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Cohen JR, Brych SR, Prabhu S, Bi V, Elbaradei A, Tokuda JM, Xiang C, Hokom M, Cui X, Ly C, Amos N, Sun J, Calamba D, Herskovitz J, Capili A, Nourbakhsh K, Merlo A, Carreon J, Wypych J, Narhi LO, Jawa V, Joubert MK. A High Threshold of Biotherapeutic Aggregate Numbers is Needed to Induce an Immunogenic Response In Vitro, In Vivo, and in the Clinic. Pharm Res 2024; 41:651-672. [PMID: 38519817 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is concern that subvisible aggregates in biotherapeutic drug products pose a risk to patient safety. We investigated the threshold of biotherapeutic aggregates needed to induce immunogenic responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Highly aggregated samples were tested in cell-based assays and induced cellular responses in a manner that depended on the number of particles. The threshold of immune activation varied by disease state (cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy), concomitant therapies, and particle number. Compared to healthy donors, disease state patients showed an equal or lower response at the late phase (7 days), suggesting they may not have a higher risk of responding to aggregates. Xeno-het mice were used to assess the threshold of immune activation in vivo. Although highly aggregated samples (~ 1,600,000 particles/mL) induced a weak and transient immunogenic response in mice, a 100-fold dilution of this sample (~ 16,000 particles/mL) did not induce immunogenicity. To confirm this result, subvisible particles (up to ~ 18,000 particles/mL, containing aggregates and silicone oil droplets) produced under representative administration practices (created upon infusion of a drug product through an IV catheter) did not induce a response in cell-based assays or appear to increase the rate of adverse events or immunogenicity during phase 3 clinical trials. CONCLUSION The ability of biotherapeutic aggregates to elicit an immune response in vitro, in vivo, and in the clinic depends on high numbers of particles. This suggests that there is a high threshold for aggregates to induce an immunogenic response which is well beyond that seen in standard biotherapeutic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Cohen
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
| | - Stephen R Brych
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Siddharth Prabhu
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Vivian Bi
- The Department of Biosimilars, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Ahmed Elbaradei
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Joshua M Tokuda
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cathie Xiang
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Martha Hokom
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Xiaohong Cui
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Claudia Ly
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Nathan Amos
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jilin Sun
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Dominador Calamba
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Allyson Capili
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kimya Nourbakhsh
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Anthony Merlo
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Julia Carreon
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jette Wypych
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Linda O Narhi
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Marisa K Joubert
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
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Tao Y, Lu W, Gao J, Yang S, Ruan C, Hou Y, Lu J, Xu J, Zhang J, Pasas-Farmer S, Qin Q, Gong L. Development and Validation of an ADA-Tolerant Assay for Quantification of an Exatecan-Based ADC in Monkey Plasma. Molecules 2024; 29:572. [PMID: 38338316 PMCID: PMC10856772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of an anti-drug antibody (ADA)-tolerant pharmacokinetic (PK) assay is important when the drug exposure is irrelevant to toxicity in the presence of ADA. We aimed to develop and validate an ADA-tolerant assay for an exatecan-based antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in monkey plasma. RESULTS The assay tolerated 5.00 µg/mL of ADA at 12 µg/mL of ADC. Its accuracy and precision results satisfied the acceptance criteria. Furthermore, the assay was free from hook and matrix effects and exhibited good dilutional linearity. Additionally, the ADC in plasma samples was stable under different storage conditions. METHOD An ADA-tolerant ADC assay was configured with an anti-payload antibody for capture, and a drug-target protein combined with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody against a drug-target-protein tag for detection. Samples were firstly acidified to dissociate drug and ADA complexes, and to convert the carboxylate form to the lactone form of exatecan molecules; then, the ADAs in the samples were removed with a naked antibody-coated microplate. The treated samples were further incubated with coated anti-payload antibody and captured ADC molecules were quantified by the detection reagent. The developed assay was optimized and validated against regulatory guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The assay met both methodological and sample-related ADA tolerance requirements, and was applicable to a nonclinical study in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Lu
- OnCusp Therapeutics, New York, NY 10013, USA;
| | - Jinli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chaoyi Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junjiu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | - Qiuping Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.T.); (J.G.); (S.Y.); (C.R.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Zhongshan 528400, China
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Luong M, Wang Y, Berasi SP, Buhlmann JE, Yang H, Gorovits B. Development of a Cell-Based Assay for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies to PF-06730512 Using Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence. AAPS J 2020; 22:56. [PMID: 32166588 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The administration of biotherapeutics has the potential to induce potent immune responses. Among these responses, the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), including a subset of ADA referred to as neutralizing antibodies (NAb), is of heightened concern. Aside from their capacity to alter the pharmacological profile of a given biotherapeutic, NAb can also pose significant safety risks, especially in instances where an endogenous counterpart to the drug exists. As such, the inclusion of an assay to detect NAb in clinical samples is critical to the effectiveness of a tiered approach to immunogenicity assessment. PF-06730512 is a biotherapeutic protein being developed for the treatment of primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To support the immunogenicity assessment of PF-06730512, a cell-based assay was developed for the detection of NAb in FSGS serum samples. Herein, we describe the development of the assay with a focus on the challenges faced, including drug and blood collection tube interferences in NAb detection. The outcome of our efforts was a robust assay capable of detecting 1 μg/mL of a NAb positive control in the presence of clinically relevant drug concentrations up to 30 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luong
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Stephen P Berasi
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet E Buhlmann
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongying Yang
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boris Gorovits
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
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