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Noone J, Rooney MF, Karavyraki M, Yates A, O’Sullivan SE, Porter RK. Cancer-Cachexia-Induced Human Skeletal Muscle Myotube Degeneration Is Prevented via Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonism In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1580. [PMID: 38004445 PMCID: PMC10675367 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia syndrome, leading to reduced skeletal muscle and fat mass, is highly prevalent in cancer patients, resulting in further negative implications for these patients. To date, there is no approved therapy for cachexia syndrome. The objective of this study was to establish an in vitro model of cancer cachexia in mature human skeletal muscle myotubes, with the intention of exploiting the cell model to assess potential cachexia therapeutics, specifically cannabinoid related drugs. Having cultured and differentiated primary human muscle myoblasts to mature myotubes, we successfully established two cancer cachexia models using conditioned media (CM) from human colon adenocarcinoma (SW480) and from non-small-cell lung carcinoma (H1299) cultured cells. The cancer-CM-induced extensive myotube degeneration, demonstrated by a significant reduction in mature myotube diameter, which progressed over the period studied. Myotube degeneration is a characteristic feature of cancer cachexia and was used in this study as an index of cachexia. Expression of cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1R and CB2R) was confirmed in the mature human skeletal muscle myotubes. Subsequently, the effect of cannabinoid compounds on this myotube degeneration were assessed. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial CB1R/CB2R agonist, and JWH133, a selective CB2R agonist, proved efficacious in protecting mature human myotubes from the deleterious effects of both (SW480 and H1299) cancer cachexia conditions. ART27.13, a full, peripherally selective CB1R/CB2R agonist, currently being trialled in cancer cachexia (IRAS ID 278450, REC 20/NE/0198), was also significantly protective against myotube degeneration in both (SW480 and H1299) cancer cachexia conditions. Furthermore, the addition of the CB2R antagonist AM630, but not the CB1R antagonist Rimonabant, abolished the protective effect of ART27.13. In short, we have established a convenient and robust in vitro model of cancer-induced human skeletal muscle cachexia. The data obtained using the model demonstrate the therapeutic potential of ART27.13 in cancer-induced cachexia prevention and provides evidence indicating that this effect is via CB2R, and not CB1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.N.); (M.F.R.)
| | - Mary F. Rooney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.N.); (M.F.R.)
| | - Marilena Karavyraki
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.N.); (M.F.R.)
| | - Andrew Yates
- Artelo Bioscience, Ltd., Alderly Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK (S.E.O.)
| | | | - Richard K. Porter
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.N.); (M.F.R.)
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Han Y, Kim HI, Park J. The Role of Natural Products in the Improvement of Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108772. [PMID: 37240117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous library of natural products and herbal medicine prescriptions presents endless research avenues. However, the lack of research evidence and trials on cancer-induced cachexia limit the therapeutic potential of natural products. Cancer-induced cachexia is a systemic wasting syndrome characterized by continuous body weight loss with skeletal muscle and adipose tissue atrophy. Cancer cachexia is a problem in itself and reduces the quality of life by lessening the treatment efficacy of anticancer drugs. This review summarizes single natural product extracts for cancer-induced cachexia, not compounds derived from natural products and herbal medicine prescriptions. This article also discusses the effect of natural products on cachexia induced by anticancer drugs and the role of AMPK in cancer-induced cachexia. The article included the mice model used in each experiment to encourage researchers to utilize animal models for research on cancer-induced cachexia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Hunt LC, Graca FA, Pagala V, Wang YD, Li Y, Yuan ZF, Fan Y, Labelle M, Peng J, Demontis F. Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses identify stimulus-dependent molecular changes associated with distinct modes of skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109971. [PMID: 34758314 PMCID: PMC8852763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs with aging and disease, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Previous work determined that common transcriptional changes occur in muscle during atrophy induced by different stimuli. However, whether this holds true at the proteome level remains largely unexplored. Here, we find that, contrary to this earlier model, distinct atrophic stimuli (corticosteroids, cancer cachexia, and aging) induce largely different mRNA and protein changes during muscle atrophy in mice. Moreover, there is widespread transcriptome-proteome disconnect. Consequently, atrophy markers (atrogenes) identified in earlier microarray-based studies do not emerge from proteomics as generally induced by atrophy. Rather, we identify proteins that are distinctly modulated by different types of atrophy (herein defined as “atroproteins”) such as the myokine CCN1/Cyr61, which regulates myofiber type switching during sarcopenia. Altogether, these integrated analyses indicate that different catabolic stimuli induce muscle atrophy via largely distinct mechanisms. Skeletal muscle wasting is caused by many catabolic stimuli, which were thought to act via shared mechanisms. Hunt et al. now show that distinct catabolic stimuli induce muscle wasting via largely different molecular changes. The authors identify atrophy-associated proteins (“atroproteins”) that may represent diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam C Hunt
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Flavia A Graca
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vishwajeeth Pagala
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zuo-Fei Yuan
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Myriam Labelle
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Salazar-Degracia A, Granado-Martínez P, Millán-Sánchez A, Tang J, Pons-Carreto A, Barreiro E. Reduced lung cancer burden by selective immunomodulators elicits improvements in muscle proteolysis and strength in cachectic mice. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18041-18052. [PMID: 30851071 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of to what extent tumor burden influences muscle mass independently of specific treatments for cancer-cachexia remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that reduced tumor burden by selective treatment of tumor with immunomodulators may exert beneficial effects on muscle wasting and function in mice. Body and muscle weight, grip strength, physical activity, muscle morphometry, apoptotic nuclei, troponin-I systemic levels, interleukin-6, proteolytic markers, and tyrosine release, and apoptosis markers were determined in diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles of lung cancer (LP07 adenocarcinoma cells) mice (BALB/c) treated with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), against immune check-points and pathways (CD-137, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4, programed cell death-1, and CD-19; N = 10/group). Nontreated lung cancer cachectic mice were the controls. T and B cell numbers and macrophages were counted in tumors of both mouse groups. Compared to nontreated cachectic mice, in the mAbs-treated animals, T cells increased, no differences in B cells or macrophages, the variables final body weight, body weight and grip strength gains significantly improved. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of mAbs-treated cachectic mice, number of apoptotic nuclei, tyrosine release, proteolysis, and apoptosis markers significantly decreased compared to nontreated cachectic mice. Systemic levels of troponin-I significantly decreased in treated cachectic mice compared to nontreated animals. We conclude that reduced tumor burden as a result of selective treatment of the lung cancer cells with immunomodulators elicits per se beneficial effects on muscle mass loss through attenuation of several biological mechanisms that lead to increased protein breakdown and apoptosis, which translated into significant improvements in limb muscle strength but not in physical activity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salazar-Degracia
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), MIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Granado-Martínez
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), MIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aïna Millán-Sánchez
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), MIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Tang
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), MIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Pons-Carreto
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), MIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), MIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Barreiro E. Role of Protein Carbonylation in Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss Associated with Chronic Conditions. Proteomes 2016; 4:E18. [PMID: 28248228 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle dysfunction, characterized by a reductive remodeling of muscle fibers, is a common systemic manifestation in highly prevalent conditions such as chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer cachexia, and critically ill patients. Skeletal muscle dysfunction and impaired muscle mass may predict morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic diseases, regardless of the underlying condition. High levels of oxidants may alter function and structure of key cellular molecules such as proteins, DNA, and lipids, leading to cellular injury and death. Protein oxidation including protein carbonylation was demonstrated to modify enzyme activity and DNA binding of transcription factors, while also rendering proteins more prone to proteolytic degradation. Given the relevance of protein oxidation in the pathophysiology of many chronic conditions and their comorbidities, the current review focuses on the analysis of different studies in which the biological and clinical significance of the modifications induced by reactive carbonyls on proteins have been explored so far in skeletal muscles of patients and animal models of chronic conditions such as COPD, disuse muscle atrophy, cancer cachexia, sepsis, and physiological aging. Future research will elucidate the specific impact and sites of reactive carbonyls on muscle protein content and function in human conditions.
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