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Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Assessing Fracture Toughness and Impact Strength of PMMA Reinforced with Nano-Particles and Fibre as Advanced Denture Base Materials. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14154127. [PMID: 34361320 PMCID: PMC8348661 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture resins commonly fracture as a result of the denture being dropped or when in use due to heavy occlusal forces. Purpose: To investigate the effects of E-glass fibre, ZrO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles at different concentrations on the fracture toughness and impact strength of PMMA denture base. Materials and Methods: To evaluate fracture toughness (dimensions: 40 × 8 × 4 mm3; n = 10/group) and impact strength (dimensions: 80 × 10 × 4 mm3; n = 12/group), 286 rectangular tested specimens were prepared and divided into four groups. Group C consisted of the PMMA specimens without any filler (control group), while the specimens in the remaining three groups varied according to the concentration of three filler materials by weight of PMMA resin: 1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Three-point bending and Charpy impact tests were conducted to measure the fracture toughness and impact strength respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilised to examine the fractured surfaces of the specimens after the fracture toughness test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post-hoc tests were employed to analyse the results at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level. Results: Fracture toughness of groups with 1.5 and 3 wt.% ZrO2, 1.5 wt.% TiO2, and all E-glass fibre concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group. The samples reinforced with 3 wt.% ZrO2 exhibited the highest fracture toughness. Those reinforced with a 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 7 wt.% of E-glass fibres had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher impact strength than the specimens in the control group. The heat-cured PMMA modified with either ZrO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles did not exhibit a statistically significant difference in impact strength (p > 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: 1.5 wt.%, 3 wt.% of ZrO2; 1.5 wt.% ratios of TiO2; and 1.5 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 7 wt.% of E-glass fibre can effectively enhance the fracture toughness of PMMA. The inclusion of E-glass fibres does significantly improve impact strength, while ZrO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Saleh Zidan
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya;
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
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Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Flexural Strength and Hardness of Filler-Reinforced PMMA Targeted for Denture Base Application. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2659. [PMID: 34069482 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the flexural strength and surface hardness of heat-cured Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) modified by the addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, and E-glass fibre at different wt.% concentrations. Specimens were fabricated and separated into four groups (n = 10) to measure both flexural strength and surface hardness. Group C was the control group. The specimens in the remaining three groups differed according to the ratio of filler to weight of PMMA resin (1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 7%). A three-point bending test was performed to determine the flexural strength, while the surface hardness was measured using the Vickers hardness. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the fractured surface of the specimens. The flexural strength was significantly improved in the groups filled with 3 wt.% ZrO2 and 5 and 7 wt.% E-glass fibre in comparison to Group C. All the groups displayed a significantly higher surface hardness than Group C, with the exception of the 1.5% TiO2 and 1.5% ZrO2 groups. The optimal filler concentrations to enhance the flexural strength of PMMA resin were between 3–5% ZrO2, 1.5% TiO2, and 3–7% E-glass fibre. Furthermore, for all composites, a filler concentration of 3 wt.% and above would significantly improve hardness.
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Zhang C, Xia L, Lyu P, Wang Y, Li C, Xiao X, Dai F, Xu W, Liu X, Deng B. Is It Possible To Fabricate a Nanocomposite with Excellent Mechanical Property Using Unmodified Inorganic Nanoparticles Directly? ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:15357-15363. [PMID: 29676146 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unmodified ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZDNPs) are used for the enhancement of polyurethane (PU) films. Optimized strain and toughness of PU/ZDNP nanocomposite at 9.09 wt % ZDNPs are up to 2714.6%, and 280.8 MJ m-3, respectively. The unique bimodal ZDNP aggregate size distribution which exploits both interfacial positively and negatively toughening mechanisms accounts mainly for the excellent mechanical property of PU/ZDNP nanocomposite. The dependence of different toughening mechanisms on three sizes of ZDNP aggregates is summarized. These findings provide a new avenue for the industrial production of nanocomposites at low cost without surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- College of Textiles & Garments , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Liangjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Pei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Xingfang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- College of Textiles & Garments , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Weilin Xu
- College of Textiles & Garments , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Bo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
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Mallakpour S, Shafiee E. The synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposite films containing ZrO 2 nanoparticles modified with vitamin B 1 with the aim of improving the mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Des Monomers Polym 2017; 20:378-388. [PMID: 29491809 PMCID: PMC5784869 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2016.1273436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, solution casting method was used for the preparation of nanocomposite (NC) films. At first, the surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was modified with vitamin B1 (VB1) as a bioactive coupling agent to achieve a better dispersion and compatibility of NPs within the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix. The grafting of modifier on the surface of ZrO2 was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, the resulting modified ZrO2 (ZrO2–VB1), was used as a nano-filler and incorporated into the PVC matrix to improve its mechanical and thermal properties. These processes were carried out under ultrasonic irradiation conditions, which is an economical and eco-friendly method. The effect of ZrO2–VB1 on the properties and morphology of the PVC matrix was characterized by various techniques. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed a good dispersion of fillers into the PVC matrix with the average diameter of 37–40 nm. UV–Vis spectroscopy was used to study optical behavior of the obtained NC films. TGA analysis has confirmed the presence of about 7 wt% VB1 on the surface of ZrO2. Also, the data indicated that the thermal and mechanical properties of the NC films were enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Institute, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elaheh Shafiee
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Sarraf H, Qian Z, Škarpová L, Wang B, Herbig R, Maryška M, Bartovska L, Havrda J, Anvari B. Direct Probing of Dispersion Quality of ZrO2 Nanoparticles Coated by Polyelectrolyte at Different Concentrated Suspensions. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:456. [PMID: 26619888 PMCID: PMC4666182 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports useful application of the electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) technique in combination with rheometry and electron microscopy techniques for direct probing the stability of low and high-concentrated zirconia (ZrO2) nanosuspensions in the presence of an alkali-free anionic polyelectrolyte dispersant Dolapix CE64. A comparative study of the electrokinetic characteristics and the rheological behavior of concentrated ZrO2 nanosuspensions has been done. Good agreement was obtained from relationship between the electrokinetic characteristics (zeta potential, ESA signal), viscosity, and its pH dependence for each concentrated ZrO2 nanosuspension with different dispersant concentration in the range of 0.9-1.5 mass%. A nanoscale colloidal hypothesis is proposed to illustrate that the addition of different amounts of dispersant influences on both the stability and the electrokinetic and rheological properties of concentrated ZrO2 nanosuspensions. It is found that an optimum amount of 1.4 mass% dispersant at the inherent pH (>9.2) can be attached fully onto the nanoparticles with sufficient electrosteric dispersion effects, suitable for casting applications. Supplementary scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses followed by colorization effect were taken to verify the visible interaction between dispersant and nanoparticles surfaces. SEM and HR-TEM images proved the existence of visible coverage of dispersant on the surface of individual nanoparticles and showed that thin polyelectrolyte layers were physically bound onto the particles' surfaces. This study will be of interest to materials scientists and engineers who are dealing with dispersion technology, nanoparticle surface treatments, functionalization, characterization, and application of bio/nanoparticle suspensions at various concentrations using different types of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sarraf
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016, China.
- Western Governors University, 1001 Fourth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98154-1101, USA.
- NANOPRODEX LLC, NW, 48th Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98685, USA.
| | - Zhenghua Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Ludmila Škarpová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Reinhard Herbig
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeeunter-Str. 3, Freiberg, 09596, Germany
| | - Martin Maryška
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lidmila Bartovska
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Havrda
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, 900 University Ave., University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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