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Gračan R, Blažević SA, Brižić M, Hranilovic D. Beyond the Brain: Perinatal Exposure of Rats to Serotonin Enhancers Induces Long-Term Changes in the Jejunum and Liver. Biomedicines 2024; 12:357. [PMID: 38397959 PMCID: PMC10887406 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) homeostasis is essential for many physiological processes in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Hyperserotonemia, a measurable sign of 5HT homeostasis disruption, can be caused by 5HT-directed treatment of psychiatric and gastrointestinal diseases. Its impact on the long-term balance and function of 5HT in the peripheral compartment remains unresolved and requires further research due to possible effects on human health. We explored the effects of perinatal 5HT imbalance on the peripheral organs responsible for serotonin metabolism-the jejunum, a synthesis site, and the liver, a catabolism site-in adult rats. Hyperserotonemia was induced by subchronic treatment with serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) or serotonin degradation inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP). The jejunum and liver were collected on postnatal day 70 and analyzed histomorphometrically. Relative mRNA levels of 5HT-regulating proteins were determined using qRT-PCR. Compared to controls, 5HTP- and TCP-treated rats had a reduced number of 5HT-producing cells and expression of the 5HT-synthesising enzyme in the jejunum, and an increased expression of 5HT-transporter accompanied by karyomegaly in hepatocytes, with these differences being more pronounced in the TCP-treated animals. Here, we report that perinatal 5HT disbalance induced long-term cellular and molecular changes in organs regulating 5HT-metabolism, which may have a negative impact on 5HT availability and function in the periphery. Our rat model demonstrates a link between the developmental abnormalities of serotonin homeostasis and 5HT-related changes in adult life and may be suitable for exploring the neurobiological substrates of vulnerability to behavioral and metabolic disorders, as well as for modeling the adverse effects of the prenatal exposure to 5HT enhancers in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Gračan
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sofia Ana Blažević
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Matea Brižić
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Dubravka Hranilovic
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (D.H.)
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Kieslich B, Weiße RH, Brendler J, Ricken A, Schöneberg T, Sträter N. The dimerized pentraxin-like domain of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor 112 (ADGRG4) suggests function in sensing mechanical forces. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105356. [PMID: 37863265 PMCID: PMC10687090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) feature large extracellular regions with modular domains that often resemble protein classes of various function. The pentraxin (PTX) domain, which is predicted by sequence homology within the extracellular region of four different aGPCR members, is well known to form pentamers and other oligomers. Oligomerization of GPCRs is frequently reported and mainly driven by interactions of the seven-transmembrane region and N or C termini. While the functional importance of dimers is well-established for some class C GPCRs, relatively little is known about aGPCR multimerization. Here, we showcase the example of ADGRG4, an orphan aGPCR that possesses a PTX-like domain at its very N-terminal tip, followed by an extremely long stalk containing serine-threonine repeats. Using X-ray crystallography and biophysical methods, we determined the structure of this unusual PTX-like domain and provide experimental evidence for a homodimer equilibrium of this domain which is Ca2+-independent and driven by intermolecular contacts that differ vastly from the known soluble PTXs. The formation of this dimer seems to be conserved in mammalian ADGRG4 indicating functional relevance. Our data alongside of theoretical considerations lead to the hypothesis that ADGRG4 acts as an in vivo sensor for shear forces in enterochromaffin and Paneth cells of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kieslich
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Renato H Weiße
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Brendler
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Ricken
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Song Y, Fothergill LJ, Lee KS, Liu BY, Koo A, Perelis M, Diwakarla S, Callaghan B, Huang J, Wykosky J, Furness JB, Yeo GW. Stratification of enterochromaffin cells by single-cell expression analysis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.24.554649. [PMID: 37662229 PMCID: PMC10473706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between gut mucosal cells and the external environment are essential to maintain gut homeostasis. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells transduce both chemical and mechanical signals and produce 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to mediate disparate physiological responses. However, the molecular and cellular basis for functional diversity of ECs remains to be adequately defined. Here, we integrated single-cell transcriptomics with spatial image analysis to identify fourteen EC clusters that are topographically organized along the gut. Subtypes predicted to be sensitive to the chemical environment and mechanical forces were identified that express distinct transcription factors and hormones. A Piezo2+ population in the distal colon was endowed with a distinctive neuronal signature. Using a combination of genetic, chemogenetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated Piezo2+ ECs are required for normal colon motility. Our study constructs a molecular map for ECs and offers a framework for deconvoluting EC cells with pleiotropic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Linda J. Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kari S. Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Brandon Y. Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Ada Koo
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mark Perelis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jie Huang
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - John B. Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Tough IR, Lund ML, Patel BA, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Paracrine relationship between incretin hormones and endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine in the small and large intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14589. [PMID: 37010838 PMCID: PMC10909488 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterochromaffin (EC) cell-derived 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a mediator of toxin-induced reflexes, initiating emesis via vagal and central 5-HT3 receptors. The amine is also involved in gastrointestinal (GI) reflexes that are prosecretory and promotile, and recently 5-HT's roles in chemosensation in the distal bowel have been described. We set out to establish the efficacy of 5-HT signaling, local 5-HT levels and pharmacology in discrete regions of the mouse small and large intestine. We also investigated the inter-relationships between incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and endogenous 5-HT in mucosal and motility assays. METHODS Adult mouse GI mucosae were mounted in Ussing chambers and area-specific studies were performed to establish the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 pharmacology, the sidedness of responses, and the inter-relationships between incretins and endogenous 5-HT. Natural fecal pellet transit in vitro and full-length GI transit in vivo were also measured. KEY RESULTS We observed the greatest level of tonic and exogenous 5-HT-induced ion transport and highest levels of 5-HT in ascending colon mucosa. Here both 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors were involved but elsewhere in the GI tract epithelial basolateral 5-HT4 receptors mediate 5-HT's prosecretory effect. Exendin-4 and GIP induced 5-HT release in the ascending colon, while L cell-derived PYY also contributed to GIP mucosal effects in the descending colon. Both peptides slowed colonic transit. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We provide functional evidence for paracrine interplay between 5-HT, GLP-1 and GIP, particularly in the colonic mucosal region. Basolateral epithelial 5-HT4 receptors mediated both 5-HT and incretin mucosal responses in healthy colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Tough
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonHodgkin Building, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUK
| | - Mari L. Lund
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and EnteroendocrinologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2200Denmark
- Present address:
Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health ResearchHoersholmDK‐2970Denmark
| | - Bhavik A. Patel
- Centre for Stress and Age‐Related Diseases, School of Applied SciencesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
| | - Thue W. Schwartz
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and EnteroendocrinologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2200Denmark
| | - Helen M. Cox
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonHodgkin Building, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUK
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Luo J, Chen Z, Castellano D, Bao B, Han W, Li J, Kim G, An D, Lu W, Wu C. Lipids regulate peripheral serotonin release via gut CD1d. Immunity 2023; 56:1533-1547.e7. [PMID: 37354904 PMCID: PMC10527042 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and neuroendocrine systems is critical for intestinal homeostasis and gut-brain communications. However, it remains unclear how immune cells participate in gut sensation of hormones and neurotransmitters release in response to environmental cues, such as self-lipids and microbial lipids. We show here that lipid-mediated engagement of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with enterochromaffin (EC) cells, a subset of intestinal epithelial cells, promoted peripheral serotonin (5-HT) release via a CD1d-dependent manner, regulating gut motility and hemostasis. We also demonstrated that inhibitory sphingolipids from symbiotic microbe Bacteroides fragilis represses 5-HT release. Mechanistically, CD1d ligation on EC cells transduced a signal and restrained potassium conductance through activation of protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2, leading to calcium influx and 5-HT secretion. Together, our data reveal that by engaging with iNKT cells, gut chemosensory cells selectively perceive lipid antigens via CD1d to control 5-HT release, modulating intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Castellano
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dingding An
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bayrer JR, Castro J, Venkataraman A, Touhara KK, Rossen ND, Morrie RD, Maddern J, Hendry A, Braverman KN, Garcia-Caraballo S, Schober G, Brizuela M, Castro Navarro FM, Bueno-Silva C, Ingraham HA, Brierley SM, Julius D. Gut enterochromaffin cells drive visceral pain and anxiety. Nature 2023; 616:137-142. [PMID: 36949192 PMCID: PMC10827380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort is a hallmark of most gut disorders and represents an important component of chronic visceral pain1. For the growing population afflicted by irritable bowel syndrome, GI hypersensitivity and pain persist long after tissue injury has resolved2. Irritable bowel syndrome also exhibits a strong sex bias, afflicting women three times more than men1. Here, we focus on enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which are rare excitable, serotonergic neuroendocrine cells in the gut epithelium3-5. EC cells detect and transduce noxious stimuli to nearby mucosal nerve endings3,6 but involvement of this signalling pathway in visceral pain and attendant sex differences has not been assessed. By enhancing or suppressing EC cell function in vivo, we show that these cells are sufficient to elicit hypersensitivity to gut distension and necessary for the sensitizing actions of isovalerate, a bacterial short-chain fatty acid associated with GI inflammation7,8. Remarkably, prolonged EC cell activation produced persistent visceral hypersensitivity, even in the absence of an instigating inflammatory episode. Furthermore, perturbing EC cell activity promoted anxiety-like behaviours which normalized after blockade of serotonergic signalling. Sex differences were noted across a range of paradigms, indicating that the EC cell-mucosal afferent circuit is tonically engaged in females. Our findings validate a critical role for EC cell-mucosal afferent signalling in acute and persistent GI pain, in addition to highlighting genetic models for studying visceral hypersensitivity and the sex bias of gut pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bayrer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Joel Castro
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Archana Venkataraman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kouki K Touhara
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan D Rossen
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Morrie
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Maze Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Maddern
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aenea Hendry
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kristina N Braverman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Jansen, Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mariana Brizuela
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Carla Bueno-Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holly A Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Salami AT, Oyagbemi AA, Alabi MV, Olaleye SB. Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling. Biomarkers 2023; 28:11-23. [PMID: 36250715 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2137235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IntroductionCobalt chloride-(CoCl2) exerts beneficial and toxic activities depending on dose however Naringenin-(Nar) a flavonoid, chelates heavy metals. Absorption of ingested heavy metals, or chelates are dependent on gut motility (gastric emptying and intestinal transit time) and mechanosensor regulation. Literature is vague on CoCl2 activities on gut motility and mechanosensor nor probable chelating actions with naringenin which was investigated in this study.MethodOne hundred male Wistar rats were grouped viz; A to D (25, 62, 150 and 300 mg/kg CoCl2), E to H doses of CoCl2+Nar (50 mg/kg), I-Narigenin and J-Control. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit time were evaluated by day eight, intestinal tissue assayed for biochemical, histological and immunohistochemistry reactivity.ResultCoCl2 significantly increased Gastric emptying (150 and 300 mg/kg) and Intestinal transit time unlike Naringenin. CoCl2 (150 mg/kg) significantly increased Catalase and Nitric oxide but ameliorated by Naringenin. ATPase activities significantly increased in 150 mg/kg-CoCl2 but ameliorated by Naringenin. Carbonyl levels increased in all CoCl2+Nar groups. High Enterochromaffin-cell count in 25 and 62 mg/kg-CoCl2 were ameliorated by Naringenin. Serotonin immunoreactivity increased in CoCl2 (25, 62, 300 mg/kg) but reduced in CoCl2+Nar groups.ConclusionCobalt chloride enhanced gastric motility via increased mechanosensor activities and serotonin expression at low doses. Naringenin ameliorated toxicity of high cobalt chloride via metal-flavonoid chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Temitope Salami
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi
- Cardiorenal Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Moyosore Victoria Alabi
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Yu L, Huang C, Yang W, Ren Z, Li L, Cheng H, Lin C, Zhai L, Ning Z, Wong HX, Han Q, Jia W, Bian Z, Zhao L. Aqueous cinnamon extract ameliorates bowel dysfunction and enteric 5-HT synthesis in IBS rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1010484. [PMID: 36699075 PMCID: PMC9868158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1010484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamon protects against irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) in humans, but its efficacy and underlying mechanism of action remain poorly understood. Maternally separated (MS) IBS-D rat model and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced post-inflammatory IBS-D rat model are characterized by visceral hyperalgesia and diarrhea. This study used the two models to evaluate the effect of cinnamon extract (CE) on bowel symptoms. The MS rat model was also used to explore its underlying anti-IBS mechanism. cinnamon extract reduced defecation frequency and visceral hyperalgesia in MS rats in a dose-dependent manner and effectively improved visceral hyperalgesia in TNBS rats. The efficacy of cinnamon extract was comparable to the positive drug serotonin receptor 3 (5-HT3) selective antagonist, Ramosetron. Excessive 5-HT, a well-known pathogenic factor for IBS, in the colon and circulation of IBS rats was reduced after cinnamon extract intervention. Both, gene and protein levels of the colonic 5-HT synthetase, Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), were also decreased in CE-treated IBS rats. In addition, a luciferase assay revealed that cinnamon extract and its major components, catechin, procyanidin B1/2, cinnamic acid, and cinnamyl alcohol, significantly inhibited Tph1 transcription activity in vitro. These findings illustrated that aqueous cinnamon extract partially attenuated bowel symptoms in IBS models by directly inhibiting Tph1 expression and controlling 5-HT synthesis. This provides a scientific viewpoint for the use of cinnamon as a folk medication to treat IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhenxing Ren
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiyuan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengyuan Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziwan Ning
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Quanbin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Zhaoxiang Bian, ; Ling Zhao,
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Zhaoxiang Bian, ; Ling Zhao,
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9
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Vaccaro R, Casini A, Severi C, Lamazza A, Pronio A, Palma R. Serotonin and Melatonin in Human Lower Gastrointestinal Tract. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36673013 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Melatonin is a ubiquitous hormone produced not only by the pineal gland but also by other organs and tissues. It is involved in the regulation of several gastrointestinal functions. The main cells responsible for the production and release of extrapineal melatonin are the enterochromaffin (EC) cells that produce serotonin. They are involved in the pathogenesis of neuromotor disorders that characterize functional gastrointestinal disorders and in the pathophysiology of inflammatory intestinal diseases. Our aim was the immunohistochemical highlighting on biopsy samples of normal gastrointestinal mucosa and in ulcerative colitis (UC) of immunoreactive cells for melatonin and serotonin in order to identify any differences in their distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our prospective case-control study involves the highlighting on human mucosal biopsies of immunoreactive cells for melatonin and serotonin. All patients undergoing colonoscopy + ileoscopy were considered eligible for the study, divided into two groups: 1. patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC); 2. control group consisting of patients undergoing endoscopic examination for colorectal cancer screening. RESULTS Twenty-one patients were enrolled. The controls had a higher concentration of EC cells containing 5HT particularly in the rectum (p value ≤ 0.05). In patients with active colitis the expression of 5-HT-iR was greater in all tracts of the colon. The correlation analysis in UC patients shows that a higher expression of 5-HT-iR+ cells corresponds to a lower extension of the disease and a greater severity of the same. CONCLUSIONS 5HT+ cells decreased in the case of UC compared to healthy controls. In the severe disease, there was an increase in the expression of melatonin-secreting cells, probably as a compensatory response to the inflammation and oxidative stress. This increase is negatively correlated with the extent of the disease and positively with the severity of the same.
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10
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Machida T, Iizuka K. [Consideration of the Characteristics of Oral Iron Preparations from the Viewpoint of the Mechanism of Nausea and Vomiting]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2023; 143:599-606. [PMID: 37394455 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The nausea and vomiting that occur as a result of oral iron administration for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) can cause significant physical and emotional stress in patients. Because iron is absorbed from the intestine as ferrous iron, the most widely used treatment for IDA is oral ferrous agents. However, ferrous forms are more toxic than ferric forms because ferrous forms readily generate free radicals. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicenter non-inferiority study conducted in Japan showed that ferric citrate hydrate (FC) was just as effective as sodium ferrous citrate (SF) in the treatment of IDA, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting compared with SF. Animal studies have shown that chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) involves the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from enterochromaffin cells by free radicals, and that some chemotherapeutic agents cause hyperplasia of these cells. Enterochromaffin cells also contain substance P, which is known to be also closely related to CINV. We found that administration of SF to rats causes hyperplasia of enterochromaffin cells in the small intestine, whereas FC has no effect on enterochromaffin cells. Oral iron agents may induce nausea and vomiting via the effect of ferrous iron on reactive oxygen species production in the intestine and subsequent enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia. Further research to elucidate the detailed mechanism of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia induced by ferrous iron preparations is needed to develop a treatment for iron deficiency anemia that causes less gastrointestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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Martin AM, Jones LA, Wei L, Spencer NJ, Sanders KM, Ro S, Keating DJ. Distinguishing the contributions of neuronal and mucosal serotonin in the regulation of colonic motility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14361. [PMID: 35313053 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized enterochromaffin (EC) cells within the mucosal lining of the gut synthesize and secrete almost all serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the body. Significantly lower amounts of 5-HT are made by other peripheral tissues and serotonergic neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS). EC cells are in close proximity to 5-HT receptors in the ENS, and the role of 5-HT as a modulator of gut motility, particularly colonic motor complexes, has been well defined. However, the relative contribution of neuronal 5-HT to this process under resting and stimulus-evoked conditions is unclear. METHODS In this study, we combined the use of the selective serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor, fluoxetine, with two models of mucosal 5-HT depletion-surgical removal of the mucosa and our Tph1Cre/ERT2 ; Rosa26DTA mouse line-to determine the relative contribution of neuronal and mucosal 5-HT to resting and distension-evoked colonic motility. KEY RESULTS Fluoxetine significantly reduced the frequency of colonic migrating complexes (CMCs) in flat-sheet preparations with the mucosa present and in intact control Tph1-DTA colons in which EC cells were present. No such effect was observed in mucosa-free preparations or in intact Tph1-DTA preparations lacking EC cell 5-HT. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES We demonstrate that mucosal 5-HT release plays an important role in distension-evoked colonic motility, and that SERT inhibition no longer alters gut motility when EC cells are absent, thus demonstrating that ENS 5-HT does not play a role in regulating gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren A Jones
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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12
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Rezzani R, Franco C, Franceschetti L, Gianò M, Favero G. A Focus on Enterochromaffin Cells among the Enteroendocrine Cells: Localization, Morphology, and Role. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073758. [PMID: 35409109 PMCID: PMC8998884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays a key role in managing the relationship with the environment, the internal and external inputs, and their changes. One percent of the gut epithelium is represented by the enteroendocrine cells. Among the enteroendocrine cells, a group of specific cells characterized by the presence of yellow granules, the enterochromaffin cells, has been identified. These granules contain many secretion products. Studies showed that these cells are involved in gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions and hyperalgesia; their number increases in these conditions both in affected and not-affected zones of the gut. Moreover, they are involved in the preservation and modulation of the intestinal function and motility, and they sense metabolic-nutritional alterations. Sometimes, they are confused or mixed with other enteroendocrine cells, and it is difficult to define their activity. However, it is known that they change their functions during diseases; they increased in number, but their involvement is related mainly to some secretion products (serotonin, melatonin, substance P). The mechanisms linked to these alterations are not well investigated. Herein, we provide an up-to-date highlight of the main findings about these cells, from their discovery to today. We emphasized their origin, morphology, and their link with diet to better evaluate their role for preventing or treating metabolic disorders considering that these diseases are currently a public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs—(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society of Orofacial Pain (SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0303-717-483
| | - Caterina Franco
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs—(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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13
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Xu X, Chen R, Zhan G, Wang D, Tan X, Xu H. Enterochromaffin Cells: Sentinels to Gut Microbiota in Hyperalgesia? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:760076. [PMID: 34722345 PMCID: PMC8552036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.760076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing studies have been conducted on the mechanism of gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric diseases and non-neuropsychiatric diseases. The academic community has also recognized the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Chronic pain has always been an urgent difficulty for human beings, which often causes anxiety, depression, and other mental symptoms, seriously affecting people's quality of life. Hyperalgesia is one of the main adverse reactions of chronic pain. The mechanism of gut microbiota in hyperalgesia has been extensively studied, providing a new target for pain treatment. Enterochromaffin cells, as the chief sentinel for sensing gut microbiota and its metabolites, can play an important role in the interaction between the gut microbiota and hyperalgesia through paracrine or neural pathways. Therefore, this systematic review describes the role of gut microbiota in the pathological mechanism of hyperalgesia, learns about the role of enterochromaffin cell receptors and secretions in hyperalgesia, and provides a new strategy for pain treatment by targeting enterochromaffin cells through restoring disturbed gut microbiota or supplementing probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongmin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chojnacki C, Mikulska P, Knopik-Dąbrowicz A, Kaczka A, Chojnacki J, Konrad P. [The role of intraepithelial lymphocytes in pathogenesis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2021; 49:23-27. [PMID: 33713088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a frequent cause of chronic abdominal complaints. So far, a lot information has been gathered on its pathogenesis but are still doubts that raise question why its causes chronic diarrhea in some and constipation in other patients. AIM The aim of the study was to assess the number of endothelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the duodenal and ileum mucosa in patients with SIBO with dominant diarrhea (SIBO-D) and dominant constipation (SIBO-C). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed in 30 healthy patients (group I) and 40 patients with SIBO and diarrhoea (group II), and in 4o patients with constipation (group III). To diagnose SIBO the lactulose hydrogen breath test (LHBT) was performed. To determine the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in duodenal and jejunal mucosa the histological assessment was performed using haematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, immunochistochemical method was used to assess the number of enterochromatoffin cells (EC, chromogranin A - LK-2H10) in these some parts of the gut. RESULTS The results of LHBT were similar in group II and III - 75,6±18,1 ppm and 66,9±16,2 ppm(p>0,05). The number of IELs in duodenal mucosa in controls was 14,6±4,1/100 EN, in group II - 28,3±6,8/100 EN (p<0.01), and in group III - 23,0±9,9/100 EN (p<0,05), and similar differences were in jejunal mucosa. The number of EC in both parts of the gut was higher in SIBO compared to controls. Furthermore, in patients with SIBO-D the number of IELs in duodenum, as well as in jejunum, was positively correlated with the number of EC cells ( p<0,05, p=0,056, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In patients with SIBO, particularly with SIBO-D, increased number of IELs I EC cells may be a cause of diverse abdominal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Chojnacki
- Medical University of Lodz, Poland: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics
| | - Paulina Mikulska
- Medical University of Lodz, Poland: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics
| | - Alina Knopik-Dąbrowicz
- Medical University of Lodz, Poland: Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Cytopathology
| | - Aleksandra Kaczka
- Medical University of Lodz, Poland: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Medical University of Lodz, Poland: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics
| | - Paulina Konrad
- Medical University of Lodz, Poland: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics
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15
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Zhu C, Gong H, Luo P, Dong L, Zhang G, Shi X, Rong W. Oral Administration of Penicillin or Streptomycin May Alter Serum Serotonin Level and Intestinal Motility via Different Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2021; 11:605982. [PMID: 33424630 PMCID: PMC7785965 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.605982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Enterochromaffin cells (EC cells) constitute the largest population of enteroendocrine cells and release serotonin (5-HT) in response to mechanical and chemical cues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). How EC cells respond to altered microbiota such as due to antibiotic treatments remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that the pacemaker channel HCN2 might contribute to the regulation of EC cells functions and their responses to antibiotics-induced changes in intestinal flora. Methods Mice were given either penicillin or streptomycin or both in drinking water for 10 consecutive days. The changes in the profile of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum following penicillin or streptomycin treatments were tested by GC-MS. Serum 5-HT content, whole intestinal transit time, fecal water content, cecum weight and expression of HCN2 and TPH1 in cecal mucosa were measured. Ivabradine (a HCN channels blocker) was used to explore the role of HCN2 in penicillin-induced changes in 5-HT availability and intestinal motility. Results HCN2 immunofluorescence was detected on intestinal EC cells. Both penicillin and streptomycin caused significant reduction in total SCFAs in the cecum, with the penicillin-treated group showing greater reductions in butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate levels than the streptomycin group. The expression of HCN2 was increased in the mice treated with penicillin, whereas TPH1 expression was increased in the mice treated with streptomycin. Mice treated with antibiotics all had larger and heavier cecum, elevated serum 5-HT level and increased fecal water content. Besides, mice treated with penicillin had prolonged intestinal transit time. Intraperitoneal injection of Ivabradine attenuated the effect of penicillin on serum 5-HT level, cecum size and weight, intestinal motility, and fecal water content. Conclusion Disruptions of the intestinal flora structure due to oral administration of penicillin may significantly increase serum 5-HT level and inhibit intestinal motility, at least partially through up-regulating the expression of HCN2. Oral administration of streptomycin may alter 5-HT availability by up-regulating TPH1 expression thus increasing synthesis of 5-HT. Alterations of intestinal flora composition due to exposure to different antibiotics may regulate 5-HT availability and intestinal motility through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huashan Gong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyin Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Chen Z, Luo J, Li J, Kim G, Stewart A, Urban JF, Huang Y, Chen S, Wu LG, Chesler A, Trinchieri G, Li W, Wu C. Interleukin-33 Promotes Serotonin Release from Enterochromaffin Cells for Intestinal Homeostasis. Immunity 2020; 54:151-163.e6. [PMID: 33220232 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is known as the largest endocrine organ that encounters and integrates various immune stimulations and neuronal responses due to constant environmental challenges. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which function as chemosensors on the gut epithelium, are known to translate environmental cues into serotonin (5-HT) production, contributing to intestinal physiology. However, how immune signals participate in gut sensation and neuroendocrine response remains unclear. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) acts as an alarmin cytokine by alerting the system of potential environmental stresses. We here demonstrate that IL-33 induced instantaneous peristaltic movement and facilitated Trichuris muris expulsion. We found that IL-33 could be sensed by EC cells, inducing release of 5-HT. IL-33-mediated 5-HT release activated enteric neurons, subsequently promoting gut motility. Mechanistically, IL-33 triggered calcium influx via a non-canonical signaling pathway specifically in EC cells to induce 5-HT secretion. Our data establish an immune-neuroendocrine axis in calibrating rapid 5-HT release for intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy Stewart
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yuefeng Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shan Chen
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- Synaptic Transmission Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Chesler
- Sensory Cells and Circuits Section, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Mohan BP, Aravindan KP. Enterochromaffin Cells and Mast Cells in Acute Appendicitis. J Lab Physicians 2020; 12:141-146. [PMID: 32905235 PMCID: PMC7466542 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Serotonin levels are increased in acute appendicitis. We investigated the possible source of this increase. The aim of this study was to compare the distribution and density of epithelial and nonepithelial enterochromaffin (EC) cells as well as numbers of degranulated and nondegranulated mast cells in different layers of normal appendices and acute appendicitis. Methods Sections from 15 cases of acute appendicitis and 10 cases where the appendix was morphologically normal were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Toluidine blue, and immunohistochemically for chromogranin and CD-117. EC cells stained by chromogranin were counted per crypt and extraepithelial EC cells counted and expressed as cells per unit area (mm 2 ). Mast cells stained by Toluidine blue and CD-117 were counted in lamina propria, submucosa, and muscle layers. The difference between Toluidine blue and CD117 stained mast cells was taken to be an estimate of degranulated cells. The cell counts were expressed per unit area (mm 2 ) as well as per cross-sectional area of the appendix. Results There was no statistically significant difference in epithelial and extraepithelial EC cells between acute appendicitis and normal appendix. Estimated mast cell degranulation as indicated by mast cell counts per cross-sectional area is greatly increased in acute appendicitis when compared with normal. Conclusion Degranulated mast cells rather than EC cells may be the main source of raised serotonin in acute appendicitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya P Mohan
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - K P Aravindan
- ICMR Emeritus Scientist, Government Medical College, Calicut, Kerala, India
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Kannen V, Bader M, Sakita JY, Uyemura SA, Squire JA. The Dual Role of Serotonin in Colorectal Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:611-625. [PMID: 32439105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS), neuroendocrine mechanisms, immunological reactions, intestinal microbiome, and cancer. It has been associated with more severe signs and symptoms of colitis, as well as promoting colorectal cancer (CRC) cells toward expansion. However, recent findings revealed that impairments in 5-HT synthesis lead to high levels of DNA damage in colonocytes, which is linked with inflammatory reactions promoting the development of CRC. Here, we review the diverse roles of 5-HT in intestinal homeostasis and in CRC and discuss how improved understanding of the modulation of the 5-HT pathway could be helpful for the design of novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Kannen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Juliana Y Sakita
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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19
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Lund ML, Sorrentino G, Egerod KL, Kroone C, Mortensen B, Knop FK, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Drucker DJ, de Koning EJP, Schoonjans K, Bäckhed F, Schwartz TW, Petersen N. L-Cell Differentiation Is Induced by Bile Acids Through GPBAR1 and Paracrine GLP-1 and Serotonin Signaling. Diabetes 2020; 69:614-623. [PMID: 32041793 PMCID: PMC7224989 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetics are effective drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes, and there is consequently extensive interest in increasing endogenous GLP-1 secretion and L-cell abundance. Here we identify G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) as a selective regulator of intestinal L-cell differentiation. Lithocholic acid and the synthetic GPBAR1 agonist, L3740, selectively increased L-cell density in mouse and human intestinal organoids and elevated GLP-1 secretory capacity. L3740 induced expression of Gcg and transcription factors Ngn3 and NeuroD1 L3740 also increased the L-cell number and GLP-1 levels and improved glucose tolerance in vivo. Further mechanistic examination revealed that the effect of L3740 on L cells required intact GLP-1 receptor and serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) signaling. Importantly, serotonin signaling through 5-HT4 mimicked the effects of L3740, acting downstream of GLP-1. Thus, GPBAR1 agonists and other powerful GLP-1 secretagogues facilitate L-cell differentiation through a paracrine GLP-1-dependent and serotonin-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Lilith Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristoffer Lihme Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chantal Kroone
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute/Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Shokrollahi M, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Intraluminal prucalopride increases propulsive motor activities via luminal 5-HT 4 receptors in the rabbit colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13598. [PMID: 31012538 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating luminal 5-HT4 receptors results in the release of 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells into the lamina propria to modulate colonic motility. Our aim was to evaluate characteristics of colonic motor patterns involved in the prokinetic effects of intraluminal prucalopride in the rabbit colon. METHODS Colonic motor patterns were studied ex vivo using simultaneous spatiotemporal diameter mapping and pressure sensing. KEY RESULTS Intraluminal prucalopride and intraluminal exogenous 5-HT strongly evoked or enhanced the colonic motor complex at all levels of excitation beginning with generation of clusters of fast propagating contractions (FPCs), then development of long-distance contractions (LDCs) within the clusters, and finally forceful LDCs as the highest level of excitation. Intraluminal prucalopride and intraluminal exogenous 5-HT stimulated propulsive motor activity in a dose-dependent and antagonist-sensitive manner by increasing the contraction amplitude, intraluminal pressure, frequency, velocity, and degree of propagation of the colonic motor complex. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Activating mucosal 5-HT4 receptors via intraluminal prucalopride or 5-HT increases propulsive motor activity in a graded manner; that is, depending on starting conditions, amplitudes or frequencies of an activity may increase or a new pattern may be initiated. Our data support further studies into delivering 5-HT4 receptor agonists via colon-targeted drug delivery systems and studies into the role of luminal 5-HT as an essential requirement for normal colon motor pattern generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Shokrollahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Laing ST, Merriam D, Shock BC, Mills S, Spinner A, Reader R, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Idiopathic Colitis in Rhesus Macaques Is Associated With Dysbiosis, Abundant Enterochromaffin Cells and Altered T-Cell Cytokine Expression. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:741-752. [PMID: 29929446 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818780449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common ailment affecting captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta). ICD cases are characterized by diarrhea in the absence of commonly identified diarrheal pathogens and multiple recurrences even after supportive therapy. Histologically, the disease is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic colitis. We identified 35 rhesus macaques euthanized for ICD during a 7-month period and described demographic, clinical, histologic, and immunologic commonalities. We found a trend of historic Campylobacter spp. and trichomonad infections. Furthermore, rhesus macaques with ICD demonstrated loss of normal colonic adherent bacterium, identified in this study as Helicobacter macacae; increased abundance of Pentatrichomonas hominis; and increased frequency of colonic serotonin-positive enterochromaffin cells. Interestingly, colonic and ileal T-helper cells of animals with ICD manifested decreased capacity for expression of certain cytokines, in particular interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. These data further describe a common ailment and suggest new avenues to identify complex interactions involved in the etiology of recurring diarrhea in young rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Merriam
- 2 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara C Shock
- 4 Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Mills
- 2 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Abbie Spinner
- 2 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Reader
- 2 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- 2 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,5 Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition in clinical practice. There are currently no objective tests to rule in the disease, but rather tests to rule out other diseases. Biomarkers in IBS may provide the tools needed for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. These include identification of differences in microbial composition, immune activation, bile acid composition, colonic transit, and alteration in sensation in subgroups of IBS patients. Areas covered: Studies included in our review were chosen based on a PubMed search for 'biomarkers' and 'IBS'. We have reviewed the literature on biomarkers to appraise their accuracy, validity and whether they are actionable. We have not covered genetic associations as biomarkers in this review. Expert commentary: There is significant promise in the usefulness of biomarkers for IBS. The most promising actionable biomarkers are markers of changes in bile acid balance, such as elevated bile acid in the stool, and altered colonic transit. However, there is also potential for microbial studies and mucosal proteases as future actionable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- a Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN, USA
| | - Houssam Halawi
- a Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN, USA
| | - Ibironke Oduyebo
- a Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN, USA
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23
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Tsuchiya K, Kubota K, Ohbuchi K, Kaneko A, Ohno N, Mase A, Matsushima H, Yamamoto M, Miyano K, Uezono Y, Kono T. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 agonists improve intestinal transit in a murine model of postoperative ileus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1792-1805. [PMID: 27284001 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which abundantly expressed in enterochromaffin cells (ECC), has been reported to exert apparently contradictory results in in vitro contractility and in vivo gastrointestinal (GI) transit evaluations. The pharmaceutical-grade Japanese traditional medicine daikenchuto (TU-100) has been reported to be beneficial for postoperative ileus (POI) and accelerate GI transit in animals and humans. TU-100 was recently shown to increase intestinal blood flow via stimulation of TRPA1 in the epithelial cells of the small intestine (SI). METHODS The effects of various TRPA1 agonists on motility were examined in a manipulation-induced murine POI model, in vitro culture of SI segments and an ECC model cell line, RIN-14B. KEY RESULTS Orally administered TRPA1 agonists, aryl isothiocyanate (AITC) and cinnamaldehyde (CA), TU-100 ingredients, [6]-shogaol (6S) and γ-sanshool (GS), improved SI transit in a POI model. The effects of AITC, 6S and GS but not CA were abrogated in TRPA1-deficient mice. SI segments show periodic peristaltic motor activity whose periodicity disappeared in TRPA1-deficient mice. TU-100 augmented the motility. AITC, CA and 6S increased 5-HT release from isolated SI segments and the effects of all these compounds except for CA were lost in TRPA1-deficient mice. 6S and GS induced a release of 5-HT from RIN-14B cells in a dose- and TRPA1-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Intraluminal TRPA1 stimulation is a potential therapeutic strategy for GI motility disorders. Further investigation is required to determine whether 5-HT and/or ECC are involved in the effect of TRPA1 on motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuchiya
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Kubota
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - A Kaneko
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - N Ohno
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - A Mase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Matsushima
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Miyano
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kono
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology & Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Center for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Kalbe B, Schlimm M, Mohrhardt J, Scholz P, Jansen F, Hatt H, Osterloh S. Helional induces Ca2+ decrease and serotonin secretion of QGP-1 cells via a PKG-mediated pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:201-10. [PMID: 27553203 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secretion, motility and transport by intestinal tissues are regulated among others by specialized neuroendocrine cells, the so-called enterochromaffin (EC) cells. These cells detect different luminal stimuli, such as mechanical stimuli, fatty acids, glucose and distinct chemosensory substances. The EC cells react to the changes in their environment through the release of transmitter molecules, most importantly serotonin, to mediate the corresponding physiological response. However, little is known about the molecular targets of the chemical stimuli delivered from consumed food, spices and cosmetics within EC cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the olfactory receptor (OR) 2J3 in the human pancreatic EC cell line QGP-1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Using ratiofluorometric Ca(2+) imaging experiments, we demonstrated that the OR2J3-specific agonist helional induces a transient dose-dependent decrease in the intracellular Ca(2+) levels. This Ca(2+) decrease is mediated by protein kinase G (PKG) on the basis that the specific pharmacological inhibition of PKG with Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS abolished the helional-induced Ca(2+) response. Furthermore, stimulation of QGP-1 cells with helional caused a dose-dependent release of serotonin that was comparable with the release induced by the application of a direct PKG activator (8-bromo-cGMP). Taken together, our results demonstrate that luminal odorants can be detected by specific ORs in QGP-1 cells and thus cause the directed release of serotonin and a PKG-dependent decrease in intracellular Ca(2.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kalbe
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marian Schlimm
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Mohrhardt
- Department of ChemosensationInstitute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Scholz
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Jansen
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Osterloh
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Thorn P, Zorec R, Rettig J, Keating DJ. Exocytosis in non-neuronal cells. J Neurochem 2016; 137:849-59. [PMID: 26938142 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exocytosis is the process by which stored neurotransmitters and hormones are released via the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. It is a dynamic, rapid and spatially restricted process involving multiple steps including vesicle trafficking, tethering, docking, priming and fusion. For many years great steps have been undertaken in our understanding of how exocytosis occurs in different cell types, with significant focus being placed on synaptic release and neurotransmission. However, this process of exocytosis is an essential component of cell signalling throughout the body and underpins a diverse array of essential physiological pathways. Many similarities exist between different cell types with regard to key aspects of the exocytosis pathway, such as the need for Ca(2+) to trigger it or the involvement of members of the N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor protein families. However, it is also equally clear that non-neuronal cells have acquired highly specialized mechanisms to control the release of their own unique chemical messengers. This review will focus on several important non-neuronal cell types and discuss what we know about the mechanisms they use to control exocytosis and how their specialized output is relevant to the physiological role of each individual cell type. These include enteroendocrine cells, pancreatic β cells, astrocytes, lactotrophs and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Non-neuronal cells have acquired highly specialized mechanisms to control the release of unique chemical messengers, such as polarised fusion of insulin granules in pancreatic β cells targeted towards the vasculature (top). This review discusses mechanisms used in several important non-neuronal cell types to control exocytosis, and the relevance of intermediate vesicle fusion pore states (bottom) and their specialized output to the physiological role of each cell type. These include enteroendocrine cells, pancreatic β cells, astrocytes, lactotrophs and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This article is part of a mini review series on Chromaffin cells (ISCCB Meeting, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, John Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jens Rettig
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Damien J Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
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26
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Bailey C, Ruaux C, Stang BV, Valentine BA. Expression of serotonin, chromogranin-A, serotonin receptor-2B, tryptophan hydroxylase-1, and serotonin reuptake transporter in the intestine of dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:271-8. [PMID: 27026108 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715618232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin regulates many intestinal motor and sensory functions. Altered serotonergic metabolism has been described in human gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of our study was to compare expression of several components of the serotonergic system [serotonin (5-HT), serotonin reuptake transporter protein (SERT), tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1), 5-HT receptor2B (5-HT2B)] and the enterochromaffin cell marker chromogranin-A (CgA) in the intestinal mucosa between dogs with chronic enteropathy and healthy controls. Serotonin and CgA expression were determined by immunohistochemistry using banked and prospectively obtained, paraffin-embedded canine gastrointestinal biopsies (n = 11), and compared to a control group of canine small intestinal sections (n = 10). Expression of SERT, TPH-1, and 5-HT2B were determined via real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR using prospectively collected endoscopic duodenal biopsies (n = 10) and compared to an additional control group of control duodenal biopsies (n = 8, control group 2) showing no evidence of intestinal inflammation. Dogs with chronic enteropathies showed strong staining for both 5-HT and CgA. Mean positive cells per high power field (HPF) were significantly increased for both compounds in dogs with chronic enteropathies (p < 0.001 for 5-HT; p < 0.05 for CgA). The number of 5-HT-positive and CgA-positive cells/HPF showed significant correlation in the entire group of dogs, including both diseased and healthy individuals (Pearson r(2) = 0.2433, p = 0.016). No significant differences were observed for SERT, TPH-1, or 5-HT2B expression; however, dogs with chronic enteropathy showed greater variability in expression of TPH-1 and 5-HT2B We conclude that components of the neuroendocrine system show altered expression in the intestinal mucosa of dogs with chronic enteropathy. These changes may contribute to nociception and clinical signs in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Bailey
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Craig Ruaux
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Bernadette V Stang
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Beth A Valentine
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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27
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Lima GMG, Corazza BJM, Moraes RM, de Oliveira FE, de Oliveira LD, Franco GCN, Perrien DS, Elefteriou F, Anbinder AL. The effect of an inhibitor of gut serotonin (LP533401) during the induction of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:661-8. [PMID: 26740292 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE LP533401 is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which regulates serotonin production in the gut. Previous work indicates that LP533401 has an anabolic effect in bone. Thus, we hypothesized that inhibition of gut serotonin production may modulate the host response in periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of LP533401 in a rat periodontitis model to evaluate the role of gut serotonin in periodontitis pathophysiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups: treated group (T: ligature-induced periodontal disease and LP533401, 25 mg/kg/d) by gavage; ligature group (L: ligature-induced periodontal disease only); and control group (C: without ligature-induced periodontal disease). After 28 d, radiographic alveolar bone support was measured on digital radiographs, and alveolar bone volume fraction, tissue mineral density and trabeculae characteristics were quantified by microcomputed tomography in the right hemi-mandible. Left hemi-mandibles were decalcified and alveolar bone loss, attachment loss and area of collagen in the gingiva were histologically analyzed. RESULTS Significant difference between the L and C groups was found, confirming that periodontal disease was induced. We observed no difference between the T and L groups regarding alveolar bone destruction and area of collagen. CONCLUSION LP533401 (25 mg/kg/d) for 28 d does not prevent bone loss and does not modulate host response in a rat model of induced periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M G Lima
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - B J M Corazza
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - R M Moraes
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - F E de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - L D de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - G C N Franco
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D S Perrien
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Rehabilitation and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F Elefteriou
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A L Anbinder
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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28
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Kim JJ, Wang H, Terc JD, Zambrowicz B, Yang QM, Khan WI. Blocking peripheral serotonin synthesis by telotristat etiprate (LX1032/LX1606) reduces severity of both chemical- and infection-induced intestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26206858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00299.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal inflammation is accompanied by an alteration in 5-HT. Intestinal 5-HT synthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) and we have shown that mice deficient in this rate-limiting enzyme have reduced severity of intestinal inflammation in models of chemical-induced experimental colitis. Here, we investigated the effect of blocking peripheral 5-HT synthesis in generation of intestinal inflammation by a using peripheral Tph inhibitor, telotristat etiprate (LX1606), in models of intestinal inflammation. LX1606 was given orally either prophylactically or therapeutically to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis or with infection with Trichuris muris. Severity of intestinal inflammation was measured by assessment of disease activity scores, histological damage, and MPO and inflammatory cytokine levels. LX1606 significantly reduced intestinal 5-HT levels and delayed onset and severity of DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis. This was associated with decreased MPO and proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with vehicle-treated controls. In the infection-induced inflammation model, treatment with LX1606 enhanced worm expulsion as well as increased IL-10 production and goblet cell numbers. LX1606-treated mice had significantly lower MPO and IL-1β levels compared with controls postinfection. Our results demonstrate that peripheral 5-HT plays an important role in intestinal inflammation and in the generation of immune responses. Pharmacological reduction of peripheral 5-HT may serve as a potential strategy for modulating various intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Joshua D Terc
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Qi M Yang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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29
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Singh P, Dutta SR, Guha D. Gastric mucosal protection by aegle marmelos against gastric mucosal damage: role of enterochromaffin cell and serotonin. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:35-42. [PMID: 25672237 PMCID: PMC4355861 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.151224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells in gastric mucosa inhibits gastric acidity by increasing the gastric mucus secretion. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos (AM) ripe fruit pulp (250 mg/kg body weight) on mean ulcer index (MUI), EC cells, 5-HT content, and adherent mucosal thickness of ulcerated gastric tissue in adult albino rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ulceration was induced by using aspirin (500 mg/kg, p.o.), cerebellar nodular lesion and applying cold-restraint stress. RESULTS In all cases increased MUI in gastric tissue along with decreased EC cell count was observed with concomitant decrease of 5-HT content and adherent mucosal thickness (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with AM for 14 days decreased MUI, increased EC cell count, and 5-HT content as well as adherent mucosal thickness in all ulcerated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION AM produces gastric mucosal protection mediated by increased EC cell count and 5-HT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- Department of Physiology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubha R. Dutta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, M. B. Kedia Dental College, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Debjani Guha
- Department of Neuroscience, S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Dickson EJ, Heredia DJ, Smith TK. Critical role of 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes in the initiation, generation, and propagation of the murine colonic migrating motor complex. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G144-57. [PMID: 20413719 PMCID: PMC2904117 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00496.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC) is necessary for fecal pellet propulsion in the murine colon. We have previously shown that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released from enterochromaffin cells activates 5-HT(3) receptors on the mucosal processes of myenteric Dogiel type II neurons to initiate the events underlying the CMMC. Our aims were to further investigate the roles of 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(3), and 5-HT(7) receptor subtypes in generating and propagating the CMMC using intracellular microelectrodes or tension recordings from the circular muscle (CM) in preparations with and without the mucosa. Spontaneous CMMCs were recorded from the CM in isolated murine colons but not in preparations without the mucosa. In mucosaless preparations, ondansetron (3 microM; 5-HT(3) antagonist) plus hexamethonium (100 microM) completely blocked spontaneous inhibitory junction potentials, depolarized the CM. Ondansetron blocked the preceding hyperpolarization associated with a CMMC. Spontaneous CMMCs and CMMCs evoked by spritzing 5-HT (10 and 100 microM) or nerve stimulation in preparations without the mucosa were blocked by SB 258719 or SB 269970 (1-5 microM; 5-HT(7) antagonists). Both NAN-190 and (S)-WAY100135 (1-5 microM; 5-HT(1A) antagonists) blocked spontaneous CMMCs and neurally evoked CMMCs in preparations without the mucosa. Both NAN-190 and (S)-WAY100135 caused an atropine-sensitive depolarization of the CM. The precursor of 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (10 microM), and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) (5 microM; 5-HT(1/5/7) agonist) increased the frequency of spontaneous CMMCs. 5-HTP and 5-CT also induced CMMCs in preparations with and without the mucosa, which were blocked by SB 258719. 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(3), and 5-HT(7) receptors, most likely on Dogiel Type II/AH neurons, are important in initiating, generating, and propagating the CMMC. Tonic inhibition of the CM appears to be driven by ongoing activity in descending serotonergic interneurons; by activating 5-HT(7) receptors on AH neurons these interneurons also contribute to the generation of the CMMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn J. Dickson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Dante J. Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Terence K. Smith
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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Faure C, Patey N, Gauthier C, Brooks E, Mawe G. Serotonin signaling is altered in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea but not in functional dyspepsia in pediatric age patients. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:249-58. [PMID: 20303355 PMCID: PMC2902614 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In adults, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) are chronic conditions that often start during childhood. We investigated mucosal serotonin (5-HT) signaling in children with the idea that data from subjects with a shorter history may improve our understanding of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. METHODS Ninety-eight children undergoing gastroscopy or colonoscopy were studied prospectively. Biopsy specimens were evaluated for inflammation, enterochromaffin cell numbers, 5-HT content, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the synthetic enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase 1, and the serotonin transporter (SERT) were assessed by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Data from 12 children with IBS and 17 with FD were compared with age-matched controls (12 with rectal biopsies and 12 with gastric biopsies) and with subjects with organic disorders. In patients with FD, a small number of immune cells were observed in the gastric mucosa in half of the patients, but no abnormalities with respect to the 5-HT pathway were identified. In patients with IBS, no differences were detected between patients and controls regarding intraepithelial lymphocytes and CD3+ cells in the lamina propria although all patients showed at least a slight inflammatory infiltrate. In the IBS samples, higher 5-HT content (P < .01) and lower SERT mRNA (P < .05) were detected as compared with controls. Severe inflammation in the colonic mucosa had a high impact on 5-HT signaling with a significant decrease in enterochromaffin cells (P < .01) and 5-HT content (P < .01) and a high SERT mRNA expression (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the role of 5-HT signaling in IBS in children and argue against such a role in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Faure
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Sainte-Justine Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, QC
| | - N. Patey
- Sainte-Justine Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, QC,Department of Pathology, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - C. Gauthier
- Sainte-Justine Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, QC
| | - E.M. Brooks
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont, VT
| | - G.M. Mawe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont, VT
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Ruebel K, Leontovich AA, Stilling GA, Zhang S, Righi A, Jin L, Lloyd RV. MicroRNA expression in ileal carcinoid tumors: downregulation of microRNA-133a with tumor progression. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:367-75. [PMID: 20037573 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and can function as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. The role of miRNAs in neuroendocrine tumors such as ileal carcinoids is largely unknown. We examined the differential expression of 95 miRNAs by RT-PCR using the QuantiMir System in eight matching primary and metastatic carcinoid tumors from the ileum. All miRNAs chosen for the QuantiMir System array were based on their potential functions related to cancer biology, cell development, and apoptosis. The expression of miRNAs for the samples was normalized to miRNA-197, and the matching primary and metastatic tumors were compared. There was downregulation of miRNA-133a, -145, -146, -222, and -10b in all samples between the primary and matching metastatic tumors and upregulation of miRNA-183, -488, and -19a+b in six of eight metastatic carcinoids compared to the primary tumors. miRNA-133a was further analyzed by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and northern hybridization using six additional matching primary and metastatic samples, which supported the PCR array findings. There were significant differences in miRNA-133a expression with downregulation in the metastasis compared to the primary in the eight original cases (P<0.009) and in the six additional cases used for validation (P<0.014). Laser capture microdissection and real-time RT-PCR analysis using normal ileum found miRNA-133a expression in normal enterochromaffin cells. In situ hybridization in normal ileum showed that some of the mucosal endocrine cells expressed miRNA-133a. Both primary and metastatic ileal carcinoid tumors expressed miRNA-133a by in situ hybridization. These results provide information about novel marker miRNAs that may be used as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in intestinal carcinoid tumors.
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Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Wang L, Taché Y. Corticotropin releasing factor in the rat colon: expression, localization and upregulation by endotoxin. Peptides 2010; 31:322-31. [PMID: 19944726 PMCID: PMC2814976 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about CRF expression and regulation in the rat colon compared to the brain. We investigated CRF gene expression, cellular location, and regulation by endotoxin and corticosterone in the male rat colon at 6h after intraperitoneal (ip) injection. CRF mRNA level, detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was 1.3-fold higher in the distal than proximal colon and 3.4-fold higher in the proximal colonic submucosa plus muscle layers than in mucosa. CRF immunoreactivity was located in the epithelia, lamina propria and crypts, and co-localized with tryptophan hydroxylase, a marker for enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and in enteric neurons. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 microg/kg, ip) increased defecation by 2.9-fold and upregulated CRF mRNA by 2.5-fold in the proximal and 1.1-fold in the distal colon while there was no change induced by corticosterone as monitored by quantitative PCR. LPS-induced increased CRF mRNA expression occurred in the submucosa plus muscle layers (1.5-fold) and the mucosa of proximal colon (0.9-fold). LPS increased significantly CRF immunoreactivity in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of proximal and distal colon compared to saline groups. These results indicate that in rats, CRF is expressed in both proximal and distal colon and more prominently in enteric neurons of the submucosa plus muscle layers and subject to upregulation at the gene and protein levels by LPS through corticosteroid independent pathways. These data suggests that colonic CRF may be part of the local effector limb of the CRF(1) receptor mediated colonic alterations induced by acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Q Yuan
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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Costedio MM, Coates MD, Danielson AB, Buttolph TR 3rd, Blaszyk HJ, Mawe GM, Hyman NH. Serotonin signaling in diverticular disease. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:1439-45. [PMID: 18491196 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverticulosis is extremely common in Western societies and is associated with complications in up to 15%of cases. Altered motility is an important feature of the pathogenesis of diverticular disease, and serotonin (5-HT) release is a primary trigger of gut motility. This study aims to determine whether colonic 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with diverticulosis or diverticulitis, and whether differences in serotonin signaling may distinguish patients with asymptomatic diverticulosis from those who develop disease specific complications. Sigmoid colon biopsies were obtained from healthy control subjects, individuals with asymptomatic diverticulosis, and those with a history of CT-proven diverticulitis within the preceding 6 months. The key elements of 5-HT signaling including content, release, and 5-HT transporter (SERT) expression were analyzed. A significant decrease in SERT transcript levels was present in the mucosa of patients with a history of diverticulitis when compared with controls, but not in those with asymptomatic diverticulosis. Mucosal 5-HT content, enterochromaffin (EC) cell numbers, and TpH-1 mRNA levels were comparable amongst the groups, as were basal and stimulated 5-HT release. Alterations in 5-HT signaling do not appear to be responsible for the development of diverticula. However, patients with a recent history of acute diverticulitis have a significant attenuation in SERT expression and function, likely secondary to previous inflammation. Our findings may explain the persistent symptoms of pain and altered motility so often observed in patients with diverticulitis long after recovery from the acute inflammatory response.
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Kojima SI, Ueda S, Ikeda M, Kamikawa Y. Calcitonin gene-related peptide facilitates serotonin release from guinea-pig colonic mucosa via myenteric neurons and tachykinin NK2/NK3 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:385-90. [PMID: 14718265 PMCID: PMC1574207 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), to alter the outflow of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from the guinea-pig proximal colon, was evaluated using three different isolated preparations: whole colon, mucosa-free muscle layer and submucosa/mucosa preparations. In the presence of the monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, clorgyline, CGRP elicited a concentration-dependent increase in 5-HT outflow from the whole colon, but not from mucosa-free muscle layer preparations. The CGRP-evoked 5-HT outflow was sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) or hexamethonium, but was not detectable in submucosa/mucosa preparations. HCGRP8-37 (3 microM) inhibited the submaximal effect of CGRP on the 5-HT outflow. [Cys(ACM)2,7]hCGRP had a slight stimulant influence on the 5-HT outflow. The selective NK2 and NK3 receptor antagonists, SR48968 or SR142801, respectively, prevented the enhancing effect of CGRP. By contrast, a selective NK1 receptor antagonist L703606, failed to block the effect of CGRP. The enhancing effect of CGRP was mimicked by the NK2 receptor agonist [beta-Ala8]-neurokinin A (NKA)4-10 and the NK3 receptor agonist senktide. The effect of [beta-Ala8]-NKA4-10 on the 5-HT outflow was unaffected by TTX, while the effect of senktide was prevented by TTX, hexamethonium or SR48968. The present data also demonstrated a synergistic action of the NK2 and NK3 receptor agonists on the CGRP-evoked 5-HT outflow. We concluded that CGRP facilitates 5-HT release from the guinea-pig colonic mucosa through an action on myenteric neurons and that this effect is mediated by endogenously released tachykinins, acting via tachykinin NK2/NK3 receptors in cascade. British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 385-390. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705624
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Guinea Pigs
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Male
- Myenteric Plexus/drug effects
- Myenteric Plexus/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/agonists
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-3/agonists
- Receptors, Neurokinin-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Tachykinin/agonists
- Receptors, Tachykinin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tachykinin/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ichi Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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