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Jbenyeni A, Croville G, Cazaban C, Guérin JL. Predominance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in the respiratory co-infections in broilers in Tunisia: a longitudinal field study, 2018-2020. Vet Res 2023; 54:88. [PMID: 37789451 PMCID: PMC10548753 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a health and economic concern for poultry production worldwide. Given global economic exchanges and migratory bird flyways, respiratory viruses are likely to emerge continuously in new territories. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the major pathogens involved in respiratory disease in Tunisian broiler poultry and their epidemiology. Between 2018 and 2020, broilers farms in northeastern Tunisia were monitored, and 39 clinically diseased flocks were sampled. Samples were screened for five viral and three bacterial respiratory pathogens using a panel of real-time PCR assays. The reemergence of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in commercial poultry was reported, and the Northern and Western African GI lineage strain was typed. The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) GI-23 lineage and the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B also were detected for the first time in broilers in Tunisia. H9N2 LPAIV was the most detected pathogen in the flocks tested, but rarely alone, as 15 of the 16 H9N2 positive flocks were co-infected. Except for infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), all of the targeted pathogens were detected, and in 61% of the respiratory disease cases, a combination of pathogens was identified. The major combinations were H9N2 + aMPV (8/39) and H9N2 + IBV (6/39), showing the high contribution of H9N2 LPAIV to the multifactorial respiratory diseases. This field survey provided evidence of the emergence of new respiratory viruses and the complexity of respiratory disease in Tunisia. A comprehensive and continuous surveillance strategy therefore is needed to better control respiratory pathogens in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jbenyeni
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- Ceva Santé Animale S.A., Libourne, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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Garcia-Montoya GM, Galvan-Diaz AL, Alzate JF. Metataxomics reveals Blastocystis subtypes mixed infections in Colombian children. Infect Genet Evol 2023; 113:105478. [PMID: 37406785 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp., is an intestinal protist with a broad host range and a high prevalence in human populations worldwide, even in developed Western countries. The publication of conflicting evidence has divided the scientific community about the pathogenic role of this parasite. Even though, genetic studies on Blastocystis sp. revealed associations between genotypes and different pathogenic profiles. Conventionally, the detection of this parasite is based on microscopic or PCR methods, which offer meager or null performance in detecting mixed infections. In this work, we applied a metataxonomic NGS approach targeting the V4 region of the eukaryotic SSU-rRNA gene and classical phylogenetic methods. This approach allowed us to detect Blastocystis sp. in stool samples from infected children living in an urban setting in the city of Medellin attending the same daycare center. Phylogenetic analysis identified the subtypes present in the children as ST1, ST2, and ST3. Besides, mixed infections of subtypes ST1 + ST3 were spotted in 16% of the analyzed stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Garcia-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Medellín, Colombia; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana L Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Medellín, Colombia; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Shifflett SA, Wiedmeyer T, Kennedy A, Maestas L, Buoni M, Ciloglu A, Ellis VA. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and diversity of its outer surface protein C (ospC) alleles in blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in Delaware. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102139. [PMID: 36780839 PMCID: PMC10033352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the diversity of genes associated with virulence and transmission of a pathogen across the pathogen's distribution can inform our understanding of host infection risk. Borrelia burgdorferi is a vector-borne bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans and is common in the United States. The outer surface protein C (ospC) gene of B. burgdorferi exhibits substantial genetic variation across the pathogen's distribution and plays a critical role in virulence and transmission in vertebrate hosts. In fact, B. burgdorferi infections that disseminate across host tissues in humans are associated with only a subset of ospC alleles. Delaware has a high incidence of Lyme disease, but the diversity of ospC in B. burgdorferi in the state has not been evaluated. We used PCR to amplify ospC in B. burgdorferi-infected blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in sites statewide and used short-read sequencing to identify ospC alleles. B. burgdorferi prevalence in blacklegged ticks varied across sites, but not significantly so. We identified 15 previously characterized ospC alleles accounting for nearly all of the expected diversity of alleles across the sites as estimated using the Chao1 index. Nearly 40% of sequenced infections (23/58) had more than one ospC allele present suggesting mixed strain infections and the relative frequencies of alleles in single infections were positively correlated with their relative frequencies in mixed infections. Turnover of ospC alleles was positively related to distance between sites with closer sites having more similar allele compositions than more distant sites. This suggests a degree of B. burgdorferi dispersal limitation or habitat specialization. OspC alleles known to cause disseminated infections in humans were found at the highest frequencies across sites, corresponding to Delaware's high incidence of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet A Shifflett
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tyler Wiedmeyer
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ashley Kennedy
- Mosquito Control Section, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, DE, USA
| | - Lauren Maestas
- Mosquito Control Section, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, DE, USA; Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Michael Buoni
- Delaware Technical Community College, Georgetown, DE, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye; Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Vincenzo A Ellis
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Chen X, Zhu J, Liu Z, Ye J, Yang L, Zhang Z. Mixed infection of three nontuberculous mycobacteria species identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in a patient with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a rare case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:95. [PMID: 37055720 PMCID: PMC10099677 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritonitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is an infrequent but important complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). There has been no report of mixed infections with multiple NTM. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) caused by Mycobacterium abscessus is more common than that caused by M. smegmatis and M. goodii. CASE PRESENTATION This case concerns a patient with PDAP caused by gram-positive bacilli, which could not be identified at the species level in successive detections of initial peritoneal effluent. Later, M. smegmatis was detected with no sensitivity results in bacterial culture. However, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and first whole-genome sequences indicated that there were three species coexisting in the culture, including M. smegmatis (24,708 reads), M. abscessus (9224 reads), and M. goodii (8305 reads). This is the first case of PDAP with specific evidence that conventional detection methods isolated a poorly pathogenic NTM, whereas mNGS and first whole-genome sequences identified multiple NTM. Pathogenic bacteria might not be detected using conventional methods due to their lower abundance. This case report is the first description of mixed infections with more than two species of NTM during PDAP. CONCLUSIONS PDAP caused by multiple NTM is rare, and the diagnosis is difficult. When NTM are isolated by conventional tests in patients who are suspected of infection, clinicians should be vigilant, and further tests should be performed to determine the presence of rare or even previously unknown bacteria, for which the quantity is relatively low, but the pathogenicity is high. The rare pathogen may be a primary agent in causing such complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liqi Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Sobhy NM, Yousef SG, Youssef CRB, Goyal SM. Molecular detection of mixed infection with peste des petits ruminants and retroviruses in Egyptian sheep and goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:102. [PMID: 36849557 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease causing massive economic loss to animal industries in endemic countries including Egypt. Although a vaccine is available, coinfections can overwhelm the animal immune system and interfere with vaccine protection. Small ruminant retrovirus (SRR), including enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is responsible for coinfections with PPR. Investigation of clinical cases in this study confirmed the presence of PPR virus by RT-PCR among four flocks. Sequence of five PPR amplicons revealed that all strains had 100% aa similarity and belonged to lineage IV. In addition, these strains had 98-99% nt similarity with all previous Egyptian and African strains from Sudan (MK371449) and Ethiopia (MK371449). Illumina sequencing of a representative sample showed a genome of 5753 nt compatible with ENT-2 virus with 98.42% similarity with the Chinese strain (MN564750.1). Four ORFs representing gag, pro, pol, and env genes were identified and annotated. Pro gene was highly stable while gag, pol, and env showed eight, two, and three aa differences with the reference strains. Sanger sequencing revealed that two amplicons were ENT-2 virus, and one was JSRV. ENT-2 sequences had 100% similarity with KU258870 and KU258871 reference strains while JSRV was 100% similar to the EF68031 reference strain. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between the ENT of goats and the JSRV of sheep. This study highlights the complexity of PPR molecular epidemiology, with SRR that was not molecularly characterized previously in Egypt.
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Atif FA, Abbas RZ, Mehnaz S, Qamar MF, Hussain K, Nazir MU, Zaman MA, Khan AU, Said MB. First report on molecular surveillance based on duplex detection of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in dairy cattle from Punjab, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:155. [PMID: 35362760 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Theileriosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne hemoparasites of bovines. The first surveillance study aimed to assess the suitability of duplex PCR for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale field infections in Jhang and Rawalpindi districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Cattle blood samples (n = 480) were collected from selected union councils of all tehsils using a multistage sampling technique. The sampling unit consisted of asymptomatic cattle belonging to either age, sex, and breed. Epidemiological data related to host, area, management, and season were collected using a questionnaire. Based on duplex PCR, the overall prevalence of the two concurrent tick-borne pathogens was 19.79% (95/480). Chi-square analysis indicated that age, breed, tick infestation, history of tick-borne diseases, frequency of acaricidial application, and season were significantly associated with tick-borne pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of A. marginale and T. annulata isolates based on msp1β and cytochrome b genes, respectively, revealed that nucleotide sequences acquired from these two pathogens are novel, grouped separately from different countries. All our A. marginale isolates showed 88.2 to 80.5% similarity with isolates from Egypt, Israel, Mexico, and lesser homology with South African isolates. Similarly, the phylogenetic tree based on cytochrome b partial sequences of T. annulata revealed that our sequences are closer to those from India and Iran. Based on this first study on concomitant detection of tick-borne pathogens, it can be concluded that mixed infections are endemic in the study districts and mPCR is suitable for detecting concurrent field infections. Simultaneous infections should be considered while performing surveillance and chemotherapeutic trials for better prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saba Mehnaz
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhmmad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang; Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Nazir
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan Zaman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang; Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang; Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology, BiotechPôlet, University of Manouba, BP-66, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Ariana Tunis, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Microbiology at the National, School of Veterinary Medicine of SidiThabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
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Liu K, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Geng N, Meng F, Wang S, Li J, Zhong Z, Zhu L, Liu S, Li N. The diagnosis and molecular epidemiology investigation of avian hepatitis E in Shandong province, China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:56. [PMID: 35078465 PMCID: PMC8788081 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the pathogenic agent of big liver and spleen disease (BLS) and of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) in chickens, which have caused economic losses to the poultry industry in China. In this study, 18 samples of BLS chickens were collected to reveal the molecular epidemiological characteristics of avian HEV in the province of Shandong, China. RESULTS Gross and microscopic lesions of clinical samples were observed; then, virology detection and genetic analysis of avian HEV were performed. The results showed that there was significant swelling and rupture in the liver and that the spleen was enlarged. Microscopic lesions demonstrated obvious hemorrhage in the liver, with infiltration of heterophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages, as well as the reduction of lymphocytes in the spleen. Eleven of the 18 samples were positive for avian HEV, with a positive rate of 61.11%. More importantly, all avian HEV-positive samples were mixed infections: among these, the mixed infections of avian HEV and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and avian HEV and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were the most common. Furthermore, the genetic evolution analysis showed that all avian HEV strains obtained here did not belong to the reported 4 genotypes, thus constituting a potential novel genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results of this study further enrich the epidemiological data on avian HEV in Shandong, prove the genetic diversity of avian HEV in China, and uncover the complex mixed infections of avian HEV clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuihao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaobing Zhong
- Taian Daiyue District Administrative Examination and Approval Service Bureau, Taian, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Centre of Linshu, Linyi, 276700, Shandong Province, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China.
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Valenzuela-Moreno LF, Méndez-Cruz ST, Rico-Torres CP, Cedillo-Peláez C, Correa D, Caballero-Ortega H. SAG3 Toxoplasma gondii cloning reveals unexpected fivefold infection in the blood of feral cats in the Mexican Caribbean. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:33. [PMID: 35031031 PMCID: PMC8759159 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, more than 300 genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) have been described throughout the world, demonstrating its wide genetic diversity. The SAG3 locus is one of the genes included in the genotyping panel of this parasite. It is associated with its virulence since it participates during the invasion process of the host cells. Therefore, cloning, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were used to deepen the understanding of the SAG3 locus genetic diversity of T. gondii in blood samples from feral cats. Results Six different SAG3 sequences were detected, five of which were detected in one feline. Three sequences were first reported here; one of them was an intragenic recombinant. In the cladogram, four out of ten SAG3 sequences did not share nodes with others reported worldwide. Conclusions Cloning and sequencing of samples with more than one restriction pattern by PCR-RFLP were very helpful tools to demonstrate the presence of more than three genotypes of T. gondii in the blood of feral cats from southeastern Mexico. This suggests a potential mixed infection of multiple T. gondii strains and high genetic diversity of the parasites in felines in this tropical region of Mexico. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03129-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Valenzuela-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara Teresa Méndez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Rico-Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Cedillo-Peláez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dolores Correa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Heriberto Caballero-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530, Ciudad de México, México.
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Brait N, Külekçi B, Goerzer I. Long range PCR-based deep sequencing for haplotype determination in mixed HCMV infections. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:31. [PMID: 34991471 PMCID: PMC8735729 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short read sequencing has been used extensively to decipher the genome diversity of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains, but falls short to reveal individual genomes in mixed HCMV strain populations. Novel third-generation sequencing platforms offer an extended read length and promise to resolve how distant polymorphic sites along individual genomes are linked. In the present study, we established a long amplicon PacBio sequencing workflow to identify the absolute and relative quantities of unique HCMV haplotypes spanning over multiple hypervariable sites in mixtures. Initial validation of this approach was performed with defined HCMV DNA templates derived from cell-culture enriched viruses and was further tested for its suitability on patient samples carrying mixed HCMV infections. Results Total substitution and indel error rate of mapped reads ranged from 0.17 to 0.43% depending on the stringency of quality trimming. Artificial HCMV DNA mixtures were correctly determined down to 1% abundance of the minor DNA source when the total HCMV DNA input was 4 × 104 copies/ml. PCR products of up to 7.7 kb and a GC content < 55% were efficiently generated when DNA was directly isolated from patient samples. In a single sample, up to three distinct haplotypes were identified showing varying relative frequencies. Alignments of distinct haplotype sequences within patient samples showed uneven distribution of sequence diversity, interspersed by long identical stretches. Moreover, diversity estimation at single polymorphic regions as assessed by short amplicon sequencing may markedly underestimate the overall diversity of mixed haplotype populations. Conclusions Quantitative haplotype determination by long amplicon sequencing provides a novel approach for HCMV strain characterisation in mixed infected samples which can be scaled up to cover the majority of the genome by multi-amplicon panels. This will substantially improve our understanding of intra-host HCMV strain diversity and its dynamic behaviour. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08272-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Brait
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Büşra Külekçi
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Goerzer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Enz A, Müller S, Mittelmeier W, Klinder A. Severe polymicrobial and fungal periprosthetic osteomyelitis persisting after hip disarticulations treated with caspofungin in risk patients: a case series. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:86. [PMID: 34972536 PMCID: PMC8720203 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periprosthetic fungal infections are considered rare and opportunistic infections. Treatment is difficult, and established standards do not yet exist. The choice of the appropriate antifungal drug might affect the patient outcome. CASES All the three cases presented showed polybacterial recurrent infection of the revision hip arthroplasty. All patients were of younger age, had multiple revisions of the endoprosthesis, each had a large partial femoral replacement greater than 40% of the femoral length, gentamycin-loaded cement, and a long anchoring distance of the used intramedullary stem. Due to the severe life-threatening infection with deep osteomyelitis, an amputation had to be performed. However, despite surgical intervention, the fungal dominated infection persisted. Finally, only the use of caspofungin allowed permanent infection control. CONCLUSION The polybacterial infection is driven by the symbiosis between fungi and bacteria. Therefore, eradication of the fungus is required to achieve elimination of the bacteria. Antimycotics of the echinocandin-class, such as caspofungin, may be considered as initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Enz
- Orthopedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Silke Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University medical center Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Mittelmeier
- Orthopedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annett Klinder
- Orthopedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Maloney JG, George NS, Molokin A, Santin M. An Illumina MiSeq-Based Amplicon Sequencing Method for the Detection of Mixed Parasite Infections Using the Blastocystis SSU rRNA Gene as an Example. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2369:67-82. [PMID: 34313984 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1681-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Parasite mixed infections remain a relatively unexplored field in part due to the difficulties of unraveling complex mixtures of parasite DNA using classical methods of sequencing. Next-generation amplicon sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool for exploring mixed infections of multiple genetic variants of the same parasite in clinical, environmental (water or soil), or food samples. Here, we provide a method for NGS-based detection of mixed parasite infections which uses the Blastocystis SSU rRNA gene as an example and includes steps for parasite concentration, DNA extraction, sequencing library preparation, and bioinformatic analysis.
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12
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Lopes BC, Vidaletti MR, Loiko MR, Andrade JDS, Maciel ALG, Doyle RL, Bertagnolli AC, Rodrigues RO, Driemeier D, Mayer FQ. Investigation of Mycobacterium bovis and Metastrongylus sp. co-infection and its relationship to tuberculosis lesions' occurrence in wild boars. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101674. [PMID: 34051650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (aTB) is a zoonotic disease characterized by granulomatous lesions on affected tissues, occurring as a consequence of immunological response to infection. Mycobacterium bovis, the main causative agent of aTB, was investigated in Brazilian wild boars with 37.7 % (29/77) positivity. Among these animals, most had no macroscopic tuberculosis-like lesions (89.6 %; 26/29). The existence of co-infections, which may alter an individual's immune response to an immunological challenge, could influence the formation of tuberculosis lesions. Therefore, we investigated Metastrongylus sp. and aTB co-infection to seek an explanation for the absence of macroscopic lesions in aTB. Of the tested animals, 77.9 % (60/77) had Metastrongylus sp., however, there was no association between its occurrence and the pattern of aTB lesions. The absence of tuberculous lesions in infected animals is worrisome, especially to hunters who handle their carcasses, potentially assuming that the animal is healthy. Studies evaluating other possibilities that can explain the absence of lesions in infected animals should be carried out to better understand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Correa Lopes
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marina Roth Vidaletti
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Regina Loiko
- Feevale, Universidade Feevale, Av. Edgar Hoffmeister, 600 - Zona Industrial Norte, Campo Bom, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Juliana da Silva Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Anna Luiza Gisler Maciel
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rovaina Laureano Doyle
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Angélica Cavalheiro Bertagnolli
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Oliveira Rodrigues
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - David Driemeier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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13
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Chagas CRF, Harl J, Valkiūnas G. Co-infections of Plasmodium relictum lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 are readily distinguishable by broadly used PCR-based protocols, with remarks on global distribution of these malaria parasites. Acta Trop 2021; 217:105860. [PMID: 33587942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium relictum is the most common generalist avian malaria parasite, which was reported in over 300 bird species of different orders, particularly often in passerines. This malaria infection is often severe in non-accustomed avian hosts. Currently, five distinct cytochrome b gene lineages have been assigned to P. relictum, with the lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 being the most common. Based on molecular screenings, the transmission of these two parasite lineages might occur in sympatry, particularly often in sub-Saharan Africa, but they also have been reported to have different areas of transmission globally, with the lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 being of low (if at all) transmission in huge regions of Americas and Europe, respectively. It remains unclear why these lineages are more often reported in some geographical areas, even though their susceptible vertebrate hosts and vectors are present globally. Co-infections of malaria parasites and other haemosporidians belonging to different species and subgenera are prevalent and even predominate in many bird populations, however, PCR-based protocols using commonly used primers often do not read such co-infections. Because information about the sensitivity of these protocols to read co-infections of the lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 is absent, this study aimed to unravel this issue experimentally. Blood samples of birds experimentally infected with the single parasite lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 were used to prepare various combinations of mixes, which were tested by two PCR-based protocols, which have been often used in current avian malaria research. Single infections of the same lineages were used as controls. Careful examination of the sequence electropherograms showed the presence of clear double peaks on polymorphic sites, indicating co-infections. This experiment shows that the broadly used PCR-based protocols can readily distinguish co-infections of these parasite lineages. In other words, the available information about patterns of the geographical distribution of the P. relictum lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 likely mirrors the existing epidemiological situation but is not a result of the bias due to preferable DNA amplification of one of these lineages during their possible co-infections. This calls for further ecological research aiming determination of factors associated with the transmission of the lineages pSGS1 and pGRW04 in different regions of the globe.
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14
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Obradovic MR, Segura M, Segalés J, Gottschalk M. Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:49. [PMID: 33743838 PMCID: PMC7980725 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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15
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Yanta CA, Bessonov K, Robinson G, Troell K, Guy RA. CryptoGenotyper: A new bioinformatics tool for rapid Cryptosporidium identification. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 23:e00115. [PMID: 33748443 PMCID: PMC7966988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that is transmitted to both humans and animals through zoonotic or anthroponotic means. When a host is infected with this parasite, it causes a gastrointestinal disease known as cryptosporidiosis. To understand the transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium, the small subunit (SSU or 18S) rRNA and gp60 genes are commonly studied through PCR analysis and conventional Sanger sequencing. However, analyzing sequence chromatograms manually is both time consuming and prone to human error, especially in the presence of poorly resolved, heterozygous peaks and the absence of a validated database. For this study, we developed a Cryptosporidium genotyping tool, called CryptoGenotyper, which has the capability to read raw Sanger sequencing data for the two common Cryptosporidium gene targets (SSU rRNA and gp60) and classify the sequence data into standard nomenclature. The CryptoGenotyper has the capacity to perform quality control and properly classify sequences using a high quality, manually curated reference database, saving users' time and removing bias during data analysis. The incorporated heterozygous base calling algorithms for the SSU rRNA gene target resolves double peaks, therefore recovering data previously classified as inconclusive. The CryptoGenotyper successfully genotyped 99.3% (428/431) and 95.1% (154/162) of SSU rRNA chromatograms containing single and mixed sequences, respectively, and correctly subtyped 95.6% (947/991) of gp60 chromatograms without manual intervention. This new, user-friendly tool can provide both fast and reproducible analyses of Sanger sequencing data for the two most common Cryptosporidium gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Yanta
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Kyrylo Bessonov
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Guy Robinson
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Karin Troell
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Rebecca A Guy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
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16
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Maloney JG, Molokin A, Santin M. Assessment of next generation amplicon sequencing of the beta-giardin gene for the detection of Giardia duodenalis assemblages and mixed infections. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 21:e00098. [PMID: 33294649 PMCID: PMC7691155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an enteric protozoan parasite commonly found in humans and many other animals around the world. The parasite is grouped into genetically related strains called assemblages which display differing degrees of host specificity. Although mixed assemblage infections have been documented the full extent of the occurrence and importance of mixed infections remains to be characterized as current sequencing technologies lack the sensitivity to readily detect mixed infections. Here we have developed a next generation amplicon sequencing (NGS) protocol and analysis pipeline for detecting Giardia assemblages using the beta-giardin gene. NGS was validated using 37 isolates that included Giardia muris and six assemblages (A-F) of Giardia duodenalis obtained from seven different hosts. NGS was compared to traditional PCR and direct Sanger sequencing for its ability to detect Giardia species, assemblages, and mixed assemblage infections. We demonstrate that NGS works as well as PCR and Sanger sequencing for assemblage detection as the same assemblage was observed in all samples by both methods. NGS has the further benefit of detecting mixed assemblage infections, low abundance assemblages, and intra-assemblage variation in samples which would have been missed using direct Sanger sequencing alone. NGS represents a powerful new tool for exploring Giardia infections not only in infected hosts but also in environmental specimens which may aide in understanding Giardia epidemiology. Developed a next generation sequencing (NGS) protocol to detect Giardia Comparison of NGS to Sanger sequencing for sensitivity and accuracy NGS improved detection of mixed assemblages and detects low abundance assemblages NGS allowed detection of intra-assemblage variabilities Mixed assemblages may be far more common than previously thought
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Aleksey Molokin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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17
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Ruggeri P, Naldoni J, Hartikainen H, Okamura B. PCR-RFLP: a targeted method to reveal host specific malacosporean infection profiles (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Malacosporea). Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 141:91-101. [PMID: 32940254 DOI: 10.3354/dao03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malacosporeans are a group of endoparasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa) that use freshwater bryozoans and fish as final and intermediate hosts, respectively. The malacosporean Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD), an emerging disease in aquaculture and wild fish populations, including threatened salmonids in Europe and the USA. Mixed infections of malacosporeans are often encountered, and a monitoring tool for screening of multiple malacosporean species in either their fish or bryozoan hosts is therefore desirable. We describe an inexpensive method that combines PCR amplification of the partial 18S rRNA gene (~260 bp) and a single-step restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for identification of 10 malacosporean lineages and species. We demonstrate and test this methodology on a set of DNA extracted from malacosporeans infecting fish kidney and tissues sampled from bryozoan colonies and compare the results with Sanger sequencing of the same parasite DNA isolates. The PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing methods agreed in 100% of cases. The PCR-RFLP method offers a number of opportunities, including screening large panels of host tissue samples to gain insights into infection patterns, characterizing mixed infections, and confirming highly pathogenic T. bryosalmonae infections. The method can also be further refined as new sequence data become available for malacosporeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruggeri
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK
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18
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Abstract
Mixed viral infections occur more commonly than would be expected by chance in nature. Virus-virus interactions may affect viral traits and leave a genetic signature in the population, and thus influence the prevalence and emergence of viral diseases. Understanding about how the interactions between viruses within a host shape the evolutionary dynamics of the viral populations is needed for viral disease prevention and management. Here, we first synthesize concepts implied in the occurrence of virus-virus interactions. Second, we consider the role of the within-host interactions of virus-virus and virus-other pathogenic microbes, on the composition and structure of viral populations. Third, we contemplate whether mixed viral infections can create opportunities for the generation and maintenance of viral genetic diversity. Fourth, we attempt to summarize the evolutionary response of viral populations to mixed infections to understand how they shape the spatio-temporal dynamics of viral populations at the individual plant and field scales. Finally, we anticipate the future research under the reconciliation of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary ecology, drawing attention to the need of adding more complexity to future research in order to gain a better understanding about the mechanisms operating in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcaide
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Pilar Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel G Moreno-Pérez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain.
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Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:5. [PMID: 31992328 PMCID: PMC6986042 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-0347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal infections (RVVI) has not only become an epidemiological and clinical problem but also include large social and psychological consequences. Understanding the mechanisms of both commensalism and pathogenesis are necessary for the development of efficient diagnosis and treatment strategies for these enigmatic vaginal infections. Through this review, an attempt has been made to analyze vaginal microbiota (VMB) from scratch and to provide an update on its current understanding in relation to health and common RVVI i.e. bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiaisis and Trichomoniasis, making the present review first of its kind. For this, potentially relevant studies were retrieved from data sources and critical analysis of the literature was made. Though, culture-independent methods have greatly unfolded the mystery regarding vaginal bacterial microbiome, there are only a few studies regarding the composition and diversity of vaginal mycobiome and different Trichomonas vaginalis strains. This scenario suggests a need of further studies based on comparative genomics of RVVI pathogens to improve our perceptive of RVVI pathogenesis that is still not clear (Fig. 5). Besides this, the review details the rationale for Lactobacilli dominance and changes that occur in healthy VMB throughout a women’s life. Moreover, the list of possible agents continues to expand and new species recognised in both health and VVI are updated in this review. The review concludes with the controversies challenging the widely accepted dogma i.e. “VMB dominated with Lactobacilli is healthier than a diverse VMB”. These controversies, over the past decade, have complicated the definition of vaginal health and vaginal infections with no definite conclusion. Thus, further studies on newly recognised microbial agents may reveal answers to these controversies. Conversely, VMB of women could be an answer but it is not enough to just look at the microbiology. We have to look at the woman itself, as VMB which is fine for one woman may be troublesome for others. These differences in women’s response to the same VMB may be determined by a permutation of behavioural, cultural, genetic and various other anonymous factors, exploration of which may lead to proper definition of vaginal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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Kargarpour Kamakoli M, Khanipour S, Masoumi M, Ghajavand H, Farmanfarmaei G, Fateh A, Siadat SD, Vaziri F. Application of MIRU-VNTR on smear slides: a shortcut for detection of polyclonal infections in tuberculosis patients. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:1681-9. [PMID: 31939062 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mixed (polyclonal) infections are one of the main problems in tuberculosis (TB) management. The best available method for detecting polyclonal infections in TB is mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR). According to multiple studies, MIRU-VNTR method can be applied to detect TB-related polyclonal infections in sputum samples or cultures. Setup of MIRU-VNTR on smear slides can be an efficient approach, regardless of the limitations of cultures and sputum samples in many laboratories. The present study aimed at investigating the diagnostic potential of MIRU-VNTR on smear slides in detecting mixed infections. Ziehl-Neelsen-stained microscopic slides were prepared from 14 clinical specimens. For amplifying 24 MIRU-VNTR loci, PCR assay was performed on the smear slides, clinical specimens, and cultures. Based on the 24-locus MIRU-VNTR analysis, polyclonal infections were reported in 42.85% of smear slides, while the corresponding rate was estimated at 57.1% (8/14) in the clinical samples. In the corresponding cultures, the rate of mixed infection was 7.14% (1/14). Use of smear slides can be a safe option for transferring clinical specimens between environmental and reference laboratories. Considering their significant impact on TB treatment, it is essential to diagnose mixed infections in low-resource countries with a high prevalence of mixed infections. The present findings show that direct MIRU-VNTR on smear slides can be conveniently used for the detection of mixed infections.
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Valenzuela-Moreno LF, Rico-Torres CP, Cedillo-Peláez C, Luna-Pastén H, Méndez-Cruz ST, Reyes-García ME, Correa D, Alves BF, Pena HFJ, Caballero-Ortega H. Stray dogs in the tropical state of Chiapas, Mexico, harbour atypical and novel genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2019; 50:85-90. [PMID: 31863764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii remains a relevant topic of study, since genotypes can be related to the presentation and severity of toxoplasmosis. To date, 292 restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes have been described around the world. Serosurveys in southeastern Mexico have documented exposure in over 70% of people and certain animals. Recently, we have described new genotypes and mixed infections in feral cats from Quintana Roo. Thus, the aim of this study was to genotype T. gondii and to describe its genetic variability, from naturally infected stray dogs of Chiapas, which has different geographical and climatic conditions from those found at the Yucatan Peninsula and the other parts of the country. Eleven stray dogs were captured and bled to obtain DNA, and then they were euthanized to perform necropsies and to collect target tissues. Diagnosis of T. gondii was done by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and endpoint PCR. Genotyping was carried out, amplifying 12 polymorphic markers and 15 microsatellites. Atypical SAG3 gene products were cloned and sequenced. All blood samples of dogs were positive to T. gondii DNA by PCR. Two isolates were obtained from pooled heart and diaphragm tissue of two dogs. Two complete PCR-RFLP genotypes were identified (type BrIII and #28). Four animals had mixed infections. A new RFLP atypical allele for the SAG3 marker was observed; cloning and sequencing analysis of this locus revealed mixed infection by a strain identical to GT1, and one type I × II intragenic recombinant. The microsatellite analysis revealed that both isolates are atypical. Thus, atypical new genotypes of T. gondii and mixed infections were found in dogs of Chiapas. The results found here and in genotyping studies in México suggest that the southeastern region favours wide genetic diversity of T. gondii and the possible presence of virulent genotypes such as those found in central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Valenzuela-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Patricia Rico-Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cedillo-Peláez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Luna-Pastén
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sara Teresa Méndez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Eréndira Reyes-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Pequeños Rumiantes y Patología, FMVZ-UNACH, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Dolores Correa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bruna Farias Alves
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Heriberto Caballero-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Rojas-Velázquez L, Maloney JG, Molokin A, Morán P, Serrano-Vázquez A, González E, Pérez-Juárez H, Ximénez C, Santin M. Use of next-generation amplicon sequencing to study Blastocystis genetic diversity in a rural human population from Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:566. [PMID: 31775832 PMCID: PMC6882168 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal parasite Blastocystis is found in humans and animals around the world. It is spread through the consumption of contaminated food and water and has been associated with a variety of intestinal symptoms. Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans, yet its prevalence and distribution in humans in North America is not well characterized. METHODS Next-generation amplicon sequencing of a region of the Blastocystis SSU rRNA gene was applied to DNA extracted from fecal specimens obtained from 182 inhabitants of a rural population in Mexico to characterize Blastocystis prevalence, subtype distribution, and intra-host subtype diversity in humans. RESULTS Of the 182 samples tested in this study, 68.1% (124) contained one or more Blastocystis subtypes. Subtype 3 was the most common subtype observed and was found in 81.5% of the positive samples. Subtype 1, 16.9% of the positive samples, and subtype 2, 17.7% of the positive samples, were also found in this population. Mixed infections were observed in 13.7% of the positive samples. In this population, the odds of having Blastocystis increased in adulthood (> 15 years; OR: 1.72, P < 0.0001), and the odds of having subtype 1 increased in the presence of farm animals (OR: 1.51, P = 0.03). The odds of having subtype 1, subtype 2, or a mixed infection decreased in the presence of cement flooring (OR: - 1.61, P = 0.005; OR: - 1.14, P = 0.03; OR: - 1.48, P = 0.02) possibly indicating socioeconomic factors are involved in the risk of acquiring one of these subtypes. CONCLUSIONS These data contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis infection in humans and can be used to shape future studies which aim to better characterize the transmission pathways and health outcomes of Blastocystis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rojas-Velázquez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jenny G Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Aleksey Molokin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Morán
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Serrano-Vázquez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique González
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio Pérez-Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ximénez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Eidelman A, Cohen C, Navarro-Castilla Á, Filler S, Gutiérrez R, Bar-Shira E, Shahar N, Garrido M, Halle S, Romach Y, Barja I, Tasker S, Harrus S, Friedman A, Hawlena H. The dynamics between limited-term and lifelong coinfecting bacterial parasites in wild rodent hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.203562. [PMID: 31285244 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between coinfecting parasites may take various forms, either direct or indirect, facilitative or competitive, and may be mediated by either bottom-up or top-down mechanisms. Although each form of interaction leads to different evolutionary and ecological outcomes, it is challenging to tease them apart throughout the infection period. To establish the first step towards a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between coinfecting limited-term bacterial parasites and lifelong bacterial parasites, we studied the coinfection of Bartonella sp. (limited-term) and Mycoplasma sp. (lifelong), which commonly co-occur in wild rodents. We infected Bartonella- and Mycoplasma-free rodents with each species, and simultaneously with both, and quantified the infection dynamics and host responses. Bartonella benefited from the interaction; its infection load decreased more slowly in coinfected rodents than in rodents infected with Bartonella alone. There were no indications for bottom-up effects, but coinfected rodents experienced various changes, depending on the infection stage, in their body mass, stress levels and activity pattern, which may further affect bacterial replication and transmission. Interestingly, the infection dynamics and changes in the average coinfected rodent traits were more similar to the chronic effects of Mycoplasma infection, whereas coinfection uniquely impaired the host's physiological and behavioral stability. These results suggest that parasites with distinct life history strategies may interact, and their interaction may be asymmetric, non-additive, multifaceted and dynamic through time. Because multiple, sometimes contrasting, forms of interactions are simultaneously at play and their relative importance alternates throughout the course of infection, the overall outcome may change under different ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Eidelman
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Carmit Cohen
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel.,Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Álvaro Navarro-Castilla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Autonomous of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Serina Filler
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Enav Bar-Shira
- Section of Immunology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Naama Shahar
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Mario Garrido
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Snir Halle
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Yoav Romach
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Isabel Barja
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Autonomous of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Center for Research on Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), University Autonomous of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Séverine Tasker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Aharon Friedman
- Section of Immunology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hadas Hawlena
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
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Klitgaard K, Kjær LJ, Isbrand A, Hansen MF, Bødker R. Multiple infections in questing nymphs and adult female Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a recreational forest in Denmark. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:1060-5. [PMID: 31176664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During its lifecycle, the generalist Ixodes ricinus takes up three blood meals from a wide selection of vertebrate hosts, some of which are reservoirs for multiple vector-associated pathogens. Since I. ricinus also readily bites humans, pets, and livestock, these hosts are at risk of becoming infected with more than one tick-borne pathogen. Multiple tick-borne infections are a public health concern, since they may increase diversity and duration of symptoms and complicate differential diagnosis and therapy. We used an existing Fluidigm real-time PCR chip to identify the minimum risk of exposure to infected/co-infected ticks in Denmark. We screened 509 nymphs and 504 adult female I. ricinus ticks for 17 different vector-associated pathogenic agents. The questing ticks were collected by flagging during the same season in two consecutive years in Grib forest in the capital region of Copenhagen. Overall, 19.1% of the nymphs and 52.2% of the adult female ticks harbored at least one zoonotic pathogen. The main agents were Borrelia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica, while Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Babesia venatorum both were present in less than 1% of the ticks. In 3.5% of the nymphs and 12.3% of adults we found more than one tick-borne pathogen. Of these, 15% were potentially triple or quadruple infections. Whereas mixed infections with Borrelia were equally distributed among both life stages, the adult ticks hosted 84.5% of the co-infections with different species of tick-borne pathogens, chiefly involving Borrelia species in combination with either R. helvetica or A. phagocytophilum. Statistical analyses indicated non-random co-occurrence of Borrelia spielmanii/Borrelia garinii in both life stages and B. garinii/Borrelia afzelii and B. garinii/Borrelia valaisiana in the nymphs. Although the overall prevalence of ticks hosting more than one infection only constituted 7.9% at the particular site investigated in this study, our results still underline that co-infections should be considered in diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne diseases in northern Europe.
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25
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Valenzuela-Moreno LF, Rico-Torres CP, Cedillo-Peláez C, Luna-Pastén H, Méndez-Cruz ST, Lara-Martínez G, Correa D, Caballero-Ortega H. Mixed Toxoplasma gondii infection and new genotypes in feral cats of Quintana Roo, México. Acta Trop 2019; 193:199-205. [PMID: 30851257 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii that infects homeothermic animals, including humans. To date, as many as 287 genotypes have been described worldwide. Genetic characterization of the parasite is crucial because the parasite type can determine the presentation and severity of toxoplasmosis. Previously, we reported that the Yucatán Peninsula has a frequency of infection of over 70% in humans and other animals; moreover, there are seven species of felids, including domestic cats; thus, we hypothesized that this might be a region with a high diversity of the parasite. Nevertheless, no genotyping of this protozoan has been performed in this region. Thus, the aim of this study was to genotype T. gondii from naturally infected feral cats of Quintana Roo, within the Yucatán Peninsula, and to describe its genetic variability. Eleven feral cats were captured and bled to obtain the buffy coat; then, they were euthanized to collect target organs or tissues to extract DNA. Samples were processed by PCR for diagnosis, and ten polymorphic markers were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Atypical GRA6 gene products were cloned and sequenced. Ten of the eleven cats were PCR positive for toxoplasmosis in blood; of these, seven had mixed infections. Also, two isolates were obtained from the heart and diaphragm of two animals. At least 23 different genotypes were detected, from which 18 are new worldwide. From the atypical GRA6 gene cloning and sequencing analysis, a mixed infection was discovered, due to one strain identical to GT1 and another to VAND. In conclusion, T. gondii genetic diversity in the region is high and different from that in other regions, with new genotypes exclusive to México and some others shared with USA and South America.
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26
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Gómez-Aix C, Alcaide C, Gómez P, Aranda MA, Sánchez-Pina MA. In situ hybridization for the localization of two pepino mosaic virus isolates in mixed infections. J Virol Methods 2019; 267:42-47. [PMID: 30771385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) is an informative and relatively accessible technique for the localization of viral genomes in plant tissue and cells. However, simultaneous visualization of related plant viruses in mixed infections may be limited by the nucleotide similarity in the genomes and the single chromogenic detection over the same sample preparation. To address this issue, we used two Pepino mosaic virus isolates and performed ISH over consecutive serial cross-sections of paraffin-embedded leaf samples of single and mixed infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Moreover, the probe design was optimized to reduce cross-hybridisation, and co-localization was based on the overlapping of consecutive cross-sections from mixed infected leaves; thus, our results showed that both Pepino mosaic virus isolates co-localized in the same leaf tissue. In turn, both isolates were localized in the cytoplasm of the same cells. These results provide valuable information for studying mixed infections in plants by using a simple ISH procedure that is accessible to any pathology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez-Aix
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Alcaide
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Sánchez-Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain.
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Maloney JG, Molokin A, Santin M. Next generation amplicon sequencing improves detection of Blastocystis mixed subtype infections. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 73:119-125. [PMID: 31026606 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is a highly prevalent enteric protist parasite of humans and animals. Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Genetic diversity studies have identified numerous subtypes (STs) within the genus Blastocystis based on polymorphism at the SSU rRNA gene. Although there is evidence of frequent mixed subtype infections, the extent of within-host subtype diversity remains largely unexplored. Accurate assessment of Blastocystis ST diversity is crucial to understand epidemiology and sources of Blastocystis transmission to humans. Here, we report the application of next generation sequencing (NGS) for detection and characterization of Blastocystis subtypes to investigate intra-host Blastocystis diversity. A total of 75 specimens obtained from cattle feces, previously identified as Blastocystis positive, were examined using next generation amplicon sequencing. A fragment of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified using Blastocystis-specific primers and resulting amplicons were used for NGS. Comparison of Sanger and NGS results suggest greater sensitivity using the NGS approach. Using Sanger sequencing, mixed infections were suspected in 18 specimens but only confirmed through cloning in three, while NGS identified 49 mixed infections (16 times more). In addition, NGS revealed greater diversity of subtypes with 14 detected compared to 11 by Sanger. Nine more infections with potentially zoonotic STs were detected by NGS than Sanger. Indeed, subtype 3, the most common subtype found in humans, was found in 37% (28) of specimens tested by NGS but in only four specimens using Sanger. Our findings indicate that mixed Blastocystis infections may be far more common than previously thought due to the limitations of current detection methods. This next generation amplicon sequencing strategy improves detection of mixed subtype infections and low abundance subtypes and represents a valuable resource for future Blastocystis studies to improve our understanding of its epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Maloney
- USDA ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, BARC, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Aleksey Molokin
- USDA ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, BARC, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Monica Santin
- USDA ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, BARC, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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28
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Sitali L, Miller JM, Mwenda MC, Bridges DJ, Hawela MB, Hamainza B, Chizema-Kawesha E, Eisele TP, Chipeta J, Lindtjørn B. Distribution of Plasmodium species and assessment of performance of diagnostic tools used during a malaria survey in Southern and Western Provinces of Zambia. Malar J 2019; 18:130. [PMID: 30971231 PMCID: PMC6458729 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zambia continues to make strides in reducing malaria burden through the use of proven malaria interventions and has recently pledged to eliminate malaria by 2021. Case management services have been scaled up at community level with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) providing antigen-based detection of falciparum malaria only. Key to national malaria elimination goals is the ability to identify, treat and eliminate all Plasmodium species. This study sought to determine the distribution of non-falciparum malaria and assess the performance of diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum in Western and Southern Provinces of Zambia, two provinces planned for early malaria elimination. Methods A sub-set of individuals’ data and samples from a cross-sectional household survey, conducted during peak malaria transmission season in April and May 2017, was used. The survey collected socio-demographic information on household members and coverage of malaria interventions. Malaria testing was done on respondents of all ages using blood smears and RDTs while dried blood spots were collected on filter papers for analysis using photo-induced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR). Slides were stained using Giemsa stain and examined by microscopy for malaria parasites. Results From the 1567 individuals included, the overall prevalence of malaria was 19.4% (CI 17.5–21.4) by PCR, 19.3% (CI 17.4–21.4) by RDT and 12.9% (CI 11.3–14.7) by microscopy. Using PET-PCR as the gold standard, RDTs showed a sensitivity of 75.7% (CI 70.4–80.4) and specificity of 94.2% (CI 92.8–95.4). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 75.9% (CI 70.7–80.6) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 94.1% (CI 92.1–95.4). In contrast, microscopy for sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV values were 56.9% (CI 51.1–62.5), 97.7% (CI 96.7–98.5), 85.6% (CI 80.0–90.2), 90.4% (CI 88.7–91.9), respectively. Non-falciparum infections were found only in Western Province, where 11.6% of P. falciparum infections were co-infections with Plasmodium ovale or Plasmodium malariae. Conclusion From the sub-set of survey data analysed, non-falciparum species are present and occurred as mixed infections. As expected, PET-PCR was slightly more sensitive than both malaria RDTs and microscopy to detecting malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lungowe Sitali
- Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. .,School of Medicine and University Teaching Hospital Malaria Research Unit (SMUTH-MRU), Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - John M Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mulenga C Mwenda
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Daniel J Bridges
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moonga B Hawela
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Hospital and College Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Hospital and College Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Elizabeth Chizema-Kawesha
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Hospital and College Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - James Chipeta
- School of Medicine and University Teaching Hospital Malaria Research Unit (SMUTH-MRU), Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Valverde-Garcia P, Santiago-Álvarez C, Thomas MB, Maranhao EAA, Garrido-Jurado I, Quesada-Moraga E. Sublethal effects of mixed fungal infections on the Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 161:61-69. [PMID: 30594516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of single and mixed infections with Beauveria bassiana (EABb 90/2-Dm) and Metarhizium acridum (IMI 330189) strains on survival, feeding and reproduction of thermoregulating Dociostaurus maroccanus were evaluated. Adult locusts (2-3 days post fledging) were treated with low dosages of both fungal pathogens alone and in mixture (total dosage for single treatments and combinations = 1 × 102 and 1 × 103 spores per insect). M. acridum IMI 330189 was more virulent than B. bassiana EABb 90/2-Dm at both dosages. In the mixed infections, in which half of the infective units of the more virulent pathogen were replaced by the less virulent pathogen, the analysis of the cumulative insect mortality after 30 days suggested additive interaction in the lethal effects between the two strains. All fungal treatments, except EABb 90/2-Dm at 1 × 102 spores per insect showed reduction in per capita feeding, as indicated by fecal production per insect per day when insects were maintained at 27 ± 2 °C (32-51% of reduction compared with the control); but only IMI 330189 caused significant reduction in per capita feeding (50%) when those insects were allowed to thermoregulate. Both strains and their mixtures caused a significant reduction of locust fecundity, with a 21-53% reduction in the number of egg-pods per female, and 30-65% reduction in the number of fertile eggs per female. In both sublethal effects (feeding and fecundity) a potential antagonistic interaction between the fungal strains was detected. Locust fecundity (egg-pods per female) and per capita feeding were positively correlated (r = 0.783). Implications of these findings on the potential use of both strains to control D. maroccanus populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Valverde-Garcia
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Building C4, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Cándido Santiago-Álvarez
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Building C4, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Entomology, 001 Chemical Ecology Lab, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A A Maranhao
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco-IPA, Cx Postal 03, CEP 55602-420 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
| | - Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Building C4, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Enrique Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Building C4, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
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Kalia N, Singh J, Sharma S, Kaur M. SNPs in 3'-UTR region of MBL2 increases susceptibility to recurrent vulvovaginal infections by altering sMBL levels. Immunobiology 2018; 224:42-49. [PMID: 30482481 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal infections (RVVI), owing to their adverse health consequences, have become a serious dilemma worldwide. Low serum levels of Mannose-Binding Lectin (sMBL), a main component of innate immunity, was found to be associated with RVVI risk, though complete genetic bases are still elusive. To reveal unrecognised regulatory variants, 3'-UTR region of MBL2 with six putative functional SNPs i.e. rs10824792, rs2120132, rs2120131, rs2165813, rs2099903 and rs2099902 was sequenced and genotyped in the present study for 109 RVVI cases and age matched healthy controls. sMBL levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The homozygous CC genotype of rs10824792 polymorphism was found to be conferring risk (OR = 2.94) of developing RVVI. Significantly high frequency of corresponding CC genotype was found in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) and Mixed Infections (MI) relative to controls. Significantly insufficient sMBL levels were observed in RVVI and its types (Bacterial Vaginosis, VVC and MI) than controls. sMBL levels varied for rs10824792 SNP as expected from the genetic analyses. Six marker haplotype analyses have shown CTTGCT, the haplotype containing only risk allele of rs10824792, conferred risk of RVVI and its types by lowering sMBL levels. In conclusion, a 3'-UTR SNP i.e. rs10824792 was identified as novel associated genetic marker for contributing low sMBL levels and RVVI risk. Our findings contribute to the novel future research directions for the development of emerging MBL substitution as effectual therapy for RVVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Bebe Nanki Mother and Child Care Centre, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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Pushpasekaran N, Gupta D, Kashyap A, Arora S, Gupta AK. Concomitant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in tubercular sacroiliitis masquerading as anti-tubercular drug resistance: Role for molecular diagnosis. Indian J Tuberc 2018; 65:350-355. [PMID: 30522624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 23-year-old female on anti-tubercular therapy for tuberculous sacroiliitis presented with right sided gluteal and thigh abscess. Suspecting treatment failure, surgical evacuation of purulent material was done. The bacteriological isolation showed positivity for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Although the microbiological and histopathology examination of the specimen were negative for tubercular isolates, the cartridge based -nucleic acid amplification tests revealed positive genes for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and additional primers showed sensitivity for rifampicin and isoniazid. She was adequately treated with vancomycin for six weeks and anti-tubercular drugs for eight months and followed till the bony ankyloses at 18 months. This is a rare case based scenario wherein concomitant staphylococcal infection in tubercular sacroiliitis masqueraded as anti-tubercular drug resistance. The cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test for tuberculosis is a rapid and sensitive modality in identifying mycobacteria even mixed infections and also determine drug resistance. There are fewer consensuses in the literature regarding the drugs and duration of anti-tubercular regime for tuberculous sacroiliitis with most regimes using four drugs between six to eighteen months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendran Pushpasekaran
- Senior Resident, Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India.
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Senior Resident, Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Abhishek Kashyap
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Sumit Arora
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Gupta
- Professor and Head, Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
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Mascellino MT, Oliva A, De Angelis M, Pontone S, Porowska B. Helicobacter pylori infection: antibiotic resistance and eradication rate in patients with gastritis showing previous treatment failures. New Microbiol 2018; 41:306-309. [PMID: 30252924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forty patients infected by Helicobacter pylori were studied. The treatment was based on the positivity or negativity of cultures (tailored therapy or empiric therapy). The eradication rate was 68% and 82% respectively. Genotypic susceptibility testing proved very useful in case of heteroresistance or mixed infections that represent a real problem possibly leading to a resistance underestimation. Real-time PCR detected the resistant population at a very low concentration not detectable by phenotypic tests. Bismuth quadruple therapy (PPI, bismuth, metronidazole, tetracycline, PBMT) was effective in the Hp eradication rate consistent with a high level of clarithromycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Mascellino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I° Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 ROME (Italy)
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I° Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 ROME (Italy)
| | - Massimiliano De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I° Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 ROME (Italy)
| | - Stefano Pontone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I° Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 ROME (Italy)
| | - Barbara Porowska
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic ,Vascular, General Surgery and Organ Transplants, Policlinico Umberto I° Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 ROME (Italy)
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Spodareva VV, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Losev A, Votýpka J, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V, Kostygov AY. Diversity and evolution of anuran trypanosomes: insights from the study of European species. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:447. [PMID: 30071897 PMCID: PMC6090815 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibian trypanosomes were the first ever described trypanosomatids. Nevertheless, their taxonomy remains entangled because of pleomorphism and high prevalence of mixed infections. Despite the fact that the first species in this group were described in Europe, virtually none of the trypanosomes from European anurans was analyzed using modern molecular methods. Methods In this study, we explored the diversity and phylogeny of trypanosomes in true frogs from Europe using light microscopy and molecular methods. Results A comparison of observed morphotypes with previous descriptions allowed us to reliably identify three Trypanosoma spp., whereas the remaining two strains were considered to represent novel taxa. In all cases, more than one morphotype per blood sample was observed, indicating mixed infections. One hundred and thirty obtained 18S rRNA gene sequences were unambiguously subdivided into five groups, correspondent to the previously recognized or novel taxa of anuran trypanosomes. Conclusions In this work we studied European frog trypanosomes. Even with a relatively moderate number of isolates, we were able to find not only three well-known species, but also two apparently new ones. We revealed that previous assignments of multiple isolates from distant geographical localities to one species based on superficial resemblance were unjustified. Our work also demonstrated a high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in frogs and proposed a plausible scenario of evolution of the genus Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria V Spodareva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Losev
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia. .,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia. .,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.
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Salazar-Castañón VH, Juárez-Avelar I, Legorreta-Herrera M, Govezensky T, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Co-infection: the outcome of Plasmodium infection differs according to the time of pre-existing helminth infection. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2767-2784. [PMID: 29938323 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth-Plasmodium coinfections are common in tropical regions, the implications of this co-existence for the host immune response are poorly understood. In order to understand the effect of helminth infection at different times of coinfection on the immune response against Plasmodium infection, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with Taenia crassiceps (Tc). At 2 (Tc2) or 8 (Tc8) weeks post-infection, mice were intravenously infected with 1 × 103 Plasmodium yoelii (Py) 17XL-parasitized red blood cells. Py 17XL-single-infected mice developed cachexia, splenomegaly, and anemia, and died at 11 days post-infection. Importantly, Tc2 + Py-coinfected mice showed increased survival of 58% on day 11, but developed pathology (cachexia and splenomegaly) and succumbed on day 18 post-coinfection, this latter associated with high levels of IL-1β and IL-12, and reduced IFN-γ in serum compared with Py 17XL-single-infected mice. Interestingly, Tc8 + Py-coinfected mice showed increased survival up to 80% on day 11 and succumbed on day 30 post-coinfection. This increased survival rate conferred by chronic helminth infection was associated with a decreased pathology and mixed inflammatory-type 1/anti-inflammatory-type 2 immune profile as evidenced by the production of high levels of IL-12 and IL-10, and reduced TNF-α from macrophages, high levels of IL-4 and IL-10, and low levels of IFN-γ from spleen cells. Also high serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10, but a significant reduction of IFN-γ were observed. Together, these data indicate that polarization of the cell-mediated response modulated by a pre-existing helminth infection differentially impacts on the host immune response to Py 17XL in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H Salazar-Castañón
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Imelda Juárez-Avelar
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Martha Legorreta-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Batalla 5 de mayo s/n, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autònoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Vlčková K, Kreisinger J, Pafčo B, Čížková D, Tagg N, Hehl AB, Modrý D. Diversity of Entamoeba spp. in African great apes and humans: an insight from Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Int J Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29530647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex Entamoeba communities in the mammalian intestine has been, to date, complicated by the lack of a suitable approach for molecular detection of multiple variants co-occurring in mixed infections. Here, we report on the application of a high throughput sequencing approach based on partial 18S rDNA using the Illumina MiSeq platform. We describe, to our knowledge, for the first time, the Entamoeba communities in humans, free-ranging western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees living in the Dja Faunal Reserve in Cameroon. We detected 36 Entamoeba haplotypes belonging to six haplotype clusters, containing haplotypes possessing high and low host specificity. Most of the detected haplotypes belonged to commensal Entamoeba, however, the pathogenic species (Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba nuttalli) were also detected. We observed that some Entamoeba haplotypes are shared between humans and other hosts, indicating their zoonotic potential. The findings are important not only for understanding the epidemiology of amoebiasis in humans in rural African localities, but also in the context of wild great ape conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 603 65, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Division of Animal Evolutionary Biology, Department of Zoology Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Čížková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 603 65, Czech Republic
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Projet Grands Singes Cameroon, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, 20-26 Koningin Astridplein, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zrich, Switzerland
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
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Kaupke A, Gawor J, Rzeżutka A, Gromadka R. Identification of pig-specific Cryptosporidium species in mixed infections using Illumina sequencing technology. Exp Parasitol 2017; 182:22-25. [PMID: 28939445 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays molecular methods are widely used in epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. However to gain better understanding of parasite species or genotypes, especially when mixed infections are noticed, highly sensitive tools with adequate resolution power need to be employed. In this article, we report an application of the next generation sequencing method (NGS) for detection and characterisation of Cryptosporidium species concurrently present in pig faeces. A mixture of Cryptosporidium DNA obtained from two faecal samples was amplified at the 18 SSU rRNA gene locus and the resulting amplicons were subsequently used for MiSeq sequencing. Although initial molecular analyses indicated the possible presence of another Cryptosporidium species other than Cryptosporidium scrofarum and Cryptosporidium suis, deep sequencing only confirmed the presence of pig-specific Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaupke
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - J Gawor
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - R Gromadka
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Dubiec A, Podmokła E, Gustafsson L. Intra-individual changes in haemosporidian infections over the nesting period in great tit females. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2385-92. [PMID: 28668984 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in bird populations varies temporally both between years and within a year. In contrast to variation at the population level, relatively little is known about variation in infection attributes at the individual level, especially in non-migratory species. We examined intra-individual changes in the presence and identity of haemosporidian parasites (genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) over the course of the nesting period in females of great tits (Parus major)—a species considered to be resident over much of its distribution range. Birds were sampled during two stages of the nesting period: nest building and nestling rearing. The mean time interval between sampling occasions was 43 days. Between the first and second samplings, 30.6% of females gained at least one parasite lineage and 18.5% lost the lineage. Haemoproteus gains were over three times more common than Plasmodium gains. The probability of the lineage gain decreased with the date of the first sampling, was higher in individuals in better body condition and differed between years, but was not associated with the host age. The probability of the lineage loss was not explained by any of the considered parameters except for year. These results indicate that in a large proportion of a population, infection attributes (presence/absence and/or parasite identity) may change over the nesting period and the occurrence of such changes may be associated with the individual quality. Consequently, this phenomenon should be taken into account to correctly interpret parasite-mediated effects.
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Agarwal P, Devi LS. Otomycosis in a Rural Community Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital: Assessment of Risk Factors and Identification of Fungal and Bacterial Agents. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:DC14-DC18. [PMID: 28764159 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25865.10068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Otomycosis is one of the frequently encountered fungal infections of external auditory canal, commonly seen in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Various host (local, systemic) and environmental factors can predispose a person to otomycosis. Although clinical presentations along with otoscopic findings of the patients are well suggestive of fungal infection, proper identification of causative agents is mandatory in order to prevent recurrences and complications. AIM To define the aetiology of clinically diagnosed otomycosis in rural population, to derive association of risk factors with otomycosis, to isolate and identify fungal and bacterial agents and to analyze the association between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), SGT hospital over eight months period. A total of 350 consecutive patients of more than five years of age with clinical diagnosis of otomycosis were included in the study. Demographic profile, predisposing factors, presenting complaints and clinical findings of clinically diagnosed patients were evaluated and analyzed. Samples were collected, transported and evaluated by both direct examination and culture method for bacteriological and mycological examination. RESULTS Male to female ratio in study participants was 1.3:1. Mycological examination yielded 346 fungal isolates in 310 samples from a total of 350 clinically diagnosed cases of otomycosis. Self cleaning, instillation of mustard oil and use of ear drops appeared to be common predisposing factors in otomycosis. Significant association was observed between these practices and otomycosis. Aspergillus species was the predominant fungi followed by Candida spp., Penicillium, Mucor and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. 11% of the cases were found to have mixed fungal and bacterial infections. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the highest isolation of Aspergillus complex in cases of clinically diagnosed otomycosis in a rural community with higher practice of self cleaning and using home remedies and eardrops to get relief from sensation of blocked ear and itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Agarwal
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, SGT University, Budhera, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Sadegh H, Kargarpour Kamakoli M, Farmanfarmaei G, Masoumi M, Abdolrahimi F, Fateh A, Ebrahimzadeh N, Rahimi Jamnani F, Vaziri F, Siadat SD. Pros and cons of direct genotyping on tuberculosis clinical samples. Microb Pathog 2016; 103:135-138. [PMID: 28034830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prompt genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is crucial for improving molecular epidemiological investigation of tuberculosis (TB). METHODS We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the use of 24 loci MIRU-VNTR (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem-repeat) directly on 135 clinical samples from 84 TB patients. RESULTS There was a direct correlation between genotyping on clinical samples by MIRU-VNTR and bacterial load (P = 0.001). VNTR loci were amplified successfully for 41.5% of the clinical samples (19-24 loci), 32.6% (13-18 loci), 23.7% (7-12 loci) and 2.2% (1-6 loci). Loci of 2401, 577, 2996 and 154 had the highest power to show the mixed strains infection in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Direct MIRU-VNTR is partially successful in complete genotyping of M. tuberculosis strains. On the other hand, detection of polyclonal infection is undoubtedly reliable based on the direct MIRU-VNTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Sadegh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Farmanfarmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Masoumi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abdolrahimi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayereh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Bouiba L, Gassen B, Gasmi M, Hammadi D, Harrat Z. [Contribution of nested PCR in the diagnosis of imported malaria in southern Algeria]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2016; 109:381-385. [PMID: 27933559 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nested PCR was used to estimate its inputs in malaria diagnosis and in the performance of the microscope operators involved in the surveillance of malaria in remote areas of South Algeria. For the period 2010 to 2015, 112 patients (93 febrile and 19 asymptomatic) coming from sub-Saharan Africa were tested for malaria in the hospital of Tamanrasset. One part of the blood taken from fingertip was used for blood smears and the second part was absorbed in filter paper for molecular diagnosis. Overall, the infection was detected by nested PCR in 63 samples versus 53 by direct examination. In addition, 11 mixed infections and 6 positive asymptomatic cases not detected by microscopy were diagnosed by PCR. Moreover, two negative samples in nested PCR were tested positive by direct examination. The molecular tool is more sensitive than the direct examination in detecting infra-microscopic parasitaemia and mixed infections...
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouiba
- Laboratoire d'éco-épidémiologie parasitaire et génétique des populations., Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Route du petit Staoueli, Dely-Ibrahim Alger, Algérie.
| | - B Gassen
- Service d'épidémiologie et de médecine préventive, établissement publique hospitalier de Tamanrasset, Tamanrasset, Algérie
| | - M Gasmi
- Laboratoire de référence national du paludisme, Institut national de santé publique, El Biar, Algérie
| | - D Hammadi
- Laboratoire de référence national du paludisme, Institut national de santé publique, El Biar, Algérie
| | - Z Harrat
- Laboratoire d'éco-épidémiologie parasitaire et génétique des populations., Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Route du petit Staoueli, Dely-Ibrahim Alger, Algérie
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Dario MA, Rodrigues MS, Barros JHDS, Xavier SCDC, D’Andrea PS, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. Ecological scenario and Trypanosoma cruzi DTU characterization of a fatal acute Chagas disease case transmitted orally (Espírito Santo state, Brazil). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:477. [PMID: 27580853 PMCID: PMC5006519 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi infection via oral route results in outbreaks or cases of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in different Brazilian regions and poses a novel epidemiological scenario. In the Espírito Santo state (southeastern Brazil), a fatal case of a patient with ACD led us to investigate the enzootic scenario to avoid the development of new cases. At the studied locality, Triatoma vitticeps exhibited high T. cruzi infection rates and frequently invaded residences. METHODS Sylvatic and domestic mammals in the Rio da Prata locality, where the ACD case occurred, and in four surrounding areas (Baia Nova, Buenos Aires, Santa Rita and Todos os Santos) were examined and underwent parasitological and serological tests. Triatomines were collected for a fecal material exam, culturing and mini-exon gene molecular characterization, followed by RFLP-PCR of H3/Alul. Paraffin-embedded cardiac tissue of a patient was washed with xylene to remove paraffin and DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method. For genotype characterization, PCR was performed to amplify the 1f8, GPI and 18S rRNA genes. In the case of V7V8 SSU rRNA, the PCR products were molecularly cloned. PCR products were sequenced and compared to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates was performed. RESULTS None of the animals showed positive hemocultures. Three rodents and two dogs showed signs of infection, as inferred from borderline serological titers. T. vitticeps was the only triatomine species identified and showed T. cruzi infection by DTUs TcI and TcIV. The analysis of cardiac tissue DNA showed mixed infection by T. cruzi (DTUs I, II, III and IV) and Trypanosoma dionisii. CONCLUSIONS Each case or outbreak of ACD should be analyzed as a particular epidemiological occurrence. The results indicated that mixed infections in humans may play a role in pathogenicity and may be more common than is currently recognized. Direct molecular characterization from biological samples is essential because this procedure avoids parasite selection. T. dionisii may under certain and unknown circumstances infect humans. The distribution of T. cruzi DTUS TcIII and TcIV in Brazilian biomes is broader than has been assumed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marina Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Sérgio D’Andrea
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Giger A, Yusuf E, Manuel O, Clerc O, Trampuz A. Polymicrobial vertebral osteomyelitis after oesophageal biopsy: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:141. [PMID: 27036910 PMCID: PMC4815082 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While most cases of polymicrobial vertebral osteomyelitis are secondary to hematogenous seeding, direct inoculation during spinal surgery and contiguous spread from adjacent soft tissue are also potential routes whereby pathogens may infect the spine. Case presentation A 74 year-old man presented with an exacerbation of back pain after a fall. His past medical history included hepatocellular and oesophageal carcinoma. Three months earlier he had undergone an endoscopic biopsy of the oesophagus for routine follow-up of his oesophagus carcinoma. He also underwent a vertebroplasty due to suspected pathologic fracture. On admission to hospital, magnetic resonance imaging revealed an infiltrative process at the level of the 5th and 6th thoracic vertebrae. Blood cultures were positive for both Streptococcus mitis and Gemella morbillorum. During his course of antibiotic therapy he developed an abscess at the level of 8th thoracic vertebrae and culture of this abscess grew Candida albicans. He was treated with antibiotics and antifungal drugs and recovered fully. Conclusion Vertebral osteomyelitis may be caused by direct spread following an oesophageal procedure. Microbiological diagnosis is essential to target the specific pathogen, especially in cases of polymicrobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Giger
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Erlangga Yusuf
- Laboratory Medicine, Gasthuiszusters Antwerpen Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Clerc
- Department of Medicine, Neuchâtel cantonal Hospital, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Trampuz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wójcik-Fatla A, Zając V, Sawczyn A, Sroka J, Cisak E, Dutkiewicz J. Infections and mixed infections with the selected species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in eastern Poland: a significant increase in the course of 5 years. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 68:197-212. [PMID: 26590929 PMCID: PMC4689766 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the years 2008-2009 and 2013-2014, 1620 and 1500 questing Ixodes ricinus ticks, respectively, were examined on the territory of the Lublin province (eastern Poland). The presence of three pathogenic species causing Lyme disease was investigated: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii. The proportion of I. ricinus ticks infected with B. burgdorferi sensu lato showed a highly significant increase between 2008-2009 and 2013-2014, from 6.0 to 15.3%. A significant increase was noted with regard to all types of infections with individual species: single (4.7-7.8%), dual (1.2-6.6%), and triple (0.1-0.9%). When expressed as the percent of all infections, the frequency of mixed infections increased from 21.4 to 49.2%. Statistical analysis performed with two methods (by calculating of odds ratios and by Fisher's exact test) showed that the frequencies of mixed infections in most cases proved to be significantly greater than expected. The strongest associations were found between B. burgdorferi s. s. and B. afzelii, and between B. burgdorferi s. s. and B. garinii. They appeared to be highly significant (P < 0.0001) when assessed by two methods for 2013-2014, and for the sum of findings for both time periods. The proportions of the individual species detected in the mixed infections in 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 revealed highly significant increases for B. burgdorferi s. s. and B. garinii (from 33.9 to 71.1% and from 18.2 to 82.9%, respectively), and an insignificant decrease for B. afzelii (from 51.4 to 41.6%). The proportions of the species B. burgdorferi s. s., B. afzelii and B. garinii (with combined single and mixed infections) for 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 were: 51.2/44.0 %, 30.6/24.9% and 18.2/31.1%, respectively. In conclusion, our results seem to indicate the detrimental trend of the increasing infection rate of I. ricinus ticks with B. burgdorferi s. l. in eastern Poland, and dramatic enhancement of mixed infections with individual species, which may result in mixed infections of humans and exacerbation of the clinical course of Lyme disease cases on the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Violetta Zając
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Sawczyn
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Cisak
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Dutkiewicz
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Bwogi J, Malamba S, Kigozi B, Namuwulya P, Tushabe P, Kiguli S, Byarugaba DK, Desselberger U, Iturriza-Gomara M, Karamagi C. The epidemiology of rotavirus disease in under-five-year-old children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in central Uganda, 2012-2013. Arch Virol 2016; 161:999-1003. [PMID: 26724820 PMCID: PMC4819735 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was undertaken during 2012-2013 to determine the prevalence, strains and factors associated with rotavirus infection among under-5-year-old children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Uganda. Rotaviruses were detected in 37 % (263/712) of the children. The most prevalent strains were G9P[8] (27 %, 55/204) and G12P[4] (18.6 %, 38/204). Mixed infections were detected in 22.5 % (46/204) of the children. The study suggests that consumption of raw vegetables (OR = 1.45, 95 % CI = 1.03-2.03) and family ownership of dogs (OR = 1.9, 95 % CI = 1.04-3.75) increases the risk of rotavirus infection. The study findings will be used to assess the impact of RV vaccination in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Bwogi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda. .,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Samuel Malamba
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Brian Kigozi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Prossy Namuwulya
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Phionah Tushabe
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kiguli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Karuhize Byarugaba
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Seppälä O, Louhi KR, Karvonen A, Rellstab C, Jokela J. Relative reproductive success of co-infecting parasite genotypes under intensified within-host competition. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 36:450-5. [PMID: 26296607 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In nature, host individuals are commonly simultaneously infected with more than one genotype of the same parasite species. These co-infecting parasites often interact, which can affect their fitness and shape host-parasite ecology and evolution. Many of such interactions take place through competition for limited host resources. Therefore, variation in ecological factors modifying the host resource level could be important in determining the intensity of competition and the outcome of co-infections. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the relative reproductive success of co-infecting genotypes of the trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in its snail host Lymnaea stagnalis while experimentally manipulating snail resource level using contrasting feeding treatments (ad libitum food supply, no food). We found that food deprivation constrained the overall parasite within-host reproduction as the release of parasite transmission stages (cercariae) was reduced. This indicates intensified competition among the parasite genotypes. The genotypic composition of the released cercariae, however, was not affected by the feeding treatments. This suggests that in this system, the relative reproductive success of co-infecting parasite genotypes, which is an important component determining their fitness, is robust to variation in ecological factors modifying the strength of resource competition.
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Nyaga MM, Jere KC, Esona MD, Seheri ML, Stucker KM, Halpin RA, Akopov A, Stockwell TB, Peenze I, Diop A, Ndiaye K, Boula A, Maphalala G, Berejena C, Mwenda JM, Steele AD, Wentworth DE, Mphahlele MJ. Whole genome detection of rotavirus mixed infections in human, porcine and bovine samples co-infected with various rotavirus strains collected from sub-Saharan Africa. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 31:321-34. [PMID: 25701122 PMCID: PMC4361293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are among the main global causes of severe diarrhea in children under the age of 5years. Strain diversity, mixed infections and untypeable RVA strains are frequently reported in Africa. We analysed rotavirus-positive human stool samples (n=13) obtained from hospitalised children under the age of 5years who presented with acute gastroenteritis at sentinel hospital sites in six African countries, as well as bovine and porcine stool samples (n=1 each), to gain insights into rotavirus diversity and evolution. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis and genotyping with G-(VP7) and P-specific (VP4) typing primers suggested that 13 of the 15 samples contained more than 11 segments and/or mixed G/P genotypes. Full-length amplicons for each segment were generated using RVA-specific primers and sequenced using the Ion Torrent and/or Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing platforms. Sequencing detected at least one segment in each sample for which duplicate sequences, often having distinct genotypes, existed. This supported and extended the PAGE and RT-PCR genotyping findings that suggested these samples were collected from individuals that had mixed rotavirus infections. The study reports the first porcine (MRC-DPRU1567) and bovine (MRC-DPRU3010) mixed infections. We also report a unique genome segment 9 (VP7), whose G9 genotype belongs to lineage VI and clusters with porcine reference strains. Previously, African G9 strains have all been in lineage III. Furthermore, additional RVA segments isolated from humans have a clear evolutionary relationship with porcine, bovine and ovine rotavirus sequences, indicating relatively recent interspecies transmission and reassortment. Thus, multiple RVA strains from sub-Saharan Africa are infecting mammalian hosts with unpredictable variations in their gene segment combinations. Whole-genome sequence analyses of mixed RVA strains underscore the considerable diversity of rotavirus sequences and genome segment combinations that result from a complex evolutionary history involving multiple host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Nyaga
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Mathew D Esona
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa; Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mapaseka L Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ina Peenze
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Amadou Diop
- Albert Royer National Paediatric Hospital Laboratory, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Unite de Virologie Medicale Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Angeline Boula
- Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Gugu Maphalala
- The National Clinical Laboratory Service, Mbabane, Swaziland.
| | - Chipo Berejena
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Section, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo.
| | - A Duncan Steele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa; Enteric and Diarrhoeal Diseases Programme, Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Abstract
Virus control in berry crops starts with the development of plants free of targeted pathogens, usually viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, and systemic bacteria, through a combination of testing and therapy. These then become the top-tier plants in certification programs and are the source from which all certified plants are produced, usually after multiple cycles of propagation. In certification schemes, efforts are made to produce plants free of the targeted pathogens to provide plants of high health status to berry growers. This is achieved using a systems approach to manage virus vectors. Once planted in fruit production fields, virus control shifts to disease control where efforts are focused on controlling viruses or virus complexes that result in disease. In fruiting fields, infection with a virus that does not cause disease is of little concern to growers. Virus control is based on the use of resistance and tolerance, vector management, and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Martin
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
| | - Ioannis E Tzanetakis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Webster BL, Diaw OT, Seye MM, Faye DS, Stothard JR, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Rollinson D. Praziquantel treatment of school children from single and mixed infection foci of intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis along the Senegal River Basin: monitoring treatment success and re-infection patterns. Acta Trop 2013; 128:292-302. [PMID: 23022016 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Following major water development schemes in the 1980s, schistosomiasis has become a serious parasitic disease of children living in the Senegal River Basin. Both urogenital (Schistosoma haematobium) and intestinal (Schistosoma mansoni) schistosomiasis can be highly prevalent in school-aged children, with many individuals infected with both parasites. In order to investigate the transmission and re-infection dynamics of both parasite species, single and mixed infection foci at three villages (Nder and Temeye; S. mansoni and S. haematobium foci and Guia; S. haematobium focus) were studied. In each focus infected children were identified and selected for a 12-month study involving two treatments with praziquantel (40mg/kg) three weeks apart at the beginning of the study and again 6 months into the study. Urine and stool samples were examined for schistosome eggs before and at 6 weeks and 6 months after chemotherapy. Prevalence and intensity of infection were recorded for each child at each time point. Before treatment, in all three villages, the prevalence and intensity of infection was extremely high for both S. mansoni (79-100%) and S. haematobium (81-97%). With the first round of chemotherapy sufficient cure rates (CRs) of both species were achieved in all villages (38-96%) with high egg reduction rates (ERRs) (97-99%). The data show that high and rapid re-infection rates occur, especially for S. mansoni, within a six-month period following treatment. Re-infection must be highly linked to ecological and seasonal factors. The persistence of S. mansoni in Nder could raise concern as levels of infection intensity remain high (geometric mean intensity at baseline 653epg changed to 705epg at 12 months) after four rounds of chemotherapy. This phenomenon could be explained by extremely rapid re-infection dynamics or a sub-optimal efficacy of praziquantel against S. mansoni in this village. High intensities in mixed infections may influence disease epidemiology and control warranting further studies. The disease situation in the SRB must be monitored closely and new treatment regimes should be designed and implemented to control schistosomiasis in the school-age population.
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Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V. Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of sheeppox, goatpox and orf viruses from clinical samples of sheep and goats. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:1-8. [PMID: 24134940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) was developed and evaluated for detection of pox viral infections simultaneously using clinical samples from sheep and goats. Specific primers for three pox viruses of sheep and goats including sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and orf virus (ORFV) were designed targeting conserved sequences of the DNA binding phosphoprotein (I3L) coding gene of Capripoxvirus (CaPV) and the DNA polymerase (E9L) gene of parapoxvirus for identification of these viruses. The mPCR assay was found to be sensitive for detecting as low as 350 pg of viral genomic DNA or 10(2) copies of standard plasmid of individual targets; and 10(3) copies of plasmid in a mixture of two or three viruses. The assay was specific for detecting one or more of the viruses in various combinations from clinical specimens. Two hundred and thirty five (n=235) clinical samples from sheep and goats received from different geographical regions of the country for diagnosis of pox infection were evaluated by developed uniplex and mPCR assays. The assay had improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity over to in-use laboratory diagnostic methods and can be useful for clinical differential diagnosis of these infections in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
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50
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Peng Y, Yang C, Li X, Luo T, Li F, Gao Q. Multiple samples improve the sensitivity for detection of mixed Mycobacterium infections. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:548-50. [PMID: 23838118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By using VNTR genotyping, mixed infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were detected in 11.2% of cases in a prospective study in Heilongjiang China, a setting with a high prevalence (87.5%) of Beijing family strains. If only one sputum sample had been collected, the study would have underestimated the fraction of mixed infections by 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Tuberculosis Control Center of Heilongjiang Province, No. 40, Youfang Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
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