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Xia X, Wu Y, Chen Z, Du D, Chen X, Zhang R, Yan J, Wong IN, Huang R. Colon cancer inhibitory properties of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharide and its molecular mechanisms based on three-dimensional cell culture model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131574. [PMID: 38615857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Caulerpa lentillifera is rich in polysaccharides, and its polysaccharides show a significant effect in different biological activities including anti-cancer activity. As an edible algae-derived polysaccharide, exploring the role of colon cancer can better develop the application from a dietary therapy perspective. However, more in-depth studies of C. lentillifera polysaccharide on anti-colon cancer activity and mechanism are needed. In this study, we found that Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides (CLP) showed potential anti-colon cancer effect on human colon cancer cell HT29 in monolayer (IC50 = 1.954 mg/mL) and spheroid (IC50 = 0.402 mg/mL). Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that CLP had an inhibitory effect on HT29 3D spheroid cells by activating aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis as well as arginine and proline metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the anti-colon cancer effects of CLP were confirmed through other human colon cancer cell HCT116 and LoVo in monolayer cells (IC50 = 1.890 mg/mL and 1.437 mg/mL, respectively) and 3D spheroid cells (IC50 = 0.344 mg/mL and 0.975 mg/mL, respectively), and three patient-derived organoids with IC50 values of 6.333-8.780 mg/mL. This study provided basic data for the potential application of CLP in adjuvant therapeutic food for colon cancer on multiple levels, while further investigation of detailed mechanism in vivo was still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- Guangdong Research Center of Organoid Engineering and Technology, Guangzhou 510535, China; Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Danyi Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Io Nam Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Krasnova O, Kovaleva A, Saveleva A, Kulakova K, Bystrova O, Martynova M, Domnina A, Sopova J, Neganova I. Mesenchymal stem cells lose the senescent phenotype under 3D cultivation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:373. [PMID: 38111010 PMCID: PMC10729581 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is widely used in various fields of cell biology. In comparison to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, 3D cell culture facilitates a more accurate replication of the in vivo microenvironment, which is essential for obtaining more relevant results. The application of 3D cell culture techniques in regenerative medicine, particularly in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based research, has been extensively studied. Many of these studies focus on the enhanced paracrine activity of MSCs cultured in 3D environments. However, few focus on the cellular processes that occur during 3D cultivation. METHODS In this work, we studied the changes occurring within 3D-cultured MSCs (3D-MSCs). Specifically, we examined the expression of numerous senescent-associated markers, the actin cytoskeleton structure, the architecture of the Golgi apparatus and the localization of mTOR, one of the main positive regulators of replicative senescence. In addition, we assessed whether the selective elimination of senescent cells occurs upon 3D culturing by using cell sorting based on autofluorescence. RESULTS Our findings indicate that 3D-MSCs were able to lose replicative senescence markers under 3D cell culture conditions. We observed changes in actin cytoskeleton structure, Golgi apparatus architecture and revealed that 3D cultivation leads to the nuclear localization of mTOR, resulting in a decrease in its active cytoplasmic form. Additionally, our findings provide evidence that 3D cell culture promotes the phenotypic reversion of senescent cell phenotype rather than their removal from the bulk population. CONCLUSION These novel insights into the biology of 3D-MSCs can be applied to research in regenerative medicine to overcome replicative senescence and MSC heterogeneity as they often pose significant concerns regarding safety and effectiveness for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Krasnova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A Kovaleva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Saveleva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - K Kulakova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Bystrova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Martynova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Domnina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - J Sopova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Neganova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Lu X, Liu X, Zhong H, Zhang W, Yu S, Guan R. [Progress on three-dimensional cell culture technology and their application]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2023; 40:602-608. [PMID: 37380403 PMCID: PMC10307603 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202204062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model is a system that co-culture carriers with 3D structural materials and different types of cells in vitro to simulate the microenvironment in vivo. This novel cell culture model has been proved to be close to the natural system in vivo. In the process of cell attachment, migration, mitosis and apoptosis, it could produce biological reactions different from that of monolayer cell culture. Therefore, it can be used as an ideal model to evaluate the dynamic pharmacological effects of active substances and the metastasis process of cancer cells. This paper compared and analyzed the different characteristics of cell growth and development under two-dimensional (2D) and 3D model culture and introduced the establishment method of 3D cell model. The application progress of 3D cell culture technology in tumor model and intestinal absorption model was summarized. Finally, the application prospect of 3D cell model in the evaluation and screening of active substance was revealed. This review is expected to provide reference for the development and application of new 3D cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shuzhen Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Rongfa Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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Moradi-Mehr S, Khademy M, Akbari-Birgani S, Kafian H, Lalenejad M, Abdollahpour D, Moghimi M. Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic strategies using a minimal model of luminal-A breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 666:107-114. [PMID: 37182285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular behavior is heavily influenced by cellular interactions, which are often lost in conventional cell culture methods. As a result, in vitro cellular behavior may not accurately reflect in vivo conditions. Three-dimensional (3D) culture, on the other hand, is better suited for studying cellular behavior as it allows for more comprehensive cell communication. In this study, we utilized 3D culture of the MCF-7 cell line to create a minimal model of luminal-A breast cancer and evaluated its histopathological and morphological features using various methods. To determine the optimal therapeutic strategies for eliminating cancer cells, we assessed the effectiveness of diverse therapeutic approaches, including targeting distinct phases of the cell cycle, endocrine therapy, and gene therapy in both 2D and 3D culture systems. Our findings indicate that cells derived from mammospheres respond differently to their parent cells in monolayer culture depending on the therapeutic strategy used. This variability in drug response may be due to the altered microenvironment created by heterogeneous cellular makeup and emerging cellular interactions in the 3D culture. Therefore, it is important to administer a therapeutic approach that can eradicate cells regardless of the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Moradi-Mehr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mitra Khademy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Shiva Akbari-Birgani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran; Research Center for Basic Sciences and Modern Technologies (RBST), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Hosein Kafian
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Meelad Lalenejad
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Daryoush Abdollahpour
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran; Optics Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Minoosh Moghimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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5
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Brown S, Atherton E, Borton DA. A Three-Dimensional Primary Cortical Culture System Compatible with Transgenic Disease Models, Virally Mediated Fluorescence, and Live Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2683:153-167. [PMID: 37300773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3287-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture models can offer high-resolution and high-throughput experimentation of cellular behaviors. However, in vitro culture approaches often fail to fully recapitulate complex cell processes involving synergistic interactions between heterogeneous neural cell populations and the surrounding neural microenvironment. Here, we describe the formation of a three-dimensional primary cortical cell culture system compatible with live confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brown
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elaina Atherton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David A Borton
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Providence Medical Center, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Oner E, Gray SG, Finn SP. Cell Viability Assay with 3D Prostate Tumor Spheroids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:263-275. [PMID: 37202626 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WST-8 (Cell Counting Kit 8; CCK-8) is the last generation tetrazolium-based cell viability assay and has recently been accepted as a validated method for measuring the cell viability of 3D in vitro models. Here, we describe how to form 3D prostate tumor spheroids using the polyHEMA technique, apply drug treatments and WST-8 assay to these spheroids, and calculate their cell viability. The advantages of our protocol are the formation of spheroids without adding extracellular matrix components, and the elimination of the critique handling process needed for transferring spheroids. Although this protocol exemplifies the determination of percentage cell viability in PC-3 prostate tumor spheroids, it can be adapted and optimized for other prostate cell lines and other types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Oner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Balatcik, Izmir, Turkey
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Sir Patrick Dun Translational Research Lab, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Histopathology, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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7
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Cesare E, Urciuolo A, Stuart HT, Torchio E, Gesualdo A, Laterza C, Gagliano O, Martewicz S, Cui M, Manfredi A, Di Filippo L, Sabatelli P, Squarzoni S, Zorzan I, Betto RM, Martello G, Cacchiarelli D, Luni C, Elvassore N. 3D ECM-rich environment sustains the identity of naive human iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1703-1717.e7. [PMID: 36459970 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of in vitro naive human pluripotent stem cell cultures opened new perspectives for the study of early events in human development. The role of several transcription factors and signaling pathways have been characterized during maintenance of human naive pluripotency. However, little is known about the role exerted by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its three-dimensional (3D) organization. Here, using an unbiased and integrated approach combining microfluidic cultures with transcriptional, proteomic, and secretome analyses, we found that naive, but not primed, hiPSC colonies are characterized by a self-organized ECM-rich microenvironment. Based on this, we developed a 3D culture system that supports robust long-term feeder-free self-renewal of naive hiPSCs and also allows direct and timely developmental morphogenesis simply by modulating the signaling environment. Our study opens new perspectives for future applications of naive hiPSCs to study critical stages of human development in 3D starting from a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cesare
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Anna Urciuolo
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Institute of Pediatric Research IRP, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova 35127, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Hannah T Stuart
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Torchio
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Alessia Gesualdo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Onelia Gagliano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Sebastian Martewicz
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meihua Cui
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lucio Di Filippo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- CNR - Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Squarzoni
- CNR - Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Zorzan
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Riccardo M Betto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Graziano Martello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Wieland F, Schumacher A, Roumans N, van Blitterswijk C, LaPointe V, Rademakers T. Methodological approaches in aggregate formation and microscopic analysis to assess pseudoislet morphology and cellular interactions. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:87. [PMID: 37645341 PMCID: PMC10446072 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14894.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Microscopy has revolutionised our view on biology and has been vital for many discoveries since its invention around 200 years ago. Recent developments in cell biology have led to a strong interest in generating spheroids and organoids that better represent tissue. However, the current challenge faced by many researchers is the culture and analysis of these three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. With the technological improvements in reconstructing volumetric datasets by optical sections, it is possible to quantify cells, their spatial arrangement, and the protein distribution without destroying the physical organization. We assessed three different microwell culture plates and four analysis tools for 3D imaging data for their applicability for the analysis of 3D cultures. A key advantage of microwell plates is their potential to perform high-throughput experiments in which cell cultures are generated and analysed in one single system. However, it was shown that this potential could be impacted by the material composition and microwell structure. For example, antibody staining was not possible in a hydrogel microwell, and truncated pyramid-structured microwells had increased background fluorescence due to their structure. Regarding analysis tools, four different software, namely CellProfiler, Fiji/ImageJ, Nikon GA3 and Imaris, were compared for their accuracy and applicability in analysing datasets from 3D cultures. The results showed that the open-access software, CellProfiler and Fiji, could quantify nuclei and cells, yet with varying results compared to manual counting, and may require post-processing optimisation. On the other hand, the GA3 and Imaris software packages showed excellent versatility in usage and accuracy in the quantification of nuclei and cells, and could classify cell localisation. Together these results provide critical considerations for microscopic imaging and analysis of 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wieland
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Schumacher
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Roumans
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa LaPointe
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Rademakers
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Khamesi SM, Salehi Barough M, Zargan J, Shayesteh M, Banaee N, Haji Noormohammadi A, Keshavarz Alikhani H, Mousavi M. Evaluation of Anticancer and Cytotoxic Effects of Genistein on PC3 Prostate Cell Line under Three-Dimensional Culture Medium. Iran Biomed J 2022; 26:380-8. [PMID: 36403104 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease and mortality among men. Genistein (GNT) is an isoflavone found naturally in legumes. Isoflavones, a subset of phytoestrogens, are structurally similar to mammalian estrogens. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer and cytotoxic effects of GNT on PC3 cell line under three dimensional (3D) culture medium. Methods The 3D culture was created by encapsulating the PC3 cells in alginate hydrogel. MTT assay, neutral red uptake, comet assay, and cytochrome C assay were used to study the anticancer and cytotoxic effects of GNT at 120, 240, and 480 μM concentrations. Also, nitric oxide (NO), catalase, and glutathione assay levels were determined to evaluate the effect of GNT on the cellular stress. The culture medium was used as the negative control. Results GNT reduced the production of cellular NO and increased the production of catalase and glutathione, confirming the results of the NO test. Evaluation of the toxicity effect of GNT at the concentrations of 120, 240, and 480 μM using comet assay showed that this chemical agent induces apoptosis in PC3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. As the level of cytochrome C in PC3 cells treated with different concentrations of GNT was not significantly different from that of the control, GNT could induce apoptosis in PC3 cells through the non-mitochondrial pathway. Conclusion The findings of this study disclose that the anticancer effect of GNT on PC3 cells under 3D culture conditions could increase the effectiveness of treatment. Also, the cell survival rate is dependent on GNT concentration.
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Juarez-Moreno K, Chávez-García D, Hirata G, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Monolayer (2D) or spheroids (3D) cell cultures for nanotoxicological studies? Comparison of cytotoxicity and cell internalization of nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105461. [PMID: 36049398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture monolayers are commonly used for toxicological assessments of nanomaterials. Despite their facile handling, they exhibit several constraints due to their structural and complexity differences with three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell models, such as spheroids. Here, we conducted a comparative nanotoxicological study of fibroblasts (L929) and melanoma (B16-F10) cells, grown in 2D and 3D arrangements. The cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, genotoxicity, cell morphology complexity, and uptake of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and folic acid-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (FA-UCNPs) were compared in the two culture arrangements. AgNPs cytotoxicity was higher in spheroids than in monolayer cultures. Furthermore, apoptotic cell percentages and ROS production were higher in 3D than in 2D cell cultures. More importantly, 2D cultures required twice the concentration of AgNPs than the 3D cell models to reach a considerable DNA damage index (c.a. 200). Therefore, spheroids are more sensitive to the genotoxic effects of AgNPs. FA-UCNPs exerted negligible cell toxicity in 2D and 3D cell models. Moreover, AgNPs induced disaggregation and downsizing of spheroids in a facile and concentration-dependent manner. Internalization of FA-UCNPs in spheroids was 20% higher than in the 2D cell arrangements. Collectively, our findings, demonstrated that spheroids are a more sensitive model than monolayers for the assessment of nanoparticle biocompatibility and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
| | | | - Gustavo Hirata
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Henrique RBL, Lima RRM, Monteiro CAP, Oliveira WF, Pereira G, Cabral Filho PE, Fontes A. Advances in the study of spheroids as versatile models to evaluate biological interactions of inorganic nanoparticles. Life Sci 2022; 302:120657. [PMID: 35609631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids are in vitro three-dimensional multicellular microstructures able to mimic the biological microenvironment, including the complexity of tumor architecture. Therefore, results closer to those expected for in vivo organisms can be reached using spheroids compared to the cell culture monolayer model. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have also been playing relevant roles in the comprehension of biological processes. Moreover, they have been probed as novel diagnostic and therapeutical nanosystems. In this context, in this review, we present applications, published in the last five years, which show that spheroids can be versatile models to study and evaluate biological interactions involving inorganic NPs. Applications of spheroids associated with (i) basic studies to assess the penetration profile of nanostructures, (ii) the evaluation of NP toxicity, and (iii) NP-based therapeutical approaches are described. Fundamentals of spheroids and their formation methods are also included. We hope that this review can be a reference and guide future investigations related to this interesting three-dimensional biological model, favoring advances to Nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella B L Henrique
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rennan R M Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camila A P Monteiro
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Weslley F Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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12
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Gao H, Wang B, Chen R, Jin Z, Ren L, Yang J, Wang W, Zheng N, Lin R. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on endothelial function in three-dimensional hydrogel vascular model and regulation mechanism of polar protein Par3. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35901804 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures better reflect the function of endothelial cells (ECs) than two-dimensional (2D) cultures. In recent years, studies have found that ECs cultured in a 3D luminal structure can mimic the biological characteristics and phenotypes of vascular ECs, thus making it more suitable for endothelial dysfunction research. In this study, we used a 3D model and 2D tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) to investigate the effects of cell polarity on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced endothelial dysfunction and its related mechanisms. We observed the cell morphology, oxidative stress, and barrier and endothelial function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in 3D and 2D cultures. We then used Illumina to detect the differentially expressed genes in the 3D-cultured HUVEC with and without H2O2 stimulation, using ClusterProfiler for Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. Finally, we explored the role and mechanism of polar protein partitioning defective protein 3 (Par3) in the regulation of ECs. ECs were inoculated into the 3D hydrogel channel; after stimulation with H2O2, the morphology of HUVECs changed, the boundary was blurred, the expression of intercellular junction proteins decreased, and the barrier function of the EC layer was damaged. 3D culture increased the oxidative stress response of cells stimulated by H2O2 compared to 2D TCPs. The polarity-related protein Par3 and cell division control protein 42 (CDC42) were screened using bioinformatics analysis, and western blotting was used to verify the results. Par3 knockdown significantly suppressed claudin1 (CLDN1) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). These results suggest that the polar protein Par3 can protect H2O2-induced vascular ECs from damage by regulating CLDN1 and VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Gao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, CHINA
| | - Bo Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, CHINA
| | - Ruomeng Chen
- Mechanical and electrical engineering department, Tangshan university, Mechanical and electrical engineering department, Tangshan university, Tang Shan 063000, Hebei, P. R. China, Tangshan, 063000, CHINA
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, 710061, CHINA
| | - Lingxuan Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, 710061, CHINA
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, 710061, CHINA
| | - Weirong Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, CHINA
| | - Nanbo Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, CHINA
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi, P. R. China, Xi'an, 710061, CHINA
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Zhang SY, Zhao J, Ni JJ, Li H, Quan ZZ, Qing H. Application and prospects of high-throughput screening for in vitro neurogenesis. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:393-419. [PMID: 35949394 PMCID: PMC9244953 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i6.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, high-throughput screening (HTS) has made great contributions to new drug discovery. HTS technology is equipped with higher throughput, minimized platforms, more automated and computerized operating systems, more efficient and sensitive detection devices, and rapid data processing systems. At the same time, in vitro neurogenesis is gradually becoming important in establishing models to investigate the mechanisms of neural disease or developmental processes. However, challenges remain in generating more mature and functional neurons with specific subtypes and in establishing robust and standardized three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models with neural cells cultured in 3D matrices or organoids representing specific brain regions. Here, we review the applications of HTS technologies on in vitro neurogenesis, especially aiming at identifying the essential genes, chemical small molecules and adaptive microenvironments that hold great prospects for generating functional neurons or more reproductive and homogeneous 3D organoids. We also discuss the developmental tendency of HTS technology, e.g., so-called next-generation screening, which utilizes 3D organoid-based screening combined with microfluidic devices to narrow the gap between in vitro models and in vivo situations both physiologically and pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Huynh V, Tatari N, Marple A, Savage N, McKenna D, Venugopal C, Singh SK, Wylie R. Real-time evaluation of a hydrogel delivery vehicle for cancer immunotherapeutics within embedded spheroid cultures. J Control Release 2022; 348:386-396. [PMID: 35644288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many protein immunotherapeutics are hindered by transport barriers that prevent the obtainment of minimum effective concentrations (MECs) in solid tumors. Local delivery vehicles with tunable release (infusion) rates for immunotherapeutics are being developed to achieve local and sustained release. To expedite their discovery and translation, in vitro models can identify promising delivery vehicles and immunotherapies that benefit from sustained release by evaluating cancer spheroid killing in real-time. Using displacement affinity release (DAR) within a hydrogel, we tuned the release of a CD133 targeting dual antigen T cell engager (DATE) without the need for further DATE or hydrogel modifications, yielding an injectable vehicle that acts as a tunable infusion pump. To quantify bioactivity benefits, a 3D embedded cancer spheroid model was developed for the evaluation of sustained protein release and combination therapies on T cell mediated spheroid killing. Using automated brightfield and fluorescent microscopy, the size of red fluorescent protein (iRFP670) expressing spheroids were tracked to quantify spheroid growth or killing over time as a function of controlled delivery. We demonstrate that sustained DATE release enhanced T cell mediated killing of embedded glioblastoma spheroids at longer timepoints, killing was further enhanced with the addition of anti-PD1 antibody (αPD1). The multi-cellular embedded spheroid model with automated microscopy demonstrated the benefit of extended bispecific release on T cell mediated killing, which will expedite the identification and translation of delivery vehicles such as DAR for immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - April Marple
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ryan Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
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Nii T, Tabata Y. Immunosuppressive mesenchymal stem cells aggregates incorporating hydrogel microspheres promote an in vitro invasion of cancer cells. Regen Ther 2022; 18:516-522. [PMID: 34977285 PMCID: PMC8668441 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to design a co-culture system of cancer cells and three-dimensional (3D) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) aggregates for the in vitro evaluation of cancer invasion. Methods First, the MSC of an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) were prepared by the MSC stimulation of polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid. By simple mixing MSC2 and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) in a U-bottomed well of 96 well plates which had been pre-coated with poly (vinyl alcohol), 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM were obtained. The amount of chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) secreted from the MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM. Finally, an invasion assay was performed to evaluate the cancer invasion rate by co-cultured cancer cells and the 3D MSC2 incorporating GM. Results The amount of CCL5 secreted for the 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM was significantly higher than that of two-dimensional (2D) MSC, 2D MSC2, and 3D MSC aggregates incorporating GM. When MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were co-cultured with the 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM, the invasion rate of cancer cells was significantly high compared with that of 2D MSC or 2D MSC2 and 3D MSC aggregates incorporating GM. In addition, high secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was observed for the 3D MSC2 aggregates/cancer cells system. Conclusions It is concluded that the co-culture system of 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM and cancer cells is promising to evaluate the invasion of cancer cells in vitro. This invasion model is an important tool for anti-cancer drug screening. Mesenchymal stem cells of an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) were obtained. 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres were prepared. 3D MSC2 aggregates promoted the invasion rate of cancer cells.
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Key Words
- (CCL)5, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Anti-cancer drug screening
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- Cancer invasion model
- DDW, double-distilled water
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GM, gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cells
- MSC2, MSC of an immunosuppressive phenotype
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- PBS, phosphate buffered-saline
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophages
- Three-dimensional cell culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue equivalents have been widely developed with applications with a multitude of organs and tissues. While these systems lead to significant improvements over conventional two-dimensional culture, the static conditions of the surrounding medium still present a limitation to the physiological relevance of these models. Medium perfusion and convective mixing can be introduced to these models through a variety of techniques using equipment such as pumps and rockers. These systems can easily become very complex or suffer from limited control over the fluid flow properties. We have developed a bioreactor enabling controlled perfusion of 3D tissue equivalents utilizing a magnetic stirrer-based system, allowing for scalability and ease of use. This system has demonstrated potential applications in a range of tissues such as the liver, intestine, and skin, with many other potential applications yet to be tested. Our solution provides users with a low cost and easy to use alternative to complex bioreactor systems while still providing high levels of control over fluid flow and structural properties of the tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Claire L Mobbs
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Stefan A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.
- REPROCELL Europe Ltd., NETPark Incubator, Sedgefield, UK.
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Liu L, Koo Y, Russell T, Yun Y. A Three-Dimensional Brain-on-a-Chip Using Human iPSC-Derived GABAergic Neurons and Astrocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:117-128. [PMID: 35733041 PMCID: PMC9831117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brain-on-a-chip is a miniaturized engineering platform to mimic the structural and functional aspects of brain tissue. We describe a method to construct a three-dimensional (3D) brain-on-a-chip in this chapter. We firstly portray the method of a brain-on-a-chip model with cocultured mice neurons, microglia, and astrocytes to mimic brain tissue and membrane-free perfusion with endothelial cells, in which we successfully build the blood-brain barrier to screen neurotoxicity. Then we describe a method to construct a brain-on-a-chip with human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes to simulate human brain behavior. This platform consists of neuronal tissue with extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded GABAergic neurons and astrocytes and a perfusion channel with dynamic flow. We also include the broader applicability test of this model using an organophosphate (OP), malathion, to induce acute and chronic neurotoxicity, and then using butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) as an exogenous bioscavenger of OP. Following the methods listed in this chapter, we are able to measure the neurotoxic effects on construct integrity, viability, and total AChE and BuChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Liu
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Youngmi Koo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Teal Russell
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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Tang X, Brindley DN. Analysis of Cell Proliferation by Three-Dimensional Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2579:197-207. [PMID: 36045208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2736-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology is a powerful tool in cancer research and drug development. It retains several critical components of the in vivo environment, including cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in a 3D fashion, gradients of oxygen, nutrients and metabolic waste, and it is thus more physiologically relevant than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Here, we describe a simple and versatile method using commercially available chamber slides and Matrigel, a surrogate ECM hydrogel, to set up a 3D culture model for breast cancer cells. In this 3D culture model, cells form aggregates or spheroids on top of a thin layer of Matrigel, which can be fixed directly onto the chamber slides for cell imaging and immunofluorescence staining. Alternatively, RNA and protein can be extracted from the cells for further investigation. This 3D cell culture model provides a useful platform for cancer research and drug development, in which the effects of novel compounds or genetic modifications can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Samimi H, Sohi AN, Irani S, Arefian E, Mahdiannasser M, Fallah P, Haghpanah V. Alginate-based 3D cell culture technique to evaluate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration: an in vitro model of anticancer drug study for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid Res 2021; 14:27. [PMID: 34861882 PMCID: PMC8641225 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-021-00118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods are identified for simulating the biological microenvironment and demonstrating more similarity to in vivo circumstances. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a lethal endocrine malignancy. Despite different treatment approaches, no improvement in the survival rate of the patients has been shown. In this study, we used the 3D in vitro ATC model to investigate the cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 anticancer drug in two-dimensional (2D)- and 3D- cultured cells. Methods Human ATC cell lines, C643 and SW1736, were cultured in one percentage (w/v) sodium alginate. Spheroids were incubated in medium for one week. The reproducibility of the fabrication of alginate beads was evaluated. Encapsulation of the cells in alginate was examined by DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. Survival of alginate-encapsulated cells was evaluated by CFSE (5,6-Carboxyfluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) staining. The population doubling times of C643 and SW1736 cell lines cultured in 2D monolayer as well as in 3D system were calculated. The cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 on 2D- and 3D- cultured cell lines was assessed for 24–72 h by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Finally, the 3D culture results were compared with the 2D culture method. Results The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of BI-847325 were higher in 3D culture compared to 2D culture. The cytotoxicity data indicated that 3D in vitro models were more resistant to chemotherapy agents. Conclusions The findings of this study are beneficial for developing in vitro ATC 3D models to analyze the efficacy of different chemotherapy drugs and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Naderi Sohi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mahdiannasser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Fallah
- Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences (ABZUMS), Taleghani Boulevard, Taleghani Square, Karaj, 3155717453, Iran.
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Seo J, Yun J, Fukuda J, Chun YS. Tumor-intrinsic FABP5 is a novel driver for colon cancer cell growth via the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Cancer Genet 2021; 258-259:151-156. [PMID: 34775260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional lipid metabolism is a known cause of cancer development and progression, yet little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrate that fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) is elevated in colon cancer tissue and this increased expression is linked to upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway. Under physiologically in vivo mimicked conditions via a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based three-dimensional (3D) culture chip, FABP5-knockdown colon cancer cells exhibited attenuated cell growth throughout the culture period. FABP5 was found to regulate HIF-1α protein levels and gene expression levels within the HIF-1α signaling pathway under hypoxic conditions. Our results provide evidence that supports the use of FABP5 as a prognostic factor in colon cancer. The FABP5/HIF-1α axis is a promising target for ameliorating fatty acid-triggered cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - JeongEun Yun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
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Rabionet M, Polonio-Alcalá E, Relat J, Yeste M, Sims-Mourtada J, Kloxin AM, Planas M, Feliu L, Ciurana J, Puig T. Fatty acid synthase as a feasible biomarker for triple negative breast cancer stem cell subpopulation cultured on electrospun scaffolds. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100155. [PMID: 34841239 PMCID: PMC8606546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which presents an aggressive profile and poor prognosis. Recent studies noticed the feasibility of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a small population responsible for tumor initiation and relapse, to become a novel target for TNBC treatments. However, new cell culture supports need to be standardized since traditional two-dimensional (2D) surfaces do not maintain the stemness state of cells. Hence, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds represent an alternative to study in vitro cell behavior without inducing cell differentiation. In this work, electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds were used to enrich BCSC subpopulation of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells, confirmed by the upregulation of several stemness markers and the existence of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition within 3D culture. Moreover, 3D-cultured cells displayed a shift from MAPK to PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, accompanied by an enhanced EGFR and HER2 activation, especially at early cell culture times. Lastly, the fatty acid synthase (FASN), a lipogenic enzyme overexpressed in several carcinomas, was found to be hyperactivated in stemness-enriched samples. Its pharmacological inhibition led to stemness diminishment, overcoming the BCSC expansion achieved in 3D culture. Therefore, FASN may represent a novel target for BCSC niche in TNBC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rabionet
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Emma Polonio-Alcalá
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc, Newark, DE, USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
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Ikeo S, Yamamoto Y, Ikeda K, Sone N, Korogi Y, Tomiyama L, Matsumoto H, Hirai T, Hagiwara M, Gotoh S. Core-shell hydrogel microfiber-expanded pluripotent stem cell-derived lung progenitors applicable to lung reconstruction in vivo. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121031. [PMID: 34304138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the only treatment available for end-stage lung diseases; however, donor shortage is a global issue. The use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for organ regeneration is a promising approach. Nevertheless, methods for the expansion of isolated hPSC-derived lung progenitors (hLPs) for transplantation purposes have not yet been reported. Herein, we established an expansion system of hLPs based on their three-dimensional culture in core-shell hydrogel microfibers, that ensures the maintenance of their bipotency for differentiation into alveolar and airway epithelial cells including alveolar type II (AT2) cells. Further, we developed an efficient in vivo transplantation method using an endoscope-assisted transtracheal administration system; the successful engraftment and in vivo differentiation of hLPs into alveolar epithelial cells (incorporated into the alveoli) was observed. Importantly, expanded hLPs in the context of microfibers were successfully transplanted into the murine lungs, opening avenues for cell-based therapies of lung diseases. Therefore, our novel method has potential regenerative medicine applications; additionally, the high-quality hLPs and AT2 cells generated via the microfiber-based technology are valuable for drug discovery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ikeo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; HiLung Inc., Kyoto, 606-8304, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Sone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yohei Korogi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Lucia Tomiyama
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Song DG, Kim E, Lee JW. Metastatic behavior analyses of tetraspanin TM4SF5-expressing spheres in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture environment. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:1162-72. [PMID: 33222072 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis involves diverse cellular functions via bidirectional communications between intracellular and extracellular spaces. To achieve development of the anti-metastatic drugs, one needs to consider the efficacy and mode of action (MOA) of the drug candidates to block the metastatic potentials of cancerous cells. Rather than under two-dimensional environment, investigation of the metastatic potentials under three-dimensional environment would be much pharmaceutically beneficent, since it can mimic the in vivo tumor lesions in cancer patients, leading to allowance of drug candidates analyzed in the 3D culture systems to lower failure rates during the anti-metastatic drug development. Here we have reviewed on the analyses of metastatic potentials of certain cancer models in 3D culture systems surrounded with extracellular matrix proteins, which could be supported by TM4SF5- and/or EMT-mediated actions. We particularly focused the initial events of the cancer metastasis, such as invasive outgrowth and dissemination from the cancer cell masses, spheroids, embedded in the 3D gel culture systems. This review summarizes the significance of tetraspanin TM4SF5 and Snail1 that are related to EMT in the metastatic potentials explored in the 3D gel systems.
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Moraes GDS, Wink MR, Klamt F, Silva AO, da Cruz Fernandes M. Simplified low-cost methodology to establish, histologically process and analyze three-dimensional cancer cell spheroid arrays. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151095. [PMID: 32646644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differently of two-dimensional cell culture, three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroid model allows cells to establish cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions over the entire cell surface, more closely mimicking tumor microenvironments and cellular subpopulations with specific standards of morphology, differentiation and gene expression. Thenceforth several methodologies involving or the 3D cell aggregates generation or its histological processing and analysis have emerged, but in general they are laborious, expensive and complex to set up as a routine technique. Thus, we developed a complete methodology, detailing a simple, accessible and low-cost step by step, including 1) the 3D cell aggregate generation using hanging drop technique; 2) providing a simple way to assess morphological parameters of generated spheroids; followed by 3) a multiple and organized histological processing, keeping several individual spheroids inside an agarose apparatus, maintaining a known order and position of each ones, similar to tissue microarray principle; 4) until the last step, where it is allowed a simultaneous histological composition analysis of several spheroid slices, organized side by side, in a same block section, through conventional stainings or 5) immunostaining against different molecular markers. Therefore, the present methodology aims to popularize 3D cell culture, allowing to make this a regular technique in basic cell biology research, once all steps are performed without using onerous reagents, materials or equipment. In addition to bring the agarose apparatus as a simple low cost novelty, allowing high-throughput analysis of several spheroids simultaneously in an organized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle de Souza Moraes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Klamt
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Andrew Oliveira Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Nii T, Makino K, Tabata Y. A cancer invasion model of cancer-associated fibroblasts aggregates combined with TGF-β1 release system. Regen Ther 2020; 14:196-204. [PMID: 32154334 PMCID: PMC7058408 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to design a cancer invasion model where the cancer invasion rate can be regulated in vitro. Methods Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) containing various concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (CAF-GM-TGF-β1) were prepared. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for the CAF aggregates was measured to investigate the CAF activation level by changing the concentration of TGF-β1. An invasion assay was performed to evaluate the cancer invasion rate by co-cultured of cancer cells with various CAF-GM-TGF-β1. Results The expression level of α-SMA for CAF increased with an increased in the TGF-β1 concentration. When co-cultured with various types of CAF-GM-TGF-β1, the cancer invasion rate was well correlated with the α-SMA level. It is conceivable that the TGF-β1 concentration could modify the level of CAF activation, leading to the invasion rate of cancer cells. In addition, at the high concentrations of TGF-β1, the effect of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor on the cancer invasion rate was observed. The higher invasion rate would be achieved through the higher MMP production. Conclusions The present model is promising to realize the cancer invasion whose rate can be modified by changing the TGF-β1 concentration. This invasion model would be a promising tool for anti-cancer drug screening. TGF-β1 was controlled release from gelatin hydrogel microspheres. CAF were activated by increased TGF-β1 concentration. There was a good correlation between invasion rate and TGF-β1 concentration. Higher invasion rate would be achieved through matrix metalloproteinase production.
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Key Words
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Anti-cancer drug screening
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- Cancer invasion model
- DDW, double-distilled water
- Drug delivery system
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GM, gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PBS, phosphate buffered-saline
- PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1
- Three-dimensional cell culture
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Franco-Barraza J, Raghavan KS, Luong T, Cukierman E. Engineering clinically-relevant human fibroblastic cell-derived extracellular matrices. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 156:109-160. [PMID: 32222216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culturing models, replicating in vivo tissue microenvironments that incorporate native extracellular matrix (ECM), have revolutionized the cell biology field. Fibroblastic cells generate lattices of interstitial ECM proteins. Cell interactions with ECMs and with molecules sequestered/stored within these are crucial for tissue development and homeostasis maintenance. Hence, ECMs provide cells with biochemical and biomechanical cues to support and locally control cell function. Further, dynamic changes in ECMs, and in cell-ECM interactions, partake in growth, development, and temporary occurrences such as acute wound healing. Notably, dysregulation in ECMs and fibroblasts could be important triggers and modulators of pathological events such as developmental defects, and diseases associated with fibrosis and chronic inflammation such as cancer. Studying the type of fibroblastic cells producing these matrices and how alterations to these cells enable changes in ECMs are of paramount importance. This chapter provides a step-by-step method for producing multilayered (e.g., 3D) fibroblastic cell-derived matrices (fCDM). Methods also include means to assess ECM topography and other cellular traits, indicative of fibroblastic functional statuses, like naïve/normal vs. inflammatory and/or myofibroblastic. For these, protocols include indications for isolating normal and diseased fibroblasts (i.e., cancer-associated fibroblasts known as CAFs). Protocols also include means for conducting microscopy assessments, querying whether fibroblasts present with fCDM-dependent normal or CAF phenotypes. These are supported by discrete semi-quantitative digital imaging analyses, providing some imaging processing advice. Additionally, protocols include descriptions for effective fCDM decellularization, which renders cellular debris-free patho/physiological in vivo-like scaffolds, suitable as 3D substrates for subsequent cell culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Franco-Barraza
- Cancer Biology, The Martin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kristopher S Raghavan
- Cancer Biology, The Martin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tiffany Luong
- Cancer Biology, The Martin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Biology, The Martin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Abstract
Imaging live cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system yields more accurate information and spatial visualization of the interplay of cells and the surrounding matrix components compared to using a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture system. However, the thickness of 3D cultures results in a high degree of scattering that makes it difficult for the light to penetrate deeply to allow clear optical imaging. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a powerful imaging modality that relies on a PA effect generated when light is absorbed by exogenous contrast agents or endogenous molecules in a medium. It combines a high optical contrast with a high acoustic spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the noninvasive visualization of 3D cellular scaffolds at considerable depths with a high resolution and no image distortion. Moreover, advances in targeted contrast agents have also made PA imaging capable of molecular and cellular characterization for use in preclinical personalized diagnostics or PA imaging-guided therapeutics. Here we review the applications and challenges of PA imaging in a 3D cellular microenvironment. Potential future developments of PA imaging in preclinical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chi Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Alizadeh A, Rezakhani L, Anjom Shoa M, Ghasemi S. Frequency of CD44 positive cells in MKN45 cell line after treatment with docetaxel in two and three-dimensional cell cultures. Tissue Cell 2019; 63:101324. [PMID: 32223952 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is more similar to in vivo studies and suitable for studies of interactions between cells and extracellular matrix. CD44 is a cell surface receptor that can relate with the extracellular matrix molecules. CD44 in gastric cancer (GC) is a metastatic and drug resistance marker. In this study the quantity of CD44+ cells in MKN-45 cell line in response to half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) dose of Docetaxel (DOC) was measured in 2D and 3D cultures. MKN-45 cell line was cultured in 2D and 3D environments. For 3D culture, rat gastric tissue was separated and decellularized and MKN-45 cells were injected and cultured in the prepared matrix. The frequency of CD44+ cells in 2D and 3D cultures were analyzed before and after treatment with IC50 of DOC by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Despite different environmental conditions, The frequency of CD44+ cells increased significantly in 2D and 3D environments after treatment with IC50 of DOC (P < 0.05). Given the advantages of 3D, this environment seems more appropriate for study about CD44+ cells and drug resistance in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjom Shoa
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Abstract
Background Three dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been an area of increasing interest and relevance across several research fields including drug discovery, developmental biology and stem cell-based therapies. However, handling 3D structures can be difficult. In particular, the replacement of liquid media and reagents in which liquid is removed using pipettes is difficult to perform as the 3D spheroids can be easily aspirated into the pipette tip. Results We have developed the 3D-tip, a novel tool that facilitates media change and washing procedures of 3D-spheroid cultures. The 3D-tip contains a mesh with 40-μm pores allowing the aspiration of liquids including media, drugs, buffers and reagents, with the mesh acting as a barrier preventing the spheroids being aspirated into the pipette tip. After aspiration of liquids, the spheroids are gently deposited back into the culture vessel. Our results demonstrate that the 3D-tips offer superior handling of 3D-spheroid cultures in comparison to commonly used methods. We showed that the 3D-tips can easily be used on both fixed and unfixed spheroids and on cancer cell, stem cell and glial cell spheroids. In contrast with the 50/50 media exchange method, the 3D-tips allow a complete media change with minimal loss of spheroids and without damaging their morphology. Our results showed that 86.0% of spheroids remained in the chamber after changing the media using the 3D-tips. In contrast, only 45.0% of spheroids remained using the 50/50 media exchange strategy. In comparison with the centrifugation technique, the 3D-tips preserved spheroids whereas centrifugation led to the loss of spheroids and/or the alteration of the size and shape of the 3D cellular structures. We observed that 87.6 and 84.6% of the fixed and unfixed spheroids remained using the 3D-tip, respectively. In contrast, only 66.3% of the fixed spheroids and 36.4% of the unfixed spheroids were left using the centrifugation method. From a time perspective, the 3D-tips dramatically reduce the time taken for replacing media. Conclusions This novel pipette tip is suitable for high throughput screening and automation and will revolutionise the techniques used for the production and analysis of 3D spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- 1Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- 1Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - James A St John
- 1Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
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Kim JA, Hong S, Rhee WJ. Microfluidic three-dimensional cell culture of stem cells for high-throughput analysis. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:803-816. [PMID: 31693013 PMCID: PMC6828593 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the recent advances in stem cell engineering have gained a great deal of attention due to their high potential in clinical research, the applicability of stem cells for preclinical screening in the drug discovery process is still challenging due to difficulties in controlling the stem cell microenvironment and the limited availability of high-throughput systems. Recently, researchers have been actively developing and evaluating three-dimensional (3D) cell culture-based platforms using microfluidic technologies, such as organ-on-a-chip and organoid-on-a-chip platforms, and they have achieved promising breakthroughs in stem cell engineering. In this review, we start with a comprehensive discussion on the importance of microfluidic 3D cell culture techniques in stem cell research and their technical strategies in the field of drug discovery. In a subsequent section, we discuss microfluidic 3D cell culture techniques for high-throughput analysis for use in stem cell research. In addition, some potential and practical applications of organ-on-a-chip or organoid-on-a-chip platforms using stem cells as drug screening and disease models are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ah Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
- Program in Biomicro System Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
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31
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Lam NT, Tandon I, Balachandran K. The role of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 on the pathological behavior of valve interstitial cells in a three-dimensional mechanically-conditioned model. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31149027 PMCID: PMC6537403 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than five million Americans suffer from heart valve disease annually, a condition that worsens cardiac function and gradually leads to heart failure if appropriate treatment is not performed on time. Currently no medication can cure heart valve disease, leaving surgical intervention as the only viable option for patients at late stages of cardiac valve disease. Tremendous efforts have been undertaken to elucidate how resident cells in the valves respond to pathological stimulation as well as the underlying mechanisms that regulate these responses, to identify potential therapeutic targets for non-surgical treatment of valvular heart disease. Results Cardiac valve interstitial cells (VICs) naturally reside in a complex three-dimensional environment under varying hemodynamics, which is difficult to replicate in vitro. As a result, most cell signaling studies in the field have traditionally been conducted on two-dimensional models or in the absence of hemodynamic forces. Previously, we reported the fabrication of a hydrogel scaffold that could be used to culture valve cells under dynamic mechanical stimulation in a valve-mimetic environment. This model, therefore appeared to be suitable for VIC signaling studies as it provided cells a three-dimensional environment with the ability to incorporate mechanical stretching stimulation. Utilizing this model, we investigated the possible role of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 (FGF1 and FGF2) via FGFR1 receptor signaling in regulating valve cell activation under physiological (10% stretch) and pathological (20% stretch) mechanical conditions as well as in mediating cell proliferation and metabolism via the Akt/mTOR pathways. We reported that 1) FGF1 and FGF2 treatment was able to maintain the quiescent phenotype of VICs; 2) Cells increased proliferation as determined by optical redox ratios under elevated cyclic stretch via Akt/mTOR pathways; and 3) FGF1 and 2 signaling via the FGFR1 reduced VIC proliferation and activation under elevated cyclic stretch conditions. Conclusions Overall, these results suggested that targeting FGFR1 receptor signaling may represent a possible therapeutic strategy for preventing heart valve disease progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0168-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thien Lam
- 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Ishita Tandon
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
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Wu LJ, Chen ZY, Wang Y, Zhao JG, Xie XZ, Chen G. Organoids of liver diseases: From bench to bedside. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1913-1927. [PMID: 31086460 PMCID: PMC6487380 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i16.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the occurrence, development, and treatment of liver diseases is the main goal of hepatopathology research. Liver diseases are not only diverse but also highly heterogeneous among individuals. At present, research on liver diseases is conducted mainly through cell culture, animal models, pathological specimens, etc. However, these methods cannot fully reveal the pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic characteristics of individualized liver diseases. Recent advances in three-dimensional cell culture technology (organoid culture techniques) include pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells that are cultured in vitro to form self-organizing properties, making it possible to achieve individualized liver disease research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of liver organoids, the existing and potential applications of liver regenerative medicine, the pathogenesis of liver disease heterogeneity, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi-Yan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Center of Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun-Gang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zai Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Smyrek I, Mathew B, Fischer SC, Lissek SM, Becker S, Stelzer EHK. E-cadherin, actin, microtubules and FAK dominate different spheroid formation phases and important elements of tissue integrity. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.037051. [PMID: 30578251 PMCID: PMC6361217 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroids resemble features of tissues and serve as model systems to study cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions in non-adhesive three-dimensional environments. Although it is generally accepted that mature spheroids resemble tissue properties very well, no studies relate different phases in the spheroid formation processes that contribute to tissue integrity. Tissue integrity involves the cellular processes adhesion formation, adhesion reinforcement, rearrangement as well as proliferation. They maintain the structure and function of tissues and, upon dysregulation, contribute to malignancy. We investigated spheroid formation dynamics in cell lines of different metastatic potential. We dissected spheroid formation into phases of aggregation, compaction and growth to identify the respective contributions of E-cadherin, actin, microtubules and FAK. E-cadherin, actin and microtubules drive the first two phases. Microtubules and FAK are involved in the proliferation phase. FAK activity correlates with the metastatic potential of the cells. A robust computational model based on a very large number of experiments reveals the temporal resolution of cell adhesion. Our results provide novel hypotheses to unveil the general mechanisms that contribute to tissue integrity. Summary: The phases of spheroid formation resemble different stages of cell contact formation. This facilitates studying the temporal contribution of molecules in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Smyrek
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Mathew
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S C Fischer
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S M Lissek
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Becker
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Sokolova V, Rojas-Sánchez L, Białas N, Schulze N, Epple M. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle-mediated transfection in 2D and 3D mono- and co-culture cell models. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:391-401. [PMID: 30503560 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of nucleic acids into living cells, i.e. transfection, is a major technique in current molecular biology and medicine. As nucleic acids alone are not able to penetrate the cell membrane, an efficient carrier is needed. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles can serve as carrier due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and high affinity to nucleic acids like DNA or RNA. Their application was extended here from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models, including co-cultures. Compared to 2D monolayer cell cultures, a 3D culture system represents a more realistic spatial, biochemical and cellular environment. The uptake of fluorescent calcium phosphate nanoparticles (diameter 40-70 nm; cationic) was studied in 2D and 3D cell culture models by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The transfection of eGFP by calcium phosphate nanoparticles was compared in 2D and 3D cell culture, including co-cultures of green fluorescing HeLa-eGFP cells and MG-63 cells in 2D and in 3D models with the red fluorescent protein mCherry. This permitted a cell-specific assessment of the local transfection efficiency. In general, the penetration of nanoparticles into the spheroids was significantly higher than that of a model oligonucleotide carried by Lipofectamine. The transfection efficiency was comparable in 3D cell cultures with 2D cell cultures, but it occurred preferentially at the surface of the spheroids, following the uptake pathway of the nanoparticles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Three-dimensional cell culture models can serve as a bridge between the in-vitro cell cultures and the in-vivo situation, especially when mass transfer effects have to be considered. This is the case for nanoparticles where the incubation effect in a two-dimensional cell culture strongly differs from a three-dimensional cell culture or a living tissue. We have compared the uptake of nanoparticles and a subsequent transfection of fluorescent proteins in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture models. An elegant model to investigate the transfection in co-cultures was developed using HeLa-eGFP cells (green fluorescent) together with MG-63 cells (non-fluorescent) that were transfected with the red-fluorescing protein mCherry. Thereby, the transfection of both cell types in the co-culture was easily distinguished.
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Pierzchalska M, Panek M, Czyrnek M, Grabacka M. The Three-Dimensional Culture of Epithelial Organoids Derived from Embryonic Chicken Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:135-144. [PMID: 27787775 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium isolated from chicken embryos in last 3 days of development can be used to establish the 3D culture of intestinal organoids. When fragments of epithelial tissue released by incubation with EGTA (2.5 mM, 2 h) are embedded in Matrigel matrix on cell culture inserts the formation of empty spheres covered by epithelial cells is observed in first 24 h of culture. The growth and survival of organoids are supported by the addition of R-spondin 1, Noggin, and prostaglandin E2 to the culture medium. The organoids are accompanied by myofibroblasts which become visible in the next 2 days of culture. The intestinal enteroids (free of myofibroblasts) can be obtained from adult chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyrnek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
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Pehkonen H, Lento M, von Nandelstadh P, Filippou A, Grénman R, Lehti K, Monni O. Liprin-α1 modulates cancer cell signaling by transmembrane protein CD82 in adhesive membrane domains linked to cytoskeleton. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:41. [PMID: 30005669 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PPFIA1 is located at the 11q13 region commonly amplified in cancer. The protein liprin-α1 encoded by PPF1A1 contributes to the adhesive and invasive structures of cytoskeletal elements and is located at the invadosomes in cancer cells. However, the precise mechanism of liprin-α1 function in cancer progression has remained elusive. Methods Invasion regulating activity of liprin-α1 was examined by analyzing the functions of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) cell lines in three-dimensional collagen I after RNAi mediated gene knockdown. Transcriptome profiling and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis from HNSCC and breast cancer cells were used to identify expression changes relevant to specific cellular localizations, biological processes and signaling pathways after PPFIA1 knockdown. The significance of the results was assessed by relevant statistical methods (Wald and Benjamini-Hochberg). Localization of proteins associated to liprin-α1 was studied by immunofluorescence in 2D and 3D conditions. The association of PPFIA1 amplification to HNSCC patient survival was explored using The Cancer Genome Atlas data. Results In this study, we show that liprin-α1 regulates biological processes related to membrane microdomains in breast carcinoma, as well as protein trafficking, cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts in HNSCC cell lines cultured in three-dimensional matrix. Importantly, we show that in all these cancer cells liprin-α1 knockdown leads to the upregulation of transmembrane protein CD82, which is a suppressor of metastasis in several solid tumors. Conclusions Our results provide novel information regarding the function of liprin-α1 in biological processes essential in cancer progression. The results reveal liprin-α1 as a novel regulator of CD82, linking liprin-α1 to the cancer cell invasion and metastasis pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0253-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture systems are urgently needed for cytocompatibility testing of biomaterials. This work aimed at the development of three-dimensional in vitro dermal skin models and their optimization for cytocompatibility evaluation. Initially “murine in vitro dermal construct” based on L929 cells was generated, leading to the development of “human in vitro dermal construct” consisting of normal human dermal fibroblasts in rat tail tendon collagen type I. To assess the viability of the cells, different assays CellTiter-Blue®, RealTime-Glo™ MT, and CellTiter-Glo® (Promega) were evaluated to optimize the best-suited assay to the respective cell type and three-dimensional system. Z-stack imaging (Live/Dead and Phalloidin/DAPI-Promokine) was performed to visualize normal human dermal fibroblasts inside matrix revealing filopodia-like morphology and a uniform distribution of normal human dermal fibroblasts in matrix. CellTiter-Glo was found to be the optimal cell viability assay among those analyzed. CellTiter-Blue reagent affected the cell morphology of normal human dermal fibroblasts (unlike L929), suggesting an interference with cell biological activity, resulting in less reliable viability data. On the other hand, RealTime-Glo provided a linear signal only with a very low cell density, which made this assay unsuitable for this system. CellTiter-Glo adapted to three-dimensional dermal construct by optimizing the “shaking time” to enhance the reagent penetration and maximum adenosine triphosphate release, indicating 2.4 times higher viability value by shaking for 60 min than for 5 min. In addition, viability results showed that cells were viable inside the matrix. This model would be further advanced with more layers of skin to make a full thickness model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Idrees
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,3 Medical Biomaterials, Center for Clinical Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Valeria Chiono
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Siegfried Shah
- 2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard Viebahn
- 2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Salber
- 2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,3 Medical Biomaterials, Center for Clinical Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Shin HS, Lee S, Kim YM, Lim JY. Hypoxia-Activated Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevents Irradiation-Induced Salivary Hypofunction by Enhanced Paracrine Effect Through Fibroblast Growth Factor 10. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1020-1032. [PMID: 29569790 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effects and mechanisms of paracrine factors secreted from human adipose mesenchymal stem cell (hAdMSCs) that are activated by hypoxia on radioprotection against irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction in subjects undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. An organotypic spheroid coculture model to mimic irradiation (IR)-induced salivary hypofunction was set up for in vitro experiments. Human parotid gland epithelial cells were organized to form three-dimensional (3D) acinus-like spheroids on growth factor reduced -Matrigel. Cellular, structural, and functional damage following IR were examined after cells were cocultured with hAdMSCs preconditioned with either normoxia (hAdMSCNMX ) or hypoxia (hAdMSCHPX ). A key paracrine factor secreted by hAdMSCsHPX was identified by high-throughput microarray-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways on radioprotection were explored. Therapeutic effects of hAdMSCsHPX were evaluated after in vivo transplant into mice with IR-induced salivary hypofunction. In our 3D coculture experiment, hAdMSCsHPX significantly enhanced radioresistance of spheroidal human parotid epithelial cells, and led to greater preservation of salivary epithelial integrity and acinar secretory function relative to hAdMSCsNMX . Coculture with hAdMSCsHPX promoted FGFR expression and suppressed FGFR diminished antiapoptotic activity of hAdMSCsHPX . Among FGFR-binding secreted factors, we found that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) contributed to therapeutic effects of hAdMSCsHPX by enhancing antiapoptotic effect, which was dependent on FGFR-PI3K signaling. An in vivo transplant of hAdMSCsHPX into irradiated salivary glands of mice reversed IR-induced salivary hypofunction where hAdMSC-released FGF10 contributed to tissue remodeling. Our results suggest that hAdMSCsHPX protect salivary glands from IR-induced apoptosis and preserve acinar structure and functions by activation of FGFR-PI3K signaling via actions of hAdMSC-secreted factors, including FGF10. Stem Cells 2018;36:1020-1032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yol Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wasén C, Ekstrand M, Levin M, Giglio D. Epidermal growth factor receptor function in the human urothelium. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:647-656. [PMID: 29508172 PMCID: PMC5878195 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr)-targeted therapy may be used in subgroups of patients with urinary bladder cancer. Here we assessed the role of EGFr in urothelial proliferation and migration in a two- and three-dimensional cell culture system. METHODS UROtsa cells derived from normal urothelium and malignant T24 cells were cultured in a Type I collagen gel. Proliferation and migration of urothelial cells, in the absence and presence of the EGFr inhibitor cetuximab, were assessed with a proliferation test (ATCC) and with the Axioplan 2 imaging microscope with a motorized stage (Carl Zeiss), respectively. The expressions of cytokeratin (CK) 17, CK20, EGFr, pEGFr, laminin, occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) were assessed with immunohistochemistry and/or western blot. RESULTS UROtsa spheroids were formed after 7 days in culture, while T24 cells did not form spheroids. UROtsa expressed CK20 but not laminin or CK17 and consequently resembled umbrella cells. In UROtsa and T24, cetuximab inhibited urothelial proliferation, induced cleavage of EGFr and/or pEGFR but did not affect urothelial migration. The tight junction protein occludin was cleaved, and the formation of cellular spheroids was inhibited in UROtsa by the presence of cetuximab. CONCLUSIONS EGFr modulates urothelial proliferation and the formation of the three-dimensional structure of the urothelium possibly by interfering with occludin. The present data also show a cell culture technique enabling phenotypically normal urothelial cells to form epithelial structures in contrast to malignant urothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasén
- Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M Ekstrand
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M Levin
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden. .,Department of Oncology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Recently organoids have become widely used in vitro models of many tissue and organs. These type of structures, originated from embryonic or adult mammalian intestines, are called “mini guts”. They organize spontaneously when intestinal crypts or stem cells are embedded in the extracellular matrix proteins preparation scaffold (Matrigel). This approach has some disadvantages, as Matrigel is undefined (the concentrations of growth factors and other biologically active components in it may vary from batch to batch), difficult to handle and expensive. Here we show that the organoids derived from chicken embryo intestine are formed in a hanging drop without embedding, providing an attractive alternative for currently used protocols. Using this technique we obtained compact structures composed of contiguous organoids, which were generally similar to chicken organoids cultured in Matrigel in terms of morphology and expression of intestinal epithelial markers. Due to the simplicity, high reproducibility and throughput capacity of hanging drop technique our model may be applied in various studies concerning the gut biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
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Lovitt CJ, Shelper TB, Avery VM. Doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells is mediated by extracellular matrix proteins. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29304770 PMCID: PMC5756400 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cell resistance to therapeutics can result from acquired or de novo-mediated factors. Here, we have utilised advanced breast cancer cell culture models to elucidate de novo doxorubicin resistance mechanisms. Methods The response of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) to doxorubicin was examined in an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model. Cells were cultured with Matrigel™ enabling cellular arrangements into a 3D architecture in conjunction with cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) contact. Results Breast cancer cells cultured in a 3D ECM-based model demonstrated altered sensitivity to doxorubicin, when compared to those grown in corresponding two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture conditions. Investigations into the factors triggering the observed doxorubicin resistance revealed that cell-to-ECM interactions played a pivotal role. This finding correlated with the up-regulation of pro-survival proteins in 3D ECM-containing cell culture conditions following exposure to doxorubicin. Inhibition of integrin signalling in combination with doxorubicin significantly reduced breast cancer cell viability. Furthermore, breast cancer cells grown in a 3D ECM-based model demonstrated a significantly reduced proliferation rate in comparison to cells cultured in 2D conditions. Conclusion Collectively, these novel findings reveal resistance mechanisms which may contribute to reduced doxorubicin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Lovitt
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Building N27, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Todd B Shelper
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Building N27, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Building N27, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Worthington P, Drake KM, Li Z, Napper AD, Pochan DJ, Langhans SA. Beta-hairpin hydrogels as scaffolds for high-throughput drug discovery in three-dimensional cell culture. Anal Biochem 2017; 535:25-34. [PMID: 28757092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Automated cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful tool in drug discovery, and it is increasingly being recognized that three-dimensional (3D) models, which more closely mimic in vivo-like conditions, are desirable screening platforms. One limitation hampering the development of 3D HTS is the lack of suitable 3D culture scaffolds that can readily be incorporated into existing HTS infrastructure. We now show that β-hairpin peptide hydrogels can serve as a 3D cell culture platform that is compatible with HTS. MAX8 β-hairpin peptides can physically assemble into a hydrogel with defined porosity, permeability and mechanical stability with encapsulated cells. Most importantly, the hydrogels can then be injected under shear-flow and immediately reheal into a hydrogel with the same properties exhibited prior to injection. The post-injection hydrogels are cell culture compatible at physiological conditions. Using standard HTS equipment and medulloblastoma pediatric brain tumor cells as a model system, we show that automatic distribution of cell-peptide mixtures into 384-well assay plates results in evenly dispensed, viable MAX8-cell constructs suitable for commercially available cell viability assays. Since MAX8 peptides can be functionalized to mimic the microenvironment of cells from a variety of origins, MAX8 peptide gels should have broad applicability for 3D HTS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Worthington
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Katherine M Drake
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Andrew D Napper
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Darrin J Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Sigrid A Langhans
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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Kostrzewski T, Cornforth T, Snow SA, Ouro-Gnao L, Rowe C, Large EM, Hughes DJ. Three-dimensional perfused human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:204-215. [PMID: 28127194 PMCID: PMC5236500 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), utilising primary hepatocytes cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) perfused platform.
METHODS Fat and lean culture media were developed to directly investigate the effects of fat loading on primary hepatocytes cultured in a 3D perfused culture system. Oil Red O staining was used to measure fat loading in the hepatocytes and the consumption of free fatty acids (FFA) from culture medium was monitored. Hepatic functions, gene expression profiles and adipokine release were compared for cells cultured in fat and lean conditions. To determine if fat loading in the system could be modulated hepatocytes were treated with known anti-steatotic compounds.
RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured in fat medium were found to accumulate three times more fat than lean cells and fat uptake was continuous over a 14-d culture. Fat loading of hepatocytes did not cause any hepatotoxicity and significantly increased albumin production. Numerous adipokines were expressed by fatty cells and genes associated with NAFLD and liver disease were upregulated including: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, fatty acid-binding protein 3 and CYP7A1. The metabolic activity of hepatocytes cultured in fatty conditions was found to be impaired and the activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were significantly reduced, similar to observations made in NAFLD patients. The utility of the model for drug screening was demonstrated by measuring the effects of known anti-steatotic compounds. Hepatocytes, cultured under fatty conditions and treated with metformin, had a reduced cellular fat content compared to untreated controls and consumed less FFA from cell culture medium.
CONCLUSION The 3D in vitro NAFLD model recapitulates many features of clinical NAFLD and is an ideal tool for analysing the efficacy of anti-steatotic compounds.
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Jiang RD, Lin H, Zheng G, Zhang XM, Du Q, Yang M. In vitro dentin barrier cytotoxicity testing of some dental restorative materials. J Dent 2017; 58:28-33. [PMID: 28077291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the cytotoxicity of four dental restorative materials in three-dimensional (3D) L929 cell cultures using a dentin barrier test. METHODS The cytotoxicities of light-cured glass ionomer cement (Vitrebond), total-etching adhesive (GLUMA Bond5), and two self-etching adhesives (GLUMA Self Etch and Single Bond Universal) were evaluated. The permeabilities of human dentin disks with thicknesses of 300, 500, and 1000μm were standardized using a hydraulic device. Test materials and controls were applied to the occlusal side of human dentin disks. The 3D-cell scaffolds were placed beneath the dentin disks. After a 24-h contact with the dentin barrier test device, cell viabilities were measured by performing MTT assays. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The mean (SD) permeabilities of the 300-μm, 500-μm, and 1000-μm dentin disks were 0.626 (0.214), 0.219 (0.0387) and 0.089 (0.028) μlmin-1cm-2cm H2O-1. Vitrebond was severely cytotoxic, reducing the cell viability to 10% (300-μm disk), 17% (500μm), and 18% (1000μm). GLUMA Bond5 reduced the cell viability to 40% (300μm), 83% (500μm), and 86% (1000μm), showing moderate cytotoxicity (300-μm) and non-cytotoxicity (500-μm and 1000-μm). Single Bond Universal and GLUMA Self Etch did not significantly reduce cell viability, regardless of the dentin thicknesses, which characterized them as non-cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS Cytotoxicity varied with the materials tested and the thicknesses of the dentin disks. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The tested cytotoxicity of materials applied on 300-, 500-, and 1000-μm dentin disks indicates that the clinical use of the test materials (excepting self-etching adhesives) in deep cavities poses a potential risk of damage to the pulp tissues to an extent, depending on the thickness of the remaining dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Jiang
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H Lin
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - G Zheng
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - X M Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Q Du
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Hospital of Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100039, China
| | - M Yang
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Abstract
Mainstream adoption of physiologically relevant three-dimensional models has been slow in the last 50 years due to long, manual protocols with poor reproducibility, high price, and closed commercial platforms. This chapter describes high-throughput, low-cost, open methods for spheroid viability assessment which use readily available reagents and open-source software to analyze spheroid volume, metabolism, and enzymatic activity. We provide two ImageJ macros for automated spheroid size determination-for both single images and images in stacks. We also share an Excel template spreadsheet allowing users to rapidly process spheroid size data, analyze plate uniformity (such as edge effects and systematic seeding errors), detect outliers, and calculate dose-response. The methods would be useful to researchers in preclinical and translational research planning to move away from simplistic monolayer studies and explore 3D spheroid screens for drug safety and efficacy without substantial investment in money or time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyan P Ivanov
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Wilkinson DC, Alva‐Ornelas JA, Sucre JM, Vijayaraj P, Durra A, Richardson W, Jonas SJ, Paul MK, Karumbayaram S, Dunn B, Gomperts BN. Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioengineering Technology to Generate Lung Tissue for Personalized Disease Modeling. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:622-633. [PMID: 28191779 PMCID: PMC5442826 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technologies, especially patient‐specific, induced stem cell pluripotency and directed differentiation, hold great promise for changing the landscape of medical therapies. Proper exploitation of these methods may lead to personalized organ transplants, but to regenerate organs, it is necessary to develop methods for assembling differentiated cells into functional, organ‐level tissues. The generation of three‐dimensional human tissue models also holds potential for medical advances in disease modeling, as full organ functionality may not be necessary to recapitulate disease pathophysiology. This is specifically true of lung diseases where animal models often do not recapitulate human disease. Here, we present a method for the generation of self‐assembled human lung tissue and its potential for disease modeling and drug discovery for lung diseases characterized by progressive and irreversible scarring such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Tissue formation occurs because of the overlapping processes of cellular adhesion to multiple alveolar sac templates, bioreactor rotation, and cellular contraction. Addition of transforming growth factor‐β1 to single cell‐type mesenchymal organoids resulted in morphologic scarring typical of that seen in IPF but not in two‐dimensional IPF fibroblast cultures. Furthermore, this lung organoid may be modified to contain multiple lung cell types assembled into the correct anatomical location, thereby allowing cell‐cell contact and recapitulating the lung microenvironment. Our bottom‐up approach for synthesizing patient‐specific lung tissue in a scalable system allows for the development of relevant human lung disease models with the potential for high throughput drug screening to identify targeted therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:622–633
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan C. Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jackelyn A. Alva‐Ornelas
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M.S. Sucre
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Preethi Vijayaraj
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abdo Durra
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wade Richardson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manash K. Paul
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Saravanan Karumbayaram
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brigitte N. Gomperts
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bécavin T, Kuchler-Bopp S, Kökten T, Huck O, Messaddeq N, Lesot H, Deveaux E, Benkirane-Jessel N, Laetitia K. Well-organized spheroids as a new platform to examine cell interaction and behaviour during organ development. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:601-15. [PMID: 27599480 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental method allowing the production of three-dimensional organ-like structures, namely microtissues (MTs), in vitro without the need for exogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) or growth factors. Submandibular salivary glands (embryonic day ED14), kidneys (ED13) and lungs (ED13) were harvested from mouse embryos and dissociated into single cells by enzyme treatment. Single cells were seeded into special hanging drop culture plates (InSphero) and cultured for up to 14 days to obtain MTs. This strategy permitted full control of the quantity of seeded cells. The development of the MTs into organs was followed histologically and immunohistochemically. Well-organized epithelial structures surrounded by a basal lamina were formed, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin and α-SMA was compared in organs and corresponding MTs by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Branching morphogenesis was induced in MTs (as shown by histology and immunostaining for fibronectin and perlecan) and was conserved even after 14 days of culture. MTs continued their development and their epithelial structures were comparable with those of the physiological organ at postnatal day 2 (PN2). Expression of aquaporins was investigated to obtain better support for the functional differentiation of epithelial cells. Histogenesis proceeded and led to the start of organogenesis. This experimental model might improve our knowledge of epithelial-mesenchymal histogenesis and can be employed to study development or cellular organization during the embryonic formation of organs.
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Ivanov DP, Coyle B, Walker DA, Grabowska AM. In vitro models of medulloblastoma: Choosing the right tool for the job. J Biotechnol 2016; 236:10-25. [PMID: 27498314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recently-defined four molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma have required updating of our understanding of in vitro models to include molecular classification and risk stratification features from clinical practice. This review seeks to build a more comprehensive picture of the in vitro systems available for modelling medulloblastoma. The subtype classification and molecular characterisation for over 40 medulloblastoma cell-lines has been compiled, making it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses in current model systems. Less than half (18/44) of established medulloblastoma cell-lines have been subgrouped. The majority of the subgrouped cell-lines (11/18) are Group 3 with MYC-amplification. SHH cell-lines are the next most common (4/18), half of which exhibit TP53 mutation. WNT and Group 4 subgroups, accounting for 50% of patients, remain underrepresented with 1 and 2 cell-lines respectively. In vitro modelling relies not only on incorporating appropriate tumour cells, but also on using systems with the relevant tissue architecture and phenotype as well as normal tissues. Novel ways of improving the clinical relevance of in vitro models are reviewed, focusing on 3D cell culture, extracellular matrix, co-cultures with normal cells and organotypic slices. This paper champions the establishment of a collaborative online-database and linked cell-bank to catalyse preclinical medulloblastoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyan P Ivanov
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Cancer Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - David A Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Cancer Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Liu C, Liu Y, Xu XX, Guo X, Sun GW, Ma XJ. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance the metastasis of 3D-cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:566. [PMID: 27475525 PMCID: PMC4967520 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) could be recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC) were attractive vehicles for delivering therapeutic agents against cancer. Nevertheless, the safety of UCMSC in the treatment of tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was still undetermined. Methods In this study, an in vitro co-culture system was established to evaluate the effect of UCMSC on the cell growth, cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics, drug resistance, metastasis of 3D-cultured HCC cells, and the underlying mechanism was also investigated. Results It was found that after co-cultured with UCMSC, the metastatic ability of 3D-cultured HCC cells was significantly enhanced as indicated by up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, and migration ability. However, cell growth, drug resistance and CSC-related gene expression of HCC cells were not affected by UCMSC. Moreover, EMT was reversed, MMP-2 expression was down-regulated, and migration ability of HCC cell was significantly inhibited when TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542 was added into the co-culture system. Conclusions Therefore, these data indicated that UCMSC could significantly enhance the tumor cell metastasis, which was due to the EMT of HCC cells induced by TGF-β. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2595-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xi Xu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Wei Sun
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Ma
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
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Lynch AP, O'Sullivan F, Ahearne M. The effect of growth factor supplementation on corneal stromal cell phenotype in vitro using a serum-free media. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:26-37. [PMID: 27456135 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to expand cells quickly and in high numbers for corneal tissue engineering applications corneal stromal cells, or keratocytes, are often cultured in the presence of serum. However, keratocytes become fibroblastic when exposed to serum leading to a downregulation of corneal stromal specific markers. The purpose of this current study was to determine if corneal stromal cells, made fibroblastic by serum, could display native quiescent keratocyte characteristics when cultured under serum-free conditions supplemented by different growth factors. Markers specific to a native keratocyte phenotype such as keratocan and aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) and those specific to a fibrotic phenotype such as α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen type III were examined. Cells were cultured in monolayer, self-assembled pellets or collagen hydrogels. Growth factors known to modulate keratocyte phenotype were chosen to supplement the serum free media, specifically insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 and 3 (Tβ1 and Tβ3). The effects of serum-free media, growth factors and culture system on cell proliferation and morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were evaluated. The expression of keratocyte markers was evaluated by real-time PCR, immunofluorescent staining and western blotting. In addition, cell migration was tested using scratch assays. When serum was removed from the cells they displayed a reduction in proliferation and ECM synthesis (not significant), in addition to a significant decrease in migratory capacity (p < 0.05). Serum-free media promoted increased expression of keratocan (130.68 ± 47.44-fold increase; p < 0.05) and collagen type I (15.58 ± 9.49-fold increase; p < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in ALDH3A1 and αSMA expression, while collagen type III expression was significantly increased (44.66 ± 25.61-fold increase; p < 0.05). In addition, cells retained an elongated fibroblastic morphology. In monolayer, the addition of Tβ1 and Tβ3 to serum free media resulted in reduced expression of keratocan, ALDH3A1 and collagen type I and III, increased expression of αSMA (p < 0.05) and an increase in cell proliferation and ECM synthesis. Pellet cultured cells demonstrated a significant increase in ALDH3A1 and collagen type I over 14 days relative to day 5 (p < 0.05), however the expression of fibrotic markers was also enhanced. Cells in collagen hydrogels did not increase expression of keratocyte markers in serum free conditions and underwent contraction in Tβ1 and Tβ3 supplemented media. These results demonstrate that corneal fibroblasts only partially express the phenotypic characteristics of keratocytes when cultured in serum-free medium. While growth factors did not significantly enhance this phenotype, it appears that pellet or self-assembled culture could be more beneficial to promoting a keratocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Lynch
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O'Sullivan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Ahearne
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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