1
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D'Addio A, Malinčik J, Fuhr O, Fenske D, Häussinger D, Mayor M. Geländer Molecules with Orthogonal Joints: Synthesis of Macrocyclic Dimers. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201678. [PMID: 35856176 PMCID: PMC9804589 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal joints, understood as connections with an angle of 90°, were introduced in the design of the "Geländer" model compounds 1 and 2. The banister, consisting of a conjugated carbazole dimer linked by either 1,3-butadiyne (2) or a single thiophene (1), wraps around an axis composed of a phthalimide dimer due to the dimensional mismatch of both subunits, which are interconnected by phenylene rungs. The "Geländer" structure was assembled from a monomer comprising the 1,4-diaminobenzene rung with one amino substituent as part of a 4-bromo phthalimide subunit forming the orthogonal junction to the axis, and the other as part of a masked 2-ethynyl carbazole as orthogonal joint to the banister. The macrocycle was obtained by two sequential homocoupling steps. A first dimerization by a reductive homocoupling assembled the axis, while an oxidative acetylene coupling served as ring-closing reaction. The formed butadiyne was further derivatized to a thiophene, rendering all carbons of the model compound sp2 hybridized. Both helical structures were fully characterized and chirally resolved. Assignment of the enantiomers was achieved by simulation of chiroptical properties and enantiopure synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano D'Addio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Juraj Malinčik
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021Karlsruhe Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021Karlsruhe Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021Karlsruhe Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials(LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)Guangzhou510275 (P.R. ofChina
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2
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Chen C, Du C, Wang X. The Rise of 1,4-BN- Heteroarenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200707. [PMID: 35419988 PMCID: PMC9259729 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BN-heteroarenes, which employ both boron and nitrogen in aromatic hydrocarbons, have gained great attention in the fields of organic chemistry and materials science. Nevertheless, the extensive studies on BN-heteroarenes are largely limited to 1,2-azaborine-based compounds with B-N covalent bonds, whereas 1,3- and 1,4-BN-heteroarenes are relatively rare due to their greater challenge in the synthesis. Recently, significant progresses have been achieved in the synthesis and applications of BN-heteroarenes featuring 1,4-azaborines, especially driven by their significant potential as multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials. Therefore, it is timely to review these advances from the chemistry perspective. This review summarizes the synthetic methods and recent achievements of 1,4-azaborine-based BN-heteroarenes and discusses their unique properties and potential applications of this emerging class of materials, highlighting the value of 1,4-BN-heteroarenes beyond MR-TADF materials. It is hoped that this review would stimulate the conversation and cooperation between chemists who are interested in azaborine chemistry and materials scientists working in the fields of organic optoelectronics, metal catalysis, and carbon-based nanoscience etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Cheng‐Zhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
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3
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Li R, Dong G. Redox-Neutral Vicinal Difunctionalization of Five-Membered Heteroarenes with Dual Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26184-26191. [PMID: 34591355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new reaction mode of palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis is reported involving the selective coupling of two different carbon-based electrophiles for vicinal double C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes in a site-selective and redox-neutral manner. The key is to use alkynyl bromides as the second electrophile, which allows vicinal difunctionalization of a wide range of heteroarenes including pyrroles, thiophenes and furans at their C4 and C5 positions. One- or two-step tetrafunctionalizations of simple pyrrole and thiophene have also been realized. The C2-substituted NBEs prove most effective in these reactions, and the mechanistic exploration discloses the origin of the high selectivity of this transformation. Synthetic utility of this method has been exemplified in the concise preparations of thiophene-containing organic materials and a protein kinase inhibitor analogue. Preliminary success has also been achieved in a direct annulation event, using a tethered ketone as the second electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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4
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Abstract
An efficient and broadly applicable process is reported for the copper-catalyzed direct perfluoroalkylation of C-H bonds in heteroarenes with commercially available perfluoroalkyl iodides. This reaction is based on a simple combination of copper(I) iodide and 1,10-phenanthroline enabling the easy reduction of perfluoroalkyl iodides to the corresponding radical species that add to a wide range of heteroarenes including benzofurans, benzothiophenes, (aza)indoles, furans and pyrroles. High levels of regioselectivity were obtained in all cases and the efficiency and robustness of this process was highlighted by the direct perfluoroalkylation of furan-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Baguia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physic Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physic Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Carvalho MA, Demin S, Martinez-Lamenca C, Romanov-Michailidis F, Lam K, Rombouts F, Lecomte M. Expedient Access to Cyanated N-Heterocycles by Direct Flow-Electrochemical C(sp 2 )-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103384. [PMID: 34658083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitriles are recurring motifs in bioactive molecules and versatile functional groups in synthetic chemistry. Despite recent progress, direct introduction of a nitrile moiety in heteroarenes remains challenging. Recent developments in electrochemical reactions pave the way to more practical cyanation protocols. However, currently available methods typically require hazardous cyanide sources, expensive mediators, and often suffer from narrow substrate scope and laborious reaction set-up. To address the limitations of current synthetic methods, herein, an effective, sustainable, and scalable procedure for the direct C(sp2 )-H cyanation of aromatic N-heterocycles with a user-friendly flow-electrochemical set-up is reported. Furthermore, high substrate and functional-group tolerance is demonstrated, allowing late-stage functionalization of drug-like scaffolds, such as natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ambre Carvalho
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Samuël Demin
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Morgan Lecomte
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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6
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Abstract
Recent developments in flow microreactor technology have allowed the use of transient organolithium compounds that cannot be realized in a batch reactor. However, trapping the transient aryllithiums in a "halogen dance" is still challenging. Herein is reported the trapping of such short-lived azolyllithiums in a batch reactor by developing a finely tuned in situ zincation using zinc halide diamine complexes. The reaction rate is controlled by the appropriate choice of diamine ligand. The reaction is operationally simple and can be performed at 0 °C with high reproducibility on a multigram scale. This method was applicable to a wide range of brominated azoles allowing deprotonative functionalization, which was used for the concise divergent syntheses of both constitutional isomers of biologically active azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuxuan Feng
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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7
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Besson T, Fruit C. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Free Late-Stage C-H and N-H Arylation of Heteroarenes Using Diaryliodonium Salts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:661. [PMID: 34358087 PMCID: PMC8308686 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-free direct arylation of C-H or N-H bonds is one of the key emerging methodologies that is currently attracting tremendous attention. Diaryliodonium salts serve as a stepping stone on the way to alternative environmentally friendly and straightforward pathways for the construction of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. In this review, we emphasize the recent synthetic advances of late-stage C(sp2)-N and C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond-forming reactions under metal-free conditions using diaryliodonium salts as arylating reagent and its applications to the synthesis of new arylated bioactive heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Fruit
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000 Rouen, France;
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8
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Dalton T, Greßies S, Das M, Niehues M, Schrader ML, Gutheil C, Ravoo BJ, Glorius F. Silver-Catalysed Hydroarylation of Highly Substituted Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8537-8541. [PMID: 33493358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroarylation is an effective strategy to rapidly increase the complexity of organic structures by transforming flat alkene moieties into three-dimensional frameworks. Many strategies have already been developed to achieve the hydroarylation of styrenes, however most of these reports examine the hydroarylation of unpolar, β-mono- or β-unsubstituted styrenes, while exploring mainly electron-rich benzene nucleophiles. Herein, we report a mild and general catalytic system for the selective hydroheteroarylation of multiply substituted styrenes and heteroaromatic styrenes. Mechanistic analysis of the reaction led to the discovery of commercially available 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene as a key reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Greßies
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niehues
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Malte L Schrader
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Wang D, Li M, Chen X, Wang M, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Houk KN, Shi Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Silacyclization of (Hetero)Arenes with a Tetrasilane Reagent through Twofold C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7066-7071. [PMID: 33377224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of an operationally convenient and stable silicon reagent (octamethyl-1,4-dioxacyclohexasilane, ODCS) for the selective silacyclization of (hetero)arenes via twofold C-H activation is reported. This method is compatible with N-containing heteroarenes such as indoles and carbazoles of varying complexity. The ODCS reagent can also be utilized for silacyclization of other types of substrates, including tertiary phosphines and aryl halides. A series of mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the preferred pathway for this twofold C-H activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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10
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Wright JS, Scott PJH, Steel PG. Iridium-Catalysed C-H Borylation of Heteroarenes: Balancing Steric and Electronic Regiocontrol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2796-2821. [PMID: 32202024 PMCID: PMC7894576 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The iridium-catalysed borylation of aromatic C-H bonds has become the preferred method for the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. The reaction is highly efficient, tolerant of a broad range of substituents and can be applied to both carbocyclic and heterocyclic substrates. The regioselectivity of C-H activation is dominated by steric considerations and there have been considerable efforts to develop more selective processes for less constrained substrates. However, most of these have focused on benzenoid-type substrates and in contrast, heteroarenes remain much desired but more challenging substrates with the position and/or nature of the heteroatom(s) significantly affecting reactivity and regioselectivity. This review will survey the borylation of heteroarenes, focusing on the influence of steric and electronic effects on regiochemical outcome and, by linking to current mechanistic understandings, will provide insights to what is currently possible and where further developments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Wright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DurhamScience Laboratories, South Road DurhamDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DurhamScience Laboratories, South Road DurhamDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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11
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Abstract
Catalytic methods for the direct introduction of hydrogen isotopes into organic molecules are essential to the development of improved pharmaceuticals and to the alteration of their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. However, the development of homogeneous catalysts for selective incorporation of isotopes in the absence of directing groups under practical conditions remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we show that a phosphine-ligated, silver-carbonate complex catalyzes the site-selective deuteration of C-H bonds in five-membered aromatic heterocycles and active pharmaceutical ingredients that have been resistant to catalytic H/D exchange. The reactions occur with CH3OD as a low-cost source of the isotope. The silver catalysts react with five-membered heteroarenes lacking directing groups, tolerate a wide range of functional groups, and react in both polar and nonpolar solvents. Mechanistic experiments, including deuterium kinetic isotope effects, determination of kinetic orders, and identification of the catalyst resting state, support C-H bond cleavage from a phosphine-ligated, silver-carbonate intermediate as the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tlahuext-Aca
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Chandra D, Saini S, Bhattacharya S, Bhaumik A, Kamata K, Hara M. Electronic Effect in a Ruthenium Catalyst Designed in Nanoporous N-Functionalized Carbon for Efficient Hydrogenation of Heteroarenes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:52668-52677. [PMID: 33185087 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active metal catalysts are the key in chemical industry for sustainable production of multitude of chemical resources. Here, we report a new ruthenium (Ru) composite with a synergistically controlled nanostructure and electronic properties as a highly efficient hydrogenation catalyst which comprises stable small Ru nanoparticles (mean particle size, ca. 0.9 nm) in situ generated into a nanoporous N-functionalized carbon with high surface area (ca. 650 m2 g-1) and has strong electron-donating power of Ru sites of nanoparticles. The scalable and highly reusable catalyst, prepared from a self-assembled Ru complex, performs actively with low per metal usage under mild conditions (60-80 °C and 0.5-1.0 MPa H2) for selective hydrogenation of various quinolines and pyridines. The role of electron-donating properties of the new Ru nanohybrid for highly efficient catalysis was characterized by both experiments and computational studies. Density functional theory calculations reveal that weak adsorption energies of quinoline at the electron-rich Ru surface prevents poisoning caused by its strong coordination and provides excellent reusability of the catalyst, while low activation barriers for the hydrogenation steps of the N-heterocyclic ring correlate with high catalytic activity. Our catalyst exhibits 5-24-fold higher turnover frequency up to ca. 167 h-1 among the efficient noble metal catalysts reported for selective hydrogenation of quinoline to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Chandra
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shikha Saini
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Saswata Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Keigo Kamata
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michikazu Hara
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program (ALCA), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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13
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Abstract
The asymmetric hydrogenation of heteroarenes has recently emerged as an effective strategy for the direct access to enantioenriched, saturated heterocycles. Although several homogeneous catalyst systems have been extensively developed for the hydrogenation of heteroarenes with high levels of chemo- and stereoselectivity, the development of mild conditions that allow for efficient and stereoselective hydrogenation of a broad range of substrates remains a challenge. This Perspective highlights recent advances in homogeneous catalysis of heteroarene hydrogenation as inspiration for the further development of asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, and addresses underdeveloped areas and limitations of the current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia N. Kim
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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14
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site-Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14992-14999. [PMID: 32400069 PMCID: PMC7497272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a predictive model towards site-selective deprotometalation reactions using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl is reported (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl). The pKa values of functionalized N-, S-, and O-heterocycles, arenes, alkenes, or alkanes were calculated and compared to the experimental deprotonation sites. Large overlap (>80 %) between the calculated and empirical deprotonation sites was observed, showing that thermodynamic factors strongly govern the metalation regioselectivity. In the case of olefins, calculated frozen state energies of the deprotonated substrates allowed a more accurate prediction. Additionally, various new N-heterocycles were analyzed and the metalation regioselectivities rationalized using the predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) Normal University88, Sec. 4, Tingchow RoadTaipei11677Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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15
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Preparation of Functionalized Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Benzylic Potassium Organometallics Using Potassium Diisopropylamide in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12321-12325. [PMID: 32216119 PMCID: PMC7383875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of lithium-salt-free KDA (potassium diisopropylamide; 0.6 m in hexane) complexed with TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and its use for the flow-metalation of (hetero)arenes between -78 °C and 25 °C with reaction times between 0.2 s and 24 s and a combined flow rate of 10 mL min-1 using a commercial flow setup. The resulting potassium organometallics react instantaneously with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, alkyl and allylic halides, disulfides, Weinreb amides, and Me3 SiCl, affording functionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. This flow procedure is successfully extended to the lateral metalation of methyl-substituted arenes and heteroaromatics, resulting in the formation of various benzylic potassium organometallics. A metalation scale-up was possible without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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16
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Santiago C, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Pd(II)-Catalyzed C-H Acylation of (Hetero)arenes-Recent Advances. Molecules 2020; 25:E3247. [PMID: 32708781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Di(hetero)aryl ketones are important motifs present in natural products, pharmaceuticals or agrochemicals. In recent years, Pd(II)-catalyzed acylation of (hetero)arenes in the presence of an oxidant has emerged as a catalytic alternative to classical acylation methods, reducing the production of toxic metal waste. Different directing groups and acyl sources are being studied for this purpose, although further development is required to face mainly selectivity problems in order to be applied in the synthesis of more complex molecules. Selected recent developments and applications are covered in this review.
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17
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Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of heteroarenes is a highly attractive synthetic target due to the prevalence of multiply substituted heteroarenes in nature and bioactive compounds. Some substitution patterns remain challenging: While highly efficient methods for the C2-selective olefination of 3-substituted five-membered heteroarenes have been reported, analogous methods to access the 5-olefinated products have remained limited by poor regioselectivities and/or the requirement to use an excess of the valuable heteroarene starting material. Herein we report a sterically controlled C-H olefination using heteroarenes as the limiting reagent. The method enables the highly C5-selective olefination of a wide range of heteroarenes and is shown to be useful in the context of late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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18
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Liu C, Xiao Z, Wu S, Shen Y, Yuan K, Ding Y. Anodically Triggered Aldehyde Cation Autocatalysis for Alkylation of Heteroarenes. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:1997-2001. [PMID: 31958207 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation of heteroarenes by using aldehydes is a direct approach to increase molecular complexity, which however often involves the use of stochiometric oxidant, strong acid, and high temperature. This study concerns an energy-efficient electrochemical alkylation of heteroarenes by using aldehydes under mild conditions without mediators. Interestingly, the graphite anode can trigger aldehyde cationic species, which act as the effective autocatalysts to react with a range of heteroarenes to produce the corresponding products with excellent regioselectivity and in high yields. Compared to the traditional electro-synthesis approaches, this electro-triggered reaction provides an electricity-saving and eco-friendly route to high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Bin Shui Xi Dao Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Zihui Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Bin Shui Xi Dao Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Bin Shui Xi Dao Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yongli Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Bin Shui Xi Dao Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Kedong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Bin Shui Xi Dao Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Bin Shui Xi Dao Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
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19
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Karmel C, Rubel CZ, Kharitonova EV, Hartwig JF. Iridium-Catalyzed Silylation of Five-Membered Heteroarenes: High Sterically Derived Selectivity from a Pyridyl-Imidazoline Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6074-6081. [PMID: 31968139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The steric effects of substituents on five-membered rings are less pronounced than those on six-membered rings because of the difference in bond angles. Thus, the regioselectivities of reactions of five-membered heteroarenes that occur with selectivities dictated by steric effects, such as the borylation of C-H bonds, have been poor in many cases. We report that the silylation of five-membered-ring heteroarenes occurs with high sterically derived regioselectivity when catalyzed by the combination of [Ir(cod)(OMe)]2 (cod=1,5-cyclooctadiene) and a phenanthroline ligand or a new pyridyl-imidazoline ligand that further increases the regioselectivity. The silylation reactions with these catalysts produce high yields of heteroarylsilanes from functionalization at the most sterically accessible C-H bonds of these rings under conditions that the borylation of C-H bonds with previously reported catalysts formed mixtures of products or products that are unstable. The heteroarylsilane products undergo cross-coupling reactions and substitution reactions with ipso selectivity to generate heteroarenes that bear halogen, aryl, and perfluoroalkyl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Karmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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20
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Kawahara KP, Matsuoka W, Ito H, Itami K. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Polyaromatics by Aza-Annulative π-Extension of Unfunctionalized Aromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6383-6388. [PMID: 32011794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (N-PACs) are an important class of compounds in materials science. Reported here is a new aza-annulative π-extension (aza-APEX) reaction that allows rapid access to a range of N-PACs in 11-84 % yields from readily available unfunctionalized aromatics and imidoyl chlorides. In the presence of silver hexafluorophosphate, arenes and imidoyl chlorides couple in a regioselective fashion. The follow-up oxidative treatment with p-chloranil affords structurally diverse N-PACs, which are very difficult to synthesize. DFT calculations reveal that the aza-APEX reaction proceeds through the formal [4+2] cycloaddition of an arene and an in situ generated diarylnitrilium salt, with sequential aromatizations having relatively low activation energies. Transformation of N-PACs into nitrogen-doped nanographenes and their photophysical properties are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou P Kawahara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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21
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Li J, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Multi-Component Synthesis of Rare 1,3-Dihydro-1,3-azaborinine Derivatives: Application of a Bora-Nazarov Type Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15377-15380. [PMID: 31418990 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The twofold hydroboration products of (Fmes)BH2 ⋅SMe2 with a series of alkynes (2-butyne, arylethynes) react with two molar equiv of 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (CN-Xyl) at 80 °C to give rare examples of 1,3-azaborinine derivatives. A mechanistic study revealed a reaction course involving insertion of one isonitrile followed by a bora-Nazarov type ring-closure reaction and subsequent isonitrile insertion to give the respective 1,3-dihydro-1,3-azaborinines 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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22
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Tan DH, Cai YH, Zeng YF, Lv WX, Yang L, Li Q, Wang H. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of α-Functionalized Acylborons and Borylated Heteroarenes by Nucleophilic Ring Opening of α-Chloroepoxyboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13784-13788. [PMID: 31347254 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ring-opening reactions of N-methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) α-chloroepoxyboronates with different nucleophiles allow the modular synthesis of a diverse array of organoboronates. These include seven types of α-functionalized acylboronates and seven types of borylated heteroarenes, some of which are difficult-to-access products using alternative methods. The common synthons, α-chloroepoxyboronates, could be viably synthesized by a two-step procedure from the corresponding alkenyl MIDA boronates. Mild reaction conditions, good functional-group tolerance, and generally good efficiency were observed. The utility of the products was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Hong Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yao-Fu Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xin Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Honggen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
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23
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Abstract
The Minisci reaction, which encompasses the radical C-H alkylation of heteroarenes, has undergone revolutionary development in recent years. The application of photoredox catalysis for alkyl radical generation has given rise to a multitude of methods that feature enhanced functional group tolerance, generality, and operational simplicity. The intent of this short review is to bring readers up to date on this rapidly expanding field. Specifically, we will highlight key examples of visible light-driven Minisci alkylation strategies that represent key advancements in this area of research. The scope and limitation of these transformations will be discussed, with a focus on examining the underlying pathways for alkyl radical generation. Our goal is to make this short review a stepping stone for further synthetic research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Sun
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rory C. McAtee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Edward J. McClain
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R.J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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24
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Matsushita K, Takise R, Hisada T, Suzuki S, Isshiki R, Itami K, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Pd-Catalyzed Decarbonylative C-H Coupling of Azoles and Aromatic Esters. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2393-2396. [PMID: 29719140 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A decarbonylative C-H coupling of azoles and aromatic esters by palladium catalysis is described. Our previously reported Ni-catalyzed C-H coupling of azoles and aromatic esters has a significant drawback regarding the substrate scope. Herein, we employ palladium catalysis instead of nickel, resulting in a broader substrate scope in terms of azoles and aromatic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takise
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hisada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Suzuki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryota Isshiki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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25
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Garza-Sanchez RA, Patra T, Tlahuext-Aca A, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Glorius F. DMSO as a Switchable Alkylating Agent in Heteroarene C-H Functionalization. Chemistry 2018; 24:10064-10068. [PMID: 29750378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel strategy for the activation of DMSO to act as a versatile alkylating agent in heteroarene C-H functionalization. This direct, simple, and mild switch between methylation/trideuteromethylation and methylthiomethylation of heteroarenes was achieved under reagent-controlled photoredox catalysis conditions. The proposed mechanism is supported by both experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aleyda Garza-Sanchez
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tuhin Patra
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Adrian Tlahuext-Aca
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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26
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Pan H, Song T, Yin X, Jin P, Xiao J. Synthesis, Crystal Analysis, and Optoelectronic Properties of Diazole-Functionalized Acenes and Azaacenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:6572-6579. [PMID: 29341382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Doping heteroatoms into the skeletons of parent acenes can provide more opportunities to construct novel thermally and photostable organic π-conjugated semiconductors. Herein, a family of diazole-decorated acenes (APyS and APySe) and azaacenes (PyP, PyTh, PyPy, PyPh, and PyAP) have been successfully synthesized through the classical reactions. Single-crystal X-ray analyses showed that these as-formed diazole-modified derivatives adopted a twisted topology configuration, whereas the azaacenes display reclining-chair architectures, besides a twisted structure. All these compounds displayed yellow or red light in solution. Moreover, their electrochemical behaviors were also examined. We also found that the azaacenes exhibited a positive spectroscopic response to acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahang Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
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27
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Murai M, Nishinaka N, Takai K. Iridium-Catalyzed Sequential Silylation and Borylation of Heteroarenes Based on Regioselective C-H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5843-5847. [PMID: 29573532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An iridium-catalyzed regioselective sequential silylation and borylation of heteroarenes was developed, which represents a rare example of unsymmetrical intermolecular C-H bond difunctionalization through the introduction of two different functionalities during a one-pot transformation. Although the substrate scope for the dehydrogenative silylation of heteroarenes has been limited mainly to electron-rich five-membered rings, the current reaction proceeds with both electron-rich and electron-deficient heteroarenes with the aid of heteroatom-directing C-H bond activation. The regioselectivity of the second borylation was controlled by both steric factors and the electronic effect of the silyl group installed in the first step. In combination with the classic cross-coupling reaction, this method provides rapid access to multisubstituted heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishinaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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28
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Yonekura K, Shinoda M, Yonekura Y, Tsuchimoto T. Indium-Catalyzed Annulation of o-Acylanilines with Alkoxy heteroarenes: Synthesis of Heteroaryl[b]quinolines and Subsequent Transformation to Cryptolepine Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E838. [PMID: 29621195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We disclose herein the first synthetic method that is capable of offering heteroaryl[b]quinolines (HA[b]Qs) with structural diversity, which include tricyclic and tetracyclic structures with (benzo)thienyl, (benzo)furanyl, and indolyl rings. The target HA[b]Q is addressed by the annulation of o-acylanilines and MeO–heteroarenes with the aid of an indium Lewis acid that effectively works to make two different types of the N–C and C–C bonds in one batch. A series of indolo[3,2-b]quinolines prepared here can be subsequently transformed to structurally unprecedented cryptolepine derivatives. Mechanistic studies showed that the N–C bond formation is followed by the C–C bond formation. The indium-catalyzed annulation reaction thus starts with the nucleophilic attack of the NH2 group of o-acylanilines to the MeO-connected carbon atom of the heteroaryl ring in an SNAr fashion, and thereby the N–C bond is formed. The resulting intermediate then cyclizes to make the C–C bond through the nucleophilic attack of the heteroaryl-ring-based carbon atom to the carbonyl carbon atom, providing the HA[b]Q after aromatizing dehydration.
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29
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Skhiri A, Ben Salem R, Soulé JF, Doucet H. Reactivity of bromoselenophenes in palladium-catalyzed direct arylations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2862-2868. [PMID: 29564014 PMCID: PMC5753141 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of 2-bromo- and 2,5-dibromoselenophenes in Pd-catalyzed direct heteroarylation was investigated. From 2-bromoselenophene, only the most reactive heteroarenes could be employed to prepare 2-heteroarylated selenophenes; whereas, 2,5-dibromoselenophene generally gave 2,5-di(heteroarylated) selenophenes in high yields using both thiazole and thiophene derivatives. Moreover, sequential catalytic C2 heteroarylation, bromination, catalytic C5 arylation reactions allowed the synthesis of unsymmetrical 2,5-di(hetero)arylated selenophene derivatives in three steps from selenophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Skhiri
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France.,Laboratoire de Laboratoire de Chimie Organique LR 17ES08, Université de Sfax, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Route de la Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Ben Salem
- Laboratoire de Laboratoire de Chimie Organique LR 17ES08, Université de Sfax, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Route de la Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jean-François Soulé
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Henri Doucet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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Kiselev AN, Grigorova OK, Averin AD, Syrbu SA, Koifman OI, Beletskaya IP. Direct catalytic arylation of heteroarenes with meso-bromophenyl-substituted porphyrins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1524-1532. [PMID: 28845197 PMCID: PMC5550796 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylation of mono-, di- and tetra-meso-bromophenyl-substituted porphyrins with the heteroarenes containing "acidic" C-H bonds, such as benzoxazole, benzothiazole and N-methylimidazole was studied in the presence of three alternative catalytic systems: Pd(dba)2/DavePhos/Cs2CO3, Pd(PPh3)4/PivOH/K2CO3 and Pd(OAc)2/Cu(OAc)2/PPh3/K2CO3. The first catalytic system was found to be successful in the reaction with benzoxazole, the second one was less efficient for our purpose, while the third system proved to be most versatile and afforded corresponding mono-, di-, tri- and even tetraarylated derivatives of porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexei Dmitrievich Averin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - Oskar Iosifovich Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 Sheremetyevskii prosp., Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Irina Petrovna Beletskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Tan DH, Zeng YF, Liu Y, Lv WX, Li Q, Wang H. Direct Assembly of Prenylated Heteroarenes through a Cascade Minisci Reaction/Dehydration Sequence. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:535-539. [PMID: 28032022 PMCID: PMC5167326 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prenyl group is an important component in bioactive compounds. Herein, we report the assembly of prenylated heteroarenes through a cascade Minisci reaction and acid-promoted dehydration sequence. The use of potassium (3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yl)trifluoroborate as a new coupling reagent allows the direct introduction of prenyl and 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl groups to a wide variety of electron-deficient heteroarenes. Synthetic application is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hang Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yao-Fu Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xin Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Honggen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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Cresswell AJ, Lloyd-Jones GC. Room-Temperature Gold-Catalysed Arylation of Heteroarenes: Complementarity to Palladium Catalysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:12641-5. [PMID: 27325239 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring of the pre-catalyst, the oxidant and the arylsilane enables the first room-temperature, gold-catalysed, innate C-H arylation of heteroarenes. Regioselectivity is consistently high and, in some cases, distinct from that reported with palladium catalysis. Tolerance to halides and boronic esters, in both the heteroarene and silane partners, provides orthogonality to Suzuki-Miyaura coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cresswell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.
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Belkessam F, Mohand A, Soulé JF, Elias A, Doucet H. Palladium-catalyzed 2,5-diheteroarylation of 2,5-dibromothiophene derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2912-9. [PMID: 25550758 PMCID: PMC4273267 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions allowing the one pot 2,5-diheteroarylation of 2,5-dibromothiophene derivatives in the presence of palladium catalysts are reported. Using KOAc as the base, DMA as the solvent and only 0.5–2 mol % palladium catalysts, the target 2,5-diheteroarylated thiophenes were obtained in moderate to good yields and with a wide variety of heteroarenes such as thiazoles, thiophenes, furans, pyrroles, pyrazoles or isoxazoles. Moreover, sequential heteroarylation reactions allow the access to 2,5-diheteroarylated thiophenes bearing two different heteroaryl units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Belkessam
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France, Tel.: 00-33-2-23-23-63-84, Fax 00-33-2-23-23-69-39 ; Département de chimie, Tizi Ouzou University, BP 17 RP 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Aidene Mohand
- Département de chimie, Tizi Ouzou University, BP 17 RP 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Jean-François Soulé
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France, Tel.: 00-33-2-23-23-63-84, Fax 00-33-2-23-23-69-39
| | - Abdelhamid Elias
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France, Tel.: 00-33-2-23-23-63-84, Fax 00-33-2-23-23-69-39 ; Département de chimie, Tizi Ouzou University, BP 17 RP 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Henri Doucet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes, "Organométalliques: Matériaux et Catalyse", Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France, Tel.: 00-33-2-23-23-63-84, Fax 00-33-2-23-23-69-39
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Jeyachandran R, Potukuchi HK, Ackermann L. Copper-catalyzed CuAAC/intramolecular C-H arylation sequence: Synthesis of annulated 1,2,3-triazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1771-7. [PMID: 23209511 PMCID: PMC3511011 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Step-economical syntheses of annulated 1,2,3-triazoles were accomplished through copper-catalyzed intramolecular direct arylations in sustainable one-pot reactions. Thus, catalyzed cascade reactions involving [3 + 2]-azide–alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC) and C–H bond functionalizations provided direct access to fully substituted 1,2,3-triazoles with excellent chemo- and regioselectivities. Likewise, the optimized catalytic system proved applicable to the direct preparation of 1,2-diarylated azoles through a one-pot C–H/N–H arylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Jeyachandran
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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