1
|
Du X, Zhu Y, Lu W, Fu N, Wang Q, Shi B. Regulation of the Function of T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by the OX40/OX40L Axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae248. [PMID: 38625053 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/MAIN OUTCOME To study the expression of OX40 on T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and the ligand OX40L on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in peripheral blood of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and the role of OX40 signaling in promoting Tfh cells to assist B-cell differentiation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Endocrinology department of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five patients with T1DM and 35 with newly diagnosed T2DM from January 2021-December 2021 (39 males, 21 females; mean age: 31.0 ± 4.5, range: 19-46 years). INTERVENTIONS None. METHODS The peripheral blood proportion of CD4+CD25-CD127+CXCR5+PD1+ Tfh cells in patients with T1DM or T2DM and the OX40L expression in CD14+ monocytes and CD19+ B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The OX40 signal effect on Tfh-cell function was analyzed by co-incubating B cells with Tfh cells under different conditions. Flow cytometry detected the ratio of CD19-CD138+ plasmacytes. RESULTS The Tfh cells ratio and intracellular IL-21 expression in peripheral blood was significantly higher in patients with T1DM than with T2DM, and the OX40 expression in peripheral Tfh cells and OX40L expression in APC were significantly higher in T1DM. After adding OX40L protein, the CD19-CD138+-plasmacytes percentage was significantly increased and higher in T1DM. Blocking of anti-OX40L monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced the plasmacytes ratio. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral Tfh cells proportion increased and the OX40 expression in peripheral Tfh cells was upregulated in patients with T1DM versus patients with T2DM. OX40/OX40L signaling enhanced the Tfh-cell function to assist B-cell differentiation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nannan Fu
- Department of Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bimin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou CZ, Xiong X, Tan WJ, Wang YF, Yang Z, Li XY, Yang XW, Liu XF, Yu SF, Wang LC, Geng S. Inhibition of Bcl-6 Expression Ameliorates Asthmatic Characteristics in Mice. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:110-120. [PMID: 38277017 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The function of Bcl-6 in T follicular helper (Tfh) cell maturation is indispensable, and Tfh cells play a pivotal role in asthma. This study investigated the impact of Bcl-6 on asthmatic traits. METHODS The microscopic pathological alterations, airway resistance (AR), and lung compliance (LC) were determined in asthmatic mice and Bcl-6 interference mice. The surface molecular markers of Tfh cells and the Bcl-6 mRNA and protein expression were determined by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting, respectively. The relationships between the Tfh cell ratio and the IgE and IgG1 concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. RESULTS Asthmatic inflammatory changes were observed in the lung tissue and were attenuated by Bcl-6 siRNA and dexamethasone (DXM). Asthmatic mice exhibited an increased AR and a decreased LC, while Bcl-6 siRNA or DXM mitigated these changes. The percentages of Tfh cells and eosinophils were significantly increased in the asthmatic mice, and they significantly decreased after Bcl-6 inhibition or DXM treatment. RT-qPCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that the Bcl-6 expression level in PBMCs was significantly higher in asthmatic mice, and it decreased following Bcl-6 inhibition or DXM treatment. The IgE expression in the serum and BALF and the B cell expression in PBMCs exhibited a similar trend. In asthmatic mice, the ratio of Tfh cells in the peripheral blood showed a strong positive correlation with the IgE levels in the serum and BALF, but not with the IgG1 levels. CONCLUSION The amelioration of airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness is achieved through Bcl-6 suppression, which effectively hinders Tfh cell differentiation, ultimately resulting in a concurrent reduction in IgE production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Wei-Jun Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Ya-Fei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Sun-Feng Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Liang-Chao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China.
| | - Shuang Geng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang KY, Liao J, Ma Z, Tse HF, Lu L, Graca L, Lui KO. Single-cell transcriptomics of Treg reveals hallmarks and trajectories of immunological aging. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:19-35. [PMID: 37675661 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related immunosenescence is characterized by progressive dysfunction of adaptive immune response and increased autoimmunity. Nevertheless, the impact of aging on CD4+ regulatory T cells that are master regulators of the immune system remains largely unclear. Here, we report cellular and molecular hallmarks of regulatory T cells derived from murine lymphoid and adipose tissues at 3, 18, and 24 mo of age, respectively, by analyzing their heterogeneity that displays dynamic changes in transcriptomic effector signatures at a single-cell resolution. Although the proportion of regulatory T cells among total Cd4+ T cells, as well as their expression levels of Foxp3, did not show any global change with time, we have identified 6 transcriptomically distinct clusters of regulatory T cells with cross-tissue conserved hallmarks of aging, including increased numbers of proinflammatory regulatory T cells, reduced precursor cells, increased immature and mature T follicular regulatory cells potentially supported by a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, a gradual loss of CD150hi regulatory T cells that support hematopoiesis, and increased adipose tissue-specific regulatory T cells that are associated with metabolic disease. To dissect the impact of immunosenescence on humoral immunity, we propose some potential mechanisms underlying T follicular regulatory cell-mediated dysfunction by interactome analysis on T follicular regulatory cells, T follicular helper cells, and B cells during aging. Lastly, spatiotemporal analysis further revealed trajectories of regulatory T-cell aging that demonstrate the most significant changes in marrow and adipose tissues that might contribute to the development of age-related immunosenescence and type 2 diabetes. Taken together, our findings could provide a better understanding of age-associated regulatory T-cell heterogeneity in lymphoid and adipose tissues, as well as regulatory T-cell hallmarks during progressive adaptation to aging that could be therapeutically targeted for rejuvenating the aging immune system in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Yang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinyue Liao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhangjing Ma
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Fat Tse
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10 2nd Yuexin Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Liang R, Shi X, Shen R, Liu L, Liu Y, Xue Y, Guo X, Dang J, Zeng D, Huang F, Sun J, Zhang J, Wang J, Olsen N, August A, Huang W, Pan Y, Zheng SG. Targeting kinase ITK treats autoimmune arthritis via orchestrating T cell differentiation and function. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115886. [PMID: 37992572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is critical in T helper subset differentiation and its inhibition has been suggested for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. T follicular helper (Tfh), Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg) also play important roles in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while the role of ITK in the development of RA and the intricate balance between effector T and regulatory T cells remains unclear. Here, we found that CD4+ T cells from RA patients presented with an elevated ITK activation. ITK inhibitor alleviated existing collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and reduced antigen specific antibody production. Blocking ITK kinase activity interferes Tfh cell generation. Moreover, ITK inhibitor effectively rebalances Th17 and Treg cells by regulating Foxo1 translocation. Furthermore, we identified dihydroartemisinin (DHA) as a potential ITK inhibitor, which could inhibit PLC-γ1 phosphorylation and the progression of CIA by rebalancing Th17 and Treg cells. Out data imply that ITK activation is upregulated in RA patients, and therefore blocking ITK signal may provide an effective strategy to treat RA patients and highlight the role of ITK on the Tfh induction and RA progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China; Department of Immunology, School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Rong Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Youqiu Xue
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Xinghua Guo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Junlong Dang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Donglan Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Feng Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- The first Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at the Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moretti S, Schietroma I, Sberna G, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. HIV-1-Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12193. [PMID: 37569570 PMCID: PMC10418605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract causes severe CD4+ T-cell depletion and disruption of the protective epithelial barrier in the intestinal mucosa, causing microbial translocation, the main driver of inflammation and immune activation, even in people living with HIV (PLWH) taking antiretroviral drug therapy. The higher levels of HIV DNA in the gut compared to the blood highlight the importance of the gut as a viral reservoir. CD4+ T-cell subsets in the gut differ in phenotypic characteristics and differentiation status from the ones in other tissues or in peripheral blood, and little is still known about the mechanisms by which the persistence of HIV is maintained at this anatomical site. This review aims to describe the interaction with key subsets of CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa targeted by HIV-1 and the role of gut microbiome and its metabolites in HIV-associated systemic inflammation and immune activation that are crucial in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and related comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hinrichs AC, Kruize AA, Lafeber FPJG, Leavis HL, van Roon JAG. CCR9/CXCR5 Co-Expressing CD4 T Cells Are Increased in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome and Are Enriched in PD-1/ICOS-Expressing Effector T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11952. [PMID: 37569326 PMCID: PMC10418442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by B cell hyperactivity. CXCR5+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh), CXCR5-PD-1hi peripheral helper T cells (Tph) and CCR9+ Tfh-like cells have been implicated in driving B cell hyperactivity in pSS; however, their potential overlap has not been evaluated. Our aim was to study the overlap between the two CXCR5- cell subsets and to study their PD-1/ICOS expression compared to "true" CXCR5/PD-1/ICOS-expressing Tfh cells. CXCR5- Tph and CCR9+ Tfh-like cell populations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pSS patients and healthy controls (HC) were compared using flow cytometry. PD-1/ICOS expression from these cell subsets was compared to each other and to CXCR5+ Tfh cells, taking into account their differentiation status. CXCR5- Tph cells and CCR9+ Tfh-like cells, both in pSS patients and HC, showed limited overlap. PD-1/ICOS expression was higher in memory cells expressing CXCR5 or CCR9. However, the highest expression was found in CXCR5/CCR9 co-expressing T cells, which are enriched in the circulation of pSS patients. CXCR5- Tph and CCR9+ Tfh-like cells are two distinct cell populations that both are enriched in pSS patients and can drive B cell hyperactivity in pSS. The known upregulated expression of CCL25 and CXCL13, ligands of CCR9 and CXCR5, at pSS inflammatory sites suggests concerted action to facilitate the migration of CXCR5+CCR9+ T cells, which are characterised by the highest frequencies of PD-1/ICOS-positive cells. Hence, these co-expressing effector T cells may significantly contribute to the ongoing immune responses in pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneline C. Hinrichs
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aike A. Kruize
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. G. Lafeber
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen L. Leavis
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel A. G. van Roon
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao G, Mao Z, Niu T, Wang P, Yue X, Wang X, Ma A, Zhang Y. Oxymatrine ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by regulation of Tfr/ Tfh cells balance via TLR9-MyD88-STAT3 signaling pathway. J Sci Food Agric 2023. [PMID: 37128150 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNG Oxymatrine (OMT) is one of the authentic Chinese herbal medicines which has rich and complex active ingredients. However, the relevant potential targets of oxymatrine on rheumatoid arthritis and the mechanism remains unreported. The aim of this study was to determine the regulation of oxymatrine on rheumatoid arthritis using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat models and blood samples from RA patients. RESULTS Our results indicated that Tfr cells in RA patients express low levels of Blimp-1 and CTLA-4. Oxymatrine treatment of CIA rats alleviated joint swelling, reduced arthritis score, and improved joint damage.While flow cytometry results showed that oxymatrine treatment reduced Tfh cells and B cells, and increased Tfr cells in the spleen of CIA mice. In addition, oxymatrine treatment significantly down-regulated the expression of TLR9, IL-21, MyD88, STAT3, p-STAT3, and CXCR5 in the synovial tissues of CIA mice, and up-regulated the expression of Foxp3, Blimp-1, and CTLA-4. CONCLUSION Oxymatrine can alleviate rheumatoid arthritis by regulating the TLR9-MyD88-STAT3 signaling pathway to maintain immune balance between Tfr-Tfh cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gan Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhuhan Mao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Tengyao Niu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Yue
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Ailing Ma
- Department of Pathology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang Y, Jin X, Chi Z, Bai Y, Manthiram K, Mudd P, Zhu K, Wang L, Schwartzberg PL, Han Y, Gao X, Lu L, Xu Q. Protein phosphatase 2A propels follicular T helper cell development in lupus. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103028. [PMID: 37001432 PMCID: PMC10327577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are important for generating humoral immune responses by helping B cells form germinal centers (GCs) and the production of high-affinity antibodies. However, aberrant Tfh cell expansion also contributes to the generation of self-reactive autoantibodies and promotes autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PP2A Cα) expression levels are elevated in peripheral T cells of SLE patients and positively correlate with autoantibody titers and disease activity. Here, we demonstrate a critical role of PP2A in Tfh differentiation by using T cell restricted PP2A Cα deficient mice. We observed impaired Tfh differentiation and GC response in two different classical Tfh induction models. Mechanistic studies revealed that downregulation of protein translation of the Tfh lineage transcription factor BCL6 in PP2A deficient T cells. Importantly, we found that PP2A deficiency by either gene knockout or chemical inhibition alleviated lupus severity in mice. Lastly, we confirmed a positive correlation between PP2A Cα and BCL6 protein levels in human CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE. In summary, our study revealed a critical role of PP2A in regulating Tfh cells and suggests it is a potential therapeutic target for lupus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xuexiao Jin
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhexu Chi
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China; Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yadan Bai
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Mudd
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study of the Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, PR China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Cui S, Sun H, Jiang H, Guo Y, Zhang J, Xie Z, Wang J. The imbalance between Bregs, Tfh, and Tregs in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06624-z. [PMID: 36781561 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the alteration of regulatory B cells (Bregs), follicular helper T cells (Tfh), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) frequencies in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. Analyze their association with clinical severity and activity, and explore the effects of different immunotherapies on those immune cell subsets. METHODS We enrolled 21 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, 22 patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), 14 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), and 20 healthy controls (HC) in our study. The frequencies of various immune cell subsets were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to patients with IIH and HC, the frequencies of CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells as well as Tregs were significantly lower while the frequency of Tfh was significantly higher in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The frequency of CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells was significantly lower in the acute stage than in the recovery stage, and was negatively correlated with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and the clinical assessment scale for autoimmune encephalitis (CASE). The frequency of CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells at the last follow-up after rituximab (RTX) treatment was significantly higher than those treated with oral immunosuppressants or untreated. There was no clear difference between anti-NMDAR encephalitis and NMOSD in the above immune cell subsets. CONCLUSION We suggested that the frequencies of CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells and Tregs were decreased while the frequency of Tfh was increased in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells frequency may be a potential indicator to estimate the disease activity and severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yatong Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Houliang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuxiao Xie
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao X, Luo K, Wang D, Wei Y, Yao Y, Deng J, Yang Y, Zeng Q, Dong X, Xiong L, Gong D, Lin L, Pohl K, Liu S, Liu Y, Liu L, Nguyen THO, Allen LF, Kedzierska K, Jin Y, Du MR, Chen W, Lu L, Shen N, Liu Z, Cockburn IA, Luo W, Yu D. T follicular helper 17 ( Tfh17) cells are superior for immunological memory maintenance. eLife 2023; 12:82217. [PMID: 36655976 PMCID: PMC9891720 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of successful vaccination is the ability to induce long-lived antigen-specific memory cells. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells specialize in providing help to B cells in mounting protective humoral immunity in infection and after vaccination. Memory Tfh cells that retain the CXCR5 expression can confer protection through enhancing humoral response upon antigen re-exposure but how they are maintained is poorly understood. CXCR5+ memory Tfh cells in human blood are divided into Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 cells by the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR6 associated with Th1 and Th17, respectively. Here, we developed a new method to induce Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17-like (iTfh1, iTfh2, and iTfh17) mouse cells in vitro. Although all three iTfh subsets efficiently support antibody responses in recipient mice with immediate immunization, iTfh17 cells are superior to iTfh1 and iTfh2 cells in supporting antibody response to a later immunization after extended resting in vivo to mimic memory maintenance. Notably, the counterpart human Tfh17 cells are selectively enriched in CCR7+ central memory Tfh cells with survival and proliferative advantages. Furthermore, the analysis of multiple human cohorts that received different vaccines for HBV, influenza virus, tetanus toxin or measles revealed that vaccine-specific Tfh17 cells outcompete Tfh1 or Tfh2 cells for the persistence in memory phase. Therefore, the complementary mouse and human results showing the advantage of Tfh17 cells in maintenance and memory function supports the notion that Tfh17-induced immunization might be preferable in vaccine development to confer long-term protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kaiming Luo
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Diya Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yunbo Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jun Deng
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Qunxiong Zeng
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Le Xiong
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dongcheng Gong
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kai Pohl
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Shaoling Liu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (Shanghai Red House Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Thi HO Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Lilith F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Yanliang Jin
- Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mei-Rong Du
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (Shanghai Red House Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Wanping Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Nan Shen
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Di Yu
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Ian Frazer Centre for Children’s Immunotherapy Research, Children’s Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoshioka Y, Kobiyama K, Hayashi T, Onishi M, Yanagida Y, Nakagawa T, Hashimoto M, Nishinaka A, Hirose J, Asaoka Y, Tajiri M, Hayata A, Ishida S, Omoto S, Nagira M, Ishii KJ. A-910823, a squalene-based emulsion adjuvant, induces T follicular helper cells and humoral immune responses via α-tocopherol component. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116238. [PMID: 36891311 PMCID: PMC9986537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvants are chemical or biological materials that enhance the efficacy of vaccines. A-910823 is a squalene-based emulsion adjuvant used for S-268019-b, a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is currently in clinical development. Published evidence has demonstrated that A-910823 can enhance the induction of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animal models. However, the characteristics and mechanisms of the immune responses induced by A-910823 are not yet known. Methods and Results To characterize A-910823, we compared the adaptive immune response profile enhanced by A-910823 with that of other adjuvants (AddaVax, QS21, aluminum salt-based adjuvants, and empty lipid nanoparticle [eLNP]) in a murine model. Compared with other adjuvants, A-910823 enhanced humoral immune responses to an equal or greater extent following potent T follicular helper (Tfh) and germinal center B (GCB) cell induction, without inducing a strong systemic inflammatory cytokine response. Furthermore, S-268019-b containing A-910823 adjuvant produced similar results even when given as a booster dose following primary administration of a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated messenger RNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccine. Preparation of modified A-910823 adjuvants to identify which components of A-910823 play a role in driving the adjuvant effect and detailed evaluation of the immunological characteristics induced by each adjuvant showed that the induction of humoral immunity and Tfh and GCB cell induction in A-910823 were dependent on α-tocopherol. Finally, we revealed that the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the draining lymph nodes and induction of serum cytokines and chemokines by A-910823 were also dependent on the α-tocopherol component. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the novel adjuvant A-910823 is capable of robust Tfh cell induction and humoral immune responses, even when given as a booster dose. The findings also emphasize that α-tocopherol drives the potent Tfh-inducing adjuvant function of A-910823. Overall, our data provide key information that may inform the future production of improved adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Yoshioka
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Onishi
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yanagida
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Anri Nishinaka
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Hirose
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Asaoka
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Minako Tajiri
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayata
- Laboratory for Bio-Modality Research, Shionogi & Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishida
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Omoto
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Morio Nagira
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao J, Liu X, Xu J, Fang Y, Du P, Gao C, Cai T, Gu Z, Qin Q, Zhang J. Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves' Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121899. [PMID: 36551327 PMCID: PMC9776225 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR15 plays an important role in lymphocyte homing and is a key immune molecule to maintain organ immune homeostasis. Yet, no study on the association between GPR15 and Graves' disease (GD) is available. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression of GPR15 in different types of immune cells and different tissues of GD patients. We found that the expressions of GPR15 and GPR15L in peripheral blood of GD patients were increased compared with those in healthy controls. A flow cytometry analysis showed that GPR15 positive cells were mainly CD14+ monocytes and CD56+ natural killer cells (NK cells) of innate immunity, T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells of adaptive immunity. We also found that the expressions of GPR15 and GPR15L in the PBMC of GD patients were positively correlated with the Tfh-specific cytokines IL21 and IL4. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed that the level of GPR15 in thyroid tissue of GD patients was higher than that of the control group. Our results demonstrate for the first time that GPR15 is highly expressed in various immune cells in GD patients, suggesting that GPR15-GPR15L is associated with the activation and infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells in the thyroid tissue of GD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xuerong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yudie Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chaoqun Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Tiantian Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhaohua Gu
- Zhoupu Community Health Service Center of Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qiu Qin
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-57039815 (J.Z.)
| | - Jin’an Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201508, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-57039815 (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
As an important part of adaptive immunity, T cells are indispensable in the defense against pathogens including viruses. SARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus that occurred at the end of 2019 and has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, most of the infected patients recovered without any antiviral therapies, suggesting an effective immunity developed in the bodies. T cell immunity responds upon SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and plays crucial roles in eliminating the viruses and generating T cell memory. Specifically, a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells could support the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are also protective against the infection. SARS-CoV-2-recognizing T cells could be detected in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed donors, but the role of these cross-reactive T cells is still in debate. T cell responses could be diverse across individuals, mainly due to the polymorphism of HLAs. Thus, compared to antibodies, T cell responses are generally less affected by the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Up to now, a huge number of studies on SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells have been published. In this review, we introduced some major findings addressing the questions in the main aspects about T cell responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2, to summarize the current understanding of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Lu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Epitope Analysis Team, Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Epitope Analysis Team, Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Division of Molecular Design, Research Center for Systems Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhong Y, Xiao Q, Kang Z, Huang J, Ge W, Wan Q, Wang H, Zhou W, Zhao H, Liu D. Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates ulcerative colitis by regulating the balance of Tfh/Treg cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109108. [PMID: 35926271 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory function of natural active ingredients has long been a focus of scientific research, with recent hotspots reporting targeted modulation of the follicular helper T cells (Tfh)/regulatory T cells (Treg) balance as an emerging strategy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, dextran sodium sulfate induced mice UC and Astragalus polysaccharide (APS, 200 mg/kg/day) was administered simultaneously. In this study, APS effectively alleviated colitis in mice by improving survival rate, disease activity index (DAI), the change rate of body weight, colonic length and weight, and histopathological injury of the colon. Moreover, APS regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-23, Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in colonic tissues of colitis mice. Importantly, APS significantly downregulated Tfh cell and the expression of its related nuclear transcription factors Blimp-1 and Bcl-6, and cytokine IL-21. Meanwhile, APS regulated the differentiation of Tfh subpopulations in colitis mice, with Tfh10 and Tfr significantly upregulated while Tfh1, Tfh17, and Tfh21 significantly downregulated. In addition, APS significantly upregulated Treg cells and the levels of its associated nuclear transcription factor Foxp3, and cytokine IL-10 in colitis mice. In conclusion, APS effectively alleviated UC by reshaping the balance of Tfh/Treg cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
van der Ploeg K, Kirosingh AS, Mori DAM, Chakraborty S, Hu Z, Sievers BL, Jacobson KB, Bonilla H, Parsonnet J, Andrews JR, Press KD, Ty MC, Ruiz-Betancourt DR, de la Parte L, Tan GS, Blish CA, Takahashi S, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, Singh U, Wang TT, Jagannathan P. TNF-α + CD4 + T cells dominate the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response in COVID-19 outpatients and are associated with durable antibodies. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100640. [PMID: 35588734 PMCID: PMC9061140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific CD4+ T cells are likely important in immunity against coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), but our understanding of CD4+ longitudinal dynamics following infection and of specific features that correlate with the maintenance of neutralizing antibodies remains limited. Here, we characterize SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in a longitudinal cohort of 109 COVID-19 outpatients enrolled during acute infection. The quality of the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ response shifts from cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from 5 days to 4 months post-enrollment, with IFNγ-IL-21-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells the predominant population detected at later time points. Greater percentages of IFNγ-IL-21-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells on day 28 correlate with SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies measured 7 months post-infection (⍴ = 0.4, p = 0.01). mRNA vaccination following SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both IFNγ- and TNF-α-producing, spike-protein-specific CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2-specific, TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells may play an important role in antibody maintenance following COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ response shifts from cells producing IFNγ to TNF-α SARS-CoV-2-specific IFNγ−TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells predominate at later timepoints IFNγ-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells correlate with durable SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies Post-infection mRNA vaccination boosts both IFNγ+ and TNF-α+ S-specific CD4+ T cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kattria van der Ploeg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam S Kirosingh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Diego A M Mori
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zicheng Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Karen B Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen D Press
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maureen C Ty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Lauren de la Parte
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Agrawal S, Baulch JE, Madan S, Salah S, Cheeks SN, Krattli RP, Subramanian VS, Acharya MM, Agrawal A. Impact of IL-21-associated peripheral and brain crosstalk on the Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:331. [PMID: 35648273 PMCID: PMC9160131 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses. Emerging evidence indicates that peripheral immune activation is linked to neuroinflammation and AD pathogenesis. The present study focuses on determining the role of IL-21 in the pathogenesis of AD using human samples and the 5xFAD mice model. We find that the levels of IL-21 are increased in the periphery of both humans and mice in AD. In addition, the proportions of IL-21 target cells, Tfh and B plasma cells as well as activation of monocytes is increased in PBMCs from AD and mild cognitively impaired (MCI) subjects as compared to age-matched controls, indicating immune activation. In contrast, the percentage of B1 cells that control inflammation is decreased. These changes are due to IL-21 as the expression of IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is higher on all these cells in AD. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant IL-21 in AD mice also leads to similar alterations in Tfh, B, B1, and macrophages. The effect of IL-21 is not confined to the periphery since increased expression of IL-21R is also observed in both humans and mice hippocampus derived from the AD brains. In addition, mice injected with IL-21 display increased deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain which is reduced following anti-IL-21R antibody that blocks the IL-21 signaling. Moreover, activation of microglia was enhanced in IL-21-injected mice. In keeping with enhanced microglial activation, we also observed increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-18 and IL-6 in IL-21-injected mice. The microglial activation and cytokines were both inhibited following IL-21R blockage. Altogether, IL-21 escalates AD pathology by enhancing peripheral and brain immune and inflammatory responses leading to increased Aβ plaque deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shreya Madan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Seher Salah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Samantha N Cheeks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert P Krattli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Veedamali S Subramanian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stienne C, Virgen-Slane R, Elmén L, Veny M, Huang S, Nguyen J, Chappell E, Balmert MO, Shui JW, Hurchla MA, Kronenberg M, Peterson SN, Murphy KM, Ware CF, Šedý JR. Btla signaling in conventional and regulatory lymphocytes coordinately tempers humoral immunity in the intestinal mucosa. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110553. [PMID: 35320716 PMCID: PMC9032671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Btla inhibitory receptor limits innate and adaptive immune responses, both preventing the development of autoimmune disease and restraining anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. It remains unclear how the functions of Btla in diverse lymphocytes contribute to immunoregulation. Here, we show that Btla inhibits activation of genes regulating metabolism and cytokine signaling, including Il6 and Hif1a, indicating a regulatory role in humoral immunity. Within mucosal Peyer's patches, we find T-cell-expressed Btla-regulated Tfh cells, while Btla in T or B cells regulates GC B cell numbers. Treg-expressed Btla is required for cell-intrinsic Treg homeostasis that subsequently controls GC B cells. Loss of Btla in lymphocytes results in increased IgA bound to intestinal bacteria, correlating with altered microbial homeostasis and elevations in commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Together our studies provide important insights into how Btla functions as a checkpoint in diverse conventional and regulatory lymphocyte subsets to influence systemic immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Stienne
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Virgen-Slane
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Elmén
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marisol Veny
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Huang
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chappell
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary Olivia Balmert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle A Hurchla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Scott N Peterson
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - John R Šedý
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moysi E, Paris RM, Le Grand R, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Human lymph node immune dynamics as driver of vaccine efficacy: an understudied aspect of immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:633-644. [PMID: 35193447 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2045198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last century, changes in hygiene, sanitation, and the advent of childhood vaccination have resulted in profound reductions in mortality from infectious diseases. Despite this success, infectious diseases remain an enigmatic public health threat, where effective vaccines for influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria, among others remain elusive. AREA COVERED In addition to the immune evasion tactics employed by complex pathogens, our understanding of immunopathogenesis and the development of effective vaccines is also complexified by the inherent variability of human immune responses. Lymph nodes (LNs) are the anatomical sites where B cell responses develop. An important, but understudied component of immune response complexity is variation in LN immune dynamics and in particular variation in germinal center follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and B cells which can be impacted by genetic variation, aging, the microbiome and chronic infection. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the contribution of genetic variation, aging, microbiome and chronic infection on LN immune dynamics and associated Tfh responses and offers perspective on how inclusion of LN immune subset and cytoarchitecture analyses, along with peripheral blood biomarkers can supplement systems vaccinology or immunology approaches for the development of vaccines or other interventions to prevent infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Venkatadri R, Sabapathy V, Dogan M, Mohammad S, Harvey S, Simpson SR, Grayson J, Yan N, Perrino FW, Sharma R. Targeting Bcl6 in the TREX1 D18N murine model ameliorates autoimmunity by modulating T follicular helper cells and Germinal center B cells. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:825-834. [PMID: 35112355 PMCID: PMC9089306 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Three Prime Repair EXonuclease I (TREX1) is critical for degrading post‐apoptosis DNA. Mice expressing catalytically inactive TREX1 (TREX1 D18N) develop lupus‐like autoimmunity due to chronic sensing of undegraded TREX1 DNA substrates, production of the inflammatory cytokines, and the inappropriate activation of innate and adaptive immunity. This study aimed to investigate Thelper (Th) dysregulation in the TREX1 D18N model system as a potential mechanism for lupus‐like autoimmunity. Comparison of immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs, spleen and peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) between TREX1 D18N mice and the TREX1 null mice revealed that the TREX1 D18N mice exhibit a Th1 bias. Additionally, the T‐follicular helper cells (Tfh) and the germinal celter (GC) B cells were also elevated in the TREX1 D18N mice. Targeting Bcl6, a lineage‐defining transcription factor for Tfh and GC B cells, with a commercially available Bcl6 inhibitor, FX1, attenuated Tfh, GC, and Th1 responses, and rescued TREX1 D18N mice from autoimmunity. The study presents Tfh and GC B‐cell responses as potential targets in autoimmunity and that Bcl6 inhibitors may offer therapeutic approach in TREX1‐associated or other lupus‐like diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Venkatadri
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Vikram Sabapathy
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Murat Dogan
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Saleh Mohammad
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Scott Harvey
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sean R Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jason Grayson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Fred W Perrino
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
T peripheral helper (Tph) cells represent a T cell population that stimulates B cell responses within peripheral tissues. Like T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, PD-1hi CXCR5- CD4+ Tph cells produce IL-21 and CXCL13, yet these cells differ from Tfh cells in expression of both transcription factors and chemokine receptors. Originally identified in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, Tph cells are expanded in multiple autoimmune diseases. Tph cells can be identified and distinguished from Tfh cells by both flow cytometry and mass cytometry. Here, we describe detailed methods to identify Tph cells and characterize associated phenotypic features and functions. These protocols and additional notes provide a guide to identify and explore the roles of Tph cells in various human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Wacleche
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Runci Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Galvani RG, Perobelli SM, Gonçalves-Silva T, Vianna PHO, Cavazzoni CB, Vale AM, Wanderley JLM, Bonomo A. Mature naive B cells regulate the outcome of murine acute graft-versus-host disease in an IL-10 independent manner. Transplant Cell Ther 2022:S2666-6367(22)00004-5. [PMID: 35032717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the main complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). T CD4+ lymphocytes are the main effector cells for disease development but other cell types can determine disease outcome through cytokine production and antigen presentation. B cells are abundant in BMT products and are involved in chronic GVHD immunopathogenesis. However, their role in acute GVHD is still unclear. Here, we studied the role of donor resting B cells in a model of acute GVHD. Animals receiving transplants depleted of B cells presented a more severe disease, indicating a protective role for B cells. Mice transplanted with IL-10 KO B cells developed GVHD as severe as those receiving WT B cells. Besides that, mice transplanted with MHC II deficient B cells and as so, unable to present antigen to CD4+ T cells, developed as severe GVHD as animals transplanted without B cells. This result suggests that protection provided by mature naive B cells depends on antigen presentation and not IL-10 production by B cells. In the absence of donor B cells, transplanted mice exhibited disorganized lymphoid splenic tissue. Additionally, donor B cell depletion diminished the follicular T (Tfh)/T effector (Teff) ratio suggesting that protection was correlated with a shift to Tfh differentiation, reducing the number of effector T cells. Importantly, the Tfh/Teff shift impacts disease outcome since observed proinflammatory cytokine levels and tissue damage in target organs were consistent with disease protection. The role of transplanted B cells in the outcome of BMT and the development of acute GVHD should be carefully studied, since these cells are abundant in BMT products and are potent modulator and effector cells in allogeneic response. Extended Abstract Background: B cells are widely known for their ability to produce antibodies. In addition, B cells can act efficiently as antigen-presenting cells, implying the mutual regulation of both T and B lymphocyte subsets. T cell help for B cells has been known for more than 50 years; however, B cell help for T cells, especially regarding the modulation of follicular and regulatory phenotypes, had only lately been explored. Here, we studied the role of resting B cells in a model of systemic inflammatory disease mediated by T cells, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is the main complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Objetive: The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of donor B cells in acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. STUDY DESIGN To investigate the role of donor B cells in aGVHD, we used a full MHC-mismatched bone marrow transplantation model. We infused C57BL/6 BM cells along with splenocytes depleted or not of B220+ cells into lethally irradiated BALB/c mice. We also used B cells from IL-10 KO mice to investigate the role of IL-10 produced by donor B cells and B cells from mice which cannot express MHC-II (CIITA KO) to investigate the role of cognate interaction between donor B and T cells. RESULTS Animals receiving transplants depleted of B cells presented a more severe disease, showing the existence of B cell-dependent protection. This protection was dependent on the T cell-B cell cognate interaction but not on IL-10 or Treg induction. In the absence of donor B cells, transplanted mice exhibited fewer GCs and a lower follicular T (Tfh)/T effector (Teff) ratio than mice transplanted in the presence of B cells. Protection was correlated with a shift to Tfh differentiation, reducing the number of effector cells. Importantly, the Tfh/Teff shift impacts disease outcome with less T cell-mediated disease due to more B cell-dependent Tfh generation with fewer effector T cells and lower proinflammatory cytokine levels detected in target organs. CONCLUSION We show that B-cell depleted bone marrow transplantation leads to a more severe disease, with earlier mortality related to increased organ damage. Such differences depend on cognate interactions between T cells and B cells, are IL-10 independent and are related to a shift in the differentiation of lymphocytes from the follicular helper phenotype to the effector phenotype. Therefore, Teffs, which are circulating cells, become relatively more numerous and can reach and damage the target tissues. These results point to caution in the early posttransplantation elimination of donor B cells. It is not a matter of eliminating only antibody-forming cells or cells that mediate Tfh generation but of B cells, which interact and modulate T cell activity, impacting a disease that is not antibody mediated.
Collapse
|
22
|
Schmidt A, Baumjohann D. 3D Tissue Explant and Single-Cell Suspension Organoid Culture Systems for Ex Vivo Drug Testing on Human Tonsil-Derived T Follicular Helper Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:267-288. [PMID: 34802138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on the human immune system is often restricted to peripheral blood cells. However, these cells can be different from those found in secondary lymphoid organs. For instance, specialized T and B cells that are localized in germinal centers (GCs), which are complex anatomical structures being required for the generation of potent antibodies, are not found in peripheral blood. Most T helper cells located in GCs belong to the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subset, which provides critical support to B cells. Bona fide human GC Tfh cells can be obtained from secondary lymphoid tissues such as tonsils, which are routinely removed by surgery. We here describe a method that is based on human lymphoid histoculture (HLH) and human lymphoid aggregate culture (HLAC) to culture human adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil) tissue ex vivo, followed by deep Tfh cell phenotyping by flow cytometry. This method allows studying Tfh cells in a versatile explant culture system that preserves many aspects of the original in vivo three-dimensional (3D) structure, in parallel to single-cell suspension organoid cultures in which the original tissue structure is disintegrated. We also describe how this versatile platform can be used for drug testing or manipulation of human Tfh cells in vitro for mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany.
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chandler J, Prout M, Old S, Morgan C, Ronchese F, Benoist C, Le Gros G. BCL6 deletion in CD4 T cells does not affect Th2 effector mediated immunity in the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:791-804. [PMID: 36177669 PMCID: PMC9828354 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies propose that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells possess a high degree of functional plasticity in addition to their well-defined roles in mediating interleukin-4-dependent switching of germinal center B cells to the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgE antibodies. In particular Tfh cells have been proposed to be an essential stage in Th2 effector cell development that are able to contribute to innate type 2 responses. We used CD4-cre targeted deletion of BCL6 to identify the contribution Tfh cells make to tissue Th2 effector responses in models of atopic skin disease and lung immunity to parasites. Ablation of Tfh cells did not impair the development or recruitment of Th2 effector subsets to the skin and did not alter the transcriptional expression profile or functional activities of the resulting tissue resident Th2 effector cells. However, the accumulation of Th2 effector cells in lung Th2 responses was partially affected by BCL6 deficiency. These data indicate that the development of Th2 effector cells does not require a BCL6 dependent step, implying Tfh and Th2 effector populations follow separate developmental trajectories and Tfh cells do not contribute to type 2 responses in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Sam Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Cynthia Morgan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Barbeau DJ, Cartwright HN, Harmon JR, Spengler JR, Spiropoulou CF, Sidney J, Sette A, McElroy AK. Identification and Characterization of Rift Valley Fever Virus-Specific T Cells Reveals a Dependence on CD40/CD40L Interactions for Prevention of Encephalitis. J Virol 2021; 95:e0150621. [PMID: 34495703 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01506-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus found throughout Africa. It causes disease that is typically mild and self-limiting; however, some infected individuals experience severe manifestations, including hepatitis, encephalitis, or even death. Reports of RVFV encephalitis are notable among immunosuppressed individuals, suggesting a role for adaptive immunity in preventing this severe complication. This phenomenon has been modeled in C57BL/6 mice depleted of CD4 T cells prior to infection with DelNSs RVFV (RVFV containing a deletion of nonstructural protein NSs), resulting in late-onset encephalitis accompanied by high levels of viral RNA in the brain in 30% of animals. In this study, we sought to define the specific type(s) of CD4 T cells that mediate protection from RVFV encephalitis. The viral epitopes targeted by CD4 and CD8 T cells were defined in C57BL/6 mice, and tetramers for both CD4 and CD8 T cells were generated. RVFV-specific CD8 T cells were expanded and of a cytotoxic and proliferating phenotype in the liver following infection. RVFV-specific CD4 T cells were identified in the liver and spleen following infection and phenotyped as largely Th1 or Tfh subtypes. Knockout mice lacking various aspects of pathways important in Th1 and Tfh development and function were used to demonstrate that T-bet, CD40, CD40L, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) mediated protection from RVFV encephalitis, while gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) were dispensable. Virus-specific antibody responses correlated with protection from encephalitis in all mouse strains, suggesting that Tfh/B cell interactions modulate clinical outcome in this model. IMPORTANCE The prevention of RVFV encephalitis requires intact adaptive immunity. In this study, we developed reagents to detect RVFV-specific T cells and provide evidence for Tfh cells and CD40/CD40L interactions as critical mediators of this protection.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang P, Yang CL, Du T, Liu YD, Ge MR, Li H, Liu RT, Wang CC, Dou YC, Duan RS. Diabetes mellitus exacerbates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis via modulating both adaptive and innate immunity. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:244. [PMID: 34702288 PMCID: PMC8549151 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common concomitant disease of late-onset myasthenia gravis (MG). However, the impacts of DM on the progression of late-onset MG were unclear. METHODS In this study, we examined the immune response in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) rats with DM or not. The phenotype and function of the spleen and lymph nodes were determined by flow cytometry. The serum antibodies, Tfh cells, and germinal center B cells were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. The roles of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in regulating Tfh cells were further explored in vitro by co-culture assays. RESULTS Our results indicated clinical scores of EAMG rats were worse in diabetes rats compared to control, which was due to the increased production of anti-R97-116 antibody and antibody-secreting cells. Furthermore, diabetes induced a significant upregulation of Tfh cells and the subtypes of Tfh1 and Tfh17 cells to provide assistance for antibody production. The total percentages of B cells were increased with an activated statue of improved expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. We found CD4+ T-cell differentiation was shifted from Treg cells towards Th1/Th17 in the DM+EAMG group compared to the EAMG group. In addition, in innate immunity, diabetic EAMG rats displayed more CXCR5 expression on NK cells. However, the expression of CXCR5 on NKT cells was down-regulated with the increased percentages of NKT cells in the DM+EAMG group. Ex vivo studies further indicated that Tfh cells were upregulated by AGEs instead of hyperglycemia. The upregulation was mediated by the existence of B cells, the mechanism of which might be attributed the elevated molecule CD40 on B cells. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes promoted both adaptive and innate immunity and exacerbated clinical symptoms in EAMG rats. Considering the effect of diabetes, therapy in reducing blood glucose levels in MG patients might improve clinical efficacy through suppressing the both innate and adaptive immune responses. Additional studies are needed to confirm the effect of glucose or AGEs reduction to seek treatment for MG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ru Ge
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Dou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ntita M, Inoue SI, Jian JY, Bayarsaikhan G, Kimura K, Kimura D, Miyakoda M, Nozaki E, Sakurai T, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Heath WR, Yui K. Type I interferon production elicits differential CD4 + T-cell responses in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and P. chabaudi. Int Immunol 2021; 34:21-33. [PMID: 34648636 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites that infect humans are highly polymorphic, and induce various infections ranging from asymptomatic state to life-threatening diseases. However, how the differences between the parasites affect host immune responses during blood-stage infection remains largely unknown. We investigated the CD4 + T-cell immune responses in mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (PbA) or P. chabaudi chabaudi AS (Pcc) using PbT-II cells, which recognize a common epitope of these parasites. In the acute phase of infection, CD4 + T-cell responses in PbA-infected mice showed a lower involvement of Th1 cells and a lower proportion of Ly6C lo effector CD4 + T cells than those in Pcc-infected mice. Transcriptome analysis of PbT-II cells indicated that type I interferon (IFN)-regulated genes were expressed at higher levels in both Th1- and Tfh-type PbT-II cells from PbA-infected mice than those from Pcc-infected mice. Moreover, IFN-α levels were considerably higher in PbA-infected mice than in Pcc-infected mice. Inhibition of type I IFN signaling increased PbT-II and partially reversed the Th1 over Tfh bias of the PbT-II cells in both PbA- and Pcc-infected mice. In the memory phase, PbT-II cells in PbA-primed mice maintained higher numbers and exhibited better recall response to the antigen. However, recall responses were not significantly different between the infection groups after re-challenge with PbA, suggesting the effect of inflammatory environment by the infection. These observations suggest that the differences in Plasmodium-specific CD4 + T-cell responses between PbA- and Pcc-infected mice were associated with the difference in type I IFN production during the early phase of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mbaya Ntita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jiun-Yu Jian
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mana Miyakoda
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Eriko Nozaki
- Core Laboratory for Proteomics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611 Japan
| | - Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611 Japan
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Painter MM, Mathew D, Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Pattekar A, Kuthuru O, Baxter AE, Herati RS, Oldridge DA, Gouma S, Hicks P, Dysinger S, Lundgreen KA, Kuri-Cervantes L, Adamski S, Hicks A, Korte S, Giles JR, Weirick ME, McAllister CM, Dougherty J, Long S, D'Andrea K, Hamilton JT, Betts MR, Bates P, Hensley SE, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. Rapid induction of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells is associated with coordinated humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Immunity 2021; 54:2133-2142.e3. [PMID: 34453880 PMCID: PMC8361141 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable clinical efficacy, but questions remain about the nature and kinetics of T cell priming. We performed longitudinal antigen-specific T cell analyses on healthy SARS-CoV-2-naive and recovered individuals prior to and following mRNA prime and boost vaccination. Vaccination induced rapid antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in naive subjects after the first dose, whereas CD8+ T cell responses developed gradually and were variable in magnitude. Vaccine-induced Th1 and Tfh cell responses following the first dose correlated with post-boost CD8+ T cells and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Integrated analysis revealed coordinated immune responses with distinct trajectories in SARS-CoV-2-naive and recovered individuals. Last, whereas booster vaccination improved T cell responses in SARS-CoV-2-naive subjects, the second dose had little effect in SARS-CoV-2-recovered individuals. These findings highlight the role of rapidly primed CD4+ T cells in coordinating responses to the second vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273
- Adult
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- BNT162 Vaccine
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunologic Memory
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Peptides/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Derek A Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah Dysinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kendall A Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Hicks
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott Korte
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison E Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher M McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob T Hamilton
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang N, Tian G, Sun Y, Pan J, Xu W, Li Z. Altered B cell compartment associated with Tfh cells in children with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:399. [PMID: 34517873 PMCID: PMC8436472 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM IgA-producing B cells have been found to be associated with children diagnosed with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). The aim of the present study was to determine whether children with HSP possess altered B-cell subsets. METHODS A total of 14 children diagnosed with HSP and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in our study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and the percentage and absolute number of B-cell subsets and Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were determined by flow cytometry. Finally, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyse the correlation between the percentage of Tfh cells and B-cell subsets. RESULTS We found that compared to HCs, the frequency and absolute number of total B cells were significantly higher in children with HSP, but the percentages of plasma cells and naïve B cells were significantly lower. A significantly increased percentage and absolute number of memory nonswitched B cells were found in children with HSP compared with HCs. We observed that the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) on total CD4+ T cells and the percentage of CD4+CXCR5+ cells were significantly increased in patients with HSP. Moreover, significantly correlations between Tfh cells and various B-cell subsets were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed a Tfh-cell-associated altered B cell compartment in children with HSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2 Renmin Street, Liaoning, 121000, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ge Tian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2 Renmin Street, Liaoning, 121000, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2 Renmin Street, Liaoning, 121000, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2 Renmin Street, Liaoning, 121000, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2 Renmin Street, Liaoning, 121000, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2 Renmin Street, Liaoning, 121000, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cai Y, Poli ANR, Vadrevu S, Gyampoh K, Hart C, Ross B, Fair M, Xue F, Salvino JM, Montaner LJ. BCL6 BTB-specific inhibitor reversely represses T Cell activation, Tfh cells differentiation and germinal center reaction in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2441-2451. [PMID: 34287839 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the BCL6 BTB domain results in killing Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBL) cells, reducing the T-cell dependent germinal center (GC) reaction in mice, and reversing GC hyperplasia in nonhuman primates. The available BCL6 BTB-specific inhibitors are poorly water soluble thus limiting their absorption in vivo and our understanding of therapeutic strategy targeting GC. We synthesized a prodrug (AP-4-287) from a potent BCL6 BTB inhibitor (FX1) with improved aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetics (PK) in mice. We also evaluated its in vivo biological activity on humoral immune responses using the sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-vaccination mouse model. AP-4-287 had a significant higher aqueous solubility and was readily converted to FX1 in vivo after intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration, but a shorter half-life in vivo. Importantly, AP-4-287 treatment led to a reversible effect on (1) the reduction in the frequency of splenic Ki67+ CD4+ T cells, Tfh cells, and GC B cells; (2) lower GC formation following vaccination; and (3) a decrease in the titers of antigen-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Our study advances the pre-clinical development of drug targeting BCL6 BTB domain for the treatment of diseases that are associated with abnormal BCL6 elevation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Surya Vadrevu
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kwasi Gyampoh
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Colin Hart
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brian Ross
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matt Fair
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clemens EA, Alexander-Miller MA. Understanding Antibody Responses in Early Life: Baby Steps towards Developing an Effective Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071392. [PMID: 34372597 PMCID: PMC8310046 DOI: 10.3390/v13071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of young infants is both quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from that of adults, with diminished responsiveness leaving these individuals vulnerable to infection. Because of this, young infants suffer increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory pathogens such as influenza viruses. The impaired generation of robust and persistent antibody responses in these individuals makes overcoming this increased vulnerability through vaccination challenging. Because of this, an effective vaccine against influenza viruses in infants under 6 months is not available. Furthermore, vaccination against influenza viruses is challenging even in adults due to the high antigenic variability across viral strains, allowing immune evasion even after induction of robust immune responses. This has led to substantial interest in understanding how specific antibody responses are formed to variable and conserved components of influenza viruses, as immune responses tend to strongly favor recognition of variable epitopes. Elicitation of broadly protective antibody in young infants, therefore, requires that both the unique characteristics of young infant immunity as well as the antibody immunodominance present among epitopes be effectively addressed. Here, we review our current understanding of the antibody response in newborns and young infants and discuss recent developments in vaccination strategies that can modulate both magnitude and epitope specificity of IAV-specific antibody.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The control of alloimmunity is essential to the success of organ transplantation. Upon alloantigen encounter, naïve alloreactive T cells not only differentiate into effector cells that can reject the graft, but also into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that promote the differentiation of alloreactive B cells that produce donor-specific antibodies (DSA). B cells can exacerbate the rejection process through antibody effector functions and/or B cell antigen-presenting functions. These responses can be limited by immune suppressive mechanisms mediated by T regulatory (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, B regulatory (Breg) cells and a newly described tolerance-induced B (TIB) cell population that has the ability to suppress de novo B cells in an antigen-specific manner. Transplantation tolerance following costimulation blockade has revealed mechanisms of tolerance that control alloreactive T cells through intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, but also inhibit alloreactive B cells. Thus, the control of both arms of adaptive immunity might result in more robust tolerance, one that may withstand more severe inflammatory challenges. Here, we review new findings on the control of B cells and alloantibody production in the context of transplant rejection and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita S. Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Renal Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Onabajo OO, Lewis MG, Mattapallil JJ. GALT CD4 +PD-1 hi T follicular helper ( Tfh) cells repopulate after anti-retroviral therapy. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104396. [PMID: 34157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by dramatic alterations in the mucosal CD4 T cell compartment. Though viremia is effectively suppressed, and peripheral CD4 T cell numbers recover to near healthy levels after highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), some of the dysfunctional consequences of HIV infection continue to persist during therapy. We hypothesized that CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cell deficiencies may play a role in this process. Using the macaque model we show that SIV infection was associated with a significant loss of Tfh cells in the GALT that drain the mesentery lining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Loss of Tfh cells significantly correlated with the depletion of the overall memory CD4 T cell compartment; most Tfh cells in the GALT expressed a CD95+CD28+ memory phenotype suggesting that infection of the memory compartment likely drives the loss of GALT Tfh cells during infection. Continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was accompanied by a significant repopulation of Tfh cells in the GALT to levels similar to those of uninfected animals. Repopulating Tfh cells displayed significantly higher capacity to produce IL-21 as compared to SIV infected animals suggesting that cART fully restores Tfh cells that are functionally capable of supporting GC reactions in the GALT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moysi E, Del Rio Estrada PM, Torres-Ruiz F, Reyes-Terán G, Koup RA, Petrovas C. In Situ Characterization of Human Lymphoid Tissue Immune Cells by Multispectral Confocal Imaging and Quantitative Image Analysis; Implications for HIV Reservoir Characterization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683396. [PMID: 34177929 PMCID: PMC8221112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are key mediators of adaptive immune responses during infection and vaccination. Within secondary lymphoid organs, helper CD4 T cells, particularly those residing in germinal centers known as follicular helper T cells (Tfh), provide critical help to B-cells to promote their survival, isotype switching and selection of high affinity memory B-cells. On the other hand, the important role of Tfh cells for the maintenance of HIV reservoir is well documented. Thus, interrogating and better understanding the tissue specific micro-environment and immune subsets that contribute to optimal Tfh cell differentiation and function is important for designing successful prevention and cure strategies. Here, we describe the development and optimization of eight multispectral confocal microscopy immunofluorescence panels designed for in depth characterization and immune-profiling of relevant immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human lymphoid tissue samples. We provide a comprehensive library of antibodies to use for the characterization of CD4+ T-cells -including Tfh and regulatory T-cells- as well as CD8 T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells and discuss how the resulting multispectral confocal datasets can be quantitatively dissected using the HistoCytometry pipeline to collect information about relative frequencies and immune cell spatial distributions. Cells harboring actively transcribed virus are analyzed using an in-situ hybridization assay for the characterization of HIV mRNA positive cells in combination with additional protein markers (multispectral RNAscope). The application of this methodology to lymphoid tissues offers a means to interrogate multiple relevant immune cell targets simultaneously at increased resolution in a reproducible manner to guide CD4 T-cell studies in infection and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.,Comisión Coordinadora de Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lin X, Twelkmeyer T, Zhu D, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Iwakura Y, Meng G, Hua Z, Yan B, Liu WJ, Luo Z, Gong S, Chen H, Li S, Hou B, Tang H. Homeostatic regulation of T follicular helper and antibody response to particle antigens by IL-1Ra of medullary sinus macrophage origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019798118. [PMID: 33875594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019798118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines are composed of surface antigen HBsAg that spontaneously assembles into subviral particles. Factors that impede its humoral immunity in 5% to 10% of vaccinees remain elusive. Here, we showed that the low-level interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) can predict antibody protection both in mice and humans. Mechanistically, murine IL-1Ra-inhibited T follicular helper (Tfh) cell expansion and subsequent germinal center (GC)-dependent humoral immunity, resulting in significantly weakened protection against the HBV challenge. Compared to soluble antigens, HBsAg particle antigen displayed a unique capture/uptake and innate immune activation, including IL-1Ra expression, preferably of medullary sinus macrophages. In humans, a unique polymorphism in the RelA/p65 binding site of IL-1Ra enhancer associated IL-1Ra levels with ethnicity-dependent vaccination outcome. Therefore, the differential IL-1Ra response to particle antigens probably creates a suppressive milieu for Tfh/GC development, and neutralization of IL-1Ra would resurrect antibody response in HBV vaccine nonresponders.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a critical component of adaptive immunity and assist in optimal Ab-mediated defense. Multiple effector functions of Tfh support germinal center B cell survival, Ab class switching, and plasma cell maturation. In the past 2 decades, the phenotype and functional characteristics of GC Tfh have been clarified allowing for robust studies of the Th subset including activation signals and environmental cues controlling Tfh differentiation and migration during an immune response. A unique, 2-step differentiation process of Tfh has been proposed but the mechanisms underlying transition between unstable Tfh precursors and functional mature Tfh remain elusive. Likewise, newly identified transcriptional regulators of Tfh development have not yet been incorporated into our understanding of how these cells might function in disease. Here, we review the signals and downstream transcription factors that shape Tfh differentiation including what is known about the epigenetic processes that maintain Tfh identity. It is proposed that further evaluation of the stepwise differentiation pattern of Tfh will yield greater insights into how these cells become dysregulated in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael C. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Krueger PD, Goldberg MF, Hong SW, Osum KC, Langlois RA, Kotov DI, Dileepan T, Jenkins MK. Two sequential activation modules control the differentiation of protective T helper-1 (Th1) cells. Immunity 2021; 54:687-701.e4. [PMID: 33773107 PMCID: PMC8495663 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1) cells are critical for protection from microbes that infect the phagosomes of myeloid cells. Current understanding of Th1 cell differentiation is based largely on reductionist cell culture experiments. We assessed Th1 cell generation in vivo by studying antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during infection with the phagosomal pathogen Salmonella enterica (Se), or influenza A virus (IAV), for which CD4+ T cells are less important. Both microbes induced T follicular helper (Tfh) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)-independent Th1 cells. During Se infection, however, the Th1 cells subsequently outgrew the Tfh cells via an IL-12-dependent process and formed subsets with increased IFN-γ production, ZEB2-transcription factor-dependent cytotoxicity, and capacity to control Se infection. Our results indicate that many infections induce a module that generates Tfh and poorly differentiated Th1 cells, which is followed in phagosomal infections by an IL-12-dependent Th1 cell amplification module that is critical for pathogen control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang M, Cao P, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Jia C, Guo Y, Yin H, Zhao M, Ding Y, Wu H, Lu Q. An Enhanced Expression Level of CXCR3 on Tfh-like Cells from Lupus Skin Lesions Rather Than Lupus Peripheral Blood. Clin Immunol 2021; 226:108717. [PMID: 33775870 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease, and the etiopathogenesis is unclear. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been reported as an important pathogenic cell type in SLE. CXCR3 was reported to be decreased on lupus peripheral CD4+T cells. However, the expression level of CCR4, CCR6 and CXCR3 on Tfh-like cells in SLE peripheral blood and skin lesions is unknown. In this study, we detected CCR4, CCR6 and CXCR3 expression level on Tfh-like cells in the peripheral blood and skin lesions from SLE patients and normal controls (NCs). A decreased expression level of CXCR3 on Tfh-like cells was found in lupus peripheral blood. However, an increased CXCR3 expression was observed on total CD4+T and Tfh-like cells from lupus skin lesions. Moreover, we observed a higher expression level of CXCR3 in Tfh cells from human tonsils. These findings indicate that CXCR3 might help Tfh-like cells to migrate into the inflammatory sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengpeng Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhidan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunkai Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Hainan Province Dermatol Disease Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Onabajo OO, Mattapallil JJ. Gut Microbiome Homeostasis and the CD4 T- Follicular Helper Cell IgA Axis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657679. [PMID: 33815419 PMCID: PMC8017181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are associated with severe perturbations in the gut mucosal environment characterized by massive viral replication and depletion of CD4 T cells leading to dysbiosis, breakdown of the epithelial barrier, microbial translocation, immune activation and disease progression. Multiple mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut mucosa and protecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Among these are the secretory IgA (sIgA) that are produced daily in vast quantities throughout the mucosa and play a pivotal role in preventing commensal microbes from breaching the epithelial barrier. These microbe specific, high affinity IgA are produced by IgA+ plasma cells that are present within the Peyer’s Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the isolated lymphoid follicles that are prevalent in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Differentiation, maturation and class switching to IgA producing plasma cells requires help from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are present within these lymphoid tissues. HIV replication and CD4 T cell depletion is accompanied by severe dysregulation of Tfh cell responses that compromises the generation of mucosal IgA that in turn alters barrier integrity leading to commensal bacteria readily breaching the epithelial barrier and causing mucosal pathology. Here we review the effect of HIV infection on Tfh cells and mucosal IgA responses in the GIT and the consequences these have for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kaufmann M, Evans H, Schaupp AL, Engler JB, Kaur G, Willing A, Kursawe N, Schubert C, Attfield KE, Fugger L, Friese MA. Identifying CNS-colonizing T cells as potential therapeutic targets to prevent progression of multiple sclerosis. Med 2021; 2:296-312.e8. [PMID: 33748804 PMCID: PMC7966680 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), can be suppressed in its early stages but eventually becomes clinically progressive and unresponsive to therapy. Here, we investigate whether the therapeutic resistance of progressive MS can be attributed to chronic immune cell accumulation behind the blood-brain barrier (BBB). METHODS We systematically track CNS-homing immune cells in the peripheral blood of 31 MS patients and 31 matched healthy individuals in an integrated analysis of 497,705 single-cell transcriptomes and 355,433 surface protein profiles from 71 samples. Through spatial RNA sequencing, we localize these cells in post mortem brain tissue of 6 progressive MS patients contrasted against 4 control brains (20 samples, 85,000 spot transcriptomes). FINDINGS We identify a specific pathogenic CD161+/lymphotoxin beta (LTB)+ T cell population that resides in brains of progressive MS patients. Intriguingly, our data suggest that the colonization of the CNS by these T cells may begin earlier in the disease course, as they can be mobilized to the blood by usage of the integrin-blocking antibody natalizumab in relapsing-remitting MS patients. CONCLUSIONS As a consequence, we lay the groundwork for a therapeutic strategy to deplete CNS-homing T cells before they can fuel treatment-resistant progression. FUNDING This study was supported by funding from the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, the OAK Foundation, Medical Research Council UK, and Wellcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Kaufmann
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hayley Evans
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna-Lena Schaupp
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gurman Kaur
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Willing
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kursawe
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schubert
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrine E. Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in germinal center formation and the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Studies have proposed that Tfh cell differentiation is a multi-step process. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begin to express CXCR5 during the early stage of the response and, shortly after, how some CXCR5+ precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells enter B cell follicles and differentiate further into germinal center Tfh (GC-Tfh) cells while others have a different fate. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advances surrounding these two aspects of Tfh cell differentiation and discuss related long-standing questions, including Tfh memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun Z, Yao Y, You M, Liu J, Guo W, Qi Z, Wang Z, Wang F, Yuan W, Yu S. The kinase PDK1 is critical for promoting T follicular helper cell differentiation. eLife 2021; 10:61406. [PMID: 33595435 PMCID: PMC7889074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinase PDK1 is a crucial regulator for immune cell development by connecting PI3K to downstream AKT signaling. However, the roles of PDK1 in CD4+ T cell differentiation, especially in T follicular helper (Tfh) cell, remain obscure. Here we reported PDK1 intrinsically promotes the Tfh cell differentiation and germinal center responses upon acute infection by using conditional knockout mice. PDK1 deficiency in T cells caused severe defects in both early differentiation and late maintenance of Tfh cells. The expression of key Tfh regulators was remarkably downregulated in PDK1-deficient Tfh cells, including Tcf7, Bcl6, Icos, and Cxcr5. Mechanistically, ablation of PDK1 led to impaired phosphorylation of AKT and defective activation of mTORC1, resulting in substantially reduced expression of Hif1α and p-STAT3. Meanwhile, decreased p-AKT also suppresses mTORC2-associated GSK3β activity in PDK1-deficient Tfh cells. These integrated effects contributed to the dramatical reduced expression of TCF1 and ultimately impaired the Tfh cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Menghao You
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, and Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Akt kinases translate various external cues into intracellular signals that control cell survival, proliferation, metabolism and differentiation. This review discusses the requirement for Akt and its targets in determining the fate and function of T cells. We discuss the importance of Akt at various stages of T cell development including β-selection during which Akt fulfills the energy requirements of highly proliferative DN3 cells. Akt also plays an integral role in CD8 T cell biology where its regulation of Foxo transcription factors and mTORC1 metabolic activity controls effector versus memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Finally, Akt promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th1, Th17 and Tfh cells but inhibits the development of Treg cells. We also highlight how modulating Akt in T cells is a promising avenue for enhancing cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy controls HIV replication but does not eliminate the virus from the infected host. The persistence of a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent HIV genomes impedes viral eradication efforts. The HIV reservoir was originally described as a relatively homogeneous pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Over the past 20 years, the identification of multiple cellular subsets of CD4+ T cells endowed with distinct biological properties shed new lights on the heterogeneity of HIV reservoirs. It is now clear that HIV persists in a large variety of CD4+ T cells, which contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings indicating that specific biological features of well-characterized subsets of CD4+ T cells individually contribute to the persistence of HIV. These include an increased sensitivity to HIV infection, specific tissue locations, enhanced survival and heightened capacity to proliferate. We also discuss the relative abilities of these cellular reservoirs to contribute to viral rebound upon ART interruption. Together, these findings reveal that the HIV reservoir is not homogeneous and should be viewed as a mosaic of multiple cell types that all contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chatzileontiadou DSM, Sloane H, Nguyen AT, Gras S, Grant EJ. The Many Faces of CD4 + T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E73. [PMID: 33374787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major arm of the cellular immune response, CD4+ T cells are important in the control and clearance of infections. Primarily described as helpers, CD4+ T cells play an integral role in the development and activation of B cells and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are incredibly heterogeneous, and can be divided into six main lineages based on distinct profiles, namely T helper 1, 2, 17 and 22 (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22), regulatory T cells (Treg) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). Recent advances in structural biology have allowed for a detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that drive CD4+ T cell recognition. In this review, we discuss the defining features of the main human CD4+ T cell lineages and their role in immunity, as well as their structural characteristics underlying their detection of pathogens.
Collapse
|
45
|
Yan L, Cai B, Li Y, Wang MJ, An YF, Deng R, Li DD, Wang LC, Xu H, Gao XD, Wang LL. Dynamics of NK, CD8 and Tfh cell mediated the production of cytokines and antiviral antibodies in Chinese patients with moderate COVID-19. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14270-14279. [PMID: 33145962 PMCID: PMC7753779 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a marked decrease in peripheral lymphocyte levels in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Few studies have focused on the changes of NK, T‐ and B‐cell subsets, inflammatory cytokines and virus‐specific antibodies in patients with moderate COVID‐19. A total of 11 RT‐PCR‐confirmed convalescent patients with COVID‐19 and 11 patients with non‐SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia (control patients) were enrolled in this study. NK, CD8+ T, CD4+ T, Tfh‐like and B‐cell subsets were analysed using flow cytometry. Cytokines and SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibodies were analysed using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. NK cell counts were significantly higher in patients with COVID‐19 than in control patients (P = 0.017). Effector memory CD8+ T‐cell counts significantly increased in patients with COVID‐19 during a convalescent period of 1 week (P = 0.041). TIM‐3+ Tfh‐like cell and CD226+ Tfh‐like cell counts significantly increased (P = 0.027) and decreased (P = 0.022), respectively, during the same period. Moreover, ICOS+ Tfh‐like cell counts tended to decrease (P = 0.074). No abnormal increase in cytokine levels was observed. The high expression of NK cells is important in innate immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2. The increase in effector memory CD8+ T‐cell counts, the up‐regulation of inhibitory molecules and the down‐regulation of active molecules on CD4+ T cells and Tfh‐like cells in patients with COVID‐19 would benefit the maintenance of balanced cellular and humoural immune responses, may prevent the development of severe cases and contribute to the recovery of patients with COVID‐19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min-Jin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Fei An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Chun Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Dan Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan-Lan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms. CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. After decades of investigation, five major CD4 T helper cell (Th) subsets have been identified: Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg (T regulatory), and Tfh (follicular T helper) cells. Th1 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ and the master transcription factor T-bet, participate in type 1 immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as mycobacterial species and viruses; Th2 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines interleukin (IL)-4/IL-5/IL-13 and the master transcription factor GAΤA3, participate in type 2 immune responses to larger extracellular pathogens such as helminths; Th17 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines IL-17/IL-22 and the master transcription factor RORγt, participate in type 3 immune responses to extracellular pathogens including some bacteria and fungi; Tfh cells, by producing IL-21 and expressing Bcl6, help B cells produce corresponding antibodies; whereas Foxp3-expressing Treg cells, unlike Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh exerting their effector functions, regulate immune responses to maintain immune cell homeostasis and prevent immunopathology. Interestingly, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been found to mimic the functions of three major effector CD4 T helper subsets (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and thus can also be divided into three major subsets: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. In this review, we will discuss the differentiation and functions of each CD4 T helper cell subset in the context of ILCs and human diseases associated with the dysregulation of these lymphocyte subsets particularly caused by monogenic mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
André S, Rodrigues V, Picard M, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Non-human primates and Leishmania immunity. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100038. [PMID: 33604562 PMCID: PMC7885871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of infectious diseases, non-human primates (NHP) provide the best animal models of human diseases due to the close phylogenetic relationship and the similar physiology and anatomical systems. Herein, we summarized the contribution of NHP models for understanding the immunity to leishmaniases, which are a group of diseases caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and classified as one of the neglected tropical diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia André
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Laval University, QC, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pangault C, Amé-Thomas P, Rossille D, Dulong J, Caron G, Nonn C, Chatonnet F, Desmots F, Launay V, Lamy T, Fest T, Tarte K. Integrative Analysis of Cell Crosstalk within Follicular Lymphoma Cell Niche: Towards a Definition of the FL Supportive Synapse. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102865. [PMID: 33028033 PMCID: PMC7599549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Follicular lymphoma, the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, arises from a germinal center B cell proliferation supported by a multidirectional crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment, in particular with follicular helper T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. Here, we explored this complex network, starting from a comparative analysis of the molecular signatures of B cells, T cells, and stromal cells obtained from normal versus lymphoma tissues, and focusing on deregulated genes reflecting the crosstalk between these three cell subsets organizing the lymphoma cell niche. This helps us to point out new lymphoma-specific pathways, related to transcriptomic and functional specific features of T and stromal cells, and contributing to tumor B cell support directly or through the recruitment and/or activation of other pro-tumoral cell components. In the future, targeting these cell interactions with specific drugs in the FL niche could represent an attractive option for novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, is considered as a prototypical centrocyte-derived lymphoma, dependent on a specific microenvironment mimicking the normal germinal center (GC). In agreement, several FL genetic alterations affect the crosstalk between malignant B cells and surrounding cells, including stromal cells and follicular helper T cells (Tfh). In our study, we sought to deconvolute this complex FL supportive synapse by comparing the transcriptomic profiles of GC B cells, Tfh, and stromal cells, isolated from normal versus FL tissues, in order to identify tumor-specific pathways. In particular, we highlighted a high expression of IL-6 and IL-7 in FL B cells that could favor the activation of FL Tfh overexpressing IFNG, able in turn to stimulate FL B cells without triggering MHC (major histocompatibility) class II expression. Moreover, the glycoprotein clusterin was found up-regulated in FL stromal cells and could promote FL B cell adhesion. Finally, besides its expression on Tfh, CD200 was found overexpressed on tumor B cells and could contribute to the induction of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase by CD200R-expressing dendritic cells. Altogether our findings led us to outline the contribution of major signals provided by the FL microenvironment and their interactions with malignant FL B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pangault
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Rossille
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joëlle Dulong
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gersende Caron
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Céline Nonn
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Chatonnet
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Desmots
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Launay
- Service Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Yves Le Fol, F-22000 Saint Brieuc, France;
| | - Thierry Lamy
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Service Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Fest
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (K.T.); Tel.: +33-(0)-223-234-512 (K.T.)
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (K.T.); Tel.: +33-(0)-223-234-512 (K.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hu WC. A Framework of All Discovered Immunological Pathways and Their Roles for Four Specific Types of Pathogens and Hypersensitivities. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1992. [PMID: 32849663 PMCID: PMC7426516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Godinho-Santos A, Foxall RB, Antão AV, Tavares B, Ferreira T, Serra-Caetano A, Matoso P, Sousa AE. Follicular Helper T Cells Are Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 Reservoirs and Support Productive Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:122-126. [PMID: 31504642 PMCID: PMC6910871 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), CD4 lymphocytes critical for efficient antibody responses, have been shown to be key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reservoirs. Human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection represents a unique naturally occurring model for investigating Tfh role in HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, given its slow rate of CD4 decline, low to undetectable viremia, and high neutralizing antibody titers throughout the disease course. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, Tfh susceptibility to HIV-2 infection by combining in vitro infection of tonsillar Tfh with the ex vivo study of circulating Tfh from HIV-2-infected patients. We reveal that Tfh support productive HIV-2 infection and are preferential viral targets in HIV-2-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bárbara Tavares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Serra-Caetano
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|