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Yang Y, Yao Z, Zhang J, Shao W, Li B, Wu H, Tang W, Zhang J. Inhibiting Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Alleviates MRSA Pneumonia Through Autolysin-Mediated MDP-NOD2 Pathway. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1231-1242. [PMID: 38560705 PMCID: PMC10981453 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s455339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a cause of staph infection that is difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics. A recent study indicated that diarylurea ZJ-2 is a novel antibacterial agent against multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium. In this work, we refined the bactericidal mechanism of ZJ-2 as a peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolase by affecting AtlA-mediated PG homeostasis. Methods A wild-type strain (WT) and a mutant strain (ΔatlA) were used to investigate the effects of ZJ-2 on the cell wall, PG, and autolysin regulatory system by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, hemolytic toxin assay, microanalysis, autolysis assay, qRT-PCR, ELISA and mouse model of pneumonia. Results The results revealed that ZJ-2 down-regulated the expression of genes related to peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) (sprX, walR, atlA, and lytM), and reduced the levels of PG, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), cytokines, and hemolytic toxin, while ΔatlA interfered with the genes regulation and PG homeostasis. In the mouse MRSA pneumonia model, the same trend was observed in the nucleotide oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) and relative proinflammatory factors. Conclusion ZJ-2 may act as a novel inhibitor of PG hydrolyse, disrupting autolysin-mediated PG homeostasis, and reducing inflammation by down-regulating the MDP-NOD2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongze Yao
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiazhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Koehler JW, Miller AD, Rissi DR. Effects of autolysis and prolonged formalin fixation on histomorphology and immunohistochemistry of normal canine brain tissue: an experimental study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:169-176. [PMID: 38212877 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231220649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CNS tumor diagnosis in dogs often relies on immunohistochemistry (IHC) given similar histologic features among tumors. Most CNS tissue samples encountered by diagnostic pathologists are collected during autopsy, and postmortem specimens can be susceptible to autolysis and prolonged formalin fixation, both of which have the potential to influence IHC results and interpretation. Here we evaluated the effects of experimentally controlled autolysis induced by delayed tissue fixation (sections of brain held for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h in 0.9% NaCl at either room temperature or 37°C prior to fixation) as well as the effects of prolonged formalin fixation times (1 wk, 1 mo, 2 mo) on a panel of 8 IHC markers (CNPase, GFAP, Iba1, OLIG2, PGP9.5, MAP2, NeuN, synaptophysin) relevant to brain tumor diagnosis. Prolonged fixation of up to 2 mo had no detrimental effect on any immunomarker except NeuN, which had reduced immunolabeling intensity. Delayed fixation led to autolytic changes as expected, on a gradient of severity corresponding to increased time in saline prior to fixation. Several immunomarkers should be used with caution (CNPase, OLIG2) or avoided entirely (MAP2, NeuN) in markedly autolyzed brain and brain tumor tissues. Our results suggest that autolysis has minimal effect on most immunomarkers, but that advanced autolysis may cause a loss of specificity for GFAP, MAP2, and PGP9.5, a loss of intensity of CNPase and OLIG2, and loss of labeling with MAP2 and NeuN. Prolonged fixation affected only NeuN, with mildly decreased intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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3
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Chambers M, Deutsch G. Perfusion Pressure and the Histology of Brain Death: A Unique Case in an Infant Maintained on Life Support. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2024:10935266231223276. [PMID: 38291872 DOI: 10.1177/10935266231223276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Brain death is a not uncommon phenomena in the adult and pediatric population. Most cases are removed from life support soon after brain death is declared. Less commonly, systemic perfusion is maintained by life support for some time after neurologic function stops. These cases present uncommon opportunities to explore the histology of necrosis and autolysis in the context of global hypoxic ischemic damage. Here, we describe the unusual case of an infant maintained on life support for 2 weeks after brain death was declared with an emphasis on the resulting gross and histologic findings including a discussion of their underlying physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Chambers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail Deutsch
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Harris-Jones TN, Pérez Medina KM, Hackett KT, Schave MA, Klimowicz AK, Schaub RE, Dillard JP. Mutation of mltG increases peptidoglycan fragment release, cell size, and antibiotic susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0027723. [PMID: 38038461 PMCID: PMC10729727 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00277-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae is unusual in that the bacteria release larger amounts of cell wall material as they grow as compared to related bacteria, and the released cell wall fragments induce inflammation that leads to tissue damage in infected people. The study of MltG revealed the importance of this enzyme for controlling cell wall growth, cell wall fragment production, and bacterial cell size and suggests a role for MltG in a cell wall synthesis and degradation complex. The increased antibiotic sensitivities of mltG mutants suggest that an antimicrobial drug inhibiting MltG would be useful in combination therapy to restore the sensitivity of the bacteria to cell wall targeting antibiotics to which the bacteria are currently resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N. Harris-Jones
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Krizia M. Pérez Medina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Hackett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melanie A. Schave
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K. Klimowicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan E. Schaub
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph P. Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Ojima K, Hata S, Shinkai-Ouchi F, Ono Y, Muroya S. Calpain-3 not only proteolyzes calpain-1 and -2 but also is a substrate for calpain-1 and -2. J Biochem 2023; 174:421-431. [PMID: 37491733 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain is an intracellular cysteine protease that cleaves its specific substrates in a limited region to modulate cellular function. Calpain-1 (C1) and calpain-2 (C2) are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, but calpain-3 (C3) is a skeletal muscle-specific type. In the course of calpain activation, the N-terminal regions of all three isoforms are clipped off in an intramolecular or intermolecular fashion. C1 proteolyzes C2 to promote further proteolysis, but C2 proteolyzes C1 to suspend C1 proteolysis, indicating the presence of C1-C2 reciprocal proteolysis. However, whether C3 is involved in the calpain proteolysis network is unclear. To address this, we examined whether GFP-tagged C3:C129S (GFP-C3:CS), an inactive protease form of C3, was a substrate for C1 or C2 in HEK cells. Intriguingly, the N-terminal region of C3:CS was cleaved by C1 and C2 at the site identical to that of the C3 autoproteolysis site. Furthermore, the N-terminal clipping of C3:CS by C1 and C2 was observed in mouse skeletal muscle lysates. Meanwhile, C3 preferentially cleaved the N-terminus of C1 over that of C2, and the sizes of these cleaved proteins were identical to their autoproteolysis forms. Our findings suggest an elaborate inter-calpain network to prime and suppress proteolysis of other calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ojima
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Shoji Hata
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagayaku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Fumiko Shinkai-Ouchi
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagayaku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagayaku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Susumu Muroya
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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Shukla R, Peoples AJ, Ludwig KC, Maity S, Derks MGN, De Benedetti S, Krueger AM, Vermeulen BJA, Harbig T, Lavore F, Kumar R, Honorato RV, Grein F, Nieselt K, Liu Y, Bonvin AMJJ, Baldus M, Kubitscheck U, Breukink E, Achorn C, Nitti A, Schwalen CJ, Spoering AL, Ling LL, Hughes D, Lelli M, Roos WH, Lewis K, Schneider T, Weingarth M. An antibiotic from an uncultured bacterium binds to an immutable target. Cell 2023; 186:4059-4073.e27. [PMID: 37611581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a leading mortality factor worldwide. Here, we report the discovery of clovibactin, an antibiotic isolated from uncultured soil bacteria. Clovibactin efficiently kills drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens without detectable resistance. Using biochemical assays, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic force microscopy, we dissect its mode of action. Clovibactin blocks cell wall synthesis by targeting pyrophosphate of multiple essential peptidoglycan precursors (C55PP, lipid II, and lipid IIIWTA). Clovibactin uses an unusual hydrophobic interface to tightly wrap around pyrophosphate but bypasses the variable structural elements of precursors, accounting for the lack of resistance. Selective and efficient target binding is achieved by the sequestration of precursors into supramolecular fibrils that only form on bacterial membranes that contain lipid-anchored pyrophosphate groups. This potent antibiotic holds the promise of enabling the design of improved therapeutics that kill bacterial pathogens without resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhythm Shukla
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kevin C Ludwig
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maik G N Derks
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika M Krueger
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram J A Vermeulen
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theresa Harbig
- Integrative Transcriptomics, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Lavore
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raj Kumar
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo V Honorato
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Nieselt
- Integrative Transcriptomics, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yangping Liu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Alexandre M J J Bonvin
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Kubitscheck
- Clausius-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anthony Nitti
- NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dallas Hughes
- NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche MetalloProteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Lewis
- Antimicrobial Discovery Center, Northeastern University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Giallonardi G, Letizia M, Mellini M, Frangipani E, Halliday N, Heeb S, Cámara M, Visca P, Imperi F, Leoni L, Williams P, Rampioni G. Alkyl-quinolone-dependent quorum sensing controls prophage-mediated autolysis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1183681. [PMID: 37305419 PMCID: PMC10250642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1183681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a model quorum sensing (QS) pathogen with three interconnected QS circuits that control the production of virulence factors and antibiotic tolerant biofilms. The pqs QS system of P. aeruginosa is responsible for the biosynthesis of diverse 2-alkyl-4-quinolones (AQs), of which 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (PQS) function as QS signal molecules. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that HHQ and PQS influenced the expression of multiple genes via PqsR-dependent and -independent pathways whereas 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO) had no effect on P. aeruginosa transcriptome. HQNO is a cytochrome bc 1 inhibitor that causes P. aeruginosa programmed cell death and autolysis. However, P. aeruginosa pqsL mutants unable to synthesize HQNO undergo autolysis when grown as colony biofilms. The mechanism by which such autolysis occurs is not understood. Through the generation and phenotypic characterization of multiple P. aeruginosa PAO1 mutants producing altered levels of AQs in different combinations, we demonstrate that mutation of pqsL results in the accumulation of HHQ which in turn leads to Pf4 prophage activation and consequently autolysis. Notably, the effect of HHQ on Pf4 activation is not mediated via its cognate receptor PqsR. These data indicate that the synthesis of HQNO in PAO1 limits HHQ-induced autolysis mediated by Pf4 in colony biofilms. A similar phenomenon is shown to occur in P. aeruginosa cystic fibrosis (CF) isolates, in which the autolytic phenotype can be abrogated by ectopic expression of pqsL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Mellini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nigel Halliday
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Heeb
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Cámara
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Imperi
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Livia Leoni
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giordano Rampioni
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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8
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Perpetuini G, Tofalo R. Editorial: Sparkling wines: current trends and future evolution. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1199578. [PMID: 37234522 PMCID: PMC10206391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1199578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
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9
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Malga JM, Roco T, Silva A, Tabilo-Munizaga G, Pérez-Won M, Aubourg SP. Effect of Rigor Stage and Pressurisation on Lipid Damage, Total Volatile Amine Formation and Autolysis Development in Palm Ruff Stored on Ice. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040799. [PMID: 36832873 PMCID: PMC9957066 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the rigor stage (pre or post) and previous high-pressure processing (HPP; 450 and 550 MPa for 3 min) was checked during the storage on ice of farmed palm ruff (Seriolella violacea). Fish processed in pre-rigor conditions led to higher and lower levels (p < 0.05) of moisture and lipid contents in chilled fish, respectively, when compared to their counterpart samples processed in the post-rigor stage. Pre-rigor fish showed a higher (p < 0.05) quality level than post-rigor samples according to the assessment of the K value (59.0-92.1 and 70.3-96.3 ranges, respectively), fluorescent compounds (0.29-1.11 and 0.37-1.90 ranges, respectively), free fatty acids (FFA) (15.1-188.0 and 33.8-232.5 g·kg-1 lipids ranges, respectively), and total volatile amines (216.3-387.6 and 217.7-412.2 g·kg-1 muscle ranges, respectively). Pressure-treated fish showed higher (p < 0.05) quality retention than non-treated samples according to the formation of fluorescent compounds (0.29-0.86 and 0.85-1.90 ranges, respectively), FFA (15.1-50.6 and 58.9-223.5 g·kg-1 lipids ranges, respectively), and total volatile amines (216.3-250.3 and 351.1-412.2 g·kg-1 muscle ranges, respectively) and the evolution of the K value (59.0-77.2 and 86.9-96.3 ranges, respectively). The use of pre-rigor fish and previous HPP is recommended for the commercialisation of the current species as a fresh product.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Malga
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Teresa Roco
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena 1700000, Chile
| | - Alfonso Silva
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | | | - Mario Pérez-Won
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Santiago P. Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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10
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Shchegolev AI, Tumanova UN, Savva OV. [Characteristics of structural morphological changes of the liver depending on the prescription of death coming]. Sud Med Ekspert 2023; 66:50-54. [PMID: 36719314 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20236601150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the work is to analyze the literature data devoted to the study of postmortem morphological changes in liver tissue and their use to determine the prescription of death. Postmortem changes are based on the processes of postmortem redistribution of blood and autolysis, the speed and severity of development of which depends primarily on the lifetime pathology, as well as external temperature and humidity during storage of the corpse. The onset of biological death naturally entails the development of postmortem changes in the liver, manifested by a decrease in temperature, violations of the structure of organelles, cells and organ tissue as a whole. The determination and evaluation of developing postmortem morphological changes is necessary both for differential diagnosis with lifetime-developed pathological processes, and for determining the prescription of death coming. This necessitates research to study the features of the development of postmortem changes and to develop ways to assess them to determine the prescription of death coming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Shchegolev
- National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
| | - U N Tumanova
- National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Savva
- National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia.,D.I. Mastbaum Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination, Ryazan, Russia
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11
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Shchegolev AI, Tumanova UN, Savva OV. [Characteristics of histochemical, molecular genetic and radiation-induced liver changes depending on the postmortem interval]. Sud Med Ekspert 2023; 66:59-63. [PMID: 37192462 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20236603159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze literature data on postmortem changes in the liver and their use in determination of postmortem interval. Biological death expectedly causes the development of postmortem disorders not only in the liver structure, but also changes in its biochemical and histochemical parameters. Literature data about changes of histochemical, immunohistochemical and biomolecular characteristics of liver tissue, as well as bacterial migration to the liver depending on the duration of postmortem period, are presented. The effectiveness of radiology for visualization of postmortem changes and, accordingly, for determining the postmortem interval is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Shchegolev
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
| | - U N Tumanova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Savva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
- Bureau of Forensic Medicine named after D.I. Mastbaum, Ryazan, Russia
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Ghods S, Moradali MF, Duryea D, Walker AR, Davey ME. Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human serum albumin triggers programmed cell death. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 15:2161182. [PMID: 36570975 PMCID: PMC9788703 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2161182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) constitutes the primary growth substrate for Porphyromonas gingivalis in vivo. The goal of this work was to evaluate the growth of different strains of P. gingivalis on human serum albumin (HSA), a major constituent of GCF. Methods Growth of five different strains of P. gingivalis in the HSA medium was examined and, surprisingly, three of the strains underwent autolysis within 24 h. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was used to identify genes involved in autolysis. Results Two highly related reference strains (W50 and W83) differed dramatically in their survival when grown on HSA. Strain W83 grew fast and lysed within 24 h, while W50 survived for an additional 20 h. Differential gene expression analysis led us to a gene cluster containing enzymes involved in arginine metabolism and a gene predicted to be lytic murein transglycosylase, which are known to play a role in autolysis. Deletion of this gene (PG0139) resulted in a mutant that did not lyse, and complementation restored the HSA lysis phenotype, indicating that this enzyme plays a central role in the autolysis of P. gingivalis. Conclusions P. gingivalis undergoes autolysis when provided with HSA as a substrate for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mary E. Davey
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,CONTACT Mary E. Davey The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA02142, USA
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Geerts N, De Vooght L, Passaris I, Delputte P, Van den Bergh B, Cos P. Antibiotic Tolerance Indicative of Persistence Is Pervasive among Clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates and Shows Strong Condition Dependence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0270122. [PMID: 36374111 PMCID: PMC9769776 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02701-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen, being one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia and otitis media. Antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae is an emerging problem, as it depletes our arsenal of effective drugs. In addition, persistence also contributes to the antibiotic crisis in many other pathogens, yet for S. pneumoniae, little is known about antibiotic-tolerant persisters and robust experimental means are lacking. Persister cells are phenotypic variants that exist as a subpopulation within a clonal culture. Being tolerant to lethal antibiotics, they underly the chronic nature of a variety of infections and even help in acquiring genetic resistance. In this study, we set out to identify and characterize persistence in S. pneumoniae. Specifically, we followed different strategies to overcome the self-limiting nature of S. pneumoniae as a confounding factor in the prolonged monitoring of antibiotic survival needed to study persistence. Under optimized conditions, we identified genuine persisters in various growth phases and for four relevant antibiotics through biphasic survival dynamics and heritability assays. Finally, we detected a high variety in antibiotic survival levels across a diverse collection of S. pneumoniae clinical isolates, which assumes that a high natural diversity in persistence is widely present in S. pneumoniae. Collectively, this proof of concept significantly progresses the understanding of the importance of antibiotic persistence in S. pneumoniae infections, which will set the stage for characterizing its relevance to clinical outcomes and advocates for increased attention to the phenotype in both fundamental and clinical research. IMPORTANCE S. pneumoniae is considered a serious threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because of rising antibiotic resistance. In addition to resistance, bacteria can also survive lethal antibiotic treatment by developing antibiotic tolerance, more specifically, antibiotic tolerance through persistence. This phenotypic variation seems omnipresent among bacterial life, is linked to therapy failure, and acts as a catalyst for resistance development. This study gives the first proof of the presence of persister cells in S. pneumoniae and shows a high variety in persistence levels among diverse strains, suggesting that persistence is a general trait in S. pneumoniae cultures. Our work advocates for higher interest for persistence in S. pneumoniae as a contributing factor for therapy failure and resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Geerts
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Van den Bergh
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
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Oliveira AS, Odila Pereira J, Ferreira C, Faustino M, Durão J, Pereira AM, Oliveira CM, Pintado ME, Carvalho AP. Spent Yeast Valorization for Food Applications: Effect of Different Extraction Methodologies. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36553744 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, synthetic biology has been growing with the use of engineered yeast strains for the production of sustainable ingredients to meet global healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing and environmental challenges. However, as seen from the brewing industry perspective, these processes generate a substantial amount of spent yeast that contains high nutritional value related to its high protein content, showing its potential to be used as an alternative protein source. Taking into account the rising demand for protein because of the growth in the global population, the present study aims to produce peptide-rich extracts by different potentially scalable and sustainable methodologies in a circular economy approach for the food and nutraceutical industries. The results demonstrated that extraction from genetically modified strains allowed the production of extracts with an excellent nutritional profile and low molecular weight peptides. Furthermore, autolysis was shown to be a potential sustainable approach for this production, though other green metrics need to be explored in order to establish this process at an industrial level.
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15
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Faustino M, Durão J, Pereira CF, Oliveira AS, Pereira JO, Pereira AM, Ferreira C, Pintado ME, Carvalho AP. Comparative Analysis of Mannans Extraction Processes from Spent Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233753. [PMID: 36496561 PMCID: PMC9739389 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannans are outstanding polysaccharides that have gained exponential interest over the years. These polysaccharides may be extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and recovered from the brewing or synthetic biology industries, among others. In this work, several extraction processes-physical, chemical and enzymatic-were studied, all aiming to obtain mannans from spent yeast S. cerevisiae. Their performance was evaluated in terms of yield, mannose content and cost. The resultant extracts were characterized in terms of their structure (FT-IR, PXRD and SEM), physicochemical properties (color, molecular weight distribution, sugars, protein, ash and water content) and thermal stability (DSC). The biological properties were assessed through the screening of prebiotic activity in Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis. The highest yield (58.82%) was achieved by using an alkaline thermal process, though the correspondent mannose content was low. The extract obtained by autolysis followed by a hydrothermal step resulted in the highest mannose content (59.19%). On the other hand, the extract obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis displayed the highest prebiotic activity. This comparative study is expected to lay the scientific foundation for the obtention of well-characterized mannans from yeast, which will pave the way for their application in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Faustino
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Durão
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Carla F. Pereira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Ana Sofia Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Odila Pereira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Pereira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ferreira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Pintado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Carvalho
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Furnesvik L, Erkinharju T, Hansen M, Yousaf MN, Seternes T. Evaluation of histological post-mortem changes in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at different time intervals and storage temperatures. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1571-1580. [PMID: 35766119 PMCID: PMC9544505 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate histologic post-mortem autolytic changes in farmed Atlantic salmon. The fish were either stored at room temperature (RT, 21°C), refrigerated (4°C) or frozen (-20°C), while fish necropsy was performed at 0, 1, 4, 24 and 48 h post-storage (hps). In addition, gills were sampled at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 min post-storage (mps) at room temperature (RT). The haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue slides were evaluated and scored by using a semi-quantitative scoring system. Our findings demonstrated gills and pyloric caeca/pancreas as the most severely autolysed organs while heart and skeletal musculature were least affected. Generally, moderate to severe autolysis appeared first at 4 hps, while severe changes were seen at 24 hps. Gills demonstrated autolytic changes as early as 10 mps and pyloric caeca/pancreas at 1 hps. Freezing did not prevent the autolysis and even contributed to freezing artefacts, which may lead to misdiagnosis. Keeping organs refrigerated slowed the autolytic progress within the first 4 hps marginally. This study recommends gills and pyloric caeca/pancreas should be sampled as early as possible, at least within 10 min post-necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tore Seternes
- Norwegian College of Fishery ScienceUiT – The arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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17
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Zhang J, Zhu B, Xu X, Liu Y, Li Q, Li Y, Lu F. Remodeling Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Cell Wall Rigidity to Reduce Cell Lysis and Increase the Yield of Heterologous Proteins. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10552-10562. [PMID: 35984403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has great potential as a host for heterologous protein production, but its severe autolytic behavior has precluded its industrial application to date. Because d,l-endopeptidase activity-guided cell wall rigidity is considered essential for autolysis resistance, we investigated the effects of d,l-endopeptidase genes lytE, lytF, cwlO, and cwlS play on the growth, lysis, and morphology remodeling of B. amyloliquefaciens strain TCCC11018. Individual and combinatorial deletion of lytE, lytF, and cwlS enhanced the cell growth and delayed cell lysis. For the best mutant with the lytF and cwlS double deletion, the viable cell number at 24 h increased by 11.90% and the cell wall thickness at 6 h increased by 25.87%. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses indicated that the improvement was caused by enhanced peptidoglycan synthesis. With the lytF and cwlS double deletion, the extracellular green fluorescent protein and phospholipase D expression levels increased by 113 and 55.89%, respectively. This work broadens our understanding of the relationship between d,l-endopeptidases and B. amyloliquefaciens cell characteristics, which provides an effective strategy to improve the heterologous protein expression in B. amyloliquefaciens-based cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Baoyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qinggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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Sun J, Zheng J, Wang Y, Yang S, Yang J. The exogenous autophagy inducement alleviated the sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) autolysis with exposure to stress stimuli of ultraviolet light. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:3416-3424. [PMID: 34825382 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autolysis is the most important restrictive factor for the live sea cucumber trade and commercial transportation. Thus, it is essential to investigate the mechanism of autolysis activation or deactivation in the sea cucumber. In this study, monodansylcadaverine staining and Western blotting experiment methods indicated the implication of autophagy in the ultraviolet (UV) exposed sea cucumbers. The health condition was observed after the sea cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus) were gastric perfusion with autophagic inhibitor (3-methyladenine) or inducer (rapamycin) and exposure to UV light for half an hour. RESULTS The protein expressions of LC3-II and Atg5 appeared immediately after UV exposure and then vanished 1 h later. The autophagosome formation in coelomic fluid cells confirmed the autophagy appearance pattern of LC3-II and Atg5. The sea cucumber individuals maintained the health condition during the entire event of autophagy. The autophagic inhibitor along with UV exposure contributed to sea cucumber's swollen intestinal tissues, but the autophagic inducer functioned to alleviate and neutralize the UV effect. CONCLUSIONS The autophagy procedure analysis demonstrated that autophagy plays a role to maintain the health condition of sea cucumber during autolysis inducement. The autolysis of sea cucumber can be alleviated or postponed by the exogenous autophagy inducer and this finding would benefit the live sea cucumber transportation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghe Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
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Agboola JO, Mensah DD, Hansen JØ, Lapeña D, Mydland LT, Arntzen MØ, Horn SJ, Øyås O, Press CM, Øverland M. Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1675. [PMID: 35163597 PMCID: PMC8836103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of yeasts on intestinal health and transcriptomic profiles from the distal intestine and spleen tissue of Atlantic salmon fed SBM-based diets in seawater. Cyberlindnera jadinii (CJ) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (WA) yeasts were heat-inactivated with spray-drying (ICJ and IWA) or autolyzed at 50 °C for 16 h (ACJ and AWA), followed by spray-drying. Six diets were formulated, one based on fishmeal (FM), a challenging diet with 30% soybean meal (SBM) and four other diets containing 30% SBM and 10% of each of the four yeast fractions (i.e., ICJ, ACJ, IWA and AWA). The inclusion of CJ yeasts reduced the loss of enterocyte supranuclear vacuolization and reduced the population of CD8α labeled cells present in the lamina propria of fish fed the SBM diet. The CJ yeasts controlled the inflammatory responses of fish fed SBM through up-regulation of pathways related to wound healing and taurine metabolism. The WA yeasts dampened the inflammatory profile of fish fed SBM through down-regulation of pathways related to toll-like receptor signaling, C-lectin receptor, cytokine receptor and signal transduction. This study suggests that the yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus are novel high-quality protein sources with health-beneficial effects in terms of reducing inflammation associated with feeding plant-based diets to Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel O. Agboola
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - Dominic D. Mensah
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - Jon Ø. Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Liv T. Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - Magnus Ø. Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Svein J. Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Ove Øyås
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Charles McL. Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
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20
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Yamazawa R, Kuwana R, Takeuchi K, Takamatsu H, Nakajima Y, Ito K. Identification of the active site and characterization of a novel sporulation-specific cysteine protease YabG from Bacillus subtilis. J Biochem 2021; 171:315-324. [PMID: 34865059 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the probable protease gene yabG found in the genomes of spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus subtilis yabG was expressed as a 35 kDa His-tagged protein (BsYabG) in Escherichia coli cells. During purification using Ni-affinity chromatography, the 35 kDa protein was degraded via several intermediates to form a 24 kDa protein. Furthermore, it was degraded after an extended incubation period. The effect of protease inhibitors, including certain chemical modification reagents, on the conversion of the 35 kDa protein to the 24 kDa protein was investigated. Reagents reacting with sulfhydryl groups exerted significant effects, strongly suggesting that the yabG gene product is a cysteine protease with autolytic activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved Cys and His residues indicated that Cys218 and His172 are active site residues. No degradation was observed in the C218A/S and H172A mutants. In addition to the chemical modification reagents, benzamidine inhibited the degradation of the 24 kDa protein. Determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the intermediates revealed trypsin-like specificity for YabG protease. Based on the relative positions of His172 and Cys218 and their surrounding sequences, we propose the classification of YabG as a new family of clan CD in the Merops peptidase database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Yamazawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotouge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kuwana
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotouge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotouge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takamatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotouge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakajima
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikeda-nakamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotouge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Hort M, Bertsche U, Nozinovic S, Dietrich A, Schrötter AS, Mildenberger L, Axtmann K, Berscheid A, Bierbaum G. The Role of β-Glycosylated Wall Teichoic Acids in the Reduction of Vancomycin Susceptibility in Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0052821. [PMID: 34668723 PMCID: PMC8528128 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00528-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of infections. Due to the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance that leads to treatment failure, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms. Here, the cell wall structures of several laboratory vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains were analyzed. Among the VISA strains were S. aureus VC40, which accumulated 79 mutations, including most importantly 2 exchanges in the histidine-kinase VraS, and developed full resistance against vancomycin (MIC, 64 μg/ml); a revertant S. aureus VC40R, which has an additional mutation in vraR (MIC, 4 μg/ml); and S. aureus VraS(VC40), in which the 2 vraS mutations were reconstituted into a susceptible background (MIC, 4 μg/ml). A ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis showed that S. aureus VC40 had a significantly decreased cross-linking of the peptidoglycan. Both S. aureus VC40 and S. aureus VraS(VC40) displayed reduced autolysis and an altered autolysin profile in a zymogram. Most striking was the significant increase in d-alanine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) substitution of the wall teichoic acids (WTAs) in S. aureus VC40. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that this strain had mostly β-glycosylated WTAs in contrast to the other strains, which showed only the α-glycosylation peak. Salt stress induced the incorporation of β-GlcNAc anomers and drastically increased the vancomycin MIC for S. aureus VC40R. In addition, β-glycosylated WTAs decreased the binding affinity of AtlA, the major autolysin of S. aureus, to the cell wall, compared with α-glycosylated WTAs. In conclusion, there is a novel connection between wall teichoic acids, autolysis, and vancomycin susceptibility in S. aureus. IMPORTANCE Infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are commonly treated with vancomycin. This antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis by binding to the cell wall building block lipid II. We set out to characterize the mechanisms leading to decreased vancomycin susceptibility in a laboratory-generated strain, S. aureus VC40. This strain has an altered cell wall architecture with a thick cell wall with low cross-linking, which provides decoy binding sites for vancomycin. The low cross-linking, necessary for this resistance mechanism, decreases the stability of the cell wall against lytic enzymes, which separate the daughter cells. Protection against these enzymes is provided by another cell wall polymer, the teichoic acids, which contain an unusually high substitution with sugars in the β-conformation. By experimentally increasing the proportion of β-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in a closely related isolate through the induction of salt stress, we could show that the β-conformation of the sugars plays a vital role in the resistance of S. aureus VC40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hort
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Bertsche
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Alina Dietrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Schrötter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Mildenberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Axtmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Domon H, Isono T, Hiyoshi T, Tamura H, Sasagawa K, Maekawa T, Hirayama S, Yanagihara K, Terao Y. Clarithromycin Inhibits Pneumolysin Production via Downregulation of ply Gene Transcription despite Autolysis Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0031821. [PMID: 34468195 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00318-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, causes severe invasive infections, including meningitis and bacteremia. The widespread use of macrolides has been reported to increase the prevalence of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae (MRSP), thereby leading to treatment failure in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. However, previous studies have demonstrated that several macrolides and lincosamides have beneficial effects on MRSP infection since they inhibit the production and release of pneumolysin, a pneumococcal pore-forming toxin released during autolysis. In this regard, we previously demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of pneumolysin release by erythromycin involved both the transcriptional downregulation of the gene encoding pneumolysin and the impairment of autolysis in MRSP. Here, using a cell supernatant of the culture, we have shown that clarithromycin inhibits pneumolysin release in MRSP. However, contrary to previous observations in erythromycin-treated MRSP, clarithromycin upregulated the transcription of the pneumococcal autolysis-related lytA gene and enhanced autolysis, leading to the leakage of pneumococcal DNA. On the other hand, compared to erythromycin, clarithromycin significantly downregulated the gene encoding pneumolysin. In a mouse model of MRSP pneumonia, the administration of both clarithromycin and erythromycin significantly decreased the pneumolysin protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and improved lung injury and arterial oxygen saturation without affecting bacterial load. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo data reinforce the benefits of macrolides on the clinical outcomes of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. IMPORTANCE Pneumolysin is a potent intracellular toxin possessing multiple functions that augment pneumococcal virulence. For over 10 years, sub-MICs of macrolides, including clarithromycin, have been recognized to decrease pneumolysin production and release from pneumococcal cells. However, this study indicates that macrolides significantly slowed pneumococcal growth, which may be related to decreased pneumolysin release recorded by previous studies. In this study, we demonstrated that clarithromycin decreases pneumolysin production through downregulation of ply gene transcription, regardless of its inhibitory activity against bacterial growth. Additionally, administration of clarithromycin resulted in the amelioration of lung injury in a mouse model of pneumonia induced by macrolide-resistant pneumococci. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of pneumolysin offers a good strategy to treat pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Dorau R, Chen J, Liu J, Ruhdal Jensen P, Solem C. Adaptive Laboratory Evolution as a Means To Generate Lactococcus lactis Strains with Improved Thermotolerance and Ability To Autolyze. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0103521. [PMID: 34406823 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01035-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (referred to here as L. lactis) is a model lactic acid bacterium and one of the main constituents of the mesophilic cheese starter used for producing soft or semihard cheeses. Most dairy L. lactis strains grow optimally at around 30°C and are not particularly well adapted to the elevated temperatures (37 to 39°C) to which they are often exposed during cheese production. To overcome this challenge, we used adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) in milk, using a setup where the temperature was gradually increased over time, and isolated two evolved strains (RD01 and RD07) better able to tolerate high growth temperatures. One of these, strain RD07, was isolated after 1.5 years of evolution (400 generations) and efficiently acidified milk at 41°C, which has not been reported for industrial L. lactis strains until now. Moreover, RD07 appeared to autolyze 2 to 3 times faster than its parent strain, which is another highly desired property of dairy lactococci and rarely observed in the L. lactis subspecies used in this study. Model cheese trials indicated that RD07 could potentially accelerate cheese ripening. Transcriptomics analysis revealed the potential underlying causes responsible for the enhanced growth at high temperatures for the mutants. These included downregulation of the pleiotropic transcription factor CodY and overexpression of genes, which most likely lowered the guanidine nucleotide pool. Cheese trials at ARLA Foods using RD01 blended with the commercial Flora Danica starter culture, including a 39.5°C cooking step, revealed better acidification and flavor formation than the pure starter culture. IMPORTANCE In commercial mesophilic starter cultures, L. lactis is generally more thermotolerant than Lactococcus cremoris, whereas L. cremoris is more prone to autolysis, which is the key to flavor and aroma formation. In this study, we found that adaptation to higher thermotolerance can improve autolysis. Using whole-genome sequencing and RNA sequencing, we attempt to determine the underlying reason for the observed behavior. In terms of dairy applications, there are obvious advantages associated with using L. lactis strains with high thermotolerance, as these are less affected by curd cooking, which generally hampers the performance of the mesophilic starter. Cheese ripening, the costliest part of cheese manufacturing, can be reduced using autolytic strains. Thus, the solution presented here could simplify starter cultures, make the cheese manufacturing process more efficient, and enable novel types of harder cheese variants.
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Molinero N, Conti E, Sánchez B, Walker AW, Margolles A, Duncan SH, Delgado S. Ruminococcoides bili gen. nov., sp. nov., a bile-resistant bacterium from human bile with autolytic behavior. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34398726 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A strictly anaerobic, resistant starch-degrading, bile-tolerant, autolytic strain, IPLA60002T, belonging to the family Ruminococcaceae, was isolated from a human bile sample of a liver donor without hepatobiliary disease. Cells were Gram-stain-positive cocci, and 16S rRNA gene and whole genome analyses showed that Ruminococcus bromii was the phylogenetically closest related species to the novel strain IPLA60002T, though with average nucleotide identity values below 90 %. Biochemically, the new isolate has metabolic features similar to those described previously for gut R. bromii strains, including the ability to degrade a range of different starches. The new isolate, however, produces lactate and shows distinct resistance to the presence of bile salts. Additionally, the novel bile isolate displays an autolytic phenotype after growing in different media. Strain IPLA60002T is phylogenetically distinct from other species within the genus Ruminococcus. Therefore, we propose on the basis of phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic data that the novel IPLA60002T strain isolated from human bile be given the name Ruminococcoides bili gen. nov., sp. nov., within the new proposed genus Ruminococcoides and the family Ruminococcaceae. Strain IPLA60002T (=DSM 110008T=LMG 31505T) is proposed as the type strain of Ruminococcoides bili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Molinero
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa-Asturias, Spain
| | - Elena Conti
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa-Asturias, Spain.,Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo-Asturias, Spain
| | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa-Asturias, Spain.,Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo-Asturias, Spain
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Susana Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa-Asturias, Spain.,Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo-Asturias, Spain
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25
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Wenzlow N, Neal D, Stern AW, Prakoso D, Liu JJ, Delcambre GH, Beachboard S, Long MT. Feasibility of using tissue autolysis to estimate the postmortem interval in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:825-833. [PMID: 34109897 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211021865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is a poorly studied field in veterinary pathology. The development of field-applicable methods is needed given that animal cruelty investigations are increasing continually. We evaluated various histologic criteria in equine brain, liver, and muscle tissue to aid the estimation of PMI in horses, which is central to forensic investigations of suspicious death. After death, autolysis proceeds predictably, depending on environmental conditions. Currently, no field-applied methods exist that accurately estimate the PMI using histology in animals or humans through quantification of autolysis. Brain, liver, and skeletal muscle from 12 freshly euthanized horses were held at 22°C and 8°C for 72 h. Tissues were sampled at T0h, T1h, T2h, T4h, T6h, T12h, T24h, T36h, T48h, T60h, and T72h. For each tissue, we quantified 5 to 7 criteria associated with autolysis, based on the percentage of microscopic field involved. Each criterion was modeled, with temperature and time as independent variables. Changes were most predictable in liver and muscle over the first 72 h postmortem. The criteria for autolysis that were present most extensively at both temperatures were hepatocyte individualization and the separation of bile duct epithelium from the basement membrane. The changes that were present next most extensively were disruption of myofiber continuity, hypereosinophilia, and loss of striation. Brain changes were highly variable. The high statistical correlation between the parameter "autolysis" and the variables "time/temperature", indicates that autolysis is progressive and predictable. Further investigation of these criteria is needed to establish histologic algorithms for PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanny Wenzlow
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Neal
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam W Stern
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dhani Prakoso
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Junjie J Liu
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gretchen H Delcambre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sally Beachboard
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maureen T Long
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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26
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Babkina AS, Sundukov DV, Golubev AM. [The forensic implications of the relationship between the proteolytic enzymes activity and the changes in NADH and FAD fluorescence intensity in skeletal muscle when determining the time of death (experimental study)]. Sud Med Ekspert 2021; 64:24-28. [PMID: 34013691 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20216403124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the relationship between the activity of proteolytic enzymes (cathepsin D and calpains) and the dynamics of the fluorescence intensity of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the rats' skeletal muscles in relation to the time of death. The proteolytic activity of enzymes in rat skeletal muscle was determined at the postmortem time points corresponding to the most significant changes in the dynamics of coenzymes NADH and FAD fluorescence intensity. The proteolytic enzymes activity was found to be low during the period of increasing intensity of NADH fluorescence observed within 3 hours after death. An increase in the activity of proteolytic enzymes was registered in 4.5 hours after death which corresponds to the initial point of decrease in NADH fluorescence intensity. In 24 hours post-mortem, corresponding to increased FAD fluorescence intensity a significant decrease in the activity of calpains was found. The results of the study suggest that the nature of the postmortem dynamics of the fluorescence intensity of coenzymes is largely due to the peculiarities of intracellular proteolysis. The study results suggest that the pattern of post mortem changes in coenzyme fluorescence intensity is largely attributable to the specifics of intracellular proteolysis. The relationship between coenzyme fluorescence and molecular mechanisms of cell death confirms the viability and feasibility of laser-induced spectroscopy for post-mortem changes assessment when determining the time of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Babkina
- Medical Institute of the Russian Peoples Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.,V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Sundukov
- Medical Institute of the Russian Peoples Friendship University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Golubev
- Medical Institute of the Russian Peoples Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.,V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Zimmerman T, Ibrahim SA. Autolysis and Cell Death Is Affected by pH in L. reuteri DSM 20016 Cells. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051026. [PMID: 34065120 PMCID: PMC8150876 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A key obstacle to the successful delivery of a probiotic to the consumer is maintaining viability of the live cells during storage, a challenge for the beneficial Lactibacillus reuteri. Three processes play a role in the reduction of viability: autolysis, cell death, and cell weakening. Using a phosphate induction model of autolysis, the initial aim of this project was to discover novel molecular determinants of autolysis in L. reuteri, with the long -term goal of elucidating new strategies for increasing viability. We employed a 2D Native/SDS-Page method to monitor changes in protein expression over time; however, the result was that excess phosphate did not induce noticeable changes in expression patterns. On the other hand, we found that pH affects both the rate of total viability and autolysis, as seen with other species of LAB. In addition, we found that the phosphate model of autolysis may not be sufficient to explain how autolysis is triggered in L. reuteri. Two parameters appear to modulate the pH in media containing L. reuteri cells: overall buffering capacity and the presence of a carbon source. Ultimately, phosphate sources appear to facilitate autolysis by maintaining pH in the media via a higher buffering capacity. In addition, the alkaline sugar free almond drink appears to be a promising possible preservative for L. reuteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahl Zimmerman
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-336-285-4863; Fax: +1-336-334-7239
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28
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Wu S, Zhao M, Gao S, Xu Y, Zhao X, Liu M, Liu X. Change Regularity of Taste and the Performance of Endogenous Proteases in Shrimp ( Penaens vannamei) Head during Autolysis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051020. [PMID: 34066655 PMCID: PMC8151679 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the food safety and proximate composition of shrimp head (SH). Potentially toxic elements in SH were below European Union legislation limits. SH had a high content of tasting amino acids (sweet and umami amino acids was 57%) and a high content of functional amino acids (essential amino acids was 37%). Moreover, the changes of flavor and key umami molecules in SH were studied by sensory evaluation, electronic tongue, electronic nose, automated amino acid analyzer, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the significant difference of flavor in SH happened during autolysis. SH with autolysis had the best umami taste at 6 h, which may result from the synergistic work of free amino acids and nucleotide related compounds. Additionally, the performance of endogenous proteases in SH was investigated to efficiently analyze autolysis. The optimum pH and temperature of endogenous proteases in SH were 7.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The autolysis of SH depends on two endogenous proteases (~50 kDa and ~75 kDa). These results suggest that the formation of flavor in SH during autolysis can be controlled, which could provide guidance for SH recycle. SH could consider as one of the food materials for producing condiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shijue Gao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yue Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Shinkai-Ouchi F, Shindo M, Doi N, Hata S, Ono Y. Calpain-2 participates in the process of calpain-1 inactivation. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20200552. [PMID: 33078830 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are highly structurally similar isoforms of calpain. The calpains, a family of intracellular cysteine proteases, cleave their substrates at specific sites, thus modifying their properties such as function or activity. These isoforms have long been considered to function in a redundant or complementary manner, as they are both ubiquitously expressed and activated in a Ca2+- dependent manner. However, studies using isoform-specific knockout and knockdown strategies revealed that each calpain species carries out specific functions in vivo. To understand the mechanisms that differentiate calpain-1 and calpain-2, we focused on the efficiency and longevity of each calpain species after activation. Using an in vitro proteolysis assay of troponin T in combination with mass spectrometry, we revealed distinctive aspects of each isoform. Proteolysis mediated by calpain-1 was more sustained, lasting as long as several hours, whereas proteolysis mediated by calpain-2 was quickly blunted. Calpain-1 and calpain-2 also differed from each other in their patterns of autolysis. Calpain-2–specific autolysis sites in its PC1 domain are not cleaved by calpain-1, but calpain-2 cuts calpain-1 at the corresponding position. Moreover, at least in vitro, calpain-1 and calpain-2 do not perform substrate proteolysis in a synergistic manner. On the contrary, calpain-1 activity is suppressed in the presence of calpain-2, possibly because it is cleaved by the latter protein. These results suggest that calpain-2 functions as a down-regulation of calpain-1, a mechanism that may be applicable to other calpain species as well.
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30
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Aggarwal SD, Lloyd AJ, Yerneni SS, Narciso AR, Shepherd J, Roper DI, Dowson CG, Filipe SR, Hiller NL. A molecular link between cell wall biosynthesis, translation fidelity, and stringent response in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018089118. [PMID: 33785594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018089118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, microbes must survive the hostile environmental conditions of the human host. When exposed to stresses, bacteria activate an intracellular response, known as the stringent response pathway, to ensure their survival. This study connects two fundamental pathways important for cellular growth in a Gram-positive pathogen: it demonstrates that enzymes responsible for cell wall biosynthesis are connected to the stringent response pathway via their ability to ameliorate errors in protein translation. Our study was performed on S. pneumoniae, where the MurM cell wall biosynthesis enzyme, a tRNA-dependent amino acyl transferase, is linked to penicillin resistance. We now demonstrate the importance of MurM in translation quality control and establish that it serves as a gatekeeper of the stringent response pathway. Survival in the human host requires bacteria to respond to unfavorable conditions. In the important Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, cell wall biosynthesis proteins MurM and MurN are tRNA-dependent amino acyl transferases which lead to the production of branched muropeptides. We demonstrate that wild-type cells experience optimal growth under mildly acidic stressed conditions, but ΔmurMN strain displays growth arrest and extensive lysis. Furthermore, these stress conditions compromise the efficiency with which alanyl-tRNAAla synthetase can avoid noncognate mischarging of tRNAAla with serine, which is toxic to cells. The observed growth defects are rescued by inhibition of the stringent response pathway or by overexpression of the editing domain of alanyl-tRNAAla synthetase that enables detoxification of tRNA misacylation. Furthermore, MurM can incorporate seryl groups from mischarged Seryl-tRNAAlaUGC into cell wall precursors with exquisite specificity. We conclude that MurM contributes to the fidelity of translation control and modulates the stress response by decreasing the pool of mischarged tRNAs. Finally, we show that enhanced lysis of ΔmurMN pneumococci is caused by LytA, and the murMN operon influences macrophage phagocytosis in a LytA-dependent manner. Thus, MurMN attenuates stress responses with consequences for host–pathogen interactions. Our data suggest a causal link between misaminoacylated tRNA accumulation and activation of the stringent response. In order to prevent potential corruption of translation, consumption of seryl-tRNAAla by MurM may represent a first line of defense. When this mechanism is overwhelmed or absent (ΔmurMN), the stringent response shuts down translation to avoid toxic generation of mistranslated/misfolded proteins.
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Zha J, Liu Z, Sun R, Gong G, Dordick JS, Wu X. Endolysin-Based Autolytic E. coli System for Facile Recovery of Recombinant Proteins. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:3134-3143. [PMID: 33656890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of recombinant proteins from the Escherichia coli cytoplasm depends on cell disruption by mechanical, chemical, and/or enzymatic methods, which usually cause incomplete cell breakage or protein denaturation. Controllable autolytic E. coli strains have been designed to facilitate the purification of recombinant proteins; however, these strains suffer from low recovery yield, slow cell lysis, or extensive strain engineering. Herein, we report an improved, highly efficient programmable autolytic E. coli platform, in which cell lysis is initiated upon the induced expression of T4 lysozyme with N-terminal fusion of a cell-penetrating peptide. Through the engineering of the peptide sequence and copy number, and by incorporating the fusion lytic gene into the E. coli genome, more than 99.97% of cells could be lysed within 30 min of induction regardless of cell age. We further tested the expression and release of a recombinant enzyme lysostaphin (Lst) and demonstrated that 4 h induction of the lytic gene after 3 h of Lst expression resulted in 98.97% cell lysis. Lst obtained from this system had the same yield, yet 1.63-fold higher activity, compared with that obtained from cells lysed by freeze-thawing and sonication. This autolytic platform shows potential for use in large-scale microbial production of proteins and other biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Runcong Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Guoli Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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Jiménez-Bonilla P, Feng J, Wang S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Blersch D, de-Bashan LE, Gaillard P, Guo L, Wang Y. Identification and Investigation of Autolysin Genes in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Strain N1-4 for Enhanced Biobutanol Production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02442-20. [PMID: 33514516 PMCID: PMC8091608 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02442-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobutanol is a valuable biochemical and one of the most promising biofuels. Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 is a hyperbutanol-producing strain. However, its strong autolytic behavior leads to poor cell stability, especially during continuous fermentation, thus limiting the applicability of the strain for long-term and industrial-scale processes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of autolysin genes within the C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum genome related to cell autolysis and further develop more stable strains for enhanced butanol production. First, putative autolysin-encoding genes were identified in the strain based on comparison of amino acid sequence with homologous genes in other strains. Then, by overexpressing all these putative autolysin genes individually and characterizing the corresponding recombinant strains, four key genes were pinpointed to be responsible for significant cell autolysis activities. Further, these key genes were deleted using CRISPR-Cas9. Fermentation characterization demonstrated enhanced performance of the resultant mutants. Results from this study reveal valuable insights concerning the role of autolysins for cell stability and solvent production, and they provide an essential reference for developing robust strains for enhanced biofuel and biochemical production.IMPORTANCE Severe autolytic behavior is a common issue in Clostridium and many other microorganisms. This study revealed the key genes responsible for the cell autolysis within Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, a prominent platform for biosolvent production from lignocellulosic materials. The knowledge generated in this study provides insights concerning cell autolysis in relevant microbial systems and gives essential references for enhancing strain stability through rational genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jiménez-Bonilla
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Shangjun Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Yifen Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - David Blersch
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Luz Estela de-Bashan
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
- The Bashan Institute of Science, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Philippe Gaillard
- Statistical Consulting Center, Mathematics and Statistics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Elahi M, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Hashimoto M, Tada A, Yamasaki H, Nagao T, Kuwahara T. The Human Gut Microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Suppresses Toxin Release from Clostridium difficile by Inhibiting Autolysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:187. [PMID: 33671889 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the human gut microbiota by antibiotics can lead to Clostridium difficile (CD)-associated diarrhea. CD overgrowth and elevated CD toxins result in gut inflammation. Herein, we report that a gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT), suppressed CD toxin production. The suppressive components are present in BT culture supernatant and are both heat- and proteinase K-resistant. Transposon-based mutagenesis indicated that the polysaccharide metabolism of BT is involved in the inhibitory effect. Among the genes identified, we focus on the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway gene gcpE, which supplies the isoprenoid backbone to produce the undecaprenyl phosphate lipid carrier that transports oligosaccharides across the membrane. Polysaccharide fractions prepared from the BT culture suppressed CD toxin production in vitro; the inhibitory effect of polysaccharide fractions was reduced in the gcpE mutant (ΔgcpE). The inhibitory effect of BT-derived polysaccharide fraction was abrogated by lysozyme treatment, indicating that cellwall-associated glycans are attributable to the inhibitory effect. BT-derived polysaccharide fraction did not affect CD toxin gene expression or intracellular toxin levels. An autolysis assay showed that CD cell autolysis was suppressed by BT-derived polysaccharide fraction, but the effect was reduced with that of ΔgcpE. These results indicate that cell wall-associated glycans of BT suppress CD toxin release by inhibiting cell autolysis.
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Borges MS, Biz AP, Bertolo AP, Bagatini L, Rigo E, Cavalheiro D. Enriched cereal bars with wine fermentation biomass. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:542-547. [PMID: 32662091 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereal bars are a sweet-tasting, nutritious, and enjoyable source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Ingredients can be added to the formulation to improve certain characteristics, such as protein content. Some of these ingredients are derived from yeast from fermentation processes. This study aimed to add value to the residue resulting from the wine fermentation process (wine lees) by applying it in the formulation of cereal bars. RESULTS Three formulations of cereal bars with different concentrations of autolyzed yeast biomass were developed. The effect of the addition of biomass was investigated by chemical and sensorial analysis. The cereal bar with the highest concentration of autolyzed biomass (5%) showed the highest protein content (73.4 g kg-1 ). The findings regarding acceptance obtained by sensory analysis showed that the samples with 2.5% and 5% autolyzed biomass pleased consumers. CONCLUSIONS Formulations of autolyzed biomass-based cereal bars have increased protein content as the autolyzed biomass concentration has increased. Moreover, the acceptance of the cereal bars with autolyzed biomass in concentrations of 2.5% and 5% was satisfactory. The use of wine lees in food products is therefore a possible way of adding value to this residue, including, for example, a significant increase in protein. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marana Sandini Borges
- Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Biz
- Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Angélica Patrícia Bertolo
- Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Luciola Bagatini
- Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Elisandra Rigo
- Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Darlene Cavalheiro
- Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho, Brazil
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Ravi PK, Purkait S, Singh SR, Mishra PR. Decay score: A guide to the immunoreactivity of human pancreatic islets in autopsy specimen. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2021; 81:101-106. [PMID: 33511627 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2021.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pancreas is an exo-endocrine organ that undergoes rapid autolysis soon after death, which limits its utility in academics and research. The timeline of autolytic changes of pancreatic islets and its immunoreactivity is limited in the literature. Decay score has been used to grade the autolytic changes in organs like the brain, lung and liver. However, reports are not available in the pancreas/ pancreatic islets. Knowledge regarding the decay score may be used as a torchbearer for the immunoreactivity of human pancreatic islets in autopsy cases. The present study is aimed to provide an optimal cut-off time based on the decay score before which pancreatic specimens should be collected for the purpose of immunohistochemical studies of pancreatic islets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serial sections of twenty adult human pancreas obtained from the autopsy were subjected to H&E and immunohistochemical staining. Autolytic changes of pancreatic islets were graded by using decay score in H&E sections, which was compared with the results of the immunohistochemical reactivity of pancreatic islets in IHC sections. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic islets immunoreactivity was found to be well preserved in the samples collected early within 9 h with a decay score of less than 1.4. There was an inverse relation of decay score and immunoreactivity of pancreatic islets. The decay score of less than 1.4 has better-preserved immunoreactivity than having more than 1.4. This knowledge will help researchers working in the field of the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Ravi
- All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S Purkait
- All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S R Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - P R Mishra
- All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Gnoinski GB, Schmidt SA, Close DC, Goemann K, Pinfold TL, Kerslake FL. Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast. Molecules 2021; 26:E387. [PMID: 33450966 PMCID: PMC7828459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparkling wine made by the traditional method (Méthode Traditionelle) develops a distinct and desirable flavour and aroma profile attributed to proteolytic processes during prolonged ageing on lees. Microwave, ultrasound and addition of β-glucanase enzymes were applied to accelerate the disruption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and added to the tirage solution for secondary fermentation in traditional sparkling winemaking. Scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry analyses were used to observe and describe yeast whole-cell anatomy, and cell integrity and structure via propidium iodide (PI) permeability after 6-, 12- and 18-months post-tirage. Treatments applied produced features on lees that were distinct from that of the untreated control yeast. Whilst control yeast displayed budding cells (growth features) with smooth, cavitated and flat external cell appearances; microwave treated yeast cells exhibited modifications like 'doughnut' shapes immediately after treatment (time 0). Similar 'doughnut'-shaped and 'pitted/porous' cell features were observed on progressively older lees from the control. Flow cytometry was used to discriminate yeast populations; features consistent with cell disruption were observed in the microwave, ultrasound and enzyme treatments, as evidenced by up to 4-fold increase in PI signal in the microwave treatment. Forward and side scatter signals reflected changes in size and structure of yeast cells, in all treatments applied. When flow cytometry was interpreted alongside the scanning electron microscopy images, bimodal populations of yeast cells with low and high PI intensities were revealed and distinctive 'doughnut'-shaped cell features observed in association with the microwave treatment only at tirage, that were not observed until 12 months wine ageing in older lees from the control. This work offers both a rapid approach to visualise alterations to yeast cell surfaces and a better understanding of the mechanisms of yeast lysis. Microwave, ultrasound or β-glucanase enzymes are tools that could potentially initiate the release of yeast cell compounds into wine. Further investigation into the impact of such treatments on the flavour and aroma profiles of the wines through sensory evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail B. Gnoinski
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia; (D.C.C.); (F.L.K.)
| | - Simon A. Schmidt
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia;
| | - Dugald C. Close
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia; (D.C.C.); (F.L.K.)
| | - Karsten Goemann
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia;
| | - Terry L. Pinfold
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia;
| | - Fiona L. Kerslake
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia; (D.C.C.); (F.L.K.)
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Gong M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Wan J, Shang J, Yang R, Wu Y, Li Y, Tan Q, Bao D. Chilling Stress Triggers VvAgo1-Mediated miRNA-Like RNA Biogenesis in Volvariella volvacea. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:523593. [PMID: 33042047 PMCID: PMC7522536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.523593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Volvariella volvacea, an important species of edible mushroom, cryogenic autolysis is a typical phenomenon that occurs during abnormal metabolism. Analysis of gene expression profiling and qPCR showed that chilling stress (CS) significantly and continuously upregulated only one type of Argonaute in V. volvacea, i.e., VvAgo1. Structural and evolutionary analysis revealed that VvAgo1 belongs to the Ago-like family, and its evolution has involved gene duplication, subsequent gene loss, and purifying selection. Analysis of its interaction network and expression suggested that CS triggers VvAgo1-mediated miRNA-like RNA (milRNA) biogenesis in V. volvacea V23 but not in VH3 (a composite mutant strain from V23 with improved CS resistance). Small RNA sequencing and qPCR analysis confirmed that CS triggered the increased milRNA expression in V23 and not in VH3. The predicted target genes of the increased milRNAs were enriched in several pathways, such as signal transduction and ubiquitination. Heatmap analysis showed that CS altered the expression profile of milRNAs with their target genes related to signal transduction and ubiquitination in V23. Combined analysis of transcriptome and proteome data confirmed that most of the target genes of the increased milRNAs were not translated into proteins. Our observations indicate that CS might trigger VvAgo1-mediated RNAi to facilitate the cryogenic autolysis of V. volvacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Shang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Fiebig D, Anderl A, Al Djaizani S, Kolmar H, Fuchsbauer HL. Dissecting capture and twisting of aureolysin and pseudolysin: functional amino acids of the Dispase autolysis-inducing protein. Biochem J 2020; 477:2595-606. [PMID: 32602533 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Dispase autolysis-inducing protein (DAIP) from Streptomyces mobaraensis attracts M4 metalloproteases, which results in inhibition and autolysis of bacillolysin (BL) and thermolysin (TL). The present study shows that aureolysin (AL) from Staphylococcus aureus and pseudolysin (LasB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are likewise impaired by DAIP. Complete inhibition occurred when DAIP significantly exceeded the amount of the target protease. At low DAIP concentrations, AL and BL performed autolysis, while LasB and TL degradation required reductants or detergents that break intramolecular disulfide bonds or change the protein structure. Site directed mutagenesis of DAIP and removal of an exposed protein loop either influenced binding or inhibition of AL and TL but had no effect on LasB and BL. The Y170A and Δ239-248 variants had completely lost affinity for TL and AL. The exchange of Asn-275 also impaired the interaction of DAIP with AL. In contrast, DAIP Phe-297 substitution abolished inhibition and autolysis of both target proteases but still allowed complex formation. Our results give rise to the conclusion that other, yet unknown DAIP amino acids inactivate LasB and BL. Obviously, various bacteria in the same habitat caused Streptomyces mobaraensis to continuously optimize DAIP in inactivating the tackling metalloproteases.
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Li X, Ye H, Xu CQ, Shen XL, Zhang XL, Huang C, Cheng B, Tan YL, Xiao ZT, Pei YP, Zou K. Transcriptomic analysis reveals MAPK signaling pathways affect the autolysis in baker's yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5859490. [PMID: 32556321 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast autolysis refers to the process in which cells degrade and release intracellular contents under specific conditions by endogenous enzymes such as proteases, nucleases and lipid enzymes. Protein-rich baker's yeast is widely used to produce yeast extract in food industry, however, the molecular mechanism related to baker's yeast autolysis is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq technology and biochemical analysis were performed to analyze the autolysis processes in baker's yeast. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 27 autolysis-related euKaryotic Ortholog Groups (KOG) and three types of autolysis-induced Gene Ontology (GO) were identified and analyzed in detail. A total of 143 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways under autolysis were also assigned. Interestingly, the DEGs were significantly enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and metabolic pathways, and key genes MID2, MTL1, SLT2, PTP2, HKR1 and GPD1 may play important roles in autolysis. Further quantitative PCR was performed to verify the expression pattern in baker's yeast autolysis. Together, all these results indicated that MAPK pathways might play an essential role during autolysis process through inhibiting the metabolism and disrupting cell wall in baker's yeast. This result may provide important clues for the in-depth interpretation of the yeast autolysis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Han Ye
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Chao-Qun Xu
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Shen
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Ben Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Ya-Li Tan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Ze-Tao Xiao
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Yu-Peng Pei
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Kun Zou
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
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Abstract
Aspergillus niger mycelial waste is a good raw material for production of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). In this study, AnChiB, an A. niger chitinase which is upregulated during autolysis, was found to degrade A. niger mycelial waste with high efficiency. It could produce 1.45 mM (GlcNAc)2 in 8 h from raw mycelial waste, outperforming other chitinases, including bacterial SmChiA, human HsCht, and insect OfChtI and OfChi-h. The crystal structure of AnChiB was determined, and residues Trp106 and Trp118 were found to be important for the activity of AnChiB toward mycelial waste; mutation of either Trp106 or Trp118 into phenylalanine or alanine resulted in dramatically decreased activity. A recombinant strain of Bacillus subtilis was constructed to extracellularly produce AnChiB, and the culture supernatant was used to treat mycelial waste. This eco-friendly strategy could produce 3.7 mM of GlcNAc from 10 g of mycelial waste in 94 h with a yield of 71.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Otlyga DA, Junemann OA, Dzhalilova DS, Tsvetkova EG, Saveliev SV. Immunohistochemical Study of Dark and Progenitor Carotid Body Cells: Artefacts or Real Subtypes? Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168:807-811. [PMID: 32328951 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem changes occurring in human carotid body were simulated on the Wistar rat model. It was shown that light, dark, and pyknotic (progenitor) subtypes of human carotid body cells are an artifact and cannot be used in clinical practice to study the characteristics of various human diseases. The differences between the control group of healthy individuals and individuals with the various pathologies are most likely due to the different levels of premortal hypoxia that the tissue had been exposed to. Moreover, widespread antigens used in practice were divided into 2 groups by their tolerance to autolysis: stable and unstable ones. This can be useful for the development of immunohistochemical test algorithms for the diagnostics on autopsy material.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Otlyga
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - O A Junemann
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E G Tsvetkova
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Saveliev
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
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Cao W, Tian S, Wang H, Zhang C, Yuan J. Release principle of peptides and amino acids during the autolysis of shrimp head from Litopenaeus vannamei after UV-C irradiation stress. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:170-178. [PMID: 31993143 PMCID: PMC6977426 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-C irradiation can activate endogenous enzymes in the body of many aquatic animals. Autolysis kinetics of shrimp head after UV-C irradiation stress was investigated. During the first 5 hr of autolysis, the release of the autolysis products was in line with the first-order equations of the reaction rate: Y = 37.681e-0.173 t , Pe = -1.769Y + 74.156, and TP = -1.5117Y + 60.866. A good linear correlation was founded between the release of total protein and that of products with molecular weight of 3,000 Da after these products associated with residual total protein were autolyzed. In contrast to the inconsistent effect of substrate concentration on autolysis rate constants, the effects of pH and temperature on the autolysis rate constants of shrimp head showed a consistent pattern. An Arrhenius equation (lnKa = 8,090.2/T - 26.497) was established to validate the proposed autolysis kinetic equations. The autolysis rate of products with molecular weight < 3,000 Da increased rapidly from 0 hr to 3 hr. The aliphatic amino acids showed a higher amount release than that of other amino acids during the autolysis. The amounts of released heterocyclic amino acids (Trp and His) were also much more than that of other amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Cao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and SafetyZhanjiangChina
- Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological ProductsZhanjiangChina
| | - Shen Tian
- College of Food Science and TechnologyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - He Wang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Chaohua Zhang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and SafetyZhanjiangChina
- Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological ProductsZhanjiangChina
| | - Jianjun Yuan
- College of Oceanology and Food ScienceQuanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhouChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine AlgaeQuanzhouChina
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Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring highly bactericidal antibiotics to achieve cure. Many challenges exist to achieving optimal patient outcome. First, antibiotics must pass the blood brain barrier. Once in the subarachnoid space, achieving bactericidal therapy involves circumventing antibiotic resistance and, more commonly, antibiotic tolerance arising from the slow growth of bacteria in the nutrient poor cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, bactericidal therapy is most often bacteriolytic, and debris from lysis is highly inflammatory. Controlling damage from lytic products may require adjunctive therapy to prevent neuronal death. These challenges are an extreme example of the different requirements for treating infections in different body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Kietzman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Elaine Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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Ling J, Zhou L, Wu G, Zhao Y, Jiang T, Liu F. The AHL Quorum-Sensing System Negatively Regulates Growth and Autolysis in Lysobacter brunescens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2748. [PMID: 31849892 PMCID: PMC6902743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysobacter species are emerging as novel sources of antibiotics, but the regulation of their physiological metabolism is still poorly understood. In this work, we extracted AHL (acyl-homoserine lactone) autoinducers, identified the structures of AHLs and described the AHL quorum-sensing system in Lysobacter brunescens OH23. AHLs were isolated from the supernatant of L. brunescens OH23, and ESI-MS/MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) analysis revealed biosynthesis of three different AHL chemical structures by L. brunescens OH23: N-(3-oxohexanoyl)- homoserine lactone (HSL), 3-OH-C10-HSL and C8-HSL. The growth rate of AHL quorum-sensing knockout mutants was dramatically increased compared to that of wildtype. Sucrose consumptions were also twice as high in AHL quorum-sensing knockout mutants than that in wildtype in early-log phase. Additionally, expression of key genes related to sucrose metabolism α-glucosidase was enhanced in AHL quorum-sensing knockout mutants, which indicated that AHL quorum sensing negatively regulates sucrose uptake and metabolism which further affects the growth rate of L. brunescens. Furthermore, autolysis was strongly induced in AHL quorum-sensing knockout mutants compared to wildtype, suggesting that AHL quorum sensing plays a negative regulatory role in cell autolysis. Moreover, compared to wildtype, XSAC (Xanthomonas-specific antibiotic compound) production was significantly increased in AHL knockout mutants in the early-log and late-log phases, and surface motility capabilities are also enhanced also in AHL knockout mutants; the normalized data of XSAC production and surface motility and expressions of key genes related to these two phenotypes reveal that growth rare and autolysis strongly affects XSAC biosynthesis and surface motility rather than AHL quorum-sensing system. Our results show that the AHL quorum-sensing system negatively regulates cell growth and autolysis, and further maintain nutrition homeostasis and population stability in L. brunescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Yanbian, Longjing, China
| | - Guichun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianping Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Porras-Agüera JA, Moreno-García J, Mauricio JC, Moreno J, García-Martínez T. First Proteomic Approach to Identify Cell Death Biomarkers in Wine Yeasts during Sparkling Wine Production. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110542. [PMID: 31717411 PMCID: PMC6920952 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and later autolysis are biological processes which take place in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during industrial fermentation processes, which involve costly and time-consuming aging periods. Therefore, the identification of potential cell death biomarkers can contribute to the creation of a long-term strategy in order to improve and accelerate the winemaking process. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis based on the detection of possible apoptosis and autolysis protein biomarkers in two industrial yeast strains commonly used in post-fermentative processes (sparkling wine secondary fermentation and biological aging) under typical sparkling wine elaboration conditions. Pressure had a negatively effect on viability for flor yeast, whereas the sparkling wine strain seems to be more adapted to these conditions. Flor yeast strain experienced an increase in content of apoptosis-related proteins, glucanases and vacuolar proteases at the first month of aging. Significant correlations between viability and apoptosis proteins were established in both yeast strains. Multivariate analysis based on the proteome of each process allowed to distinguish among samples and strains. The proteomic profile obtained in this study could provide useful information on the selection of wine strains and yeast behavior during sparkling wine elaboration. Additionally, the use of flor yeasts for sparkling wine improvement and elaboration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Porras-Agüera
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Jaime Moreno-García
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mauricio
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-218640; Fax: +34-957-218650
| | - Juan Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Teresa García-Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
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Liu ZQ, Liu YX, Zhou DY, Liu XY, Dong XP, Li DM, Shahidi F. The role of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) to the autolysis of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus). J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:5752-5759. [PMID: 31162681 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) is easy to autolysis in response to a variety of environmental and mechanical factors. In the current study, collagen fibres were extracted from fresh sea cucumber body wall and then incubated with endogenous matrix metalloprotease (MMP) of sea cucumber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), chemical analysis and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis were utilized to demonstrate the changes in collagen fibres, collagen fibrils and collagen proteins. Moreover, a verification experiment was also carried out to confirm the contribution of MMP to the autolysis of sea cucumber. RESULTS Endogenous MMP caused complete depolymerization of collagen fibres into smaller collagen fibril bundles and collagen fibrils due to the fracture of proteoglycan interfibrillar bridges. Meanwhile, endogenous MMP also caused partial degradation of collagen fibrils by releasing soluble hydroxyproline and pyridinium cross-links. Furthermore, the treatment with MMP inhibitor (1,10-phenanthroline) prevented the autolysis of tissue blocks from S. japonicus dermis. CONCLUSION Endogenous MMP was the key enzyme in the autolysis of sea cucumber, while its action still focused on high-level structures of collagens especially collagen fibres. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qiang Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xin Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Da-Yong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Ping Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
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Kamal SM, Rybtke ML, Nimtz M, Sperlein S, Giske C, Trček J, Deschamps J, Briandet R, Dini L, Jänsch L, Tolker-Nielsen T, Lee C, Römling U. Two FtsH Proteases Contribute to Fitness and Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clone C Strains. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1372. [PMID: 31338071 PMCID: PMC6629908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an environmental bacterium and a nosocomial pathogen with clone C one of the most prevalent clonal groups. The P. aeruginosa clone C specific genomic island PACGI-1 harbors a xenolog of ftsH encoding a functionally diverse membrane-spanning ATP-dependent metalloprotease on the core genome. In the aquatic isolate P. aeruginosa SG17M, the core genome copy ftsH1 significantly affects growth and dominantly mediates a broad range of phenotypes, such as secretion of secondary metabolites, swimming and twitching motility and resistance to aminoglycosides, while the PACGI-1 xenolog ftsH2 backs up the phenotypes in the ftsH1 mutant background. The two proteins, with conserved motifs for disaggregase and protease activity present in FtsH1 and FtsH2, have the ability to form homo- and hetero-oligomers with ftsH2 distinctively expressed in the late stationary phase of growth. However, mainly FtsH1 degrades a major substrate, the heat shock transcription factor RpoH. Pull-down experiments with substrate trap-variants inactive in proteolytic activity indicate both FtsH1 and FtsH2 to interact with the inhibitory protein HflC, while the phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzC was identified as a substrate of FtsH1. In summary, as an exception in P. aeruginosa, clone C harbors two copies of the ftsH metallo-protease, which cumulatively are required for the expression of a diversity of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Mansour Kamal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Morten Levin Rybtke
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manfred Nimtz
- Department of Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sperlein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Giske
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janja Trček
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Julien Deschamps
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Department of Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Changhan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Markowska K, Grudniak AM, Milczarek B, Wolska KI. The Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Listeria monocytogenes PCM2191 Peptidoglycan Metabolism and Cell Permeability. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:315-320. [PMID: 30451448 PMCID: PMC7256742 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, a causative agent of food poisoning and systemic disease – listeriosis. This species is still susceptible to several conventionally used antibiotics but an increase in its resistance has been reported. For this reason the search for new, alternative therapies is an urgent task. Silver nanoparticles seem to be the promising antibacterial agent. Minimal inhibitory concentration of silver nanoparticles was determined. Sublethal concentrations were used in study of nanosilver effect on cells lysis by estimation of the number of cells surviving the treatment with 0.25 or 0.5 of minimal inhibitory concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Autolysis of isolated peptidoglycan was studied by measuring the absorbance of preparation subjected to nanosilver treatment. Silver nanoparticles effect on L. monocytogenes envelopes permeability was determined by measuring the efflux of cF, DNA and proteins. It was demonstrated that nanosilver enhanced the lysis of L. monocytogenes cells and, to the lesser extent, autolysis of isolated peptidoglycan. The increase in the efflux of carboxyfluoresceine, DNA and proteins was also noted. The obtained results allow to postulate that L. monocytogenes peptidoglycan, constituting the main component of cell wall, is the target of silver nanoparticles activity against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Markowska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Grudniak
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Milczarek
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Izabella Wolska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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49
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Colige A, Monseur C, Crawley JTB, Santamaria S, de Groot R. Proteomic discovery of substrates of the cardiovascular protease ADAMTS7. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8037-8045. [PMID: 30926607 PMCID: PMC6527163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease ADAMTS7 functions in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cardiovascular system. However, its physiological substrate specificity and mechanism of regulation remain to be explored. To address this, we conducted an unbiased substrate analysis using terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS). The analysis identified candidate substrates of ADAMTS7 in the human fibroblast secretome, including proteins with a wide range of functions, such as collagenous and noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, proteases, and cell-surface receptors. It also suggested that autolysis occurs at Glu-729-Val-730 and Glu-732-Ala-733 in the ADAMTS7 Spacer domain, which was corroborated by N-terminal sequencing and Western blotting. Importantly, TAILS also identified proteolysis of the latent TGF-β-binding proteins 3 and 4 (LTBP3/4) at a Glu-Val and Glu-Ala site, respectively. Using purified enzyme and substrate, we confirmed ADAMTS7-catalyzed proteolysis of recombinant LTBP4. Moreover, we identified multiple additional scissile bonds in an N-terminal linker region of LTBP4 that connects fibulin-5/tropoelastin and fibrillin-1-binding regions, which have an important role in elastogenesis. ADAMTS7-mediated cleavage of LTBP4 was efficiently inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP-4, but not by TIMP-1 and less efficiently by TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. As TIMP-4 expression is prevalent in cardiovascular tissues, we propose that TIMP-4 represents the primary endogenous ADAMTS7 inhibitor. In summary, our findings reveal LTBP4 as an ADAMTS7 substrate, whose cleavage may potentially impact elastogenesis in the cardiovascular system. We also identify TIMP-4 as a likely physiological ADAMTS7 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biology, GIGA, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Monseur
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biology, GIGA, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - James T B Crawley
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rens de Groot
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom.
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50
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Popp PF, Mascher T. Coordinated Cell Death in Isogenic Bacterial Populations: Sacrificing Some for the Benefit of Many? J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4656-4669. [PMID: 31029705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are classically perceived as biological weapons that bacteria produce to hold their ground against competing species in their natural habitat. But in the context of multicellular differentiation processes, antimicrobial compounds sometimes also play a role in intraspecies competition, resulting in the death of a sub-population of genetically identical siblings for the benefit of the population. Such a strategy is based on the diversification and hence phenotypic heterogeneity of an isogenic bacterial population. This review article will address three such phenomena. In Bacillus subtilis, cannibalism is a differentiation strategy that enhances biofilm formation, prolongs or potentially even prevents full commitment to endospore formation under starvation conditions, and protects cells within the biofilm against competing species. The nutrients released by lysed cells can be used by the toxin producers, thereby delaying the full activation of the master regulator of sporulation. A related strategy is associated with the initiation of competence development under nutrient excess in Streptococcus pneumoniae. This process, termed fratricide, causes allolysis in a sub-population and is thought to enhance genetic diversity within the species. In Myxococcus xanthus, a large fraction of the population undergoes programmed cell death during the formation of fruiting bodies. This sacrifice ensures the survival of the sporulating sub-population by providing nutrients and hence energy to complete this differentiation process. The biological relevance and underlying regulatory mechanisms of these three processes will be discussed in order to extract common features of such strategies. Moreover, open questions and future challenges will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp F Popp
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mascher
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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