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Taroni F, Berrettini A, Gnech M, Rella F, Manzoni GA, Montini G. Case Report: effect of lumasiran treatment in a late preterm baby with antenatal diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1338909. [PMID: 38293660 PMCID: PMC10825030 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1338909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare disease with autosomal recessive transmission, characterized by increased urinary excretion of oxalate, resulting in chronic kidney disease secondary to recurrent urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and accumulation of oxalate in various organs and tissues (systemic oxalosis). Since 2020, an innovative pharmacological approach, namely, lumasiran, has been added to the therapeutic armamentarium (dialysis and liver-kidney transplantation). The purpose of this paper is to describe the effect of lumasiran initiated at 10 days of life in a newborn with prenatally diagnosed PH1. A female fetus was prenatally diagnosed with hyperoxaluria type 1, based on family history and genetic testing. Her brother had the onset of the disease at 2 months of age and underwent liver and kidney transplantation at 13 months and 8 years of age, respectively. The baby was born late preterm at 36 weeks + 4 days of gestation via spontaneous labor, and lumasiran for compassionate use was started on the tenth day of life. At 20 months of age, the baby showed normal urinary oxalate values and kidney function, while the plasma oxalate level was under the threshold of oversaturation. There were no signs of systemic oxalosis. Conclusions Early use of lumasiran in young infants, who do not yet show signs of the disease, represents a therapeutic challenge for the pediatric nephrologist. The ability of the drug to act on the hepatocyte of the newborn and the most appropriate dosage to be used in these very young babies have yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Taroni
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berrettini
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Gnech
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Rella
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Gian Antonio Manzoni
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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An G. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GalNAc-Conjugated siRNAs. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:45-57. [PMID: 37589246 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent a new class of drugs with tremendous potential for battling previously "undruggable" diseases. After nearly 2 decades of efforts in addressing the problems of the poor drug profile of naked unmodified siRNAs, this new modality has finally come to fruition, with 5 agents (patisiran, givosiran, lumasiran, inclisiran, and vutrisiran) being approved since 2018, and with many others in the different phases of clinical development. Unlike small-molecule drugs and protein therapeutics, siRNAs have different sizes, distinct mechanisms of action, differing physicochemical and pharmacological properties, and, accordingly, a unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship. To support the continuous development of siRNAs, it is important to have a thorough and deep understanding of the PK/PD and clinical pharmacology related features of siRNAs. As most of the current siRNA products are conjugated by N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), this review focuses on the PK/PD relationships and clinical pharmacology of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties, PK/PD models, drug-drug interactions, clinical pharmacology in special populations, and safety evaluation. In addition, necessary background information related to the development of siRNAs as a therapeutic modality, including the mechanisms of action, the advantages of siRNAs, the problems of naked siRNAs, as well as the strategies used to enhance the clinical utility of siRNAs, have also been covered. The goal of this review is to serve as a "primer" on siRNA PK/PD, and I hope the readers, especially those who have a limited background on siRNA therapeutics, will have a fundamental understanding of siRNA PK/PD and clinical pharmacology after reading this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Lumbreras J, Madariaga L, Rodrigo MD. Pediatric renal lithiasis in Spain: research, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and perspectives. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1294319. [PMID: 38143536 PMCID: PMC10746353 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1294319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis is apparently increasing worldwide, also among children and adolescents. Nevertheless, robust data have only been obtained in a few countries. In Spain, a voluntary Registry for Pediatric Renal Lithiasis has been active since 2015. Irregular participation limits its applicability, as well as its limitation to patients with a stone available for morphocompositional study, to obtain data about incidence and prevalence. On the other hand, findings about typology of stones and clinical and analytical characteristics of these subjects have been communicated in several meetings. Other valuable efforts in this field are the elaboration of guidelines for the collection and processing of urine samples for the study of urolithiasis in pediatric patients with the consensus of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Nephrology (AENP) as well as the Spanish Society for Laboratory Medicine (SEQC), the collaborative network RenalTube for the diagnosis of primary tubulopathies and the registry of patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria (OxalSpain). In many hospitals from the public healthcare system, pediatric nephrologists are the specialists in charge of the management of children with kidney stones, but there is no formal regulation on this competence. Other specialists, such as urologists, pediatric surgeons or pediatric urologists, in many cases do not offer a complete insight into the etiopathogenic mechanisms and the consequent medical treatment. Access to medication according to standards of treatment is warranted, provided a correct diagnosis is achieved, but criteria for the reimbursement of certain therapies, such as RNAi drugs for primary hyperoxaluria, are arguable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lumbreras
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Son Espases University Hospital, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Leire Madariaga
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Cruces University Hospital, IIS Biocruces Bizkaia, University of the Basque Country, CIBERER/CIBERDEM/EndoERN, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María Dolores Rodrigo
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Son Espases University Hospital, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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4
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Clausen VA, Cao KH, Gansner JM, Robbie GJ, Wu JT. Quantification of oxalate by novel LC-MS/MS: assay development, validation and application in lumasiran clinical trials. Bioanalysis 2023. [PMID: 37195004 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Measurement of plasma oxalate (POx) is challenging, but critical, for management of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. A novel LC-MS/MS assay was developed, validated and used to quantify POx in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Methods: Samples (100 μl of plasma in K2EDTA) were spiked with internal standard (13C2-labeled oxalic acid), acidified and cleaned by protein precipitation before analysis using anion HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The assay was validated with a quantitation range of 0.500-50.0 μg/ml (5.55-555 μmol/l). All parameters successfully met acceptance criteria, including 15% (20% at lower limit of quantification) for accuracy and precision. Conclusion: This assay has advantages over previously published POx quantitation methods, was validated in accordance with regulatory guidelines and accurately determined POx levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen H Cao
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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5
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Garrelfs SF, Metry EL, van Harskamp D, Vaz FM, van den Akker CHP, Schierbeek H, Groothoff JW, Oosterveld MJS. Glycolate oxidase inhibition by lumasiran varies between patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Kidney Int 2023; 103:990-993. [PMID: 36871948 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander F Garrelfs
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth L Metry
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dewi van Harskamp
- Stable Isotope Research Laboratory, Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H P van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Stable Isotope Research Laboratory, Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap W Groothoff
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel J S Oosterveld
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abosalha AK, Boyajian J, Ahmad W, Islam P, Ghebretatios M, Schaly S, Thareja R, Arora K, Prakash S. Clinical pharmacology of siRNA therapeutics: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1327-1341. [PMID: 36251525 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2136166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for post-transcriptional downregulation of multiple genes for various therapies. Naked siRNA molecules are surrounded by several barriers that tackle their optimum delivery to target tissues such as limited cellular uptake, short circulation time, degradation by endonucleases, glomerular filtration, and capturing by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). AREAS COVERED This review provides insights into studies that investigate various siRNA-based therapies, focusing on the mechanism, delivery strategies, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics of naked and modified siRNA molecules. The clinical pharmacology of currently approved siRNA products is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Few siRNA-based products have been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies after approximately twenty years following its discovery due to the associated limitations. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of siRNA therapeutics are highly restricted by several obstacles, resulting in rapid clearance of siRNA-based therapeutic products from systemic circulation before reaching the cytosol of targeted cells. The siRNA therapeutics however are very promising in many diseases, including gene therapy and SARS-COV-2 viral infection. The design of suitable delivery vehicles and developing strategies toward better pharmacokinetic parameters may solve the challenges of siRNA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khaled Abosalha
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jacqueline Boyajian
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Paromita Islam
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Merry Ghebretatios
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaly
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Rahul Thareja
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Karan Arora
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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D'Ambrosio V, Ferraro PM. Lumasiran in the Management of Patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2022; 15:197-206. [PMID: 35747094 PMCID: PMC9211742 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s293682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare genetic disease caused by excessive hepatic production and elevated urinary excretion of oxalate that leads to recurrent nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and, eventually, kidney failure. As glomerular filtration rate declines, oxalate accumulates leading to systemic oxalosis, a debilitating condition with high morbidity and mortality. Although PH is usually diagnosed during infancy, it can present at any age with different phenotypes, ranging from mild symptoms to extremely debilitating manifestations. PH is an autosomal recessive disorder and, to date, three types have been identified: PH1, PH2 and PH3. PH1 is the most common and most aggressive type, accounting for almost 80% of primary hyperoxaluria diagnoses. Until 2020, general treatment for PH1 consisted mainly in high fluid intake, urine alkalization, surgical management of recurrent nephrolithiasis and eventually, if and when kidney failure occurred, intensive dialysis regimens and transplantation strategies (simultaneous or sequential liver-kidney transplant or isolated liver/kidney transplant in carefully selected patients). Specific treatment did and still consists in administration of pyridoxine hydrochloride, although it is only effective in a subset of PH1 patients. Lumasiran, a novel biological drug based on mRNA interference that has been recently approved in the US and European Union, showed promising results and is set to be a turning point in the management of PH1. This literature review aims to summarize the available evidence on PH1 treatment with lumasiran, in order to provide both pediatric and adult nephrologists and clinicians with the knowledge for the identification and management of PH1 patients suitable for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola D'Ambrosio
- U.O.S. Terapia Conservativa della Malattia Renale Cronica, U.O.C. Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Pietro Manuel Ferraro
- U.O.S. Terapia Conservativa della Malattia Renale Cronica, U.O.C. Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
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8
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Abstract
Supportive treatment for primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) focuses on high fluid intake and crystallization inhibitors. A subset of patients with specific PH1 genotypes (c.508G>A and c.454T>A) will respond to pyridoxine, defined as a >30% reduction in urinary oxalate excretion. Response to pyridoxine is variable and in some patients, urinary oxalate may normalize. The first focused treatment for PH1 using an RNA interference agent to reduce urinary oxalate was approved in 2020, and such therapies may significantly alter treatment approaches and long-term outcomes in PH1. Currently PH1 often presents with kidney function impairment and frequently results in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). With kidney dysfunction, urinary oxalate clearance decreases and multisystem deposition of oxalate (oxalosis) occurs, commonly in bones, eyes, heart and skin. Once plasma oxalate levels exceed 30 µmol/L, aggressive haemodialysis is indicated to prevent oxalosis, even if the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remains better than for typical dialysis initiation. Peritoneal dialysis alone does not achieve the needed oxalate clearance. Dialysis is a bridge to future transplantation. Liver transplantation restores hepatic alanine-glyoxylate transaminase enzyme activity, allowing glyoxylate detoxification and preventing further oxalosis. The native liver must be removed as part of this process to avoid ongoing pathologic oxalate production. The timing and type of liver transplantation are dependent on pyridoxine sensitivity, age, weight, residual GFR and evidence of systemic oxalate deposition in extrarenal organs. Liver transplant can be isolated or combined with kidney transplantation in a sequential or simultaneous fashion. Isolated kidney transplantation is generally reserved for pyridoxine-sensitive patients only. Although liver transplantation is curative for PH1 and kidney transplantation treats ESKD, ensuing necessary immunosuppression and potential allograft dysfunction impart significant long-term risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheeta Gupta
- Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael J G Somers
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle A Baum
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Demoulin N, Aydin S, Gillion V, Morelle J, Jadoul M. Pathophysiology and Management of Hyperoxaluria and Oxalate Nephropathy: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2022; 79:717-727. [PMID: 34508834 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperoxaluria results from either inherited disorders of glyoxylate metabolism leading to hepatic oxalate overproduction (primary hyperoxaluria), or increased intestinal oxalate absorption (secondary hyperoxaluria). Hyperoxaluria may lead to urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate and crystal formation, causing urolithiasis and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney parenchyma, a condition termed oxalate nephropathy. Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms leading to hyperoxaluria and oxalate nephropathy, whose diagnosis is frequently delayed and prognosis too often poor. Fortunately, novel promising targeted therapeutic approaches are on the horizon in patients with primary hyperoxaluria. Patients with secondary hyperoxaluria frequently have long-standing hyperoxaluria-enabling conditions, a fact suggesting the role of triggers of acute kidney injury such as dehydration. Current standard of care in these patients includes management of the underlying cause, high fluid intake, and use of calcium supplements. Overall, prompt recognition of hyperoxaluria and associated oxalate nephropathy is crucial because optimal management may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Demoulin
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Selda Aydin
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentine Gillion
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johann Morelle
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the AGXT gene. The hepatic peroxisomal enzyme alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) defects encoded by the AGXT gene increase oxalate production, resulting in nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, chronic kidney disease, and kidney failure. Traditional pharmacological treatments for PH1 are limited. At present, the treatment direction of PH1 is mainly targeted therapy which refer to a method that targeting the liver to block the pathway of the production of oxalate. Lumasiran (OxlumoTM, developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals), an investigational RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic agent, is the first drug approved for the treatment of PH1, which was officially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Union in November 2020. It is also the only drug that has been shown to decrease harmful oxalate. Currently, there are 5 keys completed and ongoing clinical trials of lumasiran in PH1. Through the three phase III trials that completed the primary analysis period, lumasiran has been shown to be effective in reducing oxalate levels in urine and plasma in different age groups, such as children, adults, and patients with advanced kidney disease, including those on hemodialysis. In addition to clinical trials, cases of lumasiran treatment for PH1 have been reported in small infants, twin infants, and children diagnosed with PH1 after kidney transplantation. These reports confirm the effectiveness and safety of lumasiran. All adverse events were of mild to moderate severity, with the most common being mild, transient injection-site reactions. No deaths or severe adverse events were reported. This article reviews PH1 and lumasiran which is the only approved therapeutic drug, and provide new options and hope for the treatment of PH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare genetic disease that results in oxalate overproduction leading to nephrolithiasis (NL), nephrocalcinosis (NC), kidney failure, and systemic oxalosis. Infantile PH1 is its most severe form, and it may require intensive hemodialysis followed by a liver-kidney transplant. Lumasiran is an RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic agent that reduces hepatic oxalate production, which has been recently approved for the treatment of PH1. In this report, we present a case of twin males with infantile PH1 and bilateral NL and NC who were treated with lumasiran at 12 months of age. Their symptoms abated after therapy was started without disease progression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PH1 occurring in twins and the first report on using lumasiran to treat infantile PH1 outside of a clinical trial. Lumasiran appears to be a successful therapeutic option for infantile PH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Aldabek
- Urology/Pediatric Urology, WVU Medicine Children's Hospital/West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Oulimata K Grossman
- Pediatrics/Pediatric Nephrology, WVU Medicine Children's Hospital/West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Osama Al-Omar
- Urology/Pediatric Urology, WVU Medicine Children's Hospital/West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Janelle A Fox
- Urology/Pediatric Urology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Michael L Moritz
- Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.,Pediatric Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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12
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Frishberg Y, Deschênes G, Groothoff JW, Hulton SA, Magen D, Harambat J, van’t Hoff WG, Lorch U, Milliner DS, Lieske JC, Haslett P, Garg PP, Vaishnaw AK, Talamudupula S, Lu J, Habtemariam BA, Erbe DV, McGregor TL, Cochat P. Phase 1/2 Study of Lumasiran for Treatment of Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1025-1036. [PMID: 33985991 PMCID: PMC8425611 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.14730920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In the rare disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1, overproduction of oxalate by the liver causes kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, kidney failure, and systemic oxalosis. Lumasiran, an RNA interference therapeutic, suppresses glycolate oxidase, reducing hepatic oxalate production. The objective of this first-in-human, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of lumasiran in healthy participants and patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This phase 1/2 study was conducted in two parts. In part A, healthy adults randomized 3:1 received a single subcutaneous dose of lumasiran or placebo in ascending dose groups (0.3-6 mg/kg). In part B, patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 randomized 3:1 received up to three doses of lumasiran or placebo in cohorts of 1 or 3 mg/kg monthly or 3 mg/kg quarterly. Patients initially assigned to placebo crossed over to lumasiran on day 85. The primary outcome was incidence of adverse events. Secondary outcomes included pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, including measures of oxalate in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Thirty-two healthy participants and 20 adult and pediatric patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 were enrolled. Lumasiran had an acceptable safety profile, with no serious adverse events or study discontinuations attributed to treatment. In part A, increases in mean plasma glycolate concentration, a measure of target engagement, were observed in healthy participants. In part B, patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 had a mean maximal reduction from baseline of 75% across dosing cohorts in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion. All patients achieved urinary oxalate levels ≤1.5 times the upper limit of normal. CONCLUSIONS Lumasiran had an acceptable safety profile and reduced urinary oxalate excretion in all patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 to near-normal levels. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Study of Lumasiran in Healthy Adults and Patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1, NCT02706886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Frishberg
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Georges Deschênes
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Jaap W. Groothoff
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sally-Anne Hulton
- Department of Nephrology, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniella Magen
- Pediatric Nephrology Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jérôme Harambat
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - William G. van’t Hoff
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Lorch
- Richmond Pharmacology Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn S. Milliner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John C. Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiandong Lu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Cochat
- Center for Rare Renal Diseases and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Pediatric Clinical Investigation Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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13
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Ferraro PM, Gambaro G, Mandrile G, Montini G, Pasini A, Peruzzi L. [Management of Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 in Italy]. G Ital Nefrol 2021; 38:38-02-2021-06. [PMID: 33852222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 is a rare genetic disease; the onset of symptoms ranges from childhood to the sixth decade of life and the disease may go unrecognized for several years. There is an urgent need for drugs able to inhibit the liver production of oxalate and to prevent the disease progression; lumasiran, an innovative molecule based on RNAi interference, is one of the most promising drugs. A group of leading Italian experts on this disease met to respond to some unmet medical needs (early diagnosis, availability of genetic tests and dosage of plasma oxalate, timing of liver transplantation, need for etiologic treatment), based on the analysis of the main scientific evidence and their personal experience. Children showing the characteristic symptoms of the disease usually undergo a metabolic screening and obtain an early diagnosis, while the experience is very limited in adults and the diagnosis difficult. It is therefore essential to increase the knowledge around this disease and the importance of metabolic and genetic screening to define a checklist of shared clinical and laboratory criteria and to establish a multidisciplinary management of potential patients. Oxalate is the cause of the disease: it is crucial to reduce both oxaluria and oxalemia through appropriate therapeutic strategies, able to prevent and/or reduce renal and systemic complications of primary type 1 hyperoxaluria. Lumasiran allows to significantly reduce the levels of oxalate both in blood and in urine, halting the course of the disease and preventing serious renal and systemic complications, if the therapy is started at an early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona - Ospedale Maggiore Verona, Italia
| | - Giorgia Mandrile
- SSD Microcitemie e Counselling genetico, AOS S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano (TO), Italia
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico e Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italia
| | - Licia Peruzzi
- Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Torino, Italia
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14
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Al Musaimi O, Al Shaer D, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. 2020 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:145. [PMID: 33670364 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
2020 has been an extremely difficult and challenging year as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and one in which most efforts have been channeled into tackling the global health crisis. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 53 new drug entities, six of which fall in the peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES) category. The number of authorizations for these kinds of drugs has been similar to that of previous years, thereby reflecting the consolidation of the TIDES market. Here, the TIDES approved in 2020 are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, and adverse effects.
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15
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Chiodini B, Tram N, Adams B, Hennaut E, Lolin K, Ismaili K. Case Report: Sustained Efficacy of Lumasiran at 18 Months in Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:791616. [PMID: 35071135 PMCID: PMC8767018 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.791616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare genetic disease caused by hepatic overproduction of oxalate, ultimately responsible for kidney stones, kidney failure and systemic oxalosis. Lumasiran, is a liver-directed RNA interference therapeutic agent. It has been shown to reduce hepatic oxalate production by targeting glycolate oxidase, and to dramatically reduce oxalate excretion. Care Report: We present the case of a teenager patient affected by PH1, who entered in the lumasiran compassionate use program. The patient had a rapid and sustained decrease in urinary oxalate/creatinine ratio, with a mean reduction after lumasiran administration of about 70%. During the 18 months long follow-up, urinary oxalate remained low, reaching nearly normal values. Plasma oxalate also decreased dramatically. Normal levels were reached immediately after the first dose and remained consistently low thereafter. During the same follow-up period, eGFR remained stable at about 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, but no new kidney stones were observed. Existing kidney stones did not increase in size. The patient did not suffer renal colic events and did not require further urological interventions. Conclusion: In our severely affected PH1 patient, lumasiran proved to be very effective in rapidly and consistently reducing plasma oxalate and urinary excretion to normal and near-normal levels, respectively. In the 18 months long follow-up post-lumasiran, the eGFR remained stable and the patient showed clinical improvements. As far as we know, this report covers the longest observation period after initiation of this novel RNAi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Chiodini
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Tram
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Adams
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennaut
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ksenija Lolin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khalid Ismaili
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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