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Liu M, Guan L, Wen Y, Su L, Hu Z, Peng Z, Li S, Tang Q, Zhou Z, Zhou N. Rice husk biochar mediated red phosphorus for photocatalysis and photothermal removal of E. coli. Food Chem 2023; 410:135455. [PMID: 36641916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The current photocatalytic bactericidal materials in the field of food pathogen control are usually consisted of metals that always suffering from poor stability and possible secondary pollution. Besides, the requirement for high energy excitation also inspires the enthusiasm on exploring non-metallic catalysts. Herein, the non-metallic composite of rice shell biochar loaded with red phosphorus (B@RP) was developed for photocatalysis and photothermal removal of bacteria. The B@RP showed effective photocatalysis performance to stimulate the generation of OH and O2- free radicals for the elimination of Escherichia coli (E. coli). At the same time, the photothermal effect of B@RP can also increase the permeability of cell membrane, which is conducive to free radicals entering the cell interior. Therefore, the non-metallic composite could achieve complete removal of E. coli within 2 h under illumination. Meanwhile, B@RP had excellent stability and the sterilization efficiency maintained 100% after 9 cycles. Hence, B@RP is expected to be a harmless and efficient bactericidal material for food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liqian Guan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yujiao Wen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lezhu Su
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhan Hu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhengjie Peng
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shikai Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiyuan Tang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Biochar, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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2
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Qiu L, Wang Y, Sui R, Zhu C, Yu Y, Li J. Preparation of a novel metal-free polypyrrole- red phosphorus adsorbent for efficient removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Environ Res 2023; 224:115458. [PMID: 36764436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) makes it a major threat to the health of animals and people. However, how to efficiently remove Cr(VI) still faces important challenges. In this study, a new metal-free polypyrrole-red phosphorus (PPy-RP) composite is successfully synthesized by in-situ oxidation polymerization for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of Cr(VI) on PPy-RP-1 is 513.2 mg/g when the pH value is 2, which is far superior to RP nanosheets (207.8 mg/g) and PPy (294.9 mg/g). The improved qm can be ascribe to the good dispersion and increased specific surface area of PPy-RP adsorbent. Encouragingly, PPy-RP adsorbent still exhibits excellent stability after 7 cycles tests without a significant decline in removal efficiency, and remain above 81.4%. Based on the fittings of adsorption isotherms and kinetics, the process conforms to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the single-layer adsorption of the Langmuir model with an R2 value of 0.98533. The adsorption process is chemical and monolayer. The experimental result demonstrates that the PPy-RP can efficient removal Cr(VI) by electrostatic attraction and complexation reaction (formation of N-Cr(VI) bond) through the PPy on the surface. The results of this study indicate that PPy-RP is a promising adsorbent to remove the Cr(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130103, China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130103, China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Rui Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130103, China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
| | - Jiaming Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130103, China.
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Hu C, Liang Q, Yang Y, Peng Q, Luo Z, Dong J, Isimjan TT, Yang X. Conductivity-enhanced porous N/P co-doped metal-free carbon significantly enhances oxygen reduction kinetics for aqueous/flexible zinc-air batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:500-510. [PMID: 36463819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped metal-free carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions have gained significant attention because of their unusual activity and economic cost. Here, a novel N/P co-doped porous carbon catalyst (NPPC) with a high surface area for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is constructed by a facile high-temperature calcination method employing ZIF-8 as the precursor and red phosphorus as the phosphorus source. In particular, ZIF-8 is firstly calcined to obtain N-doped carbon (NC) followed by further calcination with red phosphorus to obtain NPPC. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) analysis shows that the ultra-low amount of P doping could significantly decrease the work function from 4.32 to 3.86 eV. The resultant catalyst exhibits a promising electrocatalytic activity with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.87 V and a limiting current density (JL) of 5.15 mA cm-2. Besides, it also shows improved catalytic efficiency and excellent durability with a negligible decay of JL after 2000 CV cycles. Moreover, aqueous and solid-state flexible zinc-air batteries (ZAB) using the catalyst show a promising application potential. This work provides new insight into developing P/N-doped metal-free carbon ORR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qinrui Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zuyang Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiaxin Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Tayirjan Taylor Isimjan
- Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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4
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Zhang J, Li T, Pang J, Kong L, Yang Z, Chen L, Xu B, Yang B. Sustainable safe and environmentally friendly process to recovery valuable materials from hazardous waste InP. Waste Manag 2023; 155:153-161. [PMID: 36379165 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of the market scale for indium phosphide (InP) semiconductors in high-tech industries such as optoelectronics and solar energy, the generation of hazardous waste InP has also increased dramatically, and the task of recycling waste InP is urgent. However, InP as a representative phosphide semiconductor is prone to produce highly toxic substances such as yellow phosphorus and PH3 in the recycling process, which discourages most companies from using it. In this study, a safe and efficient method of "vacuum decomposition-directional condensation (VD-DC)" is proposed to recover valuable materials from waste InP. In this method, briquetting pretreatment is used to improve thermal conductivity. At a decomposition temperature of 1123 K, system pressure of 30 Pa, and holding time of 3.5 h, indium with a purity of 99.43 wt% is obtained, and the direct yield reaches 98.54%. Non-toxic and stable red phosphorus with a purity of 98.14 wt% is recovered by converting the condensed yellow phosphorus at 573 K. Vacuum technology significantly reduces the decomposition temperature of InP and avoids the emission of waste water and waste gas, thus operating in an environmentally friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Tong Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Jian Pang
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Lingxin Kong
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Zhicheng Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Baoqiang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
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5
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Wang Z, Bai Y, Li Y, Tao K, Simayi M, Li Y, Chen Z, Sun Y, Chen X, Pang X, Ma Y, Qi K. Bi 2O 2CO 3/ red phosphorus S-scheme heterojunction for H 2 evolution and Cr(VI) reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:320-329. [PMID: 34896832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Red phosphorus (RP) has a suitable energy band structure and excellent photocatalytic properties. However, there are some problems, such as low quantum efficiency and serious photogenerated electron-hole recombination. The S-scheme heterostructure shows great potential in facilitating the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers and obtaining strong photo-redox ability. Herein, hydrothermally treated red phosphorus (HRP) was combined with Bi2O2CO3 to construct Bi2O2CO3/HRP S-scheme heterojunction composite. The Bi2O2CO3 content was optimized, and the 5 %Bi2O2CO3/HRP composite obtained at 5 %Bi2O2CO3 mass fraction exhibited the strongest photoreduction ability. The Cr(VI) photoreduction and photolytic hydrogen production rates were as high as 0.22 min-1 and 157.2 μmol •h-1, which were 7.3 and 3.0 times higher than those of HRP, respectively. The promoted photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the formation of S-scheme heterojunctions, which accelerated the separation and transfer of useful photogenerated electron-hole pairs, while enhancing the recombination of relatively useless photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby resulting in the highest photocurrent density (17.3 μA/cm2) of the 5 %Bi2O2CO3/HRP composite, which was 1.6 and 4.3 times higher than pure Bi2O2CO3 (10.5 μA/cm2) and pure HRP (4.0 μA/cm2), respectively. This work would provide an advanced approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanhu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuexia Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Kaixin Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Mayire Simayi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yunjie Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaolin Pang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Kezhen Qi
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China.
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Liu L, Liu J, Yang W, Wan J, Fu F, Wang D. Constructing a Z-scheme ZnIn 2S 4-S/CNTs/RP nanocomposite with modulated energy band alignment for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:482-492. [PMID: 34626990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Energy band structures greatly determine the charge separation and transfer properties in heterojunction photocatalysts and consequently their photocatalytic activities. Herein, a well-designed Z-scheme ZnIn2S4-S/CNTs/RP (ZIS-S/CNTs/RP) nanocomposite was fabricated according to an energy band alignment steering strategy to realize superior photocatalytic H2 evolution performance. The ZIS-S/CNTs/RP nanocomposite shows an efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 1639.9 μmol g-1h-1, which is noticeably higher than that of pristine red phosphorus (RP) and CNTs/RP and ZIS-S/RP composites, as well as those of the compared heterojunctions using bulk RP or ZnIn2S4. Owing to the modification of nanosized RP and the introduction of sulfur vacancies in ZnIn2S4, a tailored energy band alignment of the heterojunction with a higher reduction potential and larger Fermi level potential difference was achieved, which resulted in significantly increased photogenerated electron-hole separation efficiency and a more efficient Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism, thus promoting the photocatalytic activity of ZIS-S/CNTs/RP. This work aims to provide a novel effective strategy for the construction of high-performance heterojunction photocatalysts by energy band engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Clean Utilization of Low Rank Coal of Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Clean Utilization of Low Rank Coal of Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Weijie Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Clean Utilization of Low Rank Coal of Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Jun Wan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Clean Utilization of Low Rank Coal of Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center, Yan'an 716000, PR China.
| | - Feng Fu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Clean Utilization of Low Rank Coal of Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Danjun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Clean Utilization of Low Rank Coal of Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center, Yan'an 716000, PR China.
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7
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Liu J, Zhu Y, Chen J, Butenko DS, Ren J, Yang X, Lu P, Meng P, Xu Y, Yang D, Zhang S. Visible-light driven rapid bacterial inactivation on red phosphorus/titanium oxide nanofiber heterostructures. J Hazard Mater 2021; 413:125462. [PMID: 33930973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water disinfection has emerged as a promising approach for water purification. However, exploring efficient and rapid visible light driven materials for photocatalytic bacterial inactivation is still a challenging problem. Herein, red phosphorus/titanium oxide (TiO2@RP) nanofibers were developed for effective water disinfection by a vacuum ampoule strategy. The complete E. coli and S. aureus (7-log CFU mL-1) could be rapidly killed within 25 min and 30 min over the optimized TiO2@RP heterostructure under the white LED irradiation. The efficient photocatalytic antibacterial activity should be mainly ascribed to the synergetic enhancement in light absorption by RP decoration and charge migration and separation by the interface between TiO2 and RP. And then more unpaired photo-carriers would be transferred to the surface to facilitate the generation of photo-holes, •O2- radicals, and H2O2 species, which could destroy the bacterial cells efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiu Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yukun Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingying Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Denys S Butenko
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Analytical and Testing Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pingping Meng
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Dongjiang Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Queensland Micro, and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Shuchao Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Department of Nephrology & Medical Research Center & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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8
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Wu C, Jing L, Deng J, Liu Y, Li S, Lv S, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Dai H. Elemental red phosphorus-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation: A review. Chemosphere 2021; 274:129793. [PMID: 33548646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The low-cost and environmentally benign elemental red phosphorus (RP) is a new class of photocatalysts with tunable bandgaps (ca. 1.5-2.4 eV) and has a strong visible-light response. It has been considered as a promising metal-free photocatalyst for solving the energy crisis and environmental problems. Unfortunately, due to the low-charge carrier mobility, and serve charge trapping effects, its photocatalytic activity is still restricted in comparison with the traditional compound photocatalysts. Considerable efforts, such as morphology modification, cocatalysts addition, heterostructure construction, charge trapping mitigation, have been conducted to improve the photocatalytic activity of the RP photocatalysts. In this review, the physical and chemical properties and the synthetic strategies of the RP photocatalysts were summarized along with the application in environmental remediation accompanied by the photocatalytic reaction mechanism. Finally, an overview and outlook on the problems and future avenues in designing and constructing advanced RP photocatalysts were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Wu
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jing
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiguang Deng
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Lv
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qichao Zhang
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Dai
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Guo C, Du H, Ma Y, Qi K, Zhu E, Su Z, Huojiaaihemaiti M, Wang X. Visible-light photocatalytic activity enhancement of red phosphorus dispersed on the exfoliated kaolin for pollutant degradation and hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 585:167-177. [PMID: 33279699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The semiconductor photocatalyst is crucial for dealing with the current environmental and energy crises. However, the large-scale applications of the reported semiconductor materials are hampered by the recombination of electrons and holes, low kinetic properties, and slow reaction rates. Herein, a three-dimensional structured kaolin/hydrothermally treated red phosphorus (K/HRP) composite photocatalyst was synthesized. The composition ratio was optimized, and the K7/HRP composites (contained 7%) exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The rhodamine B photodegradation rate constant and the hydrogen production rate were 0.25 min-1 and 252 μmol h-1 g-1, which were higher than those of HRP by 12.4 and 7.2 times, respectively. The enhancement of the HRP photocatalytic activity was attributed to the presence of K, which inhibited the overgrowth and the agglomeration of HRP and shortened the carrier migration distance. The electrostatic interaction between the K and the HRP effectively promoted the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. In addition, the three-dimensional structure of the K and the HRP construct enhanced the light absorption and provided a pollution-free and large-area transport interface for carriers. This work has paramount guiding importance in the preparation of high-efficiency, cheap, and recyclable nanocomposite photocatalyst materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangchen Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Hong Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Kezhen Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Enquan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhi Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Miliban Huojiaaihemaiti
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectroctalytic Materials, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
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10
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Ishimura T, Watanabe A, Watanabe C, Teramae N. Quantitative Analysis of Red Phosphorus in Polypropylene by Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:497-500. [PMID: 31839661 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19n029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of red phosphorus in polypropylene was studied using a temperature programmable pyrolyzer in combination with a mass spectrometer. Evolved gas analysis (EGA) profiles were obtained by continuous measurements of evolved gases from a sample while heating the sample at a constant heating rate. During heating of the sample, red phosphorus sublimates into P4 molecules, which have characteristic ions (m/z 31, 62, 93 and 124). Red phosphorus in polypropylene was determined from the m/z 62 ion peak area of the EGA profile with good reproducibility. The determined value was close to the value of original formulation and to the one determined by pyrolysis-GC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Norio Teramae
- Frontier Laboratories Ltd.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
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11
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Huang B, Tan L, Liu X, Li J, Wu S. A facile fabrication of novel stuff with antibacterial property and osteogenic promotion utilizing red phosphorus and near-infrared light. Bioact Mater 2018; 4:17-21. [PMID: 30533553 PMCID: PMC6260431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery, which include bone plates and bone nails. These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility, but also their by-products induced infection after therapy or long-time treatment in vivo. Thus, the development of novel implant materials is quite urgent. Red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability. Herein, a red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine (RGDC) coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780 with 808 nm light irradiation. With keeping the cells and tissues normal, a high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared (808 nm) irradiated within 10 min at 50 °C. Besides the high effective antibacterial efficacy provided by photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), the RGDC decorated surface can also possess an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo. A red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine (RGDC) coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780. A high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared (808 nm) irradiated within 10 min at 50 °C. RGDC modified implants exhibit an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.,School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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12
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Li D, Li J, Jin Q, Ren Z, Sun Y, Zhang R, Zhai Y, Liu Y. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) on nano-sized red phosphorus under visible light irradiation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 537:256-261. [PMID: 30448646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Red phosphorus as a novel visible-light-responsive and metal-free photocatalyst has attracted extensive attention in the area of energy conversion and environmental remediation. Herein, nano-sized red phosphorus photocatalyst was synthesized via a hydrothermal and ultrasonic method and used for reduction of Cr (VI) for the first time. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis-DRS, XPS, SEM, TEM and photoelectrochemical measurements. Compared to bulk red phosphorus, nano-sized red phosphorus exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for reduction of Cr (VI) due to the greatly reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced adsorption capability of Cr (VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Qianwei Jin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Zhenpeng Ren
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Yuewei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Yunpu Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Yonggang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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13
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Li M, Feng N, Liu M, Cong Z, Sun J, Du C, Liu Q, Pu X, Hu W. Hierarchically porous carbon/ red phosphorus composite for high-capacity sodium-ion battery anode. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:982-989. [PMID: 36658894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Red phosphorus has received remarkable attention as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (NIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application has been impeded by its intrinsic low electronic conductivity and large volume variations during sodiation/desodiation process. Here, we design a composite to confine nanosized red phosphorus into the hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) walls by a vaporization-condensation strategy. The mass loading of P in the HPC/P composite is optimized to deliver a reversible specific capacity of 2,202 mAh/gp based on the mass of red P (836 mAh/gcomposite based on the total composite mass), a high capacity retention over 77% after 100 cycles, and excellent rate performance of 929 mAh/gp at 2 C. The hierarchical porous carbon serves as the conductive networks, downsize the red phosphorus to nanoscale, and provide free space to accommodate the large volume expansions. The suppressed mechanical failure of the red phosphorus also enhances the stability of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which is confirmed by the microscopy and impedance spectroscopy after the cycling tests. Our studies provide a feasible approach for potentially viable high-capacity NIB anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Feng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifeng Cong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiangman Sun
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhua Du
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanbin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiong Pu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Nanoernergy Researh, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Weiguo Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nannoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Nanoernergy Researh, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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14
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Chan DKL, Yu JC, Li Y, Hu Z. A metal-free composite photocatalyst of graphene quantum dots deposited on red phosphorus. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 60:91-97. [PMID: 29031451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus (P) was developed. A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K L Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jimmy C Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yecheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuofeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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