Honokiol induces apoptosis and autophagy in dexamethasone-resistant T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia CEM-C1 cells

Objective: To study whether and, if so, how honokiol overcome dexamethasone resistance in DEX-resistant CEM-C1 cells. Methods: We investigated the effect of honokiol (0-20 µM) on cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis and autophagy in DEX-resistant CEM-C1 cells and DEX-sensitive CEM-C7 cells. We also determined the role of c-Myc protein and mRNA in the occurrence of T-ALL associated dexamethasone resistance western blot and reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Results: Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay shows that DEX-resistant CEM-C1 cell lines were highly resistant to dexamethasone with IC50 of 364.1 ± 29.5 µM for 48 h treatment. However, upon treatment with dexamethasone in combination with 1.5 µM of honokiol for 48 h, the IC50 of CEM-C1 cells significantly decreased to 126.2 ± 12.3 µM, and the reversal fold was 2.88. Conversely, the IC50 of CEM-C7 cells was not changed combination of dexamethasone and honokiol as compared to that of CEM-C7 cells treated with dexamethasone alone. It has been shown that honokiol induced T-ALL cell growth inhibition by apoptosis and autophagy via downregulating cell cycle-regulated proteins (Cyclin E, CDK4, and Cyclin D1) and anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2 and upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and led to PARP cleavage. Honokiol may overcome dexamethasone resistance in DEX-resistant CEM-C1 cell lines via the suppression of c-Myc mRNA expression. Conclusion: The combination of honokiol and DEX were better than DEX alone in DEX-resistant CEM-C1 cell lines. Honokiol may regulate T-ALL-related dexamethasone resistance by affecting c-Myc.

Jaceosidin induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in AGS gastric cancer cells by regulating ROS-mediated signaling pathways

Jaceosidin (JAC) is a natural flavonoid with anti-oxidant and other pharmacological activities; however, its anti-cancer mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the mechanism of action of JAC in gastric cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays showed that JAC effectively killed multiple gastric cancer cells and induced apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Network pharmacological analysis suggested that its activity was linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS), AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, JAC accumulated ROS to up-regulate p-JNK, p-p38, and IκB-α protein expressions and down-regulate the p-ERK, p-STAT3, and NF-κB protein expressions. Cell cycle assay results showed that JAC accumulated ROS to up-regulate p21 and p27 protein expressions and down-regulate p-AKT, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E protein expressions to induce G0/G1 phase arrest. Cell migration assay results showed JAC accumulated ROS to down-regulate Wnt-3a, p-GSK-3β, N-cadherin, and β-catenin protein expressions and up-regulate E-cadherin protein expression to inhibit migration. Furthermore, N-acetyl cysteine pre-treatment prevented the change of these protein expressions. In summary, JAC induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest and inhibited migration through ROS-mediated signaling pathways in AGS cells.

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) Channels act as Suppressors of the Growth of Glioma

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in glioma. We found that the expression of TRPV1 mRNA and protein were upregulated in glioma compared with normal brain by qPCR and western blot analysis. In order to investigate the function of TRPV1 in glioma, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and the inhibitor of TRPV1 were used. In vitro, the activation of TRPV1 induced cell apoptosis with decreased migration capability and inhibited proliferation, which was abolished upon TRPV1 pharmacological inhibition and silencing. Mechanistically, TRPV1 modulated glioma proliferation through the protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. More importantly, in immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mouse xenograft models, tumor size was significantly increased when TRPV1 expression was disrupted by a shRNA knockdown approach in vivo. Altogether, our findings indicate that TRPV1 negatively controls glioma cell proliferation in an Akt-dependent manner, which suggests that targeting TRPV1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for glioma.

Lipopeptide C17 Fengycin B Exhibits a Novel Antifungal Mechanism by Triggering Metacaspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium wilt is a worldwide soil-borne fungal disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum that causes serious damage to agricultural products. Therefore, preventing and treating fusarium wilt is of great significance. In this study, we purified ten single lipopeptide fengycin components from Bacillus subtilis FAJT-4 and found that C17 fengycin B inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum FJAT-31362. We observed early apoptosis hallmarks, including reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and phosphatidylserine externalization in C17 fengycin B-treated F. oxysporum cells. Further data showed that C17 fengycin B induces cell apoptosis in a metacaspase-dependent manner. Importantly, we found that the expression of autophagy-related genes in the TOR signaling pathway was significantly upregulated; simultaneously, the accumulation of acidic autophagy vacuoles in F. oxysporum cell indicated that the autophagy pathway was activated during apoptosis induced by C17 fengycin B. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the antifungal mechanism of fengycin.

Advances in Small Molecular Agents against Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is a common malignancy with a high mortality rate. Although surgery is the best treatment option for patients with cancer, this approach is ineffective for advanced metastases. Molecular agents are irreplaceable in preventing and treating distant metastases. This review aims to summarise the molecular agents used for the treatment of oral cancer in the last decade and describe their sources and curative effects. These agents are classified into phenols, isothiocyanates, anthraquinones, statins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. The mechanisms of action of these agents include regulating the expression of cell signalling pathways and related proteases to affect the proliferation, autophagy, migration, apoptosis, and other biological aspects of oral cancer cells. This paper may serve as a reference for subsequent studies on the treatment of oral cancer.

Aberrantly High FBXO31 Impairs Oocyte Quality in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which is defined as loss of ovarian function that occurs before the age of 40, causes menstrual disturbances, infertility, and diverse health problems in females. Despite the limited understanding of the molecular basis underlying POI pathology, we had previously demonstrated that the cooperation of miR-106a and FBXO31 plays a pivotal role in diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), with FBXO31 serving as a putative target of miR-106a. In this study, we found that FBXO31 is aberrantly expressed in granulosa cells of POI patients, leading to accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis via the p53/ROS pathway. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that high levels of FBXO31 in mouse ovaries impair oocyte quality. Our study revealed that FBXO31 may serve as a novel indicator and play a significant role in the etiology of POI.

Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Prostatic Carcinoma DU145 Cells by Polysaccharides from Yunnan Rosa roxburghii Tratt

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate methodologies for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits and their impact on various cellular processes in prostate cancer DU145 cells, including survival rate, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, the polysaccharide exhibited a significant reduction in the viability, migration, and invasion rates of DU145 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner within the polysaccharide-treated groups. Additionally, it effectively arrested the cell cycle of DU145 cells at the G0/G1 phase by downregulating the expressions of CDK-4, CDK-6, and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis by upregulating the expressions of Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, and BAX.

METHODS

Polysaccharides were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt sourced from Yunnan, China. Extraction and decolorization methods were optimized using response surface methodology, based on a single-factor experiment. Polysaccharide purification was carried out using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The optimal dosage of R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharide affecting DU145 cells was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed using transwell and scratch assays. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting and Quantitative real-time PCR were utilized to examine protein and mRNA expressions in DU145 cells, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides, consisting of D-mannose, L-rhamnose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucose, D-galactcose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and L-fucose, possess the ability to hinder DU145 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis through the modulation of relevant protein and gene expressions.

Network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification of the antitumor effect and molecular mechanism of isocryptomerin on HepG2 cells

Isocryptomerin (ISO) is a flavonoid isolated from the natural medicine Selaginellae Herba, which has various pharmacological activities. This study investigated the antitumor effect and underlying molecular mechanism of ISO on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. The cell viability assay revealed that ISO has a considerable killing effect on HCC cell lines. The apoptosis assay showed that ISO induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis through the Bad/cyto-c/cleaved (cle)-caspase-3/cleaved (cle)-PARP pathway. The network pharmacological analysis found 13 key target genes, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways were strongly associated with ISO against HCC. Further verification of the results showed that ISO induced apoptosis by increasing p-p38 and p-JNK expression and decreasing p-EGFR, p-SRC, p-ERK, and p-STAT3 expression. Furthermore, ISO induced G0/G1 phase arrest by downregulating p-AKT, Cyclin D, and CDK 4 expression and upregulating p21 and p27 expression in HepG2 cells. Moreover, ISO inhibited HepG2 cell migration by decreasing p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, and N-cadherin expression and increasing E-cadherin expression. Additionally, ISO promoted ROS accumulation in HepG2 cells, and ISO-induced apoptosis, arrest cell cycle, and inhibition of migration were reversed by an ROS scavenger, N-acetyl- l-cysteine. Overall, ISO induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell migration by ROS-mediated EGFR, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways in HepG2 cells.

NcRNAs: A synergistically antiapoptosis therapeutic tool in Alzheimer's disease

AIMS

The aim of this review is to systematically summarize and analyze the noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in the cell apoptosis among Alzheimer's disease (AD) in recent years to demonstrate their value in the diagnosis and treatment of AD.

METHODS

We systematically summarized in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on the ncRNAs in the regulation of cell apoptosis among AD in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar.

RESULTS

We discover three patterns of ncRNAs (including 'miRNA-mRNA', 'lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA', and 'circRNA-miRNA-mRNA') form the ncRNA-based regulatory networks in regulating cell apoptosis in AD.

CONCLUSIONS

This review provides a future diagnosis and treatment strategy for AD patients based on ncRNAs.

Paucatalinone A from Paulownia Catalpifolia Gong Tong Elicits mitochondrial-mediated cancer cell death to combat osteosarcoma

As the global cancer burden escalates, the search for alternative therapies becomes increasingly vital. Natural products, particularly plant-derived compounds, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional cancer treatments due to their diverse bioactivities and favorable biosafety profiles. Here, we investigate Paucatalinone A, a newly discovered geranylated flavanone derived from the fruit of Paulownia Catalpifolia Gong Tong, notable for its significant anti-cancer properties. We revealed the capability of Paucatalinone A to induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells and deciphered its underlying mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that Paucatalinone A substantially augments apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation, and demonstrates a pronounced anti-tumor effect in a murine model of osteosarcoma. Mechanistically, Paucatalinone A disrupts calcium homeostasis and exacerbates intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, leading to mitochondrial impairment, cytoskeletal collapse, and caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. This study underscores the potential of Paucatalinone A in initiating apoptosis in cancer cells and highlights the therapeutic efficacy of plant-derived agents in treating osteosarcoma, offering a viable approach for managing other intractable cancers.

Natural Product Quercetin-3-methyl ether Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Downregulating Intracellular Polyamine Signaling

Dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a key marker of cancer, and it is suggested that metabolism should be considered as a targeted weakness of colorectal cancer. Increased polyamine metabolism is a common metabolic change in tumors. Thus, targeting polyamine metabolism for anticancer therapy, particularly polyamine blockade therapy, has gradually become a hot topic. Quercetin-3-methyl ether is a natural compound existed in various plants with diverse biological activities like antioxidant and antiaging. Here, we reported that Quercetin-3-methyl ether inhibits colorectal cancer cell viability, and promotes apoptosis in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Intriguingly, the polyamine levels, including spermidine and spermine, in colorectal cancer cells were reduced upon treatment of Quercetin-3-methyl ether. This is likely resulted from the downregulation of SMOX, a key enzyme in polyamine metabolism that catalyzes the oxidation of spermine to spermidine. These findings suggest Quercetin-3-methyl ether decreases cellular polyamine level by suppressing SMOX expression, thereby inducing colorectal cancer cell apoptosis. Our results also reveal a correlation between the anti-tumor activity of Quercetin-3-methyl ether and the polyamine metabolism modulation, which may provide new insights into a better understanding of the pharmacological activity of Quercetin-3-methyl ether and how it reprograms cellular polyamine metabolism.

Gallic acid attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells by suppressing the activation of the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammatory synergistic effects and excessive tissue injury. Gallic acid (GA) is renowned for its remarkable biological activity, encompassing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the underlying mechanisms by which GA protects against intestinal inflammation have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of GA on the inflammation of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) and on the intestinal barrier dysfunction, and explore the underlying molecular mechanism involved. Our findings demonstrate that 5 μg/mL GA restores the downregulation of the mRNA and protein levels of Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 and decreases the expressions of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α induced by LPS. In addition, GA exhibits a protective effect by reducing the LPS-enhanced early and late apoptotic ratios, downregulating the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic factors ( Bax, Bad, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9), and upregulating the mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in Caco-2 cells. GA also reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species increased by LPS and restores the activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as the level of glutathione. More importantly, GA exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the LPS-induced phosphorylation of key signaling molecules in the NF-κB/MAPK pathway, including p65, IκB-α, p38, JNK, and ERK, in Caco-2 cells. Overall, our findings show that GA increases the expressions of tight junction proteins, reduces cell apoptosis, relieves oxidative stress and suppresses the activation of the NF-κB/MAPK pathway to reduce LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in Caco-2 cells, indicating that GA has potential as a therapeutic agent for intestinal inflammation.

[miR-515-5p targeting Toll-like receptor 4 regulates myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to inhibit apoptosis and inflammatory response of osteoarthritis chondrocytes]

Objective

To explore the molecular mechanism of miR-515-5p in inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis and alleviating inflammatory response in osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Human cartilage cell line C28/I2 was cultured in vitro and treated with 10 ng/mL interleukin 1β (IL-1β) for 24 hours to construct an in vitro OA model. C28/I2 cells were transfected with miR mimics, mimics negative control (NC), over expression (oe)-NC, and oe-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), respectively, and then treated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β for 24 hours to establish OA model. Cell proliferation capacity was detected by cell counting kit 8 and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry, and B-cell lymphoma 2 protion (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-Caspase-3, TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), p65 and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) protein expression levels were detected by Western blot. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect mRNA expression levels of miR-515-5p and TLR4, and ELISA was used to detect pro-inflammatory factor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF -α), and IL-6 levels in cell supernatant. The potential binding sites between miR-515-5p and TLR4 were predicted by BiBiServ2 database, and the targeting relationship between miR-515-5p and TLR4 was verified by dual luciferase reporting assay.

Results

After the treatment of C28/I2 cells with IL-1β, the expressions of miR-515-5p and Bcl-2 protein and the proliferation ability of C28/I2 cells significantly reduced. The expression levels of Bax and cleaved-Caspase-3 protein, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6) in the supernatant of C28/I2 cells, and the apoptosis of C28/I2 cells significantly increased. In addition, the proportion of the cells at S phase and G 2 phase decreased significantly, and the proportion of cells at G 1 phase increased significantly, suggesting that the cell cycle was blocked after IL-1β treatment. After transfection with miR mimics, the expression level of miR-515-5p in the cells significantly up-regulated, partially reversing the apoptosis of OA chondrocytes induced by IL-1β, and alleviating the cycle arrest and inflammatory response of OA chondrocytes. After treating C28/I2 cells with IL-1β, the mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 significantly increased. Overexpression of miR-515-5p targeted inhibition of TLR4 expression and blocked activation of MyD88/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Overexpression of TLR4 could partially reverse the effect of miR mimics on IL-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation of OA chondrocytes.

Conclusion

miR-515-5p negatively regulates the expression of TLR4, inhibits the activation of MyD88/NF-κB pathway and apoptosis of OA chondrocytes, and effectively alleviates the inflammatory response of the cells.

Numerical analysis of scaffold degradation in cryogenic environment: impact of cell migration and cell apoptosis

The analysis of degradation in the presence of cell death and migration is a critical aspect of research in various biological fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease pathology. In present study, numerical study of degradation of scaffold were performed in present of cells, cell apoptosis and cell migration. A poly electrolyte complex (PEC) silk fibroin scaffold was used for degradation study. Degradation study in the presence of cells and migration were performed at fixed pH concentration 7.2. Similarly, degradation study of scaffold were performed at different pH cell apoptosis. A transient analysis of scaffold was evaluated in COMSOL 5.5 in presence of cryogenic temperature at different temperature gradient. The parameters; temperature, stress, strain tensor and deformation gradient associated with the degradation of polyelectrolyte complex scaffold were evaluated. Result shows that in both geometries minimum temperature had been achieved as 230.051 K at point P4 in series view and parallel view and at a point P3 for cell migration study for -5 k min-1and -1 k min-1, respectively. The maximum stress had been generated for 5.57 × 107N m-2for the temperature gradient of -2 K min-1at T cycle in the case of cell migration study. In contrast in series view the maximum stress 2.9 × 107 N m-2were observed at P4 which was higher as compare to P3. Similarly, for a parallel view, maximum stress (3.93 × 107 N m-2) was obtained for point P3. It had been observed that the maximum strain tensor 5.21 × 10-3, 5.15 × 10-3and 5.26 × 10-3was generated in series view at 230 k on a point P3 for - 1, -2 and -5 K min-1, respectively. Similarly, the maximum strain tensor 8.16 × 10-3, 8.09 × 10-3and 8.09 × 10-3was generated in parallel view at 230 k on a point P3 for -1, -2 and -5 K min-1, respectively. In the presence of cells, at a point P4 for temperature gradient of -1 and -2 K min-1, it had been closed to the scaffold wall, which had a different temperature profile than the point P3 and scaffold comes to the contact with the cells. The analysis of PEC scaffold degradation in the presence of cells, including cell apoptosis and migration, offers significant insights into the relationship between scaffold properties, cell behaviour, and tissue regeneration.

Pb(NO3 )2 induces cell apoptosis through triggering of reactive oxygen species accumulation and disruption of mitochondrial function via SIRT3/SOD2 pathways

Lead (Pb) is nonbiodegradable and toxic to the lungs. To investigate the potential mechanisms of Pb-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death in the lungs, human non-small lung carcinoma H460 cells were stimulated with Pb(NO3 )2 in this study. The results showed that Pb(NO3 )2 stimulation increased cell death by inducing cell apoptosis which showed a reduced Bcl-2 expression and an enhanced caspase 3 activation. Pb(NO3 )2 also caused the production of H2 O2 in H460 cells that triggering the buildup of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. We found that Pb(NO3 )2 modulates oxidoreductive activity through reduced the glutathione-disulfide reductase and glutathione levels in Pb(NO3 )2 -exposed H460 cells. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) upstream molecule sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) was increased with Pb(NO3 )2 dose. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Pb(NO3 )2 promotes lung cell death through SIRT3/SOD-mediated ROS accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Lipopeptides from Bacillus velezensis induced apoptosis-like cell death in the pathogenic fungus Fusarium concentricum

AIMS

Stem rot caused by Fusarium concentricum is a new disease of Paris polyphylla reported by our research group. The present study investigates the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of Bacillus velezensis FJAT-54560 lipopeptide against F. concentricum.

METHODS AND RESULTS

HPLC preparation and LC-MS analysis results show that the crude lipopeptides secreted by Bacillus velezensis FJAT-54560 isolated from Jasminum sambac consist of C14-17 iturin A, C14 fengycin B, C16 fengycin A/A2, C18 fengycin A, C20 fengycin B2, C21 fengycin A2, C22-23 fengycin A, C12-16 surfactin A, and C15 surfactin A derivatives. The mass ratios (g/g) of iturin, fengycin, and surfactin in lipopeptides are 2.40, 67.51, and 30.08%, respectively. Through inhibition zone and inhibition rate experiments, we found that crude lipopeptides and purified fengycin exhibit strong antifungal activity against F. concentricum, including accumulation of reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, Ca2+ accumulation, chromatin condensation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that crude lipopeptide-induced apoptosis in F. concentricum cells may be mediated by apoptosis-inducing factors and apoptosis mediators and can serve as a metacaspase-independent model.

CONCLUSION

Lipopeptides from Bacillus velezensis FJAT-54560 can control the pathogenic fungus F. concentricum by inducing apoptosis.

Medicarpin suppresses lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are considered dominant treatment strategies for LC in the clinic. However, drug resistance and meta-stasis are two major challenges in cancer therapies. Medicarpin (MED) is an isoflavone compound isolated from alfalfa, which is usually used in traditional medicine. This study was de sig ned to evaluate the anti-LC effect and reveal the underlying mechanisms of MED in vivo and in vitro. We found that MED could significantly inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of A549 and H157 cell lines. Basically, MED induced cell apoptosis of LC cells by upregu lating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and Bak1, leading to the cleavage of caspase-3 (Casp3). Moreover, MED inhibited the proliferation of LC cells via downregulating the expression of proliferative protein Bid. Overall, MED inhibited LC cell growth in vitro and in vivo via suppressing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis, suggesting the therapeutic potential of MED in treating LC.

The HSP90AA1 Gene Is Involved in Heat Stress Responses and Its Functional Genetic Polymorphism Are Associated with Heat Tolerance in Holstein Cows

As the stress-inducible isoform of the Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90), the HSP90AA1 gene encodes HSP90α and plays an important role in heat stress (HS) response. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of the HSP90AA1 gene in cellular responses during HS and to identify functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with thermotolerance in Holstein cattle. For the in vitro validation experiment of acute HS, cells from the Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line were exposed to 42°C for 1 h, and various parameters were assessed, including cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, and the cellular functions of HSP90α by using its inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG). Furthermore, the polymorphisms identified in the HSP90AA1 gene and their functions related to HS were in vitro validated. Acute HS exposure induced cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, and upregulated expression of the HSP90AA1 gene. Inhibition of HSP90α by 17-AAG treatment had a significant effect on the expression of the HSP90α protein (P < 0.05) and increased cell apoptosis. However, autophagy decreased in comparison to the control treatment when cells were exposed to 42°C for 1 h. Five SNPs identified in the HSP90AA1 gene were significantly associated with rectal temperature (RT; P < 0.05) and respiration score (RS; P < 0.05) in Holstein cows, in which the rs109256957 SNP is located in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the 3' UTR of HSP90AA1 is a direct target of bta-miR-1224 by cell transfection with exogenous miRNA mimic and inhibitor. The luciferase assays revealed that the SNP rs109256957 affects the regulation of bta-miR-1224 binding activity and alters the expression of the HSP90AA1 gene. Heat stress-induced HSP90AA1 expression maintains cell survival by inhibiting cell apoptosis and increasing cell autophagy. The rs109256957 SNP located in the 3' UTR region is a functional variation and it affects the HSP90AA1 expression by altering its binding activity with bta-miR-1224, thereby associating with the physiological parameters of Holstein cows.

Endotoxin Inflammatory Action on Cells by Dysregulated-Immunological-Barrier-Linked ROS-Apoptosis Mechanisms in Gut-Liver Axis

Our study highlighted the immune changes by pro-inflammatory biomarkers in the gut-liver-axis-linked ROS-cell death mechanisms in chronic and acute inflammations when gut cells are exposed to endotoxins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis or steatosis. In duodenal tissue samples, gut immune barrier dysfunction was analyzed by pro-inflammatory biomarker expressions, oxidative stress, and cell death by flow cytometry methods. A significant innate and adaptative immune system reaction was observed as result of persistent endotoxin action in gut cells in chronic inflammation tissue samples recovered from hepatic cirrhosis with the A-B child stage. Instead, in patients with C child stage of HC, the endotoxin tolerance was installed in cells, characterized by T lymphocyte silent activation and increased Th1 cytokines expression. Interesting mechanisms of ROS-cell death were observed in chronic and acute inflammation samples when gut cells were exposed to endotoxins and immune changes in the gut-liver axis. Late apoptosis represents the chronic response to injury induction by the gut immune barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress, and liver-dysregulated barrier. Meanwhile, necrosis represents an acute and severe reply to endotoxin action on gut cells when the immune system reacts to pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th2 cytokines releasing, offering protection against PAMPs/DAMPs by monocytes and T lymphocyte activation. Flow cytometric analysis of pro-inflammatory biomarkers linked to oxidative stress-cell death mechanisms shown in our study recommends laboratory techniques in diagnostic fields.

Synthesis and In Vitro Antitumor Activity Evaluation of Gefitinib-1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives

In this study, 14 structurally novel gefitinib-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized using a click chemistry approach and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Preliminary cell counting kit-8 results showed that most of the compounds exhibit excellent antitumor activity against epidermal growth factor receptor wild-type lung cancer cells NCI-H1299, A549 and NCI-H1437. Among them, 4b and 4c showed the most prominent inhibitory effects. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 4b were 4.42 ± 0.24 μM (NCI-H1299), 3.94 ± 0.01 μM (A549) and 1.56 ± 0.06 μM (NCI-1437). The IC50 values of 4c were 4.60 ± 0.18 µM (NCI-H1299), 4.00 ± 0.08 μM (A549) and 3.51 ± 0.05 μM (NCI-H1437). Furthermore, our results showed that 4b and 4c could effectively inhibit proliferation, colony formation and cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, as well as induce apoptosis in H1299 cells. In addition, 4b and 4c exerted its anti-tumor effects by inducing cell apoptosis, upregulating the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 and cleaved-PARP and downregulating the protein levels of Bcl-2. Based on these results, it is suggested that 4b and 4c be developed as potential new drugs for lung cancer treatment.

The augmentation of cytotoxic immune cell functionality through physical exertion bolsters the potency of chemotherapy in models of mammary carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Mammary carcinoma, a pervasive and potentially lethal affliction, is conjectured to be profoundly influenced by physical exercise, both in prophylaxis and therapeutic contexts. This study endeavors to explore the repercussions of exercise training on the progression of mammary carcinoma, particularly the mechanisms by which the amalgamation of an exercise regimen and doxorubicin induces tumor cell apoptosis.

METHODS

Female BALB/c mice were categorized into four distinct groups: A sedentary group (SED), an exercise group (Ex), a doxorubicin group (Dox, 5 mg/kg), and a combined treatment group (Dox + Ex). The exercise training lasted for 21 days and included aerobic rotarod exercise and resistance training. The impact of exercise training on tumor growth, immune cell proportions, inflammatory factor levels, and cell apoptosis pathway was assessed.

RESULTS

Exercise training significantly curtailed tumor growth in a mouse model of breast cancer. Both the Ex and Dox groups exhibited significant reductions in tumor volume and weight (p < 0.01) in comparison to the SED group, while the Dox + Ex group had a significantly lower tumor volume and weight than the Dox group (p < 0.01). Exercise training also significantly increased the proportion of NK and T cells in various parts of the body and tumor tissue, while decreasing tumor blood vessels density. Exercise training also increased IL-6 and IL-15 levels in the blood and altered the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in tumor tissue, with the combined treatment group showing even more significant changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Physical training improves the effectiveness of doxorubicin in treating breast cancer by activating cytotoxic immune cells, releasing tumor suppressor factors, and initiating mt-apoptosis, all while mitigating the adverse effects of chemotherapy.

[Retracted] Embelin-induced brain glioma cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the mitochondrial pathway

Following the publication of the above paper, it was drawn to the Editor's attention by a concerned reader that the flow cytometric data shown in Fig. 4A on p. 2475 were strikingly similar to data appearing in another article written by different authors at different research institutes which had already been published. Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already been published elsewhere prior to its submission to Oncology Reports, the Editor has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [Oncology Reports 29: 2473‑2478, 2013; DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2369].

Npc1 gene mutation abnormally activates the classical Wnt signalling pathway in mouse kidneys and promotes renal fibrosis

Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a lysosomal lipid storage disease caused by NPC1 gene mutation. Our previous study found that, compared with wild-type (Npc1+/+ ) mice, the renal volume and weight of Npc1 gene mutant (Npc1-/- ) mice were significantly reduced. We speculate that Npc1 gene mutations may affect the basic structure of the kidneys of Npc1-/- mice, and thus affect their function. Therefore, we randomly selected postnatal Day 28 (P28) and P56 Npc1+/+ and Npc1-/- mice, and observed the renal structure and pathological changes by haematoxylin-eosin staining. The level of renal fibrosis was detected by immunofluorescence histochemical techniques, and western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and canonical Wnt signalling pathway related proteins. The results showed that compared with Npc1+/+ mice, the kidneys of P28 and P56 Npc1-/- mice underwent apoptosis and fibrosis; furthermore, there were obvious vacuoles in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells of P56 Npc1-/- mice, the cell bodies were loose and foam-like, and the canonical Wnt signalling pathway was abnormally activated. These results showed that Npc1 gene mutation can cause pathological changes in the kidneys of mice. As age increased, vacuoles developed in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells, and apoptosis of renal cells, abnormal activation of the Wnt signalling pathway, and promotion of renal fibrosis increased.

[High expression of CPNE3 correlates with poor long-term prognosis of gastric cancer by inhibiting cell apoptosis via activating PI3K/AKT signaling]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the correlation of CPNE3 expression with long-term prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and the possible mechanism.

METHODS

We retrospectively collected the data of 104 GC patients undergoing radical surgery in our hospital from February, 2013 to October, 2017. TCGA database and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze CPNE3 expression level in GC tissues and its effects on tumor progression and long-term prognosis of the patients. GO analysis was performed to predict the biological role of CPNE3 in GC. We also conducted cell experiments with MGC803 cells and observed the effects of CPNE3 knockdown, CPNE3 overexpression and LY294002 (a PI3K/AKT inhibitor) treatment on cell apoptosis and cellular expressions of apoptotic proteins using flow cytometry and Western blotting.

RESULTS

TCGA analysis and immunohistochemistry both showed high expressions of CPNE3 in GC (P < 0.05). The patients with high CPNE3 expressions had a reduced 5-year survival (P < 0.01), and a high CPNE3 expression, CEA level≥5 μg/L, CA19-9 level ≥37 kU/L, T3-T4 stage, and N2-N3 stage were all independent risk factors for a lowered 5-year survival rate after surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of CPNE3 for predicting 5-year mortality was 79.59% and 74.55%, respectively (P < 0.05). GO analysis predicted that CPNE3 negatively regulated GC cell apoptosis. In MGC803 cells, CPNE3 knockdown significantly increased cell apoptosis, enhanced Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 expressions and decreased Bcl-2 expression, while CPNE3 overexpression produced the opposite results (P < 0.05). The cellular expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT were significantly decreased following CPNE3 knockdown and increased following CPNE3 overexpression (P < 0.05). Treatment with LY294002 obviously attenuated the inhibitory effect of CPNE3 overexpression on apoptosis of MGC803 cells (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

CPNE3 is highly expressed in GC tissues and affects the long-term prognosis of the patients possibly by inhibiting GC cell apoptosis through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling.

Mechanisms analysis for Formononetin counteracted-Osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells: From the insight into the gene transcriptional level

Formononetin is one of the main isoflavone components, which has strong anti-cancer effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the potentials and the mechanisms of Formononetin to counteract the Osimertinib resistance in NSCLC are unclear. In this study, Formononetin-induced cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and clonal formation were detected in Osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cells (H1975_OR). RNA sequencing analysis was conducted to study the gene expression profiles of Formononetin-induced H1975_OR cells. The results indicated that Formononetin could significantly induce cell apoptosis, whereas dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and clonal formation on H1975_OR cells. Furthermore, a total of 4309 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Formononetin-treated and nontreated H1975_OR cells were had been detected. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that Formononetin affected the expression of genes involving in anatomical structure morphogenesis, anatomical structure development, and multicellular organism development via regulating inflammation- and metabolism-related signaling pathways. Taken together, our study preliminarily revealed the mechanisms of Formononetin to counteract the Osimertinib resistance in NSCLC cells from the transcriptional level and provided a potential treatment method for Osimertinib-resistant NSCLC patients.

Role of NF-κB p65/TNF-α in Cell Apoptosis in the Fetal Membranes of Pregnant Women with Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the roles of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-[Formula: see text]B p65) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cell apoptosis occurring in the fetal membranes of pregnant women who experience preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).

METHODS

This was a case-control study involving 57 pregnant women who delivered in the obstetric department of Affiliated Loudi Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, from June 2021 to June 2022. Samples of fetal membrane tissue were collected from pregnant women with PPROM (n=27) and pregnant women who had normal deliveries (control group; n=30). The membrane tissue morphology of both groups was observed, and the expression of NF-[Formula: see text]B p65, p-NF-[Formula: see text]B p65, TNF-α, and caspase-3 was detected. Apoptosis in fetal membranes was examined.

RESULTS

Morphological evaluation of the fetal membrane tissues obtained from patients with PPROM revealed an abnormal structure with a thin collagen fiber layer and cells with a largely vacuolar cytoplasm. There was a positive correlation between the expression of p-NF-[Formula: see text]B p65/NF-[Formula: see text]B p65 and cell apoptosis (r1 =0.89, R2 =0.805, P=0.00). Furthermore, TNF-α was positively correlated with fetal membrane cell apoptosis (r2 =0.93, R2=0.881, P=0.00).

CONCLUSION

NF-[Formula: see text]B p65 is involved in the occurrence of PPROM by promoting the expression of TNF-α, which upregulates caspase-3 to cause apoptosis of fetal membrane cells.

Expression and role of FKBPL in lung adenocarcinoma

Dysregulated expression of FK506-binding protein like (FKBPL) has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in tumour development. However, the role of FKBPL in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) remains unclear. Using immunohistochemical staining, we showed that FKBPL expression was significantly lower in lung ADC than the normal tissues (P < 0.0001). Patients with well or moderately differentiated tumours have higher FKBPL expression compared with patients with poor differentiated tumours (P = 0.037). However, no significant associations were found between FKBPL expression and other clinicopathological variables (P > 0.05 for all). Cox univariate analysis showed that high FKBPL expression was correlated with prolonged overall survival (OS) (P = 0.010). Kaplan-Meier analysis further confirmed that the FKBPL-low group showed a significantly shorter OS than the FKBPL-high group (P = 0.0081). FKBPL expression was not shown as an independent prognostic factor for OS in the multivariate analysis (P = 0.063). Moreover, our study demonstrated that FKBPL could suppress the proliferation of lung ADC cells by delaying cell cycle G1/S phase transition. In addition, FKBPL resulted in increased apoptosis in lung ADC cells. Using the Human Apoptosis Array Kit, we observed that overexpression of FKBPL in lung ADC A549 cells significantly decreased the anti-apoptotic proteins, including heat shock protein 32 (HSP32), heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), and paraoxonase-2 (PON2). FKBPL depletion significantly attenuated the pro-apoptotic protein, phospho-p53 (S46), in lung ADC H1975 cells. These new findings provide an experimental basis for further theoretical investigation of lung ADC.

Advanced glycation end products induce nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis by upregulating TXNIP via inhibiting glycolysis pathway in intervertebral disc degeneration

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) causes apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The purpose of this study was to determine the roles of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the mechanisms underlying AGE-induced apoptosis of NPCs. TXNIP was silenced or overexpressed in HNPCs exposed to AGEs. Glycolysis was assessed using extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), ATP level, GLUT1, and GLUT4 measurements. AGEs, TXNIP, GLUT1, and GLUT4 levels in IVDD patients were measured as well. In NPCs, AGEs reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, inhibited glycolysis, and increased TXNIP expression. Silencing TXNIP compromised the effects of AGEs on cell viability, apoptosis, and glycolysis in NPCs. Furthermore, TXNIP overexpression resulted in decreased cell viability, increased apoptotic cells, and glycolysis suppression. Furthermore, co-treatment with a glycolysis inhibitor improved TXNIP silencing's suppressive effects on AGE-induced cell injury in NPCs. In IVDD patients with Pfirrmann Grades II-V, increasing trends in AGEs and TXNIP were observed, while decreasing trends in GLUT1 and GLUT4. AGE levels had positive correlations with TXNIP levels. Both AGE and TXNIP levels correlated negatively with GLUT1 and GLUT4. Our study indicates that TXNIP plays a role in mediating AGE-induced cell injury through suppressing glycolysis. The accumulation of AGEs, the upregulation of TXNIP, and the downregulation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 are all linked to the progression of IVDD.

Ginsenoside Rg5 induces NSCLC cell apoptosis and autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) is a minor ginsenoside of ginseng and has a strong anti-tumor potential. This study focused on deciphering the function of Rg5 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and investigating its related mechanism.

METHODS

After treating human NSCLC cell lines (H1650 and A549) and bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) with increasing concentration of Rg5, cell viability was examined using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by colony formation assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The levels of proteins associated with cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis, and autophagy as well as the key markers in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were measured using western blot. A xenograft nude mouse model was established to explore the function of Rg5 in vivo.

RESULTS

NSCLC cell viability was dose- and time-dependently suppressed after Rg5 treatment. Rg5 restrained NSCLC cell proliferation by inducing G2/M phase arrest via regulation of cell cycle-related genes including p21, cyclin B1, and Cdc2. Additionally, Rg5 promoted caspase-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells by regulating the intrinsic mitochondrial signaling pathway. Rg5 induced autophagy via the regulation of autophagy-related proteins. The in vivo experiments revealed the inhibitory impact of Rg5 on xenograft growth. Rg5 also inactivated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in NSCLC cells and mouse tumors.

CONCLUSION

Rg5 induced autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting that Rg5 might become a promising and novel anti-tumor agent for the clinical treatment of NSCLC patients.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Treating the Underlying Causes of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Consequences

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted pathological condition, which at present is being considered an epidemic disease keeping the rampant rate of its increase in almost all population groups of the world in consideration. Out of the two types of DM described, T1D is characterized as an autoimmune condition that leads to the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by macrophages and T-cells, thereby, adversely affecting the production of insulin. On the other hand, T2D, often caused by insulin resistance, is commonly related to unhealthy habits, and therefore, it can be prevented in most cases. In both of the conditions, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-ƴ, lead to chronic inflammation, and elevated oxidative stress resulting in apoptosis and destruction of tissues. Although several treatments are available to treat the symptoms, the underlying causes are not well addressed. One of the most promising approaches to tackle the ill effects and the primary causes of DM is mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy. The use of MSC therapy, because of the immunomodulatory and regenerative properties recorded in this type of cells in a number of experiments carried out in animal models and clinical trials of the disease, has reported positive outcomes. This review covers the principal mechanisms of action induced during MSC therapy in reference to the described pathophysiological pathways of both T1D and T2D. In addition, how this therapeutic intervention can counteract the ill effects of this condition leading to the promotion of tissue regeneration has been covered.

Hypoxia-induced factor-1α promotes radioresistance of esophageal cancer cells by transcriptionally activating LINC01116 and suppressing miR-3612 under hypoxia

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a challenging tumor to treat with radiotherapy, often exhibiting resistance to this treatment modality. To explore the factors influencing radioresistance, we focused on the role of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), and its interaction with the long noncoding RNA long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 1116 (LINC01116). We analyzed the LINC01116 expression in EC and EC cell lines/human normal esophageal epithelial cell line (Het-1A). LINC01116 was silenced/overexpressed in EC109/KYSE30 cells under hypoxia, followed by radioresistance assessment. We measured HIF-1α levels in hypoxic EC cells and further validated the binding of HIF-1α with LINC01116, analyzing their interaction in EC cells. We then performed experiments in EC109 cells by transfection them with sh-HIF-1α/oe-LINC01116 to verify the effects. Additonally, we analyzed the localization of LINC01116 and its binding with miR-3612, followed by a combined experiment performed to validate the results. Our findings indicated that LINC01116 was highly expressed in EC and further elevated in hypoxic EC cells. LINC01116 was expressed at a high level in EC, which was further elevated in EC cells under hypoxic conditions. Knockdown of LINC01116 triggered EC cell apoptosis, thus suppressing radioresistance. Further investigation revealed that HIF-1α transcriptionally activated LINC01116 expression under hypoxia, and silencing HIF-1α lowered EC cell radioresistance by downregulating LINC01116. Under hypoxic conditions, LINC01116 could function as a sponge for miR-3612 and inhibit its expression. This interaction between LINC01116 and miR-3612 played a crucial role in mediating radioresistance in EC cells. Briefly, under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α facilitates radioresistance of EC cells by transcriptionally activating LINC01116 expression and downregulating miR-3612.

Multitarget Protective Effects of JUB on Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity and the Mechanism Predication Using Network Pharmacology Analysis

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is one of the core factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the accumulation of its aggregates in the brain can form age-related plaques, leading to brain cell damage and intellectual decline, which may be the common intersection of all causes of neurotoxicity. Jujuboside B (JUB) has many characteristics such as hypnosis, sedation, antianxiety, and antioxidant stress. However, it is still unclear whether JuB can alleviate the neurotoxicity caused by Aβ. Our study demonstrates that JUB improves learning and memory deficits in the nematode model. At the same time, JUB increases the antioxidant activity, prevents excessive accumulation of lipid synthesis, and resists endogenous lipofuscin deposition, thereby inhibiting the toxic effect of Aβ. In vitro, JUB can improve Aβ1-42-induced neuronal apoptosis level through the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signaling pathway and restore mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y cells. The network pharmacology has been used to predict the potential neuroprotective mechanism of JUB. In summary, JUB exhibits neuroprotective properties employing both a neural cell and a nematode, which provides a basis for screening candidate ingredients for preventing AD.

Restorative effects and mechanisms of neural stem cell transplantation on ischemic brain injury based on the Wnt signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

To explore the restorative effects and mechanisms of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation on ischemic brain injury based on the Wnt signaling pathway.

METHODS

Out of 102 male KM mice, 15 were randomly selected as the control group without any intervention, while the remaining 87 underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using the Zea-Longa suture method. Seven mice that did not successfully model MCAO were excluded, leaving 80 mice that successfully underwent MCAO, randomized into two groups: the Ischemic Brain Injury group (n = 40) receiving 10 μL of sterile PBS solution injected into the lateral ventricle, and the Ischemic Brain Injury + NSCs Transplantation group (n = 40) receiving 10 μL of NSCs suspension injected into the lateral ventricle.

RESULTS

Compared to the ischemic brain injury group, mice in the Ischemic Brain Injury + NSCs Transplantation group exhibited significantly alleviated edema in the middle cerebral artery supply area, with neurons displaying more normal morphological characteristics and fewer signs of degeneration and necrosis. The mice with NSC transplantation had significantly smaller infarct volume than those in the ischemic brain injury group (p < 0.05). The mice with NSC transplantation showed significantly lower Zea-Longa scores and a lower proportion of TUNEL-positive cells compared to those in the ischemic brain injury group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

NSC transplantation can significantly inhibit neuronal apoptosis in the ischemic region of mice with ischemic brain injury, alleviate brain tissue edema, reduce infarct volume, and improve neurological function. The mechanism may be related to Wnt signaling pathway activation.

CaMKII may regulate renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis through YAP/NFAT2 in acute kidney injury mice

AIM

Renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) apoptosis is important in acute kidney injury (AKI). Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays an important role in cell apoptosis, but its potential role in AKI remains unknown.

METHODS

Using co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, flow cytometry, and cell transfection, this study aimed to verify whether CaMKII is involved in RTEC apoptosis and to explore the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

We found that CaMKII was involved in RTEC apoptosis. In adriamycin-induced AKI mice, serum creatinine levels, cell apoptosis, CaMKII activity, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) levels increased, whereas nuclear Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression decreased; inhibition of CaMKII activity reversed these changes. Phosphorylated CaMKII could bind to phosphorylated YAP in the cytoplasm and block it from entering the nucleus, thereby failing to inhibit NFAT2-mediated cell apoptosis. Sequestrated phosphorylated YAP in the RTEC cytoplasm was finally degraded by ubiquitination.

CONCLUSION

CaMKII may regulate RTEC apoptosis through YAP/NFAT2 in AKI mice. CaMKII may be a potent molecular target for AKI treatment.

Riboflavin protects against heart failure via SCAD-dependent DJ-1-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Our recent studies have shown that flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) exerts cardiovascular protective effects by supplementing short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD). The current study aimed to elucidate whether riboflavin (the precursor of FAD) could improve heart failure via activating SCAD and the DJ-1-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Riboflavin treatment was given to the mouse transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced heart failure model. Cardiac structure and function, energy metabolism and apoptosis index were assessed, and relevant signalling proteins were analysed. The mechanisms underlying the cardioprotection by riboflavin were analysed in the cell apoptosis model induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP).

KEY RESULTS

In vivo, riboflavin ameliorated myocardial fibrosis and energy metabolism, improved cardiac dysfunction and inhibited oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in TAC-induced heart failure. In vitro, riboflavin ameliorated cell apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the molecular level, riboflavin significantly restored FAD content, SCAD expression and enzymatic activity, activated DJ-1 and inhibited the Keap1-Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway in vivo and in vitro. SCAD knockdown exaggerated the tBHP-induced DJ-1 decrease and Keap1-Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway activation in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. The knockdown of SCAD abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of riboflavin on H9C2 cardiomyocytes. DJ-1 knockdown hindered SCAD overexpression anti-apoptotic effects and regulation on Keap1-Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Riboflavin exerts cardioprotective effects on heart failure by improving oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis via FAD to stimulate SCAD and then activates the DJ-1-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway.

The role of iron and ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Iron is an essential element for life and is involved in many metabolic processes. Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death that is triggered by iron and oxidative stress. A well-established mouse AP model was adopted to study the role of iron and ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Mice were injected with cerulein to induce AP, and pancreatic tissue samples were analyzed to determine the pathology, cell death, iron deposition, expression of iron transporters, and lipid peroxidation. The role of iron was studied by giving mice extra iron or iron chelator. In vitro studies with acinar cells with ferroptosis activator and inhibitor were also performed to assess the inflammatory response. Iron was found accumulated in the pancreatic tissue of mice who suffered cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Cell death and lipid peroxidation increased in these tissues and could be further modulated by iron dextran or iron chelator. Mice given Hemin through gavage had reduced levels of GSH in pancreatic tissue and increased inflammatory response. Studies with acinar cells showed increased levels of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis-specific mitochondrial damage when treated with ferroptosis inducer and inflammatory cytokines.

Multiple roles of LncRNA-BMNCR on cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting miR-145/CBFB axis in BMECs

Bovine mastitis is one of the most serious and costly disease affecting dairy cattle production. The present study explored the inflammatory response and autoprotective mechanism of a novel specific high expression BMNCR (bovine mastitis related long non-coding RNA) in S. aureus induced mastitis by miR-145/CBFB axis in dairy cows from the perspective of molecular genetics. In bovine mammary epithelial cells, we preformed loss of function experiments to detect changes in cytokine, proliferation and apoptosis by qRT-PCR, western blot, flow cytometry and EdU staining. The results demonstrated that BMNCR significantly increased cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation. However, the secretion of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12 were enhanced after knock-down BMNCR. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that BMNCR could target 8 miRNAs, in-depth analyses indicated that BMNCR acts as a molecular sponge for bta-miR-145 and CBFB was one of 23 target gene of bta-miR-145 . The results of the present study demonstrated that the role of BMNCR in S. aureus induced mastitis can be mediated by sponge bta-miR-145 activating CBFB expression. BMNCR could be a potential target for mastitis diagnosis and therapy, which may enrich the theoretical research of therapeutic intervention, and further increase milk yield and improve milk quality.

Z-Ligustilide Combined with Cisplatin Reduces PLPP1-Mediated Phospholipid Synthesis to Impair Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates in the world. Approximately 80-85% of lung cancer is diagnosed as non-small lung cancer (NSCLC), and its 5-year survival rate is only 21%. Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapy drug for the treatment of NSCLC. Its efficacy is often limited by the development of drug resistance after long-term treatment. Therefore, determining how to overcome cisplatin resistance, enhancing the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin, and developing new therapeutic strategies are urgent clinical problems. Z-ligustilide is the main active ingredient of the Chinese medicine Angelica sinensis, and has anti-tumor activity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the combination of Z-ligustilide and cisplatin (Z-ligustilide+cisplatin) on the resistance of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells and its mechanism of action. We found that Z-ligustilide+cisplatin decreased the cell viability, induced cell cycle arrest, and promoted the cell apoptosis of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. Metabolomics combined with transcriptomics revealed that Z-ligustilide+cisplatin inhibited phospholipid synthesis by upregulating the expression of phospholipid phosphatase 1 (PLPP1). A further study showed that PLPP1 expression was positively correlated with good prognosis, whereas the knockdown of PLPP1 abolished the effects of Z-ligustilide+cisplatin on cell cycle and apoptosis. Specifically, Z-ligustilide+cisplatin inhibited the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) by reducing the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). Z-ligustilide+cisplatin induced cell cycle arrest and promoted the cell apoptosis of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells by inhibiting PLPP1-mediated phospholipid synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of Z-Ligustilide and cisplatin is a promising approach to the chemotherapy of malignant tumors that are resistant to cisplatin.

HABP4 overexpression promotes apoptosis in goat turbinate bone cells

Hyaluronic acid-binding protein (HABP4) plays important roles in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. However, its functions in regulating cell apoptosis remain unclear. To reveal the effects of HABP4 on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, the HABP4 sequence was cloned, and we investigated the gain and loss functions of HABP4 in goat turbinate bone cells. Our results showed that a 1,496-bp HABP4 sequence was cloned successfully. The interference effect of siRNA1 on HABP4 was the strongest, reducing its mRNA expression level by 83%, decreasing the cells in the G0/G1 and S phases of the cell cycle and inhibiting cell growth and apoptosis. The overexpression of HABP4 produced contrasting results. Furthermore, an HABP4 knockdown caused the up-regulated expression of genes associated with apoptosis, including Bcl-2 and BCL2L11, but the down-regulation of Caspase3, Caspase7, Bax, PARP1, SOCS2 and P53 mRNA levels. Additionally, HABP4 overexpression significantly up-regulated the expression levels of Bax, Caspase3, Caspase7, BCL2L11, P53, SOCS2 and PARP1. However, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated. These data provide an important foundation for further in-depth studies of HABP4 functions.

miR-199a/214 cluster enhances prostate cancer sensitiveness to nimotuzumab via targeting TBL1XR1

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern affecting men worldwide. Previous studies have shown that nimotuzumab, a drug targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), can effectively inhibit cancer progression. Here, we aimed to explore the role of miR-199a/214 cluster in mediating the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab on the development of PCa. In this study, we conducted an MTT assay to assess cell proliferation and utilized flow cytometry to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nimotuzumab on prostate cancer development, we focused on the miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p miRNA clusters. The TargetScan Human database was used to predict the binding sites between miR-199a-5p or miR-214-3p and the 3'-UTR of the transducin (β)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBL1XR1) mRNA. To confirm the direct interaction and binding between miR-199a-5p or miR-214-3p and the 3'-UTR of TBL1XR1 mRNA, we performed luciferase reporter assays. Our findings demonstrated that nimotuzumab exerted a significant dosage-dependent suppression of PCa cell proliferation and facilitated PCa cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Concurrently, nimotuzumab obviously impeded the activity of Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling pathways in PCa cells. We also observed downregulation of miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p in PCa cells. Overexpression of miR-199a/214 cluster inhibited PCa cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that miR-199a/214 cluster augmented the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab on PCa cell proliferation and promoted its ability to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This effect was reversed upon TBL1XR1 overexpression, indicating that TBL1XR1 is involved in the regulatory pathway of miR-199a/214 and nimotuzumab in PCa cells. We further revealed that TBL1XR1 was overexpressed in PCa and was identified as a downstream target of the miR-199a/214 cluster. In nimotuzumab-treated PCa cells, the overexpression of miR-199a/214 markedly inhibited Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling, and this effect was also rescued by TBL1XR1 overexpression. In summary, our data indicated that miR-199a/214 cluster play a crucial role in enhancing the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab on PCa development by downregulating TBL1XR1 and modulating Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling pathways. These findings offer a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.

A novel PDT: 5-aminolevulinic acid combined 450 nm blue laser photodynamic therapy significantly promotes cell death of HR-HPV infected cells

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related diseases are clinical challenges. The efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) using red laser (630 ± 5 nm) is remarkable and safe. In this study, we aim to investigate the efficacy of ALA-450 nm PDT comparing with ALA-635 nm PDT. We detected cell proliferation and cell apoptosis through MTT assay and flow cytometry assay respectively. Flow cytometry assay determined the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Western blotting analysis investigated the protein expression. In vivo, immunohistochemical staining assay and TUNEL assay were performer to detect cell apoptosis. ALA-450 nm PDT inhibited the proliferation of End1 and HeLa cells, promoted cell apoptosis more effectively than ALA-635 nm PDT, and induced cell death probably through increasing the intracellular ROS generation and caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. In vivo, ALA-450 nm PDT significantly inhibited tumour growth and activated cell apoptosis. The ALA-450 nm PDT had an advantage over ALA-635 nm PDT on inhibiting the proliferation of End1 and HeLa cells and inducing cell apoptosis. The ALA-450 nm PDT might be a promising therapeutic strategy for eradicating the HR-HPV infected cells and promoting the integration of diagnosis and treatment of HR-HPV related diseases.HighlightsWe combined 5-aminolevulinic acid with 450 nm blue laser using as a novel type of photodynamic therapy.The ALA-450 nm PDT had an advantage over ALA-635 nm PDT on inhibition of the proliferation of End1 and HeLa cells and inducing cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.The ALA-450 nm PDT may provide a novel alternative therapeutic option in patients with persistent HPV infection and promote the integration of diagnosis and treatment.

LRRC8A promotes Glaesserella parasuis cytolethal distending toxin-induced p53-dependent apoptosis in NPTr cells

Glaesserella parasuis is an early colonizer of the swine upper respiratory tract and can break through the respiratory barrier for further invasion. However, the mechanisms underlying G. parasuis increases epithelial barrier permeability remain unclear. This study demonstrates that G. parasuis cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) induces p53-dependent apoptosis in new-born piglet tracheal (NPTr) cells. Moreover, we report for the first time that leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A (LRRC8A), an essential subunit of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), involves in apoptosis of NPTr cells mediated by G. parasuis CDT. Pharmacological inhibition of VRAC with either PPQ-102 or NS3728 largely attenuated CDT-induced apoptosis in NPTr cells. Additionally, experiments with cells knocked down for LRRC8A using small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) or knocked out LRRC8A using CRISPR/Cas9 technology showed a significant reduction in CDT-induced apoptosis. Conversely, re-expression of Sus scrofa LRRC8A in LRRC8A-/- NPTr cells efficiently complemented the CDT-induced apoptosis. In summary, these findings suggest that LRRC8A is pivotal for G. parasuis CDT-induced apoptosis, providing novel insights into the mechanism of apoptosis caused by CDT.

Molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress induced by environmental pollutants

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are essential organelles playing pivotal roles in the regulation of cellular metabolism, energy production, and protein synthesis. In addition, these organelles are important targets susceptible to external stimuli, such as environmental pollutants. Exposure to environmental pollutants can cause the mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and oxidative stress, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. Therefore, understanding the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of environmental pollution underlying these processes is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on human health. In the present study, we summarized and reviewed the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial damage, ERS, and oxidative stress caused by exposure to environmental pollutants as well as interactions inducing the cell apoptosis and the roles in exposure to environmental pollutants.

NOD2 silencing promotes cell apoptosis and inhibits drug resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway

Recent years have witnessed increasing studies on the effect of epigenetic silencing of genes in the progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This study investigates whether the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) participates in the cell apoptosis and drug resistance of CLL cells. Cells were treated with adriamycin (ADR), etoposide, aclacinomycin and daunorubicin. After treatment, drug resistance and cell proliferation were examined to detect the inhibitory effect of ADR on cell proliferation; flow cytometry to identify ADR accumulation, the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis after transfection, and rhodamine 123 accumulation and efflux tests to assess P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. NOD2 silencing or inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway suppressed the multidrug resistance level in CLL, the inhibition rate, and cell proliferation caused by ADR at concentrations of approximately 0.25-1.5 μmol/L. Greater accumulation of ADR was observed in the CLL-AAT cell line than in the CLL-AAT/A02 cell line, but NOD2 silencing or inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway further increased the accumulation of ADR drugs in the CLL-AAT cell line and inhibited the drug efflux pump function of P-gp. Additionally, NOD2 silencing or NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition increased the apoptotic rate. The results of this study indicate that NOD2 promotes cell apoptosis and reduces the drug resistance of CLL by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Melatonin suppresses Akt/mTOR/S6K activity, induces cell apoptosis, and synergistically inhibits cell growth with sunitinib in renal carcinoma cells via reversing Warburg effect

BACKGROUND

Metabolic alteration drives renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development, while the impact of melatonin (MLT), a neurohormone secreted during darkness, on RCC cell growth and underlying mechanisms remains unclear.

METHODS

We detected concentration of metabolites through metabolomic analyses using UPLC-MS/MS, and the oxygen consumption rate was determined using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux analyzer.

RESULTS

We observed that MLT effectively inhibited RCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, MLT increased ROS levels, suppressed antioxidant enzyme activity, and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MLT treatment upregulated key TCA cycle metabolites while reducing aerobic glycolysis products, leading to higher oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, and membrane potential. Moreover, MLT treatment suppressed phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and p70 S6 Kinase as well as the expression of HIF-1α/VEGFA in RCC cells; these effects were reversed by NAC (ROS inhibitors). Conversely, MLT synergistically inhibited cell growth with sunitinib and counteracted the Warburg effect induced by sunitinib in RCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our results indicate that MLT treatment reverses the Warburg effect and promotes intracellular ROS production, which leads to the suppression of Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway, induction of cell apoptosis, and synergistically inhibition of cell growth with sunitinib in RCC cells. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor effect of MLT in RCC cells, and suggests that MLT might be a promising therapeutic for RCC.

Research on the resistance of isoviolanthin to hydrogen peroxide-triggered injury of skin keratinocytes based on Transcriptome sequencing and molecular docking

Apoptosis of skin keratinocytes is closely associated with skin problems in humans and natural flavonoids have shown excellent biological activity. Hence, the study of flavonoids against human keratinocyte apoptosis has aroused the interest of numerous researchers. In this study, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and Western blots were used to investigate the skin-protective effect of isoviolanthin, a di-C-glycoside derived from Dendrobium officinale, on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-triggered apoptosis of skin keratinocytes. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to detect the altered expression genes between the model and treatment group and qRT-PCR was used to verify the accuracy of transcriptome sequencing results. Finally, molecular docking was used to observe the binding ability of isoviolanthin to the selected differential genes screened by transcriptome sequencing. Our results found isoviolanthin could probably increase skin keratinocyte viability, by resisting against apoptosis of skin keratinocytes through downregulating the level of p53 for the first time. By comparing transcriptome differences between the model and drug administration groups, a total of 2953 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified. Enrichment analysis showed that isoviolanthin may regulate these pathways, such as DNA replication, Mismatch repair, RNA polymerase, Fanconi anemia pathway, Cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway. Last, our results found isoviolanthin has a strong affinity for binding to KDM6B, CHAC2, ESCO2, and IPO4, which may be the potential target for treating skin injuries induced by reactive oxide species. The current study confirms isoviolanthin potential as a skin protectant. The findings may serve as a starting point for further research into the mechanism of isoviolanthin protection against skin damage caused by reactive oxide species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide).

Deep-Learning Terahertz Single-Cell Metabolic Viability Study

Cell viability assessment is critical, yet existing assessments are not accurate enough. We report a cell viability evaluation method based on the metabolic ability of a single cell. Without culture medium, we measured the absorption of cells to terahertz laser beams, which could target a single cell. The cell viability was assessed with a convolution neural classification network based on cell morphology. We established a cell viability assessment model based on the THz-AS (terahertz-absorption spectrum) results as y = a = (x - b)c, where x is the terahertz absorbance and y is the cell viability, and a, b, and c are the fitting parameters of the model. Under water stress the changes in terahertz absorbance of cells corresponded one-to-one with the apoptosis process, and we propose a cell 0 viability definition as terahertz absorbance remains unchanged based on the cell metabolic mechanism. Compared with typical methods, our method is accurate, label-free, contact-free, and almost interference-free and could help visualize the cell apoptosis process for broad applications including drug screening.

Current Knowledge of Individual and Combined Toxicities of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 In Vitro

Mycotoxins are considered the most threating natural contaminants in food. Among these mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the most prominent fungal metabolites that represent high food safety risks, due to their widespread co-occurrence in several food commodities, and their profound toxic effects on humans. Considering the ethical and more humane animal research, the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) principle has been promoted in the last few years. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the research studies conducted up to date on the toxicological effects that AFB1 and FB1 can induce on human health, through the examination of a selected number of in vitro studies. Although the impact of both toxins, as well as their combination, were investigated in different cell lines, the majority of the work was carried out in hepatic cell lines, especially HepG2, owing to the contaminants' liver toxicity. In all the reviewed studies, AFB1 and FB1 could invoke, after short-term exposure, cell apoptosis, by inducing several pathways (oxidative stress, the mitochondrial pathway, ER stress, the Fas/FasL signaling pathway, and the TNF-α signal pathway). Among these pathways, mitochondria are the primary target of both toxins. The interaction of AFB1 and FB1, whether additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, depends to great extent on FB1/AFB1 ratio. However, it is generally manifested synergistically, via the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction, through the expression of the Bcl-2 family and p53 proteins. Therefore, AFB1 and FB1 mixture may enhance more in vitro toxic effects, and carry a higher significant risk factor, than the individual presence of each toxin.

The miR-210 Primed Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes Alleviate Acute Ischemic Brain Injury

BACKGROUND

Stem cell-released exosomes (EXs) have shown beneficial effects on regenerative diseases. Our previous study has revealed that EXs of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC-EXs) can elicit favorable effects on endothelial function. EXs may vary greatly in size, composition, and cargo uptake rate depending on the origins and stimulus; notably, EXs are promising vehicles for delivering microRNAs (miRs). Since miR-210 is known to protect cerebral endothelial cell mitochondria by reducing oxidative stress, here we study the effects of miR-210-loaded EPC-EXs (miR210-EPC-EXs) on ischemic brain damage in acute ischemic stroke (IS).

METHODS

The miR210-EPC-EXs were generated from EPCs transfected with miR-210 mimic. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was performed to induce acute IS in C57BL/6 mice. EPC-EXs or miR210-EPC-EXs were administrated via tail vein injection 2 hrs after IS. To explore the potential mechanisms, inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)/PI3 kinase (PI3K) or tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB)/PI3k pathways were used. The brain tissue was collected after treatments for infarct size, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and protein expression (VEGFR2, TrkB) analyses on day two. The neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated before collecting the samples.

RESULTS

1) As compared to EPC-EXs, miR210-EPC-EXs profoundly reduced the infarct volume and improved the NDS on day two post-IS. 2) Fewer apoptosis cells were detected in the peri-infarct brain of mice treated with miR210-EPC-EXs than in EPC-EXs-treated mice. Meanwhile, the oxidative stress was profoundly reduced by miR210-EPC-EXs. 3) The ratios of p-PI3k/PI3k, p- VEGFR2/VEGFR2, and p-TrkB/TrkB in the ipsilateral brain were raised by miR210-EPC-EXs treatment. These effects could be significantly blocked or partially inhibited by PI3k, VEGFR2, or TrkB pathway inhibitors.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that miR210-EPC-EXs protect the brain from acute ischemia- induced cell apoptosis and oxidative stress partially through the VEGFR2/PI3k and TrkB/PI3k signal pathways.

Influences and mechanism of erythropoietin on the cognitive function of vascular dementia rats

PURPOSE

To investigate the influences and mechanism of erythropoietin (EPO) on the cognitive function of vascular dementia (VD) rats.

METHODS

1) Spatial memory capacity was assessed by Morris water maze test; 2) Pathological conditions of brain tissues were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; 3) The effect of treatment on apoptosis was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining; 4) Western blotting was used to examine the protein expression in hippocampal neurons.

RESULTS

The escape latency and swimming distance in the EPO group were much shorter than those in the Model group on the fifth day. In the spatial exploration test, the time spent in the target quadrant was longer, the number of platform crossings was larger and the swimming speed was higher in the Sham group and EPO group than those in the Model group. The results of HE staining showed that the cells in the hippocampal CA1 region were arranged closely in the Sham group, loosely and disorderly in the Model group but significantly better in the EPO group. Compared with that in the Model group, the number of apoptotic cells in the EPO group was obviously smaller. The results of Western blotting revealed that the expressions of EPO, p-EPOR, p-SHP2, p-TrKB, p-PI3K, p-ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 rose, while the expressions of P22, P47, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Bax significantly declined in the EPO group.

CONCLUSIONS

EPO can effectively ameliorate the cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic hypoperfusion in VD rats by mediating oxidative stress-related pathways.