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Osman FA, Sarhan LA, Eladl NE, Desai V, Narayanan J, Thangavelu L, Varma SR. Efficacy of a Eucalyptus oil-based dentifrice in reducing plaque and gingival bleeding scores - A randomized clinical crossover study. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2024; 15:25-28. [PMID: 38389967 PMCID: PMC10880914 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_103_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal products in dentistry have grown significantly. In the current scenario, herbal products are believed to be an effective adjunct to other medications. The present study aims to evaluate Eucalyptus oil and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste for its efficacy in observable reduction in plaque and gingival bleeding. Sixty participants with gingivitis were enrolled in the present study. The study included an interim period (washout) comparing miswak and Eucalyptus toothpaste. Plaque scores were measured at designated time intervals. Both herbal toothpastes significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, with relation to miswak (P = 0.002), Eucalyptus oil-based toothpaste exhibited reduction in bleeding scores. When participants were asked to return to their routine toothpaste, no changes were observed. Results from the study showed that the toothpaste containing Eucalyptus showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding. More investigations should be looked on the medicinal applications of Eucalyptus toothpaste on commonly seen periodontal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vijay Desai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Jayaraj Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Azizan NF, Mohd N, Nik Azis NM, Baharin B. Effectiveness of Salvadora persica toothbrush and Salvadora persica chewing stick in plaque and gingivitis control: a randomized control trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 38098022 PMCID: PMC10720088 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control. METHODS In this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions. RESULTS The MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p < .050). All three groups reported significant improvements (p < .001) in the plaque levels and the severity of gingivitis from baseline to three weeks after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Following correct techniques, S. persica toothbrush and chewing sticks are as effective as the standard toothbrush in plaque control and gingival health, which represent the reputed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of S. persica. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with registration NCT04650685 (25/11/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Fatin Azizan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Madihah Nik Azis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Patel M, Parida AK. Salinity alleviates arsenic stress-induced oxidative damage via antioxidative defense and metabolic adjustment in the root of the halophyte Salvadora persica. Planta 2023; 258:109. [PMID: 37907764 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Arsenic tolerance in the halophyte Salvadora persica is achieved by enhancing antioxidative defense and modulations of various groups of metabolites like amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and phytohormones. Salvadora persica is a facultative halophyte that thrives under high saline and arid regions of the world. In present study, we examine root metabolic responses of S. persica exposed to individual effects of high salinity (750 mM NaCl), arsenic (600 µM As), and combined treatment of salinity and arsenic (250 mM NaCl + 600 µM As) to decipher its As and salinity resistance mechanism. Our results demonstrated that NaCl supplementation reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under As stress. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) maintained appropriate levels of ROS [superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] under salinity and/or As stress. The metabolites like sugars, amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids exhibited higher accumulations when salt was supplied with As. Furthermore, comparatively higher accumulations of glycine, glutamate, and cystine under combined stress of salt and As may indicate its role in glutathione and phytochelatins (PCs) synthesis in root. The levels of phytohormones such as salicylate, jasmonate, abscisic acid, and auxins were significantly increased under high As with and without salinity stress. The amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism are the most significantly altered metabolic pathways in response to NaCl and/or As stress. Our study decoded the important metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in As and/or salinity tolerance in root of the halophyte S. persica providing clues for development of salinity and As resistance crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Patel
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Gaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asish Kumar Parida
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Gaziabad, 201002, India.
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Adilah Harun N, Ramli N, Rahman Kazim Azli A, Hassan H, Bariah Chi Adam K, Haikal Muhamad Halil M. The effect of Salvadora persica ethanolic extract on oral tissue healing in rats: An in vivo study. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:663-667. [PMID: 37817781 PMCID: PMC10562109 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Invasive surgical procedures in the oral cavity inevitably cause trauma to the soft and hard tissues. The healing process in the oral cavity tissue occurs in a complex manner involving different types of cells, maturation process, and the time of healing. Salvadora persica (miswak) has been found to exert various positive effects on the oral cavity, including antimicrobial, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, gingival healing, and teeth whitening properties. This study aims to investigate the potential of miswak as an adjunctive therapy in promoting wound healing. Materials and methods 30 live Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats' mandibular first molar tooth was extracted, and an incision wound was made on the tongue. The extraction socket and incision wound were irrigated using normal saline and different concentrations of locally processed miswak plant extracts (0.05%, 10%, and 20%) for 7 days. The rats were sacrificed for gross examination of the tooth socket and tongue healing. Both soft tissue and alveolar bone were examined microscopically. Results Complete closure of the incision wound was observed on all rats' tongues; miswak groups showed better wound healing than control and placebo groups in the oral mucosa overlying the alveolar bones. 0.05% and 20% miswak extracts showed prominent wound healing effects in the sagittal sections of the tongue, with moderate formation of connective tissue under the wound site and notable wound contraction. The 20% miswak extract group showed the highest percentage of healed oral mucosa on the alveolar bone and higher bone deposition at the alveolar base. Conclusion A concentration of 20% miswak extract enhances the initial phase of wound healing both in oral soft and hard tissues. Miswak extract at this concentration was not toxic to the tissues and had potential therapeutic effects in oral tissue healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Adilah Harun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norazsida Ramli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Kazim Azli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Haszelini Hassan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Bariah Chi Adam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Haikal Muhamad Halil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Barahuie F, Dianat T, Ghaderi Nejad N, Shahbakhsh M, Kordi Tamandani DM. Evaluation of Chemical, Biochemical and Anti-Microbial Effects of Salvadora persica and Moringa oleifera Extract to Produce Organic Disinfectant Products. Arch Razi Inst 2023; 78:1379-1386. [PMID: 38226376 PMCID: PMC10787916 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.4.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Oral hygiene is one of the most influential and important issues in people's health. People have been using herbal components to maintain their oral hygiene for centuries. Oral cancer develops in the oral cavity, and its origin always lies in the growth of malignant epithelial tissue cells. Due to the spread of this cancer in Iran, we intend to measure the antibacterial effects of the combination of Salvadora persica and Moringa oleifera extracts. Cariogenic bacteria are one leading cause of oral cancer. We used this extract in mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum, and we expect that it would reduce cell proliferation and be used in prevention and treatment. The new organic mouthwash, chewing gum, and toothpaste were designed and prepared using M. oleifera oil, S. persica, M. oleifera extract, the powder of S. persica wood, and M. oleifera leaves. With the use of herbal compounds in the preparation of these products, the quantity of essential chemical ingredients in the prepared samples was decreased. We examined the quality and stability of mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum that indicated the standard level of each substance. Furthermore, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of our products, which indicated that our products can significantly reduce the total bacterial count. For the first time, a combination of S. persica and M. oleifera extract replaced chemicals in mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum. Natural herbal ingredients with antimicrobial activity are effective in maintaining low bacterial counts in the mouth, and as a result, improving oral hygiene and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Barahuie
- Faculty of Industry and Mining (Khash), University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - T Dianat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - N Ghaderi Nejad
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - M Shahbakhsh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - D M Kordi Tamandani
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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Basudan AM, Al-Zawawi AS, Divakar DD, Shaheen MY, Aldulaijan HA. Efficacy of 0.12% Chlorhexidine and Salvadora persica-based Mouthwash in Reducing Oral Candida Carriage and Periodontal Inflammation in Cigarette Smokers and Non-smokers after Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy. Oral Health Prev Dent 2023; 21:219-228. [PMID: 37338011 DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b4169713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study assessed the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and Salvadora persica-based mouthwashes (SPM) in reducing oral Candida carriage (OCC) and periodontal inflammation in cigarette smokers and non-smokers after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Self-reported cigarette smokers and non-smokers with periodontal inflammation as well as non-smokers with a healthy periodontal status were included. NSPT was performed in all participants. Based on the type of mouthwash, participants were randomly divided into three groups as follows: group 1: CHX; group 2: SPM; and group 3: distilled water (ddH2O) with mint flavour (control group). Clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Clinical periodontal parameters were re-assessed at a 6-week follow-up. Oral yeast samples were collected and identified using a concentrated oral-rinse culture technique and PCR, respectively. Clinical and laboratory-based investigations were done at baseline and after six weeks. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS At baseline, PI, MBL, PD and CAL were comparable in all participants. None of the patients had periodontitis at baseline. Post-operatively, CHX and SPM were more effective in reducing PI (p < 0.01), GI (p < 0.01) and PD (p < 0.01) in non-smokers than in the control group. The OCC was statistically significantly higher among smokers compared with non-smokers at baseline. At the 6-month follow-up, CHX was more effective than SPM in reducing OCC in non-smokers (p < 0.01). At the 6-week follow-up, there was no difference in OCC among cigarette smokers regardless of the type of mouthwash prescribed postoperatively. CONCLUSION In cigarette smokers and non-smokers, CHX and SPM are effective in reducing periodontal soft-tissue inflammation after NSPT. Post-operative use of CHX is more effective than SPM in reducing OCC.
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Rafiqah SA, Diyana AFN, Abdan K, Sapuan SM. Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Miswak ( Salvadora persica) Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092228. [PMID: 37177374 PMCID: PMC10181446 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of alkaline treatment on the mechanical and thermal properties of miswak fiber-reinforced polylactic acid. The treatment was performed with three distinct concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH): 1 wt %, 2 wt %, and 3 wt %. The difficulties of interaction between the surface of the fiber and the matrix, which led to this treatment, is caused by miswak fiber's hydrophilic character, which impedes its ability to bind with hydrophobic polylactic acid. FTIR, tensile, TGA, and DMA measurements were used to characterize the composite samples. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the microstructures of many broken samples. The treatment is not yet especially effective in enhancing interfacial bonding, as seen by the uneven tensile strength data. The effect of the treated fiber surface significantly improves the tensile strength of miswak fiber-reinforced PLA composites. Tensile strength improves by 18.01%, 6.48%, and 14.50%, respectively, for 1 wt %, 2 wt %, and 3 wt %. Only 2 wt %-treated fiber exhibits an increase of 0.7% in tensile modulus. The modulus decreases by 4.15 % at 1 wt % and by 19.7% at 3 wt %, respectively. The TGA curve for alkali-treated fiber composites demonstrates a slight increase in thermal stability when compared to untreated fiber composites at high temperatures. For DMA, the composites with surface treatment have higher storage moduli than the composite with untreated miswak fiber, especially for the PLA reinforced with 2 wt % alkali miswak fiber, proving the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A F Nur Diyana
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalina Abdan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnological Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shaheen MY, Al-Zawawi AS, Divakar DD, Aldulaijan HA, Basudan AM. Role of Chlorhexidine and Herbal Oral Rinses in Managing Periodontitis. Int Dent J 2023; 73:235-242. [PMID: 35907673 PMCID: PMC10023587 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to assess the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and a Salvadora persica-based mouthwash on whole salivary tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and periodontal inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Patients with and without medically diagnosed T2DM were included. Patients' medical records were evaluated to confirm the diagnosis of T2DM. All patients underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Patients were divided into 2 subgroups. In the test and control group, patients were advised to rinse with an S persica-based mouthwash and a non-alcoholic 0.12% CHX after NSPT twice daily for 2 weeks, respectively. Demographic data were collected. Full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (AL) were measured, and whole salivary TNF-α levels were gauged at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured in all patients at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Sample size estimation was done, and group comparison was performed. Level of significance was set at P < .01. RESULTS Twenty-one nondiabetic individuals and 21 patients with T2DM were included. At baseline, there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters amongst in patients with and without T2DM. At 3-month follow-up, HbA1c, TNF-α, PI, PD, and clinical AL were comparable with their respective baseline values in the test and control groups amongst patients with T2DM. In nondiabetic individuals, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < .01), GI (P < .01), and PD (P < .01), and TNF-α (P < .01) at 3-month follow-up in the test and control groups compared with their respective baseline scores. CONCLUSIONS In the short term, NSPT with 0.12% CHX or S persica-based mouthwashes is more effective in reducing periodontal inflammation and whole salivary TNF-α levels in nondiabetic individuals than in patients with T2DM with periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Y Shaheen
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abeer S Al-Zawawi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hajer A Aldulaijan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M Basudan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khojasteh-Taheri R, Ghasemi A, Meshkat Z, Sabouri Z, Mohtashami M, Darroudi M. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera Extracts: Cytotoxicity Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04407-y. [PMID: 36847984 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained great interest because of their specific and distinct properties. Chemically synthesized AgNPs (cAgNPs) are often unsuitable for medical applications due to requiring toxic and hazardous solvents. Thus, green synthesis of AgNPs (gAgNPs) using safe and nontoxic substances has attracted particular focus. The current study investigated the potential of Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera extracts in the synthesis of CmNPs and SpNPs, respectively. Aqueous extracts of Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera were prepared and taken as reducing and stabilizing agents through gAgNPs synthesis. The antimicrobial effects of gAgNPs against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and their toxicity effects on L929 fibroblast normal cells were evaluated. TEM images and particle size distribution analysis showed that the CmNPs and SpNPs have average sizes of 14.8 nm and 39.4 nm, respectively. The XRD confirms the crystalline nature and purity of both CmNPs and SpNPs. FTIR results demonstrate the involvement of the biologically active substances of both plant extracts in the green synthesis of AgNPs. According to MIC and MBC results, higher antimicrobial effects were seen for CmNPs with a smaller size than SpNPs. In addition, CmNPs and SpNPs were much less cytotoxic when examined against a normal cell relative to cAgNPs. Based on high efficacy in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens without detrimental adverse effects, CmNPs may have the capacity to be used in medicine as imaging, drug carrier, and antibacterial and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Sabouri
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Mohtashami
- Department of Microbiology, Neyshabur Islamic Azad University of Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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ELhabal SF, Elwy HM, Hassanin S, El-Rashedy AA, Hamza AA, Khasawneh MA. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Gold and Copper Nanoparticles from Salvadora persica Fruit Extracts and Their Biological Properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6095-6112. [PMID: 36514376 PMCID: PMC9741820 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metal nanoparticle synthesis using plant has emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable strategy alternative to chemical and physical approaches. Methods The fruit extract of Salvadora persica (SP) was utilized as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of gold (AuNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles. Results UV-Vis spectra of the AuNPs and CuNPs showed peaks at the wavelengths of 530 nm and 440 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed that nanoparticles exhibited a mainly spherical form, with a distribution range of 100 to 113 nm in diameter for AuNPs and of 130 to 135 nm in diameter for CuNPs. While energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was able to confirm the existence of AuNPs and CuNPs. The alcoholic extract of the fruit SP was analyzed by GC-MS in order to identify whether or not it contained any active phytochemicals. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence capping functional biomolecules of SP on the surface of nanoparticles that acts as stabilizers. Analysis of the zeta potential revealed that NPs with high degree of stability, as demonstrated by a strong negative potential value in the range of 25.2 to 28.7 mV. Results showed that both green AuNPs and CuNPs have potential antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, with CuNPs having antimicrobial activity higher than AuNPs. In addition, AuNPs and CuNPs have promising antioxidant and anticancer properties when applied to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Studies of molecular docking of SP bioactive compounds were conducted against methenyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase. Among all of them, Beta - Sitosterol was the most prominent. Conclusion These AuNPs and CuNPs are particularly appealing in a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries due to their economical and environmentally friendly production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammar Fathy ELhabal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Mohamed Elwy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soha Hassanin
- Biochemistry Department, Modern University for Technology and information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Rashedy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza
- Biology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates,Correspondence: Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh; Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza, Email ;
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Ramli H, Nor Aripin KN, Mohd Said S, Mohamad Hanafiah R, Mohd Dom TN. The effectiveness of miswak (Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) practices in reducing plaque and gingivitis among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 298:115598. [PMID: 35944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachtaindica A.Juss. are listed within the most common sources of miswak or chewing stick that widely used among Western Asia and Muslim populations worldwide. Miswak use in conjunction with toothbrush (adjunctive) has become apparent among the adults. Furthermore, miswak has been reported to have mechanical and pharmacological activities, and benefits to the oral health, by many studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of miswak in maintaining periodontal health among adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of miswak published in PubMed, EBSCOHOST (Dentistry & Oral Sciences), SCOPUS, and Cochrane Database for Systematic Review (CDSR) from inception to May 08, 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were changes in the periodontal health measured with plaque and gingivitis scores as well as subgingival bacteria load. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach while the estimates of effect were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten eligible articles were identified, of which 9 could be analysed quantitatively. The remaining report was included as part of the qualitative analysis. The meta-analysis showed that miswak was comparable with the toothbrush in reducing the mean plaque score (p= 0.08, SMD: 0.39, and 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.83) and mean gingivitis score (p= 0.37, SMD: 0.13, and 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.43). Even higher certainty of evidence for the effect of miswak on mean plaque reduction on labial surface of anterior teeth. However, the adjunctive effect of miswak was significantly more superior for reducing plaque (p= 0.01, SMD: 0.68, and 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.22) and gingivitis score (p= 0.04, SMD: 0.66, and 95% CI: 0.03 to 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Miswak effectively reduced plaque and gingivitis scores to a level comparable to toothbrush when used exclusively. Adjunctive miswak use was particularly effective in improving periodontal health. However, the included studies inadequately reported on the method of toothbrushing using miswak and the frequency of miswak use. Therefore, further clinical studies are recommended to explore on the advantages and proper method of miswak practice for optima outcome and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Khairun Nain Nor Aripin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Putra Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah
- Department of Basic Science and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ali MZ, Elbaz WFA, Adouri S, Desai V, Fanas SA, Thomas B, Varma SR. Effect of a Novel Betel Leaf Dentifrice on Commonly Seen Oral Hygiene Parameters-A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10090166. [PMID: 36135162 PMCID: PMC9498039 DOI: 10.3390/dj10090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal medicine in dentistry has grown exponentially over time. Currently, herbal medicine is considered an effective oral hygiene aid. The objective of the current study is to assess the anti-plaque efficiency and reduction of gingival bleeding of betel leaf and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste. This randomized clinical cross-over pilot study enrolled 60 individuals with mild gingivitis. They were segregated into two groups by drawing lots. The study lasted 20 days and included a two-week washout period between miswak and betel leaf toothpaste. The gingival and plaque index were measured at specific time intervals during the research period. The results revealed that betel leaf and miswak herbal toothpaste significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, betel leaf toothpaste caused a more significant reduction in gingival bleeding scores (p < 0.001) when compared to miswak (p = 0.007). No significant decrease in gingival and plaque index was seen when subjects were asked to return to their conventional chemical toothpaste. The current study concluded that betel leaf toothpaste displayed a more substantial decrease in gingival bleeding when compared to miswak toothpaste. Additionally, more studies should be done on the therapeutic benefits of betel leaf toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Ziad Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Fathy Ahmed Elbaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saja Adouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Desai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Abu Fanas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Biju Thomas
- Department of Periodontics, AB Shetty Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence: or
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Bokhary T, Refaat B, Bakr ES, Baz S, Rajab B, Gadalla H, El-Boshy M. Salvadora persica extract attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatorenal damage by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. J Integr Med 2022; 20:348-354. [PMID: 35643766 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salvadora persica (SP) is used as a food additive and is a common ingredient in folk medicine. This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and beneficial effects of SP against cyclophosphamide (CYP) toxicity in rats. METHODS In a 10-day study, 32 male rats were equally allocated into 4 groups (8 rats/group) as follows: the normal control (NC group), normal rats that only received oral aqueous extract of SP (100 mg/[kg·d]; SP group), animals treated with intraperitoneal CYP injections (30 mg/[kg·d]; CYP group), and the CYP + SP group that concurrently received CYP with SP aqueous extract. Serum samples were collected to measure the liver and renal biochemical profiles, as well as antioxidant and oxidative stress markers and the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Hepatic and renal tissues were also harvested for histopathology and to measure apoptosis using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique, alongside tissue levels of oxidative stress markers. RESULTS Liver enzymes, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea, as well as serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB increased significantly, whilst total protein, albumin, calcium, IL-10 and AMPK declined in serum of the CYP group relative to the NC group. The hepatorenal concentrations of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and catalase declined markedly in the CYP group, whereas malondialdehyde, protein adducts, and apoptosis index increased compared with the NC group. By contrast, the hepatorenal biochemistry and apoptosis index of the SP group were comparable to the NC group. Interestingly, the CYP + SP group had significant improvements in the liver and renal biochemical parameters, enhanced anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and marked declines in hepatic and renal apoptosis relative to the CYP group. Moreover, all monitored parameters were statistically indistinguishable between the CYP + SP group and the NC group. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the aqueous extract of SP could be a potential remedy against CYP-induced hepatorenal damage and may act by modulating the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalat Bokhary
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed Bakr
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Baz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bodour Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam Gadalla
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Boshy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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14
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Ramli H, Mohd-Dom TN, Mohd-Said S. Clinical benefits and adverse effects of siwak (S. persica) use on periodontal health: a scoping review of literature. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:618. [PMID: 34861857 PMCID: PMC8641788 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siwak is a chewing stick used as an oral hygiene aid associated with Muslim communities across the globe since more than 1500 years ago. Used either exclusively or in conjunction with a regular toothbrush, there is evidence supporting its clinical effectiveness in plaque control, but adverse effects on periodontal health remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the wide range of data and literatures related to siwak practice and its effect on periodontal health. METHOD The review was conducted based on scoping review techniques, searching literature in EBSCOHOST, PubMed, SCOPUS and Google scholar databases using the following search terms: "siwak' or 'miswak' or 'chewing stick" for intervention, and "periodontium or 'periodontal' or 'periodontal health' or 'periodontal disease" for outcome. Articles published between January 1990 to March 2021 and written in English language were included. RESULTS A total of 721 articles collected from the search and 21 of them were eligible for the final analysis. Results of this study was described based on clinical and antibacterial reporting of siwak, method of siwak practice and its adverse effect on oral health. Siwak was found effective at removing dental plaque and improving periodontal health over time although its effect on subgingival microbiota was inconclusive. Presence of gingival recession and clinical attachment loss were much more commonly reported in siwak users, attributable to variations in the methods employed for tooth cleaning using the siwak. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence that the lack of standardised reporting for effective siwak use may have resulted in contradictory findings about its oral hygiene benefits and adverse effects. As such, future work on safe and effective siwak practice is to be advocated among its users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Mohd-Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Balhaddad AA, Mokeem L, Melo MAS, Gregory RL. Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: An In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9120143. [PMID: 34940040 PMCID: PMC8700571 DOI: 10.3390/dj9120143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal products in oral hygiene care has a long history, and their use is popular today. A tree stick, named Salvadora persica (S. persica), is commonly used to remove dental plaque and clean teeth in many countries. In addition, extracts of S. persica can be used as a mouthwash, as they demonstrate antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of S. persica methanol and aqueous extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. A S. mutans biofilm formation assay was conducted using different concentrations of S. persica methanol or water extracts in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye, and the absorbance was assessed to examine biofilm formation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the results. The S. persica methanol extract displayed a significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) against the S. mutans biofilm. The 10 mg/mL concentration of the S. persica methanol extract was determined as the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The used methanol concentration, mixed with TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose and without the S. persica extract, did not inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. The S. persica aqueous extract did not demonstrate any biofilm inhibition at any concentration (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the potential of using S. persica methanol extract as a mouthwash or adjunctive to oral hygiene tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lamia Mokeem
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.M.); (M.A.S.M.)
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.M.); (M.A.S.M.)
- Operative Dentistry Division, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard L. Gregory
- Department of Biomedical Science and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Philip PM, Sindhu J, Poornima M, Naveen DN, Nirupama DN, Nainan MT. Effects of conventional and herbal irrigants on microhardness and flexural strength of root canal dentin: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:83-87. [PMID: 34475686 PMCID: PMC8378487 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_426_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of herbal irrigants with conventional irrigants on microhardness and flexural strength of root dentin. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted permanent maxillary canines were selected. Decoronated roots were sectioned longitudinally into buccal and lingual segments to get 120 specimens. These were embedded in auto polymerizing acrylic resin and further grounded with fine emery papers under distilled water. Of these, 100 root segments without any defects were selected, further divided into four test groups and a control group according to the irrigants used (n = 20). Group 1: 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite, Group 2: Miswak stick extract, Group 3: Cashew leaves extract. Group 4: Mango leaves extract and Group 5: Normal saline (control). All specimens were treated with 5 ml of each irrigant for 10 minutes and rinsed immediately. Dentin microhardness was measured with a Vickers indenter, and the flexural strength test was done using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the intergroup comparison by student t-test. Results: The experimental groups showed a significant reduction in microhardness values when compared with the control group. Intragroup comparison among experimental groups, herbal irrigants showed the least reduction in microhardness values at cervical, middle, and apical thirds. When compared to the control group, the flexural strength values decreased significantly with experimental groups. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it was concluded that herbal irrigants were least detrimental to root dentin microhardness when compared with conventional irrigant. But the flexural strength was equally reduced by both conventional and herbal irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princy Maria Philip
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - J Sindhu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Poornima
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D N Naveen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D N Nirupama
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Thomas Nainan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rabbani SI, Sajid S, Mani V, Afroz SM, Khan O, Asdaq SMB, Yasmin F, Alamri AS, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Mohzari Y, Alrashed A, Alajami HN, Aljohani AO, Alamer RF, Alanazi AK. Salvadora persica protects libido by reducing corticosterone and elevating the testosterone levels in chronic cigarette smoke exposure rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4931-4937. [PMID: 34466068 PMCID: PMC8381055 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives Cigarette smoke is associated with several diseased states including defects in reproductive behavior. Salvadora persica (S. persica) known as the toothbrush plant is reported to possess several pharmacological properties including antidepressants and anxiolytics. The present research was done to determine the libido-protective effect of S. persica in chronic cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Materials and Methods The decoction of freshly dried roots of S. persica (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, oral) was administered to the chronic-cigarette smoke-exposed adult rats. The parameters related to libido were recorded using a close-camera circuit (CCTV). Serum corticosterone and testosterone levels were estimated. Further, the phytochemical constituents were identified in the decoction. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and significance was considered at p < 0.05. Results The observation from the study revealed that cigarette smoke exposure reduces the sexual activity parameters significantly (p < 0.01), besides elevated the serum corticosterone and suppressed the testosterone levels in rats. Administration of S. persica at 200 mg/kg improved significantly (p < 0.05) the parameters related to libido. The decoction also reversed the changes in the levels of tested hormones in serum. Interpretation and Conclusion The findings indicate that a 200 mg/kg S. persica decoction can protect libido in chronic cigarette smoke-exposed rats. The activity may be due to the presence of several phytoconstituents such as alkaloid, flavonoids and phytosterols that might produce vasodilatory effect in sex organs and enhance the synthesis of endogenous testosterone to improve libido characteristics weakened by chronic cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Sajid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Mohammed Afroz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Farhana Yasmin
- Department of Mathematics, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Mohzari
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alrashed
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, Inpatient Department, Main Hospital, KFMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Najib Alajami
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Othman Aljohani
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan Fahad Alamer
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajead Khalid Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Farag M, Abdel-Mageed WM, El Gamal AA, Basudan OA. Salvadora persica L.: Toothbrush tree with health benefits and industrial applications - An updated evidence-based review. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:751-763. [PMID: 34400870 PMCID: PMC8347844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica L. is also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu). Its frequent use as a toothbrush (miswak) is highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. With a long history in folk medicine for centuries, S. persica was used in oral hygiene, food, cosmetics, fuel, and even as a medicine. Previous phytochemical investigation of its different parts afforded different classes of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates and alkaloids. Organic sulfur-containing compounds and elemental sulfur are also present. In addition, there is a huge research on its biological potentials and industrial applications. Many pharmacological activities were reported experimentally, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, sedative, anticonvulsant, anti-osteoporosis, antidiabetic, hypo-lipidemic, in addition to wound-healing, antidepressant and antitumor activities. Recently, a possible activity against COVID-19 protease was documented by molecular docking. This review tries to provide a recent detailed documentation of folk and modern uses of S. persica, focusing on the possible relations between its chemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and industrial applications. Moreover, a brief about recent analytical and validation methods for the major antimicrobial component is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M. Abdel-Mageed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El Gamal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Basudan
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mekhemar M, Geib M, Kumar M, Radha, Hassan Y, Dörfer C. Salvadora persica: Nature's Gift for Periodontal Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:712. [PMID: 33946353 PMCID: PMC8146554 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica (SP) extract, displays very valuable biotherapeutic capacities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous investigations have studied the pharmacologic actions of SP in oral disease therapies but its promising outcomes in periodontal health and treatment are not yet entirely described. The current study has been planned to analyze the reported effects of SP as a support to periodontal therapy to indorse regeneration and healing. In consort with clinical trials, in vitro investigations show the advantageous outcomes of SP adjunctive to periodontal treatment. Yet, comprehensive supplementary preclinical and clinical investigations at molecular and cellular levels are indispensable to reveal the exact therapeutic mechanisms of SP and its elements for periodontal health and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Mathias Geib
- Dr. Geib Private Dental Clinic, Frankfurter Landstraße 79, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Yasmine Hassan
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Christof Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
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Patel M, Parida AK. Salinity alleviates the arsenic toxicity in the facultative halophyte Salvadora persica L. by the modulations of physiological, biochemical, and ROS scavenging attributes. J Hazard Mater 2021; 401:123368. [PMID: 32653791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s contamination in soil is a major environmental concern that limits agricultural yield and threatens human health worldwide. Arsenic (As) is the most toxic non-essential metalloid found in soil which comes from various natural as well as human activities. S. persica is a facultative halophyte found abundantly in dry, semiarid and saline areas. In the present study, growth, mineral nutrient homeostasis, MDA content, phytochelatin levels, and ROS-scavenging attributes were examined in S. persica imposed to solitary treatments of salinity (250 mM and 750 mM NaCl), solitary treatments of arsenic (200 μM and 600 μM As), and combined treatments of As with 250 mM NaCl with an aim to elucidate salinity and As tolerance mechanisms. The results demonstrated that S. persica plants sustained under high levels of As (600 μM As) as well as NaCl (750 mM). The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were either elevated or unaffected under salt or As stress. However, ascorbate peroxidase activity declined under both solitary and combination of As with NaCl. Furthermore, the cellular redox status measured in terms of reduced ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratios also either increased or remained unaffected in seedlings treated with both solitary and combined treatments of As + NaCl. Significant accumulation of various oxidative stress indicators (H2O2 and O2-) were observed under high As stress condition. However, presence of salt with high As significantly reduced the levels of ROS. Furthermore, exogenous salt improved As tolerance index (Ti) under high As stress condition. The values of translocation factor (Tf) and As bioaccumulation factor (BF) were >1 in all the treatments. From this study, it can be concluded that the facultative halophyte S. persica is a potential As accumulator and may find application for phytoextraction of arsenic-contaminated saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Patel
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Asish Kumar Parida
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India.
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Singer L, Bierbaum G, Kehl K, Bourauel C. Evaluation of the Flexural Strength, Water Sorption, and Solubility of a Glass Ionomer Dental Cement Modified Using Phytomedicine. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5352. [PMID: 33255839 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Various medicinal plant parts and extracts have been proven to be sources of biologically active compounds, many of which have been incorporated in the production of new pharmaceutical compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to increase the antimicrobial properties of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) through its modification with a mixture of plant extracts, which were evaluated along with a 0.5% chlorohexidine-modified GIC (CHX-GIC) with regard to the water sorption, solubility, and flexural strength. Methods: Salvadora persica, Olea europaea, and Ficus carcia leaves were prepared for extraction with ethyll alcohol using a Soxhlet extractor for 12 h. The plant extract mixture (PE) was added in three different concentrations to the water used for preparation of a conventional freeze-dried GIC (groups 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2). Specimens were then mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and tested against the unmodified GIC (control) and a GIC modified with 0.5% chlorhexidine. Water sorption and solubility were evaluated after 7 days of immersion in distilled water. Flexural strength was evaluated in a three-point bending test after 24 h using a universal material testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison between the groups. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pairwise comparison when the ANOVA test was significant. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the control (M = 20.5%), CHX-GIC (M = 19.6%), 1:1 (M = 20.0%), 1:2 (M = 19.5%), and 2:1 (19.7%) groups with regard to the percentage of water sorption, while for water solubility the 2:1 (M = −0.39%) plant-modified group was significantly different from all of the other groups. Flexural strength test results showed that the 2:1 group (M = 26.1 MPa) recorded significantly higher mean values compared to all other tested groups. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The plant extracts did not negatively affect the water sorption and solubility of the GIC, while the flexural strength was improved by the addition of the plant extract at higher concentrations.
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El-Bali MA, Abdulhakim A, Mohamed RT, El-Malky MA, Bakri RA, Al-Harthi SA. Antiprotozoal potential of Salvadora persica against three virulent subtypes of Blastocystis sp. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:694-701. [PMID: 33184536 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a group of anaerobic protozoa parasitizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans and a broad variety of animals. Evidences of Blastocystis parasites resistance development to antiprotozoal drugs urge the exploration of new therapeutics. Antiprotozoal potential of Salvadora persica, a medicinal plant traditionally used for oral hygiene, was evaluated in vitro against Blastocystis sp. human isolates. Until now, no study has described the effect of S. persica extracts on this parasitic protozoa. Blastocystis sp. positive stool samples collected from patients with gastrointestinal complaints and asymptomatic individuals diagnosed by microscopy were furthermore cultured in vitro and characterized by PCR and multiplex-PCR using sequence-tagged-site primers to determine their subtypes. Out of 21 Blastocystis sp. isolates, five were determined as ST1, 14 as ST3, and two as ST5 subtypes. Antiprotozoal activity of untreated and heat-treated S. persica roots aqueous extracts was evaluated in vitro by serial dilutions on three Blastocystis sp. subtypes; ST1, ST3, and ST5 isolated from symptomatic patients. A significant killing activity was observed with both, untreated and heat-treated aqueous extracts of S. persica at minimal concentration of 2.5 μl/ml compared to parasites' growth controls (P < 0.05). Maximal antiprotozoal effect was reached at a concentration of 20 µl/ml of S. persica aqueous extract. Means of growth inhibition effect obtained with untreated and heat-treated extracts at 40 µl/ml against the three subtypes of Blastocystis sp. were 80% (SD 2.3) and 82% (SD 1.1), respectively. No significant difference was observed in the inhibitory effect of S. persica extracts between the three Blastocystis sp. subtypes. Aqueous extract of S. persica roots contains therefore heat-stable components with significant antiprotozoal activity against Blastocystis sp. subtypes ST1, ST3, and ST5 in vitro. Further investigations are required to determine and characterize the active antiprotozoal components of S. persica roots and their evaluation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A El-Bali
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhafid Abdulhakim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raafat T Mohamed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Malky
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowaida A Bakri
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A Al-Harthi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Farag MA, Shakour ZT, Lübken T, Frolov A, Wessjohann LA, Mahrous E. Unraveling the metabolome composition and its implication for Salvadora persica L. use as dental brush via a multiplex approach of NMR and LC-MS metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113727. [PMID: 33197832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salvadora persica L. (toothbrush tree, Miswak) is well recognized in most Middle Eastern and African countries for its potential role in dental care, albeit the underlying mechanism for its effectiveness is still not fully understood. A comparative MS and NMR metabolomics approach was employed to investigate the major primary and secondary metabolites composition of S. persica in context of its organ type viz., root or stem to rationalize for its use as a tooth brush. NMR metabolomics revealed its enrichment in nitrogenous compounds including proline-betaines i.e., 4-hydroxy-stachydrine and stachydrine reported for the first time in S. persica. LC/MS metabolomics identified flavonoids (8), benzylurea derivatives (5), butanediamides (3), phenolic acids (8) and 5 sulfur compounds, with 21 constituents reported for the first time in S. persica. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of either NMR or LC/MS dataset clearly separated stem from root specimens based on nitrogenous compounds abundance in roots and is justifying for its preference as toothbrush versus stems. The presence of betaines at high levels in S. persica (9-12 μg/mg dry weight) offers novel insights into its functioning as an osmoprotectant that maintains the hydration of oral mucosa. Additionally, the previously described anti-inflammatory activity of stachydrine along with the antimicrobial effects of sulfonated flavonoids, benzylisothiocynate and ellagic acid derivatives are likely contributors to S. persica oral hygiene health benefits. Among root samples, variation in sugars and organic acids levels were the main discriminatory criterion. This study provides the first standardization of S. persica extract using qNMR for further inclusion in nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab T Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tilo Lübken
- Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 06120 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Engy Mahrous
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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Gupta D, Kamat S, Hugar S, Nanjannawar G, Kulkarni R. A comparative evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus vulgaris, Salvadora persica, Acacia nilotica, Calendula arvensis, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2020; 23:97-101. [PMID: 33223650 PMCID: PMC7657435 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_48_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus vulgaris, Salvadora persica, Acacia nilotica, Calendula arvensis, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Herbal extracts of T. vulgaris, S. persica, A. nilotica and C. arvensis were prepared. Tryptone soya broth was used to grow E. faecalis and agar plates were prepared. The tested solutions (Group A: 5% NaOCl, Group B: 20% T. vulgaris, Group C: 12.5% S. persica, Group D: 10% A. nilotica, Group E: 10% C. arvensis) were added to the wells made on agar media. Agar diffusion test was performed. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Bacterial zones of inhibition were recorded. Results: The data were analyzed statistically by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison by Tukey's t-test. The highest zone of inhibition against E. faecalis was shown by 5% NaOCl, followed by 10% C. arvensis, 20% T. vulgaris and 10% A. nilotica showed similar comparable antibacterial activity. The least zone of inhibition was showed by S. persica. Conclusion: 5% NaOCl showed the maximum antibacterial activity, and herbal products demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and can be employed as an alternative to NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharad Kamat
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Hugar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girish Nanjannawar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindra Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
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ALmohisen IA, Al-Muwayhi MA, Assaeed AM, Migdadi HM. Evaluation of the genetic diversity of wild Salvadora persica 'Arak' from Saudi Arabia. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7843-7849. [PMID: 33034882 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of genetic diversity is crucial for efficient selection genotypes in plant breeding and improvement programs. Studies of genetic diversity of S. persica are rare relative to the large species diversity in Saudi Arabia, despite its valuable importance as one of the most popular medicinal plants. We investigate the genetic variability and genetic differentiation among and within wild Salvadora persica populations distributed in four regions of Saudi Arabia. Twelve sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primers combination generated 326 alleles, with an average of 27.2 alleles per primer. All primers showed 100 polymorphism percentage, and higher PIC values exceeded 0.90. Jaccard similarity values varied between 0.04 to 0.43, with an average of 0.31, which showed a weak relationship among the accessions and their origin. Based on UGPMA and principal coordinate analysis, accessions collected from the same region showed less aggregation. Genetic diversity parameters showed that both Aflaj and Joodah populations recorded the highest mean values for the effective number of alleles (1.26 and 1.24). Shannon index and genetic heterozygosity (0.23 and 0.15 for both populations), and percent of polymorphism 45.45% for Aflaj and 43.87 for Joodah population. Most of the genetic variation was because of differences within populations (77%) and 23% among populations. SRAP markers explored the genetic diversity among and within S. persica populations. In this work, genetic diversity within populations was high, and the population structure was weak. We detected no specific geographic structure, which may reveal an active movement of plants among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahem A ALmohisen
- Faculty of Science and Humanities, Department of Biology, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 33, Quwayiyah, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Muwayhi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Shagra University, P.O. Box 33, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Assaeed
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agric. Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein M Migdadi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agric. Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,National Agricultural Research Center, P. O Box: 639, Baq'a, 19381, Jordan.
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Bhandari MS, Meena RK, Shamoon A, Saroj S, Kant R, Pandey S. First de novo genome specific development, characterization and validation of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in Genus Salvadora. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6997-7008. [PMID: 32930932 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salvadoraceae constitutes ecologically imperative desert families of 3 genera-Azima, Dobera and Salvadora. Under genus Salvadora of this family, S. oleoides is a keystone species of socio-economic and medicinal value. This species naturally grows in the arid zones but currently experiencing severe fragmentation due to land use change and reduced regeneration, which may have resulted in the depletion of genetic diversity. Hence, it is up-most important to develop genomic resources for studying the population genetics in S. oleoides. This study aims to develop robust microsatellites markers, which were not yet reported in genus Salvodora due to lack of genome sequence information. We developed novel microsatellites markers in S. oleoides using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. In total, 14,552 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were successfully designed from 21,055 microsatellite repeats detected in the 13 Gb raw sequence data. Afterwards, a subset of 101 SSRs were randomly selected and validated, 94 primers were successfully amplified and 34 showed polymorphisms. These SSRs were used to estimate the measures of genetic diversity in three natural populations of state Rajasthan and Gujarat. Importantly, average number of alleles (Na), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were recorded as 2.4, 0.529, 0.357, and 0.326, respectively. Furthermore, 15 primers were evaluated in S. persica for cross-transferability, and all were successfully amplified but only eight showed polymorphisms. This study has been conducted first time for S. oleoides and pioneer among the native species of arid-zone in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh S Bhandari
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 195, India.
| | - Rajendra K Meena
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 195, India
| | - Arzoo Shamoon
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 195, India
| | - Shanti Saroj
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 195, India
| | - Rama Kant
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 195, India
| | - Shailesh Pandey
- Forest Pathology Discipline, Division of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 006, India
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Abstract
Despite the harsh conditions and limited water resources of the Arabian Peninsula, plants that live in this environment contain a variety of bioactive compounds and have been used in traditional medicines for thousands of years. We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of Tamarix arabica and Salvadora persica on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The investigations were include; the inhibition of the bacterial growth, determination of MIC and MBC, detection of kill-time, potassium and phosphorus leakages and detection of the bioactive compounds by the GC-MS analysis. The tested extracts in combination, at a 1:1 volume ratio, showed high inhibitory effects, as reflected by the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. The new EC plate was used to determined MBC and kill-time. Further, the detection of phosphate and potassium leakage indicated a loss of selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane after treatment with these extracts. The bioactive compounds in the ethanol extracts of T. arabica and S. persica may offer a less expensive and natural alternative to pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatif A Al-Judaibi
- Department of Biological Sciences-Microbiology section, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University/King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box: 13520, Jeddah 21414, Saudi Arabia
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Khunkar S, Hariri I, Alsayed E, Linjawi A, Khunkar S, Islam S, Bakhsh TA, Nakashima S. Inhibitory effect of Salvadora persica extract (Miswak) on collagen degradation in demineralized dentin: In vitro study. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:208-213. [PMID: 33384799 PMCID: PMC7770310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Root dentin is vulnerable to acid attack, suggesting a higher risk of demineralization than coronal enamel. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Miswak extract on collagen degradation of demineralized dentin lesion. Materials and methods Demineralized bovine root dentin specimens were treated for 1 h by 20% Miswak extract and 0.12% Chlorehexidine (CHX) as a positive control group, and then subjected to collagenolytic attack (clostridium histolyticum 0.5 CDU/mL, 16 h). These cyclic treatments were repeated for 3 days. After the cyclic treatment, the images of the specimens were captured with a light microscope and the lesion depth of degraded collagen layer of all specimens was measured. The mean lesion depth was calculated and compared between the groups using descriptive and One-way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey's tests. Significant level was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean lesion depth of CHX (28.6 ± 3.37 μm) had the least value, followed by Miswak (37.5 ± 4.01 μm) then the control (78.4 ± 18.43 μm) group. There was a significant difference in the mean lesion depth among the three groups (p = 0.000). Conclusion Miswak aqueous extract from S. persica was found to preserve the dentin collagen matrix from collagenase enzyme. This could be due to the organic compounds like flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and others which have been reported in literature. Present finding suggests that Miswak might play a positive effect in dentin caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Khunkar
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilnaz Hariri
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ehab Alsayed
- Yanbu Dental Center, Yanbu General Hospital, General Directorate of Health Affairs of Medina, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Linjawi
- Department of Orthodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan Khunkar
- General Practitioner, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sofiqul Islam
- RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Turki A Bakhsh
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syozi Nakashima
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Faruk EM, Nafea OE, Fouad H, Ebrahim UFA, Hasan RAA. Possible healing effects of Salvadora persica extract (MISWAK) and laser therapy in a rabbit model of a caustic-induced tongue ulcers: histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:341-352. [PMID: 32472334 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Caustic ingestion is a potentially detrimental event that can cause serious devastating damage on contact with tissues. Local exposure is associated with severe pain, swelling and ulceration. Caustics-induced oral ulcers can be painful enough to compromise the patient's quality of life. Treatment of oral ulcers is crucial in clinical practice. Albeit, some ulcers do not respond adequately to the conventional treatment. The current study was conducted to evaluate the potential healing effects of topical Salvadora persica (SP) extract, low-level laser (LLL) and high-level laser (HLL) therapies in a rabbit model of caustic-induced tongue ulcers and explore the underlying mechanisms. Fifty male rabbits with a caustic induced tongue ulcers were included in the study. Rabbits were equally divided into four groups: positive control (ulcer) group, SP, LLL and HLL groups in addition to the negative control (healthy) group. All treatments were given thrice weekly for 14 days. Results showed that acetic acid-induced tongue ulcers caused extensive structural tongue damage secondary to overexpression of apoptotic BAX, pathological angiogenesis indicated by VEGF overexpression, marked collagen fibers deposition as well as upregulation of tissue pro-inflammatory TNF-α and upregulation of tissue anti-inflammatory IL-10. The healing potential of topical SP, LLL and HLL therapy are mostly comparable. In conclusion, acetic acid-induced extensive tongue damage. Topical SP extract, LLL and HLL are equally effective therapies against caustics-induced tongue ulcers. However, we recommend SP extract, owing to its safety, non-invasiveness, availability and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohamed Faruk
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
| | - Ola Elsayed Nafea
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hanan Fouad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rehab Abd Allah Hasan
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls (AFMG), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Nordin A, Bin Saim A, Ramli R, Abdul Hamid A, Mohd Nasri NW, Bt Hj Idrus R. Miswak and oral health: An evidence-based review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1801-10. [PMID: 32565699 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor oral health has been associated with several chronic and systemic disease. Currently, the most common method of teeth cleaning is the use of a toothbrush together with dentifrices. However, natural chewing stick such as S. persica miswak is still used in many developing countries due to their low cost and availability. The present review aims to summarize the evidences on effectiveness of miswak in promoting oral health. The search was performed using Medline via Ebscohost, Scopus and Google Scholar database to obtain relevant articles published between 2010 to May 2020 using the following set of keywords 1) Miswak OR Salvadora OR persica AND 2) dental OR caries OR plaque OR oral OR orthodontics. Isolated microbial inhibition studies were excluded from the review due to its well-established wealth of literature. Miswak was administered as ten different forms, namely mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing stick, essential oil, aqueous extract, ethanol extract, probiotic spray, dental varnish, dental cement or chewing gum. All studies reported a positive effect of miswak as an anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, promotion of gingival wound healing, whitening properties, orthodontic chain preservation, and biocompatibility with oral cells. Miswak in its different forms demonstrated positive effect towards oral health maintenance and management.
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Rangani J, Panda A, Parida AK. Metabolomic study reveals key metabolic adjustments in the xerohalophyte Salvadora persica L. during adaptation to water deficit and subsequent recovery conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 150:180-195. [PMID: 32146282 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit severely limits productivity of plants, and pose a major threat to modern agriculture system. Therefore, understanding drought adaptive mechanisms in drought-tolerant plants is imperative to formulate strategies for development of desiccation tolerance in crop plants. In present investigation, metabolic profiling employing GC-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD was carried out to evaluate metabolic adjustments under drought stress in the xero-halophyte Salvadora persica. The metabolite profiling identified a total of 68 metabolites in S. persica leaf, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, hormones, and polyphenols. The results showed that higher cellular osmolality under drought stress was accompanied by accumulations of several osmoprotectants like sugars and polyols (sucrose, glucose, mannose, galactose, erythrose, sorbose, glycerol, and myoinositol), organic acids (galactaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid), and amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine). Upregulation of ABA and JA support to achieve early drought tolerance in S. persica. Moreover, accumulation of coumarin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid provide antioxidative defense to S. persica. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that altered metabolites were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. While during recovery, metabolites associated with lysine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered. The results of the present study imply that coordinated regulations between various metabolites, metabolic processes, and pathways empower the xerohalophyte S. persica to adapt under drought environment. The knowledge from this study will enable the development of drought tolerance in crops using genetic engineering and breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaykumar Rangani
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, (Gujarat), India
| | - Ashok Panda
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, (Gujarat), India
| | - Asish Kumar Parida
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, (Gujarat), India.
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Khalil MA, El-Sabbagh MS, El Naggar EB, El-Erian RH. Antibacterial activity of Salvadora persica against oral pathogenic bacterial isolates. Niger J Clin Pract 2019; 22:1378-1387. [PMID: 31607727 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_413_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective was to determine the antibacterial activity of Salvadora persica extract against bacteria isolated from dental plaque of patients. Materials and Methods Out of 40 different clinical specimens collected from patients suffering from plaque-induced gingivitis, 12 Staphylococcus aureus and 8 Streptococcus sp. isolates were recovered. The isolates were screened for their biofilm-forming capacity using tissue culture plate (TCP), tube method (TM), and congo red agar (CRA) method. Antibacterial activity of methanolic S. persica extract as well as of commercial antimicrobials against tested isolates was performed. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) analysis were performed for S. persica crude extract and its volatile oil, respectively, to determine their constituents. Results Out of 20 isolates, 80%, 85%, and 90% showed positive results using TM, CRA, and TCP, respectively. The highest antimicrobial activity of methanolic S. persica extract was observed at 200 mg/ml. HPLC-MS analysis shows many polyphenols in S. persica extract such as Chrysin-8-c-β-D-glucopyranoside, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and stigmasterol. Chemical composition of the essential oil of S. persica was determined by GC-MS yield; a mixture of monoterpene and hydrocarbons. The major compounds were butylated hydroxytoluene followed by benzene (isothiocyanatomethyl). Conclusion Methanolic extract of S. persica had significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus and Streptococcus sp. isolates, and it may be gave a good alternative method for controlling oral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khalil
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, KSA
| | - M S El-Sabbagh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Menoufiya University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - E B El Naggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - R H El-Erian
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Saddiq AA, Alkinani MH. Fungicidal Impact of Salvadora Persica L. (Miswak) Extract on Growth of Foodborne Pathogens, Aspergillus Species. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819876218. [PMID: 31598116 PMCID: PMC6764059 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819876218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigations have focused on studying the suppressing influence of
Salvadora persica (miswak) on oral microbes; however,
studies regarding its fungicidal activity versus human aspergillosis-related
illness are still scarce. The current research was designed to evaluate the
fungicidal action of S persica aquatic root extract in terms of
radial growth rate and inhibition zone (IZO) versus 3 pathogenic
Aspergillus species, namely, A niger,
A flavus, and A fumigatus in vitro. The
results revealed that the plant extract (50 and 100 mg/mL) exhibited a
prohibiting influence on the growth of the tested fungal species. The high
concentration (100 mg/mL) of the plant extract was efficient in
prohibiting the growing rate of the tested Aspergillus species
after 6 days exposure period. Aspergillus niger and A
flavus showed the largest inhibition ratios (60% and 54.4%,
respectively) and IZO (33.00 ± 0.05 mm and 25.50 ± 0.18 mm, respectively) versus
the control counterparts. Aspergillus fumigatus showed the
minimum inhibition ratio (39%) and IZO (20.31 ± 0.05). The present data showed
that the extract of S persica possesses potential fungicidal
influence versus the tested pathogenic Aspergillus species and
this may support the utilization of this extract as a promising antifungal agent
versus aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Ali Saddiq
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monagi H Alkinani
- College of computer Science and Engineering, Department of computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abdel-Kader MS, Alam P, Kamal YT, Alkharfy KM, Foudah AI, Alqasoumi SI. Optimization of the extraction condition for benzyl isothiocyanate contents in Salvadora persica roots "Siwak". Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:753-755. [PMID: 31516317 PMCID: PMC6733780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzyl isothocyanate is the major active antibacterial metabolite in Salvadora persica roots "Siwak" beside two minor isothiocyanate derivatives namely; 3-methoxy benzyl isothiocyanate and 3-hydroxy benzyl isothiocyanate. The extraction condition effect on the amount of benzyl isothiocyanate was explored in detailed study. Both cold and hot extraction with different solvents was applied. The amount of benzyl isothiocyanate was estimated using HPLC and HPTLC. The results indicated that cold extraction of the fresh samples with chloroform offers the maximum amount of benzyl isothiocyanate. Drying process leads to great loss of the active component of Siwak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged S Abdel-Kader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21215, Egypt
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y T Kamal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alkharfy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh I Alqasoumi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Dkhil MA, Thagfan FA, Hassan AMS, Al-Shaebi EM, Abdel-Gaber R, Al-Quraishy S. Anthelmintic, anticoccidial and antioxidant activity of Salvadora persica root extracts. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1223-1226. [PMID: 31516352 PMCID: PMC6733712 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with parasites is still one of the big problems worldwide. Medicinal plants succeeded to overcome a variety of protozoan and helminthic parasites. In this study, Salvadora persica root extracts (SE) were used to treat helminthosis and coccideosis. Three doses were used (200, 100 and 50 mg/ml) to study the anthelmintic activity of S. persica. Allolobophora caliginosa was used as a model worm. Also, Albendazole was used as a reference drug. In order to study the anticoccideal activity of SE, a group of mice were infected with Eimeria papillata sporulated oocysts. Experimental mice were treated with SE (300 mg/Kg) for 5 days. The extract was able to decrease the number of meronts and gamonts of the parasite in jejunum. Also, it regulates the level of glutathione and malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase as well. We conclude that S. persica possesses a powerful Anthelmintic, anticoccidial and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Felwa A. Thagfan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Esam M. Al-Shaebi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lebda MA, El-Hawarry WN, Shourbela RM, El-Far AH, Shewita RS, Mousa SA. Miswak ( Salvadora persica) dietary supplementation improves antioxidant status and nonspecific immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:619-626. [PMID: 30890435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the most common aquaculture fish, but is exposed to various pollutants and may be susceptible to infectious diseases due to reduction in their antioxidant status and immune defense. Therefore, researchers have tried to find feed supplements of natural origin to increase the health status of fish and decrease the incidence of drug resistance. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Miswak (Salvadora persica, SP) on Nile tilapia. Fish were randomly allocated into four experimental groups (30 fish each); the control fish were fed on the basal commercial diet and the SP-treated groups were fed basal diet supplemented with different concentrations 0.5, 1, and 2% for 30 days. The SP supplementations had no significant effects of SP on fish growth performance traits and lipid profiles but augmented the serum protein and globulin levels. The SP significantly improved the hepatic antioxidant status through the significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the increases of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T.SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), especially in the SP 1% group, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly increased due to SP in a dose-dependent manner. The same results were obtained for the mRNA expression of CAT and GPx. Regarding the nonspecific immune status of the fish kidneys, SP, especially SP1, significantly increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ). The data of the present study revealed the protective effect of SP on Nile tilapia health status. Therefore, SP can be considered as a promising feed additive for Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Lebda
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Waleed N El-Hawarry
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ramy M Shourbela
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt.
| | - Ramadan S Shewita
- Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
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Elmhalli F, Garboui SS, Borg-Karlson AK, Mozūraitis R, Baldauf SL, Grandi G. The repellency and toxicity effects of essential oils from the Libyan plants Salvadora persica and Rosmarinus officinalis against nymphs of Ixodes ricinus. Exp Appl Acarol 2019; 77:585-599. [PMID: 31089978 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils extracted from the leaves of Libyan Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) were evaluated for their acaricidal and repellent effects on Ixodes ricinus L. nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) using a bioassay based on an 'open filter paper method'. Rosmarinus officinalis leaf essential oil diluted to 0.5 and 1 µl/cm2 in acetone exhibited, respectively, 20 and 100% tick mortality after about 5 h of exposure. A total of 50 and 95% of I. ricinus nymphs were killed by direct contact with the oil when exposed to lethal concentrations (LC) of 0.7 µl/cm2 (LC50) and 0.95 µl/cm2 (LC95), respectively. The LC50 (0.5 µl/cm2) was reached before the end of the first 24 h of exposure time (ET), as tick mortality at 24 h was 60%. Salvadora persica leaf essential oil at 1 µl/cm2 showed a significant repellency effect against I. ricinus nymphs at 1.5 h ET. A 95% repellency was observed at a repellent concentration (RC95) of 1 µl/cm2 of S. persica, but no significant mortality was recorded at this dose of S. persica oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that the main monoterpenes in both oils were 1,8-cineol, α-pinene, and β-pinene, although in markedly different proportions. These results suggest that essential oils have substantial potential as alternative approaches for I. ricinus tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzeia Elmhalli
- Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Environmental Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.
| | - Samira S Garboui
- Department of Environmental Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sandra L Baldauf
- Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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Abdel-Kader MS, Al Shahrani KS, Alqarni MH, Salkini MA, Khamis EH, Ghabbour HA, Alqasoumi SI. Effect of hydroxylated solvents on the active constituents of Salvadora persica root "Siwak". Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:220-4. [PMID: 30766432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, the antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica was traced to benzyl isothiocyanate. In the present study known inactive compounds were isolated from extracts obtained by different solvents including β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol glucoside, benzyl cyanide and sulphur. However, some inactive compounds were present only in the ethanol and methanol extracts. This observation indicated that these compounds most likely are artifacts resulted from interaction with the solvents used in extraction. Pure benzyl isothiocyanate was kept with different solvents for 72 h and after TLC study they were heated under reflux for 8 h to explore the possibility of interactions. Only solvents with OH groups reacted with benzyl isothiocyanate and gave products similar to those isolated from the alcohol extracts. In conclusion extraction of S. persica with hydroxylated solvents will alter the structure of the active compound benzyl isothiocyanate and leads to loss of antimicrobial activity.
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Abstract
Background Generally, proteases in medicinal plants had different therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory effect; modulate the immune response and inhibitory effect toward tumor growth. In this study, protease was purified and characterized from miswak roots, as medicinal plant and natural toothbrush. Results Physical and chemical characterization of cysteine protease P1 were studied such as pH optimum (6.5), optimum temperature (50 °C), thermal stability (50 °C) and Km (3.3 mg azocasein/ml). The enzyme digested some proteins in the order of caseine > haemoglobin > egg albumin >gelatin > bovine serum albumin. Hg2+ had strong inhibitory effect on enzyme activity compared with other metal ions. Kinetic of inhibition for determination the type of protease was studied. Iodoactamide and p-Hydroximercuribenzaoic acid (p-HMB) caused strong inhibitory effect on enzyme activity indicating the enzyme is cysteine protease. Conclusions The biochemical characterization of this enzyme will be display the suitable conditions for using of this enzyme in toothpaste in the future and the enzyme may be used in other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam H Abdulaal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Rangani J, Panda A, Patel M, Parida AK. Regulation of ROS through proficient modulations of antioxidative defense system maintains the structural and functional integrity of photosynthetic apparatus and confers drought tolerance in the facultative halophyte Salvadora persica L. J Photochem Photobiol B 2018; 189:214-33. [PMID: 30396132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facultative halophyte Salvadora persica L. grow in arid, semiarid and saline areas. In present study, drought induced alterations in growth, ion homeostasis, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, ROS regulation and antioxidative defense components were analyzed in S. persica with an aim to elucidate the drought tolerance mechanisms. In response to drought, significant reductions in growth, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic pigments were observed in S. persica. However, leaf relative water content (RWC %) did not change significantly. In S. persica seedlings, the growth, photosynthetic pigment contents and photosynthesis were resumed to control level within 7 d, when the drought treated plants were re-irrigated. However, quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), rate of electron transport (ETR), maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and photochemical quenching (qP) remained unaffected under water deficit stress. The results suggest that both non-stomatal as well as stomatal limitations can account for photosynthetic reduction. The ionomics studies revealed no significant alterations in levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, B, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mo, and Zn2+ in leaf tissue during drought. However, there was increase in levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in root tissue in response to drought. The activity of different enzymatic antioxidants like SOD, APX, and GR remained unaffected during drought, whereas POX activity increased and CAT activity declined under drought stress in comparison to control. This result proposes that vital ROS scavenging enzymes like SOD, APX and GR are at threshold levels to maintain the appropriate concentration of ROS. In S. persica, the ratio of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG (which are the indicators of redox potential of cell) remained steady or increased under drought which indicates that cellular redox level is maintained in this halophyte. Although ROS levels (H2O2 and O2•-) increased significantly under drought stress, electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation level remained unchanged in response to water deficit condition which indicates that minimal increase in ROS level under drought stress act in signaling for activation of ROS scavenging enzymes. Our results propose that decline in growth and photosynthesis is a vital energy conservation strategy of S. persica under drought condition. The rapid recovery of growth, photosynthesis and water relations in S. persica following drought seems to be a critical mechanism permitting this plant to withstand and survive under drought environment. In addition, our results implicate that efficient regulations of antioxidative enzymes in leaf tissue contribute in regulating the ROS level and cellular redox status, thereby protecting the plant from drought induced oxidative damage in S. persica. Consequently ion homeostasis, plant water status, and integrity of photosynthetic apparatus is maintained in S. persica subjected to drought. The results of present study propose that S. persica is a drought tolerant halophyte and it can be a potential candidate for restoration of degraded saline lands of coastal ecosystem.
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Chaubal TV, Bapat RA, Bapat PR. Allergic contact stomatitis caused Salvadora persica in toothpaste. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 77:325-326. [PMID: 29063688 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanay V Chaubal
- Department of Periodontics, D.Y. Patil School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400706, India
| | - Ranjeet A Bapat
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Aumeeruddy MZ, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. A review of the traditional and modern uses of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): Toothbrush tree of Prophet Muhammad. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213:409-444. [PMID: 29196134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L., also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu), is the most common traditional source of tooth or chewing stick (miswak) highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. To date, extensive studies have probed primarily into the validation of its traditional uses in oral care. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and critical analysis of other potential ethnopharmacological properties of S. persica. This review therefore aims to provide an up-to-date detailed structured description of the traditional uses of S. persica and a critical analysis of its modern uses, highlighting its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and bioapplications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books, and relevant primary sources were probed, surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. The literature cited in this review dated from 1979 to 2017. RESULTS S. persica was found to possess a plethora of bioactive compounds and broad pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiosteoporosis, and antitumor activities. Studies also revealed the potential use of S. persica as a natural food preservative and a novel functional food ingredient. In addition, improvement in growth and reproductive performances have been observed by the introduction of S. persica in animal feed. Lastly, S. persica has also been used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles showing potential biotechnological applications. CONCLUSION S. persica showed a wide scope of application and its uses have been extended far beyond the initial traditional uses of its roots, stems, and twigs in oral care. We found a number of other ethnopharmacological uses and potential bioapplications of different parts of S. persica that warrants further investigations. Though widely studied using several in vitro and in vivo models, and tested clinically for oral hygiene mainly, several gaps and research priorities have been identified which needs to be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey
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Salem MZM, Behiry SI, Salem AZM. Effectiveness of root-bark extract from Salvadora persica against the growth of certain molecularly identified pathogenic bacteria. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:320-326. [PMID: 29486275 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acetone extract from root-bark of Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae), is assayed for its antibacterial activity against some bacterial pathogens. By GC/MS analysis, the main chemical components of the acetone extract were found to be benzylisothiocyanate (39.4%), and benzyl nitrile (benzeneacetonitrile) (37.9%). According the extract concentrations used, the measured inhibition zones observed were between from 13.6 to 18.6 mm, 15.3-23 mm, 13.3-18.3 mm, 13.3-18.3 mm, and 12.3-19 mm, against the isolated plant bacterial pathogens namely Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Enterobacter cloacae, Dickeya solani and Ralstonia solanacearum, respectively, whilst it was between 8 and 12 mm, 8-9.6 mm, 8-11.6 mm, and 8-10.3 mm against Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the extract were between 16 and 32 μg/mL against the growth of plant bacterial, and from 1000 to 2000 μg/mL against the growth of the human bacteria. In conclusion, the acetone extract of root-bark of S. persica showed strong antibacterial activity against the plant pathogens and some activity against the human pathogens were reported. The results suggested that using the acetone extract from root-bark of S. persica as bioactive agent against the growth of the studied plant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Farag M, Abdel-Mageed WM, Basudan O, El-Gamal A. Persicaline, A New Antioxidant Sulphur-Containing Imidazoline Alkaloid from Salvadora persica Roots. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020483. [PMID: 29473845 PMCID: PMC6017864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica L. is a popular chewing stick commonly known as “miswak”. During our ongoing research activities on the chemical constituents of Salvadora persica roots, which is a new sulphur-containing imidazoline alkaloid 1,3-Dibenzyl-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-butyl)-1,3-dihydro-imidazole-2-thione, persicaline, (1) along with five known compounds (2–6) are identified. Compounds (2, 3) were reported for the first time from the family Salvadoraeceae. The structure of the new compound was established by extensive spectroscopic data and HR-MS. The antioxidant activities of the fractions and isolates were evaluated using different in vitro methods, such as DPPH, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals scavenging assays. Compound (1) showed a promising antioxidant activity with IC50 0.1, 0.08, and 0.09 µM in the three assays, respectively, comparable to ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wael M Abdel-Mageed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut P.O. Box 71526, Egypt.
| | - Omer Basudan
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali El-Gamal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura P.O. Box 35516, Egypt.
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Abdel-Kader MS, Kamal YT, Alam P, Alqarni MH, Foudah AI. Quantitative Analysis of Benzyl Isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica Extract and Dental Care Herbal Formulations Using Reversed Phase C18 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S412-S416. [PMID: 29142392 PMCID: PMC5669075 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_117_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Benzyl isothiocyanate is the active antimicrobial agent in Salvadora persica (siwak) widely used in Islamic countries for oral hygiene. Aims: Quantification of benzyl isothiocyanate in the ethanol extract of S. persica and some dental care herbal formulations labeled to contain siwak. Settings and Design: Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was designed. Subjects and Methods: Separation was achieved on reverse phase C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) column with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and water (1:1). The detection was carried out at 190 nm using ultra violet-visible detector. The flow rate was kept at 1 mL/min. Results: A sharp and well-defined peak was obtained at the retention time of 9.322 ± 0.3 min. Linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed a good linear relationship between response and concentration in the range of 0.5–500 μg/mL with a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9977. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness, and sensitivity. All the parameters examined met the current recommendations for the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for method validation. Conclusions: The method was applied for the quantification of benzyl isothiocyanate in siwak extract, dental care powder, mouth wash, and toothpaste claimed to contain siwak. The developed method was found specific, simple, selective, and reliable for routine use in quality control analysis of different commercially available herbal care products. SUMMARY A simple, accurate and precise method was developed for the analysis of the antimicrobial agent benzyl isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica (Siwak) extract and selected dental care herbal formulations using RP18 HPLC Amount of benzyl isothiocyanate will indicate the efficacy of Siwak products The method subject to ICH validation guidelines.
Abbreviations used: RP18: Reversed phase C18, HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography, UV: Ultra violet, r2: regression coefficient, ICH: international conference on harmonization, TLC: Thin layer chromatography, CHCl3: Chloroform, v/v: volume/volume, RSD: Relative standard deviation, LOD: Limit of detection, LOQ: Limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Saad Abdel-Kader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21215, Egypt
| | - Y T Kamal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hamed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Fouda AM, Youssef AR. Antiosteoporotic activity of Salvadora persica sticks extract in an estrogen deficient model of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2017; 3:132-137. [PMID: 30775518 PMCID: PMC6372776 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The effect of Salvadora persica sticks on prevention of tooth decay is well established, but the effect of S. persica stick extract (SPE) on the prevention/treatment of osteoporosis has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to provide baseline information of the effectiveness of SPE on ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Methods SPE was administered at 50, 150, and 300 mg/d orally to OVX rats for 16 weeks. Serum osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus, and urinary deoxypyridinoline, calcium, and phosphorus were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD), 3-point bending test, and histomorphometric characteristics of the femoral bone were also examined. Results SPE at doses of 150 and 300 mg/d, but not 50 mg/d, significantly prevented bone loss in OVX rats as proved by decreased biochemical markers of bone resorption and increased BMD and biomechanical indices of the femoral bone. Conclusions This study confirms a dose-dependent protective action of SPE on rat OVX model of osteoporosis. This effect needs further investigation at the molecular and clinical levels to provide a natural and cost-effective alternative for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Motaal Fouda
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amany Ragab Youssef
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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El-Latif Hesham A, Alrumman SA. Antibacterial activity of Miswak Salvadora persica extracts against isolated and genetically identified oral cavity pathogens. Technol Health Care 2017; 24 Suppl 2:S841-8. [PMID: 27177110 DOI: 10.3233/thc-161214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite medical progress worldwide, dental caries are still widespread. Miswak is derived from the plant Arak (Salvadora persica). It is used by Muslim peoples as a natural product for the cleansing of teeth, to ensure oral and dental hygiene. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ethanol, methanol, and ethanol/methanol extracts of Miswak against three bacterial pathogens of the oral cavity. METHODS The pathogens were isolated from the oral cavity of volunteers/patients and were identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene amplification data. Sequence comparisons were made with 16S rRNA gene sequences available in the GenBank database. RESULTS The results of sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis identified the three pathogens as being Staphylococcus aureus strain KKU-020, Enterococcus faecalis strain KKU-021 and Klebsiella pneumoniae strain KKU-022. All Miswak extracts showed powerful antimicrobial activity against the three pathogens. The maximum zone of inhibition (40.67 ± 0.88 mm) was observed against E. faecalis KKU-021 with ethanolic extracts whilst methanolic extracts showed the minimum zone of inhibition (10.33 ± 0.88 mm) against K. pneumonia KKU-022. CONCLUSION Based upon the significant effects of the Miswak extracts, against the oral cavity pathogens in our study, we recommend that Miswak could be used as a dental hygiene method to prevent tooth caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Latif Hesham
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman A Alrumman
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Kumari A, Parida AK, Rangani J, Panda A. Antioxidant Activities, Metabolic Profiling, Proximate Analysis, Mineral Nutrient Composition of Salvadora persica Fruit Unravel a Potential Functional Food and a Natural Source of Pharmaceuticals. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:61. [PMID: 28261096 PMCID: PMC5306401 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica is a medicinally important plant mainly used in oral hygiene. However, little attention has been given towards the nutritional prominence of this plant. This study encloses the proximate and mineral nutrient contents, amino acid composition, metabolite profiling and antioxidant potential of S. persica fruit. The ripen fruit contained substantial amount of sugars, mineral nutrients, carotenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids. The metabolic profiling of the fruit extract by GC-MS revealed a total of 22 metabolites comprising of sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, organic base, and aromatic silica compound. The identified metabolites have been previously reported to have potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, and antitumor properties. The GC-MS analysis indicated high glucose and glucopyranose (247.62 and 42.90 mg g-1 FW respectively) contents in fruit of S. persica. The fruit extract demonstrated a significantly higher antioxidant and ROS scavenging properties along with high contents of mineral nutrients and essential amino acids. HPLC analysis revealed presence of essential and non-essential amino acid required for healthy body metabolism. The cysteine was found to be in highest amount (733.69 mg 100 g-1 DW) among all amino acids quantified. Specifically, compared to similar medicinal plants, previously reported as a source of non-conventional food and with some of the commercially important fruits, S. persica fruit appears to be a potential source of essential mineral nutrients, amino acids, vitamins (ascorbic acid and carotenoid) and pharmaceutically important metabolites contributing towards fulfilling the recommended daily requirement of these for a healthy human being. This is the first report establishing importance of S. persica fruit as nutraceuticals. The data presented here proposed that fruit of S. persica may be used as functional food or reinvigorating ingredient for processed food to reduce deficiency of nutrients among the vulnerable population group. The phytochemicals identified from S. persica fruit may be used as natural source for pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Division of Plant Omics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Asish K. Parida
- Division of Plant Omics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Jaykumar Rangani
- Division of Plant Omics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Ashok Panda
- Division of Plant Omics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
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Raina R, Kumar V, Krishna M, Raina S, Jaiswal A, Selvan A, Patil C, Kalgotra S. A Comparison of Antibacterial Efficacy of 0.5% Sodium Fluoride Impregnated Miswak and Plain Miswak Sticks on Streprococcus mutans - A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC01-ZC04. [PMID: 28384969 PMCID: PMC5376902 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/21250.9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Miswak (Salvadora persica) is a tooth cleaning stick made from the Salvodora Persica tree. It serves as a natural dentifrice with anti-bacterial, anti-plaque and anti-fungal properties. Fluoride, impregnated in chewing sticks will bestow comparable safety against dental caries as the fluoride containing dentifrice. AIM The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the anti-bacterial effect of 0.5% sodium fluoride impregnated miswak and plain miswak sticks on Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized controlled concurrent parallel triple blind clinical trial was conducted for a period of 8 days. The trial included 30 subjects aged 20-23 years, who were randomly allocated in 1:1 ratio to Group A [0.5% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) impregnated Miswak sticks) and Group B (Plain Miswak sticks) respectively. The participants were instructed to chew miswak sticks for 6 minutes in the morning before breakfast. Unstimulated saliva was collected at baseline and after chewing miswak sticks to estimate S. mutans count using Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar. Data was statistically analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test. RESULTS A statistically significant reduction in S. mutans Colony Forming Units (CFU) count in saliva was observed after using fluoridated miswak sticks compared to the baseline count (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in anti-bacterial effect of fluoridated miswak sticks and plain miswak sticks on S. mutans count (p=0.58). CONCLUSION The efficacy of miswak impregnated with 0.5% NaF and plain miskaw sticks in reducing S. mutans counts in saliva is analogous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romshi Raina
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Royal Dental College and Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Madhusudan Krishna
- Professor and HOD, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sakshi Raina
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Jaiswal
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental Colllege, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arul Selvan
- Professor and HOD, Department of Microbiology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaitra Patil
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneh Kalgotra
- Registrar, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Bansode TS, Salalkar BK, Dighe P, Nirmal S, Dighe S. Comparative evaluation of antidiabetic potential of partially purified bioactive fractions from four medicinal plants in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ayu 2017; 38:165-170. [PMID: 30254399 PMCID: PMC6153906 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_18_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Syzygiumcumini, Terminaliachebula, Trigonellafoenumgraecum and Salvadora persica are medicinally important plants well known for their pharmacological activities. Aim The aim of this study is to compare the antidiabetic potential of partially purified bioactive fractions isolated from four targeted medicinal plants in diabetic rats. Methods Alloxan was administered (125 mg/kg, IP) in albino Wistar rats to produce diabetes. The partially purified bioactive fractions, namely S. cumini tannin fraction (ScTF), T. foenumgraecum (Fenugreek) saponin fraction (FgSF), T. chebula flavonoid fraction (TcFF) and S. persica flavonoid fraction (SpFF), were administered to diabetic rats with the dose of 100 mg/kg, per oral (PO) and the effect of the fractions on body weight, liver glycogen and serum glucose were studied up to 15 days. Results The results have indicated that diabetic rats treated with fractions showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose and increase in body weight and liver glycogen. Among ScTF, FgSF, TcFF and SpFF possesse better hypoglycemic activity in all models. Conclusion The present investigation reveals that flavonoid isolated from S. persica is useful in the management of diabetes mellitus because of ability to regulate glucose level and reduce related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle S Bansode
- Depratment of Biochemistry, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (DU), Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - B K Salalkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Arts, Science, Commerce College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pandurang Dighe
- Depratment of Biochemistry, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (DU), Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Nirmal
- Department of Pharmacology, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Dighe
- Department of Pharmacology, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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