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Peretti A, Geoghegan EM, Pastrana DV, Smola S, Feld P, Sauter M, Lohse S, Ramesh M, Lim ES, Wang D, Borgogna C, FitzGerald PC, Bliskovsky V, Starrett GJ, Law EK, Harris RS, Killian JK, Zhu J, Pineda M, Meltzer PS, Boldorini R, Gariglio M, Buck CB. Characterization of BK Polyomaviruses from Kidney Transplant Recipients Suggests a Role for APOBEC3 in Driving In-Host Virus Evolution. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:628-635.e7. [PMID: 29746834 PMCID: PMC5953553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) frequently causes nephropathy (BKVN) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). BKV has also been implicated in the etiology of bladder and kidney cancers. We characterized BKV variants from two KTRs who developed BKVN followed by renal carcinoma. Both patients showed a swarm of BKV sequence variants encoding non-silent mutations in surface loops of the viral major capsid protein. The temporal appearance and disappearance of these mutations highlights the intra-patient evolution of BKV. Some of the observed mutations conferred resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization. The mutations also modified the spectrum of receptor glycans engaged by BKV during host cell entry. Intriguingly, all observed mutations were consistent with DNA damage caused by antiviral APOBEC3 cytosine deaminases. Moreover, APOBEC3 expression was evident upon immunohistochemical analysis of renal biopsies from KTRs. These results provide a snapshot of in-host BKV evolution and suggest that APOBEC3 may drive BKV mutagenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Peretti
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eileen M Geoghegan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Pascal Feld
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Marlies Sauter
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Mayur Ramesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Efrem S Lim
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Peter C FitzGerald
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Valery Bliskovsky
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - J Keith Killian
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack Zhu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marbin Pineda
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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O'Hara BA, Gee GV, Atwood WJ, Haley SA. Susceptibility of Primary Human Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells and Meningeal Cells to Infection by JC Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:e00105-18. [PMID: 29437972 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00105-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) establishes a lifelong persistence in roughly half the human population worldwide. The cells and tissues that harbor persistent virus in vivo are not known, but renal tubules and other urogenital epithelial cells are likely candidates as virus is shed in the urine of healthy individuals. In an immunosuppressed host, JCPyV can become reactivated and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Recent observations indicate that JCPyV may productively interact with cells in the choroid plexus and leptomeninges. To further study JCPyV infection in these cells, primary human choroid plexus epithelial cells and meningeal cells were challenged with virus, and their susceptibility to infection was compared to the human glial cell line, SVG-A. We found that JCPyV productively infects both choroid plexus epithelial cells and meningeal cells in vitro Competition with the soluble receptor fragment LSTc reduced virus infection in these cells. Treatment of cells with neuraminidase also inhibited both viral infection and binding. Treatment with the serotonin receptor antagonist, ritanserin, reduced infection in SVG-A and meningeal cells. We also compared the ability of wild-type and sialic acid-binding mutant pseudoviruses to transduce these cells. Wild-type pseudovirus readily transduced all three cell types, but pseudoviruses harboring mutations in the sialic acid-binding pocket of the virus failed to transduce the cells. These data establish a novel role for choroid plexus and meninges in harboring virus that likely contributes not only to meningoencephalopathies but also to PML.IMPORTANCE JCPyV infects greater than half the human population worldwide and causes central nervous system disease in patients with weakened immune systems. Several recent reports have found JCPyV in the choroid plexus and leptomeninges of patients with encephalitis. Due to their role in forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, the choroid plexus and leptomeninges are also poised to play roles in virus invasion of brain parenchyma, where infection of macroglial cells leads to the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a severely debilitating and often fatal infection. In this paper we show for the first time that primary choroid plexus epithelial cells and meningeal cells are infected by JCPyV, lending support to the association of JCPyV with meningoencephalopathies. These data also suggest that JCPyV could use these cells as reservoirs for the subsequent invasion of brain parenchyma.
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Rossi F, Prosperini L, De Rossi N, Capra R, Rivanera D, Li X, Cinque P, Passeri L, Pozzilli C, Viscidi R. Association Between BKPyV Serotype I Antibody Level and Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:622-626. [PMID: 28836899 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the association between BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) types 1 and 4 capsid antibody and natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), serum samples were obtained from 10 natalizumab-associated PML cases and 130 control MS patients treated with natalizumab, and 82 control MS patients never exposed to natalizumab. In a sex- and age-adjusted regression model, BKPyV serotype 1 antibody levels were significantly higher in natalizumab-treated controls (p = 0.009) compared with cases, and were higher in controls never treated with natalizumab compared with cases, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.158). There was no association between BKPyV serotype 4 antibody and PML. We hypothesize that a robust immune response to BKPyV may be protective against the development of PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rossi
- 1 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Prosperini
- 2 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola De Rossi
- 3 Multiple Sclerosis Center , Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ruggero Capra
- 3 Multiple Sclerosis Center , Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rivanera
- 1 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Xiuhong Li
- 4 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paola Cinque
- 5 Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Passeri
- 5 Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pozzilli
- 2 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Raphael Viscidi
- 6 Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of a fatal central nervous system demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML occurs in people with underlying immunodeficiency or in individuals being treated with potent immunomodulatory therapies. JCPyV is a DNA tumor virus with a double-stranded DNA genome and encodes a well-studied oncogene, large T antigen. Its host range is highly restricted to humans and only a few cell types support lytic infection in vivo or in vitro. Its oncogenic potential in humans has not been firmly established and the international committee on oncogenic viruses lists JCPyV as possibly carcinogenic. Significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of JCPyV and here we present an overview of the field and discuss some important questions that remain unanswered.
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Seppälä H, Virtanen E, Saarela M, Laine P, Paulín L, Mannonen L, Auvinen P, Auvinen E. Single-Molecule Sequencing Revealing the Presence of Distinct JC Polyomavirus Populations in Patients With Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:889-895. [PMID: 28453853 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal disease caused by reactivation of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) in immunosuppressed individuals and lytic infection by neurotropic JCPyV in glial cells. The exact content of neurotropic mutations within individual JCPyV strains has not been studied to our knowledge. Methods We exploited the capacity of single-molecule real-time sequencing technology to determine the sequence of complete JCPyV genomes in single reads. The method was used to precisely characterize individual neurotropic JCPyV strains of 3 patients with PML without the bias caused by assembly of short sequence reads. Results In the cerebrospinal fluid sample of a 73-year-old woman with rapid PML onset, 3 distinct JCPyV populations could be identified. All viral populations were characterized by rearrangements within the noncoding regulatory region (NCCR) and 1 point mutation, S267L in the VP1 gene, suggestive of neurotropic strains. One patient with PML had a single neurotropic strain with rearranged NCCR, and 1 patient had a single strain with small NCCR alterations. Conclusions We report here, for the first time, full characterization of individual neurotropic JCPyV strains in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with PML. It remains to be established whether PML pathogenesis is driven by one or several neurotropic strains in an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Seppälä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Virtanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Saarela
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulín
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
In 1971, the first human polyomavirus was isolated from the brain of a patient who died from a rapidly progressing demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The virus was named JC virus after the initials of the patient. In that same year a second human polyomavirus was discovered in the urine of a kidney transplant patient and named BK virus. In the intervening years it became clear that both viruses were widespread in the human population but only rarely caused disease. The past decade has witnessed the discovery of eleven new human polyomaviruses, two of which cause unusual and rare cancers. We present an overview of the history of these viruses and the evolution of JC polyomavirus-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over three different epochs. We review what is currently known about JC polyomavirus, what is suspected, and what remains to be done to understand the biology of how this mostly harmless endemic virus gives rise to lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; ,
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; ,
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Hussain I, Tasneem F, Umer M, Pervaiz A, Raza M, Arshad MI, Shahzad N. Specific and quantitative detection of Human polyomaviruses BKPyV and JCPyV in the healthy Pakistani population. Virol J 2017; 14:86. [PMID: 28438210 PMCID: PMC5404684 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infections are widespread in human population and have been associated with severe kidney and brain disorders, respectively. The viruses remain latent primarily in reno-urinary tract, reactivating only in case of a compromised immune system. The seroepidemiology and molecular prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV have been widely studied both in healthy and immunocompromised patients worldwide. However, data regarding the prevalence of these viruses in the immunocompetent or apparently healthy Pakistani population is lacking. Herein, we present the first ever report on quantitative prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV in the peripheral blood of a randomly selected cohort of healthy Pakistani population. METHODS A total of 266 whole blood samples were examined. The subjects were divided into three age groups: ≤ 25 years (young), 26-50 years (middle) and ≥ 51 years (elder). Absolute real time PCR assay was designed to quantify the BKPyV and JCPyV viral copy numbers in the range of 106 to 100 copies/mL. RESULTS Overall, BKPyV was detected in 27.1% (72/266) individuals while JCPyV in 11.6% (31/266) indicating significant difference (p < 0.005) in the distribution of these two viruses. The prevalence of BKPyV significantly decreased from 51% (49/96) in young age group to 8.2% (7/85) in eldest age group. Whereas, JCPyV positivity rate slightly increased from 8.3% (8/96) in young age group to 11.8% (10/85) in elder age group. The median viral load was calculated as 6.2 log and 3.38 log copies/mL of blood for BKPyV and JCPyV, respectively. Notably, no significant difference in viral load of either of the subtypes was found between different age groups. CONCLUSION The current study provides an important baseline data on the prevalence and viral load of circulating BKPyV and JCPyV in Pakistani population. The prevalence and viral load of BKPyV was comparatively higher than JCPyV. The prevalence of BKPyV significantly decreased with increase in age while JCPyV positivity rate slightly increased with increasing age. Viral load of both BKPyV and JCPyV was not correlated with the individual ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Hussain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Umer
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Pervaiz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muslim Raza
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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45
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Franzén J, Ramqvist T, Bogdanovic G, Grün N, Mattson J, Dalianis T. Studies of human polyomaviruses, with HPyV7, BKPyV, and JCPyV present in urine of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplanted patients with or without hemorrhagic cystitis. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 18:240-6. [PMID: 26809742 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can cause hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) patients and polyomavirus-associated nephritis in renal transplant patients, while JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) can generate progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised individuals. Since 2007, additional human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified. In this study, we examined the urines of allo-HSCT patients for possible presence of polyomaviruses BKPyV, JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, and HPyV10 (MWPyV). METHODS A total of 185 urinary samples obtained 2002-2007 from 105 allo-HSCT patients, 32/105 with HC, were tested for the above-listed HPyVs by a bead-based multiplex assay. Of these, 142 urine samples had previously been tested for BKPyV and JCPyV by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Aside from BKPyV and JCPyV, which dominated, HPyV7 was detected in 5 BKPyV-positive urinary samples from 1 patient. The multiplex assay was more sensitive and specific than the nested PCR. BKPyV and/or JCPyV were found in all but 1 of the previously BKPyV- or JCPyV-positive samples, although 6 previously BKPyV-positive cases were now JCPyV-positive or the reverse. Furthermore, 18/79 previously negative samples were found to be BKPyV and/or JCPyV positive, and a total of 21 double infections were found. Lastly, in 1/29 HC patients, only JCPyV was detected. CONCLUSION HPyV7 was found for the first time in urine of an allo-HSCT patient, and BKPyV and JCPyV were more commonly found in urine samples using the bead-based assay compared to testing by nested PCR. Finally, only JCPyV was detected in the urine of 1 HC patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Franzén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Ramqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Bogdanovic
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tumour Biology and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Grün
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Mattson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Manos-Turvey A, Al-Ashtal HA, Needham PG, Hartline CB, Prichard MN, Wipf P, Brodsky JL. Dihydropyrimidinones and -thiones with improved activity against human polyomavirus family members. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5087-5091. [PMID: 27624078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses are generally latent but can be reactivated in patients whose immune systems are suppressed. Unfortunately, current therapeutics for diseases associated with polyomaviruses are non-specific, have undefined mechanisms of action, or exacerbate the disease. We previously reported on a class of dihydropyrimidinones that specifically target a polyomavirus-encoded protein, T antigen, and/or inhibit a cellular chaperone, Hsp70, that is required for virus replication. To improve the antiviral activity of the existing class of compounds, we performed Biginelli and modified multi-component reactions to obtain new 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and -thiones for biological evaluation. We also compared how substituents at the N-1 versus N-3 position in the pyrimidine affect activity. We discovered that AMT580-043, a N-3 alkylated dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione, inhibits the replication of a disease-causing polyomavirus in cell culture more potently than an existing drug, cidofovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Manos-Turvey
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hiba A Al-Ashtal
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Patrick G Needham
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Caroll B Hartline
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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47
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Giovannelli I, Clausi V, Nukuzuma S, Della Malva N, Nosi D, Giannecchini S. Polyomavirus JC microRNA expression after infection in vitro. Virus Res 2016; 213:269-273. [PMID: 26763354 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro expression of the Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) microRNAs, JC-miRNA-3p and -5p, at early time points post-infection was investigated. The expression of the JCPyV microRNAs was monitored in hematopoietic progenitor KG-1 cells and in kidney fibroblast-like COS-7 cells transformed with SV40 after infection with a JCPyV CY archetype viral clone. The JCPyV DNA viral load was low in KG-1 cells compared with that in COS-7 cells, which showed productive viral replication. The expression of the JCPyV microRNAs was observed from 12h after the viral infection of both cell types and in the exosomes present in their cell supernatant. Additionally, this study verified that the JCPyV microRNAs in the exosomes present in the supernatants produced by the infected cells might be carried into uninfected cells. These findings suggest that additional investigations of the expression of JCPyV microRNAs and their presence in exosomes are necessary to shed light on their regulatory role during viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Giovannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Clausi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Souichi Nukuzuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nunzia Della Malva
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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48
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Rocca A, Martelli F, Delbue S, Ferrante P, Bartolozzi D, Azzi A, Giannecchini S. The JCPYV DNA load inversely correlates with the viral microrna expression in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients at risk of PML. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:1-6. [PMID: 26305810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of their regulatory role, changes in the expression of Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) microRNAs may be relevant for virus reactivation and the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence of JCPyV-DNA and JCPyV microRNA expression in clinical specimens of patients at risk for PML. STUDY DESIGN The JCPyV-DNA and microRNA status was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma from 100 HIV patients, in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 14 HIV PML patients and in PBMCs and plasma from 50 healthy controls using Multiplex real-time PCR and JCPyV miRNA-J1-3p and -5p stem-loop RT-PCR. The JCPyV-DNA microRNA-expressing region was also sequenced. RESULTS A positive JCPyV-DNA status was more prevalent in HIV patients (67%, 67/100) compared to healthy controls (18%, 9/50). Among these, 46% and 42% of the HIV patients and 18% and 0% of the healthy controls were positive based on PBMC and plasma determinations, respectively. PBMC JCPyV microRNA positivity was observed in 22 out of 46 (48%) JCPyV+ HIV patients and in 3 out of 9 (33%) JCPyV+ healthy controls. Moreover, JCPyV microRNAs in exosomes were found in 6 out of 100 (6%) HIV plasma samples, in 12 out of 50 (24%) healthy samples, in 6 out of 14 (43%) serum samples, and in 3 out of 5 (60%) HIV PML CSF samples. Of note, the JCPyV-DNA load was inversely correlated with expression of the viral microRNA. The JCPyV microRNA genomic expression region showed a different combination of three mutations. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of JCPyV microRNA expression in HIV patients with high JCPyV-DNA prevalence observed in this study highlight the potential clinical relevance of JCPyV microRNAs in PML risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rocca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Martelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Bartolozzi
- Infectious disease unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberta Azzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Giovannelli I, Martelli F, Repice A, Massacesi L, Azzi A, Giannecchini S. Detection of JCPyV microRNA in blood and urine samples of multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:666-70. [PMID: 25678142 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) reactivation and development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a health concern in multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy. Here, the JCPyV microRNA-J1-3p and microRNA-J1-5p expressions and genomic variability were investigated in blood and urine samples of multiple sclerosis patients before and under natalizumab therapy and in healthy controls. The two JCPyV microRNAs were detected in the JCPyV-DNA-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples and in the exosomes derived from plasma and urine obtained from JCPyV-DNA-positive and JCPyV-DNA-negative patients. In particular, the increased JCPyV microRNA expression in samples of multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy was consistent with the high JCPyV-DNA positivity observed in these samples. Moreover, JCPyV microRNA genomic region showed few nucleotide differences in samples obtained from blood and urine of multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Overall, these data suggest a potential role of the JCPyV microRNA expression in counteracting the viral reactivation to maintain JCPyV asymptomatic persistence in the host.
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50
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Comerlato J, Campos FS, Oliveira MT, Cibulski SP, Corrêa L, Kulmann MIR, Arantes TS, Hentges LP, Spilki FR, Roehe PM, Franco AC. Molecular detection and characterization of BK and JC polyomaviruses in urine samples of renal transplant patients in Southern Brazil. J Med Virol 2014; 87:522-8. [PMID: 25604458 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human polyomaviruses JC (JCPyV) and BK (BKPyV) are widespread in the human population. Following the primary infection, virus reactivation may lead to nephropathy and graft rejection in renal transplant patients. This study was carried out to access the presence of BKPyV and JCPyV DNA in urine samples collected from renal transplant patients (n = 92) and healthy individuals (n = 88) in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were submitted to a nested PCR. A significantly higher frequency (P < 0.001) of BKPyV was found in renal transplant patients (65.2%) in comparison to the control group (32.9%). JCPyV was detected equally in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis of both BKPyV and JCPyV amplicons demonstrates the presence of the BKPyV subtypes I and II, whereas for JCPyV, four different groups are found (1, 2, 3, and 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Comerlato
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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