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Godoi AB, Antunes NDJ, Cunha KF, Martins AF, Huestis MA, Costa JL. Metabolic Stability and Metabolite Identification of N-Ethyl Pentedrone Using Rat, Mouse and Human Liver Microsomes. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:257. [PMID: 38399311 PMCID: PMC10893277 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) are defined as a group of substances produced from molecular modifications of traditional drugs. These molecules represent a public health problem since information about their metabolites and toxicity is poorly understood. N-ethyl pentedrone (NEP) is an NPS that was identified in the illicit market for the first time in the mid-2010s, with four intoxication cases later described in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the metabolic stability of NEP as well as to identify its metabolites using three liver microsomes models. To investigate metabolic stability, NEP was incubated with rat (RLM), mouse (MLM) and human (HLM) liver microsomes and its concentration over time evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. For metabolite identification, the same procedure was employed, but the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Different metabolism profiles were observed depending on the model employed and kinetic parameters were determined. The in vitro NEP elimination half-lives (t1/2) were 12.1, 187 and 770 min for the rat, mouse and human models, respectively. Additionally, in vitro intrinsic clearances (Cl int, in vitro) were 229 for rat, 14.8 for mouse, and 3.6 μL/min/mg in the human model, and in vivo intrinsic clearances (Cl int, in vivo) 128, 58.3, and 3.7 mL/min/kg, respectively. The HLM model had the lowest rate of metabolism when compared to RLM and MLM. Also, twelve NEP metabolites were identified from all models, but at different rates of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Barcia Godoi
- Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil; (A.B.G.); (K.F.C.); (A.F.M.); (J.L.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalícia de Jesus Antunes
- Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil; (A.B.G.); (K.F.C.); (A.F.M.); (J.L.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Francisco Cunha
- Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil; (A.B.G.); (K.F.C.); (A.F.M.); (J.L.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Franco Martins
- Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil; (A.B.G.); (K.F.C.); (A.F.M.); (J.L.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil; (A.B.G.); (K.F.C.); (A.F.M.); (J.L.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil
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2
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Tatsi A, Maina T, Waser B, Krenning EP, de Jong M, Reubi JC, Cordopatis P, Nock BA. Bis(Disulfide)-Bridged Somatostatin-14 Analogs and Their [ 111In]In-Radioligands: Synthesis and Preclinical Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1921. [PMID: 38339198 PMCID: PMC10856354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of one or more somatostatin receptors (SST1-5R) in human tumors has provided an opportunity for diagnosis and therapy with somatostatin-like radionuclide carriers. The application of "pansomatostatin" analogs is expected to broaden the clinical indications and upgrade the diagnostic/therapeutic efficacy of currently applied SST2R-prefering radioligands. In pursuit of this goal, we now introduce two bicyclic somatostatin-14 (SS14) analogs, AT5S (DOTA-Ala1-Gly2-c[Cys3-Lys4-Asn5-c[Cys6-Phe7-DTrp8-Lys9-Thr10-Cys11]-Thr12-Ser13-Cys14]) and AT6S (DOTA-Ala1-Gly2-c[Cys3-Lys4-c[Cys5-Phe6-Phe7-DTrp8-Lys9-Thr10-Phe11-Cys12]-Ser13-Cys14]), suitable for labeling with trivalent radiometals and designed to sustain in vivo degradation. Both AT5S and AT6S and the respective [111In]In-AT5S and [111In]In-AT6S were evaluated in a series of in vitro assays, while radioligand stability and biodistribution were studied in mice. The 8/12-mer bicyclic AT6S showed expanded affinity for all SST1-5R and agonistic properties at the SST2R, whereas AT5S lost all affinity to SST1-5R. Both [111In]In-AT5S and [111In]In-AT6S remained stable in the peripheral blood of mice, while [111In]In-AT6S displayed low, but specific uptake in AR4-2J tumors and higher uptake in HEK293-SST3R tumors in mice. In summary, high radioligand stability was acquired by the two disulfide bridges introduced into the SS14 motif, but only the 8/12-mer ring AT6S retained a pansomatostatin profile. In consequence, [111In]In-AT6S targeted SST2R-/SST3R-positive xenografts in mice. These results call for further research on pansomatostatin-like radioligands for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Tatsi
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-15341 Athens, Greece or (A.T.); (B.A.N.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-15341 Athens, Greece or (A.T.); (B.A.N.)
| | - Beatrice Waser
- Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland; (B.W.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland; (B.W.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Paul Cordopatis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-15341 Athens, Greece or (A.T.); (B.A.N.)
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3
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Holmes S, Jain P, Rodriguez KG, Williams J, Yu Z, Cerda-Smith C, Samuel ELG, Campbell J, Hakenjos JM, Monsivais D, Li F, Chamakuri S, Matzuk MM, Santini C, MacKenzie KR, Young DW. Chemical Catalysis Guides Structural Identification for the Major In Vivo Metabolite of the BET Inhibitor JQ1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:107-115. [PMID: 38229743 PMCID: PMC10788937 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain inhibitor (+)-JQ1 is a highly validated chemical probe; however, it exhibits poor in vivo pharmacokinetics. To guide efforts toward improving its pharmacological properties, we identified the (+)-JQ1 primary metabolite using chemical catalysis methods. Treatment of (+)-JQ1 with tetrabutylammonium decatungstate under photochemical conditions resulted in selective formation of an aldehyde at the 2-position of the thiophene ring [(+)-JQ1-CHO], which was further reduced to the 2-hydroxymethyl analog [(+)-JQ1-OH]. Comparative LC/MS analysis of (+)-JQ1-OH to the product obtained from liver microsomes suggested (+)-JQ1-OH as the major metabolite of (+)-JQ1. The 2-thienyl position was then substituted to generate a trideuterated (-CD3, (+)-JQ1-D) analog having half-lives that were 1.8- and 2.8-fold longer in mouse and human liver microsomes, respectively. This result unambiguously confirmed (+)-JQ1-OH as the major metabolite of (+)-JQ1. These studies demonstrate an efficient process for studying drug metabolism and identifying the metabolic soft spots of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secondra Holmes
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Prashi Jain
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kenneth Guzman Rodriguez
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jade Williams
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christian Cerda-Smith
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Errol L. G. Samuel
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - James Campbell
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - John Michael Hakenjos
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Srinivas Chamakuri
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Conrad Santini
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kevin R. MacKenzie
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Damian W. Young
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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4
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Cruite J, Nowak R, Donovan KA, Ficarro SB, Huang H, Liu H, Liu Y, Marto JA, Metivier RJ, Fischer ES, Jones LH. Covalent Stapling of the Cereblon Sensor Loop Histidine Using Sulfur-Heterocycle Exchange. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1576-1581. [PMID: 37974938 PMCID: PMC10641907 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific modification of amino acid residues in protein binding pockets using sulfonyl exchange chemistry expands the druggable proteome by enabling the development of covalent modulators that target residues beyond cysteine. Sulfonyl fluoride and triazole electrophiles were incorporated previously into the cereblon (CRBN) molecular glue degrader EM12, to covalently engage His353 within the CRBN sensor loop, but these probes had poor human plasma stability. Attenuation of intrinsic reactivity through the development of sulfonyl pyrazoles, imidazoles, and nucleobases enhanced plasma stability, and several compounds retained efficient labeling of His353. For example, sulfonyl imidazole EM12-SO2Im covalently blocked the CRBN binding site and possessed excellent metabolic stability in human plasma, liver microsomes, and hepatocytes. These results highlight the potential suitability of sulfonyl imidazole and related sulfur(VI)-diazole exchange (SuDEx) warheads for covalent drug development and further exemplify the therapeutic promise of site-specific histidine targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin
T. Cruite
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Radosław
P. Nowak
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Scott B. Ficarro
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Blais Proteomics
Center, and Center for Emergent Drug Targets, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Huang Huang
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hu Liu
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jarrod A. Marto
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Blais Proteomics
Center, and Center for Emergent Drug Targets, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Metivier
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lyn H. Jones
- Center
for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Kanellopoulos P, Nock BA, Rouchota M, Loudos G, Krenning EP, Maina T. Side-Chain Modified [ 99mTc]Tc-DT1 Mimics: A Comparative Study in NTS 1R-Positive Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15541. [PMID: 37958525 PMCID: PMC10647616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled neurotensin analogs have been developed as candidates for theranostic use against neurotensin subtype 1 receptor (NTS1R)-expressing cancer. However, their fast degradation by two major peptidases, neprilysin (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), has hitherto limited clinical success. We have recently shown that palmitoylation at the ε-amine of Lys7 in [99mTc]Tc-[Lys7]DT1 (DT1, N4-Gly-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu-OH, N4 = 6-(carboxy)-1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane) led to the fully stabilized [99mTc]Tc-DT9 analog, displaying high uptake in human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 xenografts but unfavorable pharmacokinetics in mice. Aiming to improve the in vivo stability of [99mTc]Tc-DT1 without compromising pharmacokinetics, we now introduce three new [99mTc]Tc-DT1 mimics, carrying different pendant groups at the ε-amine of Lys7: MPBA (4-(4-methylphenyl)butyric acid)-[99mTc]Tc-DT10; MPBA via a PEG4-linker-[99mTc]Tc-DT11; or a hydrophilic PEG6 chain-[99mTc]Tc-DT12. The impact of these modifications on receptor affinity and internalization was studied in NTS1R-positive cells. The effects on stability and AsPC-1 tumor uptake were assessed in mice without or during NEP/ACE inhibition. Unlike [99mTc]Tc-DT10, the longer-chain modified [99mTc]Tc-DT11 and [99mTc]Tc-DT12 were significantly stabilized in vivo, resulting in markedly improved tumor uptake compared to [99mTc]Tc-DT1. [99mTc]Tc-DT11 was found to achieve the highest AsPC-1 tumor values and good pharmacokinetics, either without or during NEP inhibition, qualifying for further validation in patients with NTS1R-positive tumors using SPECT/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (B.A.N.)
| | - Maritina Rouchota
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (M.R.); (G.L.)
| | - George Loudos
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (M.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (B.A.N.)
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Attwa MW, Bakheit AH, Abdelhameed AS, Kadi AA. An Ultrafast UPLC-MS/MS Method for Characterizing the In Vitro Metabolic Stability of Acalabrutinib. Molecules 2023; 28:7220. [PMID: 37894699 PMCID: PMC10609012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acalabrutinib, commercially known as Calquence®, is a pharmacological molecule that has robust inhibitory activity against Bruton tyrosine kinase. The medicine in question was carefully developed by the esteemed pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca. The FDA granted authorization on 21 November 2019 for the utilization of acalabrutinib (ACB) in the treatment of small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in adult patients. The aim of this study was to develop a UPLC-MS/MS method that is effective, accurate, environmentally sustainable, and has a high degree of sensitivity. The methodology was specifically developed with the intention of quantifying ACB in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The methodology described above was subsequently utilized to assess the metabolic stability of ACB in HLMs in an in vitro environment. The validation procedures for the UPLC-MS/MS method in the HLMs were conducted in accordance with the bioanalytical method validation criteria established by the U.S.- DA. The utilization of the StarDrop software (version 6.6), which integrates the P450 metabolic module and DEREK software (KB 2018 1.1), was employed for the purpose of evaluating the metabolic stability and identifying potential hazardous alarms associated with the chemical structure of ACB. The calibration curve, as established by the ACB, demonstrated a linear correlation across the concentration range of 1 to 3000 ng/mL in the matrix of HLMs. The present study conducted an assessment of the accuracy and precision of the UPLC-MS/MS method in quantifying inter-day and intra-day fluctuations. The inter-day accuracy demonstrated a spectrum of values ranging from -1.00% to 8.36%, whilst the intra-day accuracy presented a range of values spanning from -2.87% to 4.11%. The t1/2 and intrinsic clearance (Clint) of ACB were determined through in vitro testing to be 20.45 min and 39.65 mL/min/kg, respectively. The analysis concluded that the extraction ratio of ACB demonstrated a moderate level, thus supporting the recommended dosage of ACB (100 mg) to be administered twice daily for the therapeutic treatment of persons suffering from B-cell malignancies. Several computational tools have suggested that introducing minor structural alterations to the butynoyl group, particularly the alpha, beta-unsaturated amide moiety, or substituting this group during the drug design procedure, could potentially enhance the metabolic stability and safety properties of novel derivatives in comparison to ACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.A.K.)
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7
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Attwa MW, AlRabiah H, Mostafa GAE, Kadi AA. Evaluation of Alectinib Metabolic Stability in HLMs Using Fast LC-MS/MS Method: In Silico ADME Profile, P450 Metabolic Lability, and Toxic Alerts Screening. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2449. [PMID: 37896209 PMCID: PMC10610548 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alectinib, also known as Alecensa®, is prescribed for the therapeutic treatment of individuals diagnosed with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have a specific genetic mutation referred to as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positivity. The Food and Drug Administration granted regular approval to alectinib, a drug developed by Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. (Basel, Switzerland)/Genentech, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA, USA), on 6 November 2017. The screening of the metabolic stability and identification of hazardous alarms within the chemical structure of ALC was conducted using the StarDrop software package (version 6.6), which incorporates the P450 metabolic module and DEREK software (KB 2018 1.1). The primary aim of this investigation was to develop a high-throughput and accurate LC-MS/MS technique for the quantification of ALC in the metabolic matrix (human liver microsomes; HLMs). The aforementioned methodology was subsequently employed to assess the metabolic stability of ALC in HLMs through in vitro tests, with the obtained results further validated using in silico software. The calibration curve of the ALC showed a linear correlation that exists within the concentration range from 1 to 3000 ng/mL. The LC-MS/MS approach that was recommended exhibited accuracy and precision levels for both inter-day and intra-day measurements. Specifically, the accuracy values ranged from -2.56% to 3.45%, while the precision values ranged from -3.78% to 4.33%. The sensitivity of the established approach was proved by its ability to adhere to an LLOQ of 0.82 ng/mL. The half-life (t1/2) and intrinsic clearance (Clint) of ALC were estimated to be 22.28 min and 36.37 mL/min/kg, correspondingly, using in vitro experiments. The ALC exhibited a moderate extraction ratio. The metabolic stability and safety properties of newly created derivatives can be enhanced by making modest adjustments to the morpholine and piperidine rings or by substituting the substituent, as per computational software. In in silico ADME prediction, ALC was shown to have poor water solubility and high gastrointestinal absorption along with inhibition of some cytochrome P450s (CYP2C19 and CYP2C9) without inhibition of others (CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6) and P-glycoprotein substrate. The study design that involves using both laboratory experiments and different in silico software demonstrates a novel and groundbreaking approach in the establishment and uniformization of LC-MS/MS techniques for the estimation of ALC concentrations, identifying structural alerts and the assessment of its metabolic stability. The utilization of this study strategy has the potential to be employed in the screening and optimization of prospective compounds during the drug creation process. This strategy may also facilitate the development of novel derivatives of the medicine that maintain the same biological action by targeted structural modifications, based on an understanding of the structural alerts included within the chemical structure of ALC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.); (G.A.E.M.); (A.A.K.)
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8
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Chen X, Li J, Yu L, Maule F, Chang L, Gallant JA, Press DJ, Raithatha SA, Hagel JM, Facchini PJ. A cane toad (Rhinella marina) N-methyltransferase converts primary indolethylamines to tertiary psychedelic amines. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105231. [PMID: 37690691 PMCID: PMC10570959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic indolethylamines have emerged as potential medicines to treat several psychiatric pathologies. Natural sources of these compounds include 'magic mushrooms' (Psilocybe spp.), plants used to prepare ayahuasca, and toads. The skin and parotid glands of certain toads accumulate a variety of specialized metabolites including toxic guanidine alkaloids, lipophilic alkaloids, poisonous steroids, and hallucinogenic indolethylamines such as DMT, 5-methoxy-DMT, and bufotenin. The occurrence of psychedelics has contributed to the ceremonial use of toads, particularly among Mesoamerican peoples. Yet, the biosynthesis of psychedelic alkaloids has not been elucidated. Herein, we report a novel indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (RmNMT) from cane toad (Rhinella marina). The RmNMT sequence was used to identify a related NMT from the common toad, Bufo bufo. Close homologs from various frog species were inactive, suggesting a role for psychedelic indolethylamine biosynthesis in toads. Enzyme kinetic analyses and comparison with functionally similar enzymes showed that recombinant RmNMT was an effective catalyst and not product inhibited. The substrate promiscuity of RmNMT enabled the bioproduction of a variety of substituted indolethylamines at levels sufficient for purification, pharmacological screening, and metabolic stability assays. Since the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been linked to activity at serotonergic receptors, we evaluated binding of derivatives at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Primary amines exhibited enhanced affinity at the 5-HT1A receptor compared with tertiary amines. With the exception of 6-substituted derivatives, N,N-dimethylation also protected against catabolism by liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jing Li
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa Yu
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francesca Maule
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Limei Chang
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - David J Press
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jillian M Hagel
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Discovery Group, Enveric Biosciences Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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9
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Załuski M, Łażewska D, Jaśko P, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Kuder KJ, Brockmann A, Latacz G, Zygmunt M, Kaleta M, Greser BA, Olejarz-Maciej A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Vielmuth C, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 8-Benzylaminoxanthines Showing High Adenosine A 2A and Dual A 1/A 2A Receptor Affinity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13707. [PMID: 37762006 PMCID: PMC10531311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we synthesized 25 novel xanthine derivatives with variable substituents at the N1-, N3- and C8-position as adenosine receptor antagonists with potential anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds were investigated in radioligand binding studies at all four human adenosine receptor subtypes, A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Compounds showing nanomolar A2A and dual A1/A2A affinities were obtained. Three compounds, 19, 22 and 24, were selected for further studies. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies indicated binding poses and interactions within the orthosteric site of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. In vitro studies confirmed the high metabolic stability of the compounds, and the absence of toxicity at concentrations of up to 12.5 µM in various cell lines (SH-SY5Y, HepG2 and BV2). Compounds 19 and 22 showed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. In vivo studies in mice investigating carrageenan- and formalin-induced inflammation identified compound 24 as the most potent anti-inflammatory derivative. Future studies are warranted to further optimize the compounds and to explore their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Załuski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Piotr Jaśko
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Kamil J. Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Andreas Brockmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Maria Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Beril Anita Greser
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Christin Vielmuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
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10
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Scherrer KH, Eans SO, Medina JM, Senadheera SN, Khaliq T, Murray TF, McLaughlin JP, Aldrich JV. Tryptophan Substitution in CJ-15,208 ( cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-Trp]) Introduces δ-Opioid Receptor Antagonism, Preventing Antinociceptive Tolerance and Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Extinguished Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1218. [PMID: 37765026 PMCID: PMC10535824 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrocyclic tetrapeptide CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-Trp]) and its D-Trp isomer exhibit kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism which prevents stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-conditioned place preference. Here, we evaluated the effects of substitution of Trp and D-Trp on the peptides' opioid activity, antinociceptive tolerance, and the ability to prevent relapse to extinguished drug-CPP. Six analogs were synthesized using a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclization in solution. The analogs were evaluated in vitro for opioid receptor affinity in radioligand competition binding assays, efficacy in the [35S]GTPγS assay, metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes, and for opioid activity and selectivity in vivo in the mouse 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Potential liabilities of locomotor impairment, respiratory depression, acute tolerance, and conditioned place preference (CPP) were also assessed in vivo, and the ameliorating effect of analogs on the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-place preference was assessed. Substitutions of other D-amino acids for D-Trp did not affect (or in one case increased) KOR affinity, while two of the three substitutions of an L-amino acid for Trp decreased KOR affinity. In contrast, all but one substitution increased mu opioid receptor (MOR) affinity in vitro. The metabolic stabilities of the analogs were similar to those of their respective parent peptides, with analogs containing a D-amino acid being much more rapidly metabolized than those containing an L-amino acid in this position. In vivo, CJ-15,208 analogs demonstrated antinociception, although potencies varied over an 80-fold range and the mediating opioid receptors differed by substitution. KOR antagonism was lost for all but the D-benzothienylalanine analog, and the 2'-naphthylalanine analog instead demonstrated significant delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonism. Introduction of DOR antagonism coincided with reduced acute opioid antinociceptive tolerance and prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H. Scherrer
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (K.H.S.); (S.O.E.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (K.H.S.); (S.O.E.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jessica M. Medina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (K.H.S.); (S.O.E.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Sanjeewa N. Senadheera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.N.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tanvir Khaliq
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.N.S.); (T.K.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Thomas F. Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (K.H.S.); (S.O.E.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jane V. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.N.S.); (T.K.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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11
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Kanellopoulos P, Nock BA, Krenning EP, Maina T. Toward Stability Enhancement of NTS 1R-Targeted Radioligands: Structural Interventions on [ 99mTc]Tc-DT1. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2092. [PMID: 37631306 PMCID: PMC10459693 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotensin subtype 1 receptor (NTS1R) is overexpressed in a number of human tumors, thereby representing a valid target for cancer theranostics with radiolabeled neurotensin (NT) analogs like [99mTc]Tc-DT1 (DT1, N4-Gly7-NT(8-13)). Thus far, the fast degradation of intravenously injected NT-radioligands by neprilysin (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has compromised their clinical applicability. Aiming at metabolic stability enhancements, we herein introduce (i) DT7 ([DAsn14]DT1) and (ii) DT8 ([β-Homoleucine13]DT1), modified at the C-terminus, along with (iii) DT9 ([(palmitoyl)Lys7]DT1), carrying an albumin-binding domain (ABD) at Lys7. The biological profiles of the new [99mTc]Tc-radioligands were compared with [99mTc]Tc-DT1, using NTS1R-expressing AsPC-1 cells and mice models without or during NEP/ACE inhibition. The radioligands showed enhanced in vivo stability vs. [99mTc]Tc-DT1, with [99mTc]Tc-DT9 displaying full resistance to both peptidases. Furthermore, [99mTc]Tc-DT9 achieved the highest cell internalization and tumor uptake even without NEP/ACE-inhibition but with unfavorably high background radioactivity levels. Hence, unlike C-terminal modification, the introduction of a pendant ABD group in the linker turned out to be the most promising strategy toward metabolic stability, cell uptake, and tumor accumulation of [99mTc]Tc-DT1 mimics. To improve the observed suboptimal pharmacokinetics of [99mTc]Tc-DT9, the replacement of palmitoyl on Lys7 by other ABD groups is currently being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (B.A.N.)
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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12
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Childs M, Chandrabalan A, Hodgson D, Ramachandran R, Luyt LG. Discovery of Ghrelin(1-8) Analogues with Improved Stability and Functional Activity for PET Imaging. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1075-1086. [PMID: 37470019 PMCID: PMC10353549 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The highest affinity ghrelin-based analogue for fluorine-18 positron emission tomography, [Inp1,Dpr3(6-FN),1Nal4,Thr8]ghrelin(1-8) amide (1), has remarkable subnanomolar receptor affinity (IC50 = 0.11 nM) toward the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR). However, initial in vivo PET imaging and biodistribution of [18F]1 in mice demonstrated an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile with rapid clearance and accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue, prompting concerns about the metabolic stability of this probe. The aims of the present study were to examine the proteolytic stability of ghrelin analogue 1 in the presence of blood and liver enzymes, structurally modify the peptide to improve stability without impeding the strong binding affinity, and measure the presently unknown functional activity of ghrelin(1-8) analogues. The in vitro stability and metabolite formation of 1 in human serum and liver S9 fraction revealed a metabolic soft spot between amino acids Leu5 and Ser6 in the peptide sequence. A focused library of ghrelin(1-8) analogues was synthesized and evaluated in a structure-activity-stability relationship study to further understand the structural importance of the residues at these positions in the context of stability and receptor affinity. The critical nature of l-stereochemistry at position 5 was identified and substitution of Ser6 with l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid led to a novel ligand with substantially improved in vitro stability while maintaining subnanomolar GHSR affinity. Despite the highly modified nature of these analogues compared to human ghrelin, ghrelin(1-8) analogues were found to recruit all G protein subtypes (Gαq/11/13/i1/oB) known to associate with GHSR as well as β-arrestins with low micromolar to nanomolar potencies. The study of these analogues demonstrates the ability to balance desirable ligand properties, including affinity, stability, and potency to produce well-rounded candidate molecules for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina
D. Childs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, University
of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Derian Hodgson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, University
of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Departments
of Medical Imaging and Oncology, University
of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- London
Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research
Institute, 800 Commissioners
Road East, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
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13
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Żołnowska B, Sławiński J, Belka M, Bączek T, Chojnacki J, Kawiak A. Novel 2-alkythio-4-chloro- N-[imino(heteroaryl)methyl]benzenesulfonamide Derivatives: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Anticancer Activity and Metabolic Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119768. [PMID: 37298719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 2-alkythio-4-chloro-N-[imino-(heteroaryl)methyl]benzenesulfonamide derivatives, 8-24, were synthesized in the reaction of the N-(benzenesulfonyl)cyanamide potassium salts 1-7 with the appropriate mercaptoheterocycles. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity in HeLa, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. The most promising compounds, 11-13, molecular hybrids containing benzenesulfonamide and imidazole moieties, selectively showed a high cytotoxic effect in HeLa cancer cells (IC50: 6-7 μM) and exhibited about three times less cytotoxicity against the non-tumor cell line HaCaT cells (IC50: 18-20 μM). It was found that the anti-proliferative effects of 11, 12 and 13 were associated with their ability to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. The compounds increased the early apoptotic population of cells, elevated the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis through caspase activation in HeLa cells. For the most active compounds, susceptibility to undergo first-phase oxidation reactions in human liver microsomes was assessed. The results of the in vitro metabolic stability experiments indicated values of the factor t½ for 11-13 in the range of 9.1-20.3 min and suggested the hypothetical oxidation of these compounds to sulfenic and subsequently sulfinic acids as metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żołnowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Huang Y, Xue M. Combination of losartan and puerarin induced pharmacokinetic interaction in hypertension rats and enhances the antihypertensive effect of losartan. Xenobiotica 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37114483 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2207639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The co-administration of losartan and puerarin in hypertension rat models was investigated aiming to evaluate their interaction and potential mechanism.Hypertension rat models were established with N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and the pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of losartan were analyzed in normal and hypertension rats. In vitro, the metabolic stability of losartan was evaluated in rat liver microsomes, and the effect of puerarin on the activity of CYP2C9 and 3A4 was assessed in human liver microsomes.Puerarin significantly changed the pharmacokinetic profiling of losartan in hypertension rats behavior with the increasing AUC, AUMC, Cmax, and prolonged t1/2. The antihypertensive effect of losartan was enhanced by the co-administration of puerarin, which reduced the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure below normal levels. In vitro, puerarin significantly improved the metabolic stability of losartan with a reduced intrinsic clearance rate. Puerarin also showed significant inhibitory effects on the activity of CYP2C9 and 3A4 with the IC50 of 17.15 and 7.69 μM, respectively.Losartan co-administered with puerarin increased the system exposure and metabolic stability of losartan and enhanced its antihypertensive effect. The inhibition of CYP2C9 and 3A4 by puerarin was the potential mechanism mediating their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejinag 325000, China
| | - Minglei Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejinag 325000, China
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15
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Liu D, Liu Y, Qian X, Yang J, Li C, Zhu L, Zhou J. Pharmacokinetic study on the effect of ligustrazine-tangeretin co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine and its potential mechanism in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01058. [PMID: 36852752 PMCID: PMC9972364 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both ligustrazine and tangeretin are usually prescribed in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which makes their co-administration possible. The investigation of the interaction between ligustrazine and tangeretin is necessary for the clinical compatibility of their source herbs. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of ligustrazine and tangeretin during their co-administration. The pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine (15 mg/kg) was investigated in the presence of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg tangeretin in rats with six of each. A single dose of ligustrazine was set as the control. The effect of tangeretin on the in vitro metabolic stability of ligustrazine was also investigated in rat liver microsomes. Tangeretin significantly reduced the system exposure of ligustrazine under all experimental concentrations. Specifically, tangeretin reduced the AUC (from 48.86 ± 12.57 to 41.02 ± 4.85 (50 mg/kg tangeretin), 31.47 ± 5.26 (100 mg/kg tangeretin), and 27.55 ± 9.60 (150 mg/kg) μg/mL × h), MRT (from 7.05 ± 0.26 to 6.33 ± 0.48, 5.53 ± 0.68, and 5.21 ± 1.31 h), Cmax (from 7.45 ± 0.44 to 6.03 ± 0.44, 5.24 ± 0.47, and 5.02 ± 0.56 μg/mL), and t1/2 (from 5.90 ± 1.27 to 4.84 ± 1.19, 3.48 ± 1.33, 3.09 ± 0.62 h) in rats. In vitro, tangeretin also reduced the metabolic stability of ligustrazine behaved as the decreased half-life and increased intrinsic clearance rate. Co-consumption of ligustrazine with tangeretin induced interactions, which shortens the system exposure of ligustrazine. This study provides theoretical guidance for the clinical prescription of ligustrazine- and tangeretin-containing herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
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16
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Ye Z, Zhao TSY, Li SB, Zhou XL, Luo Q, Qin JK, Liang CQ, Wang P, Ge GB. Synthesis and biological evaluation of esculetin derivatives as potential anti-HBV agents. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:899-909. [PMID: 37056462 PMCID: PMC10030075 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that esculetin (Fig. 1) has anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activity as well as a protective effect on liver damage caused by duck hepatitis B virus. We designed and synthesized a series of esculetin derivatives, introduced side chains containing various amino groups into site 7 of the parent structure, and synthesized C-4 and C-8 substituted derivatives with the goal of investigating their anti-HBV activities. In vitro anti-HBV activity was performed against HepG2.2.15 cells by using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) kit and cytotoxicity was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with lamivudine as the positive control. The results demonstrated that several compounds showed moderate anti-HBV activity, while the introduction of morpholine groups could significantly inhibit the expression of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and the introduction of the 2-methylimidazole group could significantly inhibit the expression of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Among all tested compounds, compound 4a demonstrated the best anti-HBeAg activity (IC50 = 15.8 ± 4.2 μM), while compound 6d demonstrated the best anti-HBsAg activity (IC50 = 21.4 ± 2.8 μM). Compounds 6b and 6c showed moderate anti-HBV activity and HBsAg inhibition. Compounds 4b showed moderate anti-HBV activity and an inhibitory effect on HBeAg. In addition, compounds 4a, 4c, 4d, 6b, 6c and 6d showed improved metabolic stability. This study provides useful guidance for the discovery of anti-HBV drugs, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 Guangxi China
| | - Tong-Shi-Yao Zhao
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 Guangxi China
| | - Shan-Bin Li
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 Guangxi China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 Guangxi China
| | - Qin Luo
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548Science Experiment Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 Guangxi China
| | - Jiang-Ke Qin
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and MoLecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi China
| | - Cheng-Qin Liang
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 Guangxi China
| | - Ping Wang
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
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17
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Kumar SP, Jadav T, Sahu AK, Ghosh Chowdhary M, Siwach A, Patel H, Patel S, Rajput N, Shard A, Khairnar A, Sengupta P. Assessment of metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics by LC-MS/MS and establishment of the safe dose of IMID-2, a novel anticancer molecule under drug discovery. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5618. [PMID: 36882885 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) M2 activators ramp up glycolysis in cancer cells, leading to a reversal of the Warburg effect in cancer cells. A promising PKM2 activator molecule, IMID-2, developed by the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad showed promising anticancer activity against MCF-7 and COLO-205 cell lines, which represent breast and colon cancer. Its physicochemical properties, like solubility, ionization constant, partition coefficient and distribution constant, have already been established. Its metabolic pathway is also well established through in vitro and in vivo metabolite profiling and reported previously. In this study, we have evaluated the metabolic stability of IMID-2 using LC-MS/MS and investigated the safety aspect of the molecule through an acute oral toxicity study. In vivo studies in rats confirmed that the molecule is safe even at a dose level of 175 mg/kg. Furthermore, a pharmacokinetic study of IMID-2 was also carried out using LC-MS/MS to understand its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile. The molecule was found to have promising bioavailability through the oral route. This research work is thus another step in the drug testing of this promising anticancer molecule. The molecule can be considered to be a potential anticancer lead based on the earlier report substantiated by current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pranush Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Moumita Ghosh Chowdhary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankit Siwach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Harit Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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18
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Attwa MW, AlRabiah H, Kadi AA. Development and Validation of a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for Quantifying Alvocidib: In Silico and In Vitro Metabolic Stability Estimation in Human Liver Microsomes. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36903615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alvocidib (AVC; flavopiridol) is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor used in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The FDA has approved orphan drug designation to AVC for treating patients with AML. In the current work, the in silico calculation of AVC metabolic lability was done using the P450 metabolism module of the StarDrop software package, that is expressed as a composite site lability (CSL). This was followed by establishing an LC-MS/MS analytical method for AVC estimation in human liver microsomes (HLMs) to assess metabolic stability. AVC and glasdegib (GSB), used as internal standards (IS), were separated utilizing a C18 column (reversed chromatography) with an isocratic mobile phase. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5.0 ng/mL, revealing the sensitivity of the established LC-MS/MS analytical method that exhibited a linearity in the range 5-500 ng/mL in the HLMs matrix with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9995). The interday and intraday accuracy and precision of the established LC-MS/MS analytical method were -1.4% to 6.7% and -0.8% to 6.4%, respectively, confirming the reproducibility of the LC-MS/MS analytical method. The calculated metabolic stability parameters were intrinsic clearance (CLint) and in vitro half-life (t1/2) of AVC at 26.9 µL/min/mg and 25.8 min, respectively. The in silico results from the P450 metabolism model matched the results generated from in vitro metabolic incubations; therefore, the in silico software can be used to predict the metabolic stability of the drugs, saving time and resources. AVC exhibits a moderate extraction ratio, indicating reasonable in vivo bioavailability. The established chromatographic methodology was the first LC-MS/MS method designed for AVC estimation in HLMs matrix that was applied for AVC metabolic stability estimation.
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19
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Attwa MW, AlRabiah H, Mostafa GAE, Kadi AA. Development of an LC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Sapitinib in Human Liver Microsomes: In Silico and In Vitro Metabolic Stability Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36903565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapitinib (AZD8931, SPT) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family (pan-erbB). In multiple tumor cell lines, STP has been shown to be a much more potent inhibitor of EGF-driven cellular proliferation than gefitinib. In the current study, a highly sensitive, rapid, and specific LC-MS/MS analytical method for the estimation of SPT in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was established with application to metabolic stability assessment. The LC-MS/MS analytical method was validated in terms of linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, extraction recovery, carryover, and stability following the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. SPT was detected using electrospray ionization (ESI) as an ionization source under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive ion mode. The IS-normalized matrix factor and extraction recovery were acceptable for the bioanalysis of SPT. The SPT calibration curve was linear, from 1 ng/mL to 3000 ng/mL HLM matrix samples, with a linear regression equation of y = 1.7298x + 3.62941 (r2 = 0.9949). The intraday and interday accuracy and precision values of the LC-MS/MS method were -1.45-7.25% and 0.29-6.31%, respectively. SPT and filgotinib (FGT) (internal standard; IS) were separated through the use of an isocratic mobile phase system with a Luna 3 µm PFP(2) column (150 × 4.6 mm) stationary phase column. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.88 ng/mL, confirming the LC-MS/MS method sensitivity. The intrinsic clearance and in vitro half-life of STP were 38.48 mL/min/kg and 21.07 min, respectively. STP exhibited a moderate extraction ratio that revealed good bioavailability. The literature review demonstrated that the current analytical method is the first developed LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of SPT in an HLM matrix with application to SPT metabolic stability evaluation.
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20
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Mamai A, Chau AM, Wilson BJ, Watson ID, Joseph BB, Subramanian PR, Morshed MM, Morin JA, Prakesch MA, Lu T, Connolly P, Kuntz DA, Pomroy NC, Poda G, Nguyen K, Marcellus R, Strathdee G, Theriault B, Subramaniam R, Mohammed M, Abibi A, Chan M, Winston J, Kiyota T, Undzys E, Aman A, Austin N, Du Jardin M, Packman K, Phillippar U, Attar R, Edwards J, O’Meara J, Uehling DE, Al-awar R, Privé GG, Isaac MB. Discovery of OICR12694: A Novel, Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable BCL6 BTB Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:199-210. [PMID: 36793435 PMCID: PMC9923840 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a highly regulated transcriptional repressor, is deregulated in several forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), most notably in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The activities of BCL6 are dependent on protein-protein interactions with transcriptional co-repressors. To find new therapeutic interventions addressing the needs of patients with DLBCL, we initiated a program to identify BCL6 inhibitors that interfere with co-repressor binding. A virtual screen hit with binding activity in the high micromolar range was optimized by structure-guided methods, resulting in a novel and highly potent inhibitor series. Further optimization resulted in the lead candidate 58 (OICR12694/JNJ-65234637), a BCL6 inhibitor with low nanomolar DLBCL cell growth inhibition and an excellent oral pharmacokinetic profile. Based on its overall favorable preclinical profile, OICR12694 is a highly potent, orally bioavailable candidate for testing BCL6 inhibition in DLBCL and other neoplasms, particularly in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mamai
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Anh M. Chau
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Brian J. Wilson
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Iain D. Watson
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Babu B. Joseph
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Pandiaraju R. Subramanian
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Monzur M. Morshed
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Justin A. Morin
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Michael A. Prakesch
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Tianbao Lu
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - Pete Connolly
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - Douglas A. Kuntz
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, OntarioM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Neil C. Pomroy
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, OntarioM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
- Leslie
Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Kong Nguyen
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Graig Strathdee
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Brigitte Theriault
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ratheesh Subramaniam
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Mohammed Mohammed
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ayome Abibi
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Manuel Chan
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Winston
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
- Leslie
Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Nigel Austin
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - Marc Du Jardin
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - Kathryn Packman
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - Ulrike Phillippar
- Janssen
Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340Beerse, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Attar
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - James Edwards
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania19477, United States
| | - Jeff O’Meara
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - David E. Uehling
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-awar
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gilbert G. Privé
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, OntarioM5G 2C1, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Methvin B. Isaac
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A3, Canada
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21
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Attwa MW, Alanazi MM. Rapid LC-MS/MS Bosutinib Quantification with Applications in Metabolic Stability Estimation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041641. [PMID: 36838629 PMCID: PMC9965169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bosutinib (BOS) is FDA approved drug for the treatment of chronic phase (CP) Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We report a fast, sensitive, and simple LC-MS/MS method, validated for the determination of BOS in human liver microsomes, utilizing tofacitinib (TOF) as the internal standard. The separation of BOS and TOF was done using a 1.8 μm C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm) at room temperature using the isocratic elution system of acetonitrile-water (30:70, v/v) containing 0.1 M formic acid at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min, and a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (TQD-MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source that was operated in the positive ion mode. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency, and the rapid and specific quantification of BOS in human liver microsomes was achieved in the range of 5-200 ng/mL, with a determination coefficient of 0.999. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision values were <4% in all cases. The procedure is rapid, specific, reliable, and can be applied in metabolic stability evaluations since it is the first LC-MS/MS method specific to BOS quantification. The metabolic stability assessment of BOS showed high CLint (34.3 µL/min/mg) and short in vitro t1/2 values of 20.21 min, indicating that BOS may be rapidly eliminated from the blood by the liver.
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22
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King AT, Matesic L, Keaveney ST, Jamie JF. An Investigation into the In Vitro Metabolic Stability of Aryl Sulfonyl Fluorides for their Application in Medicinal Chemistry and Radiochemistry. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1061-1071. [PMID: 36638322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecules that feature a sulfonyl fluoride (SO2F) moiety have been gaining increasing interest due to their unique reactivity and potential applications in synthetic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and other biological uses. A particular interest is towards 18F-radiochemistry where sulfonyl fluorides can be used as a method to radiolabel biomolecules or can be used as radiofluoride relay reagents that facilitate radiolabeling of other molecules. The low metabolic stability of sulfonyl fluoride S-F bonds, however, presents an issue and limits the applicability of sulfonyl fluorides. The aim of this work was to increase understanding of what features contribute to the metabolic instability of the S-F bond in model aryl sulfonyl fluorides and identify approaches to increasing sulfonyl fluoride stability for 18F-radiochemistry and other medicinal, synthetic chemistry and biological applications. To undertake this, 14 model aryl sulfonyl fluorides compounds with varying functional groups and substitution patterns were investigated, and their stabilities were examined in various media, including phosphate-buffered saline and rat serum as a model for biological conditions. The results indicate that both electronic and steric factors affect the stability of the S-F bond, with the 2,4,6-trisubstituted model aryl sulfonyl fluorides examined displaying the highest in vitro metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T King
- School of Natural Sciences, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Lidia Matesic
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Sinead T Keaveney
- School of Natural Sciences, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Joanne F Jamie
- School of Natural Sciences, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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23
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Li Y, Liu X, Li L, Zhang T, Gao Y, Zeng K, Wang Q. Characterization of the metabolism of eupalinolide A and B by carboxylesterase and cytochrome P450 in human liver microsomes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1093696. [PMID: 36762117 PMCID: PMC9905117 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1093696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eupalinolide A (EA; Z-configuration) and eupalinolide B (EB; E-configuration) are bioactive cis-trans isomers isolated from Eupatorii Lindleyani Herba that exert anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. Although one pharmacokinetic study found that the metabolic parameters of the isomers were different in rats, metabolic processes relevant to EA and EB remain largely unknown. Our preliminary findings revealed that EA and EB are rapidly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase. Here, we investigated the metabolic stability and enzyme kinetics of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis and cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated oxidation of EA and EB in human liver microsomes (HLMs). We also explored differences in the hydrolytic stability of EA and EB in human liver microsomes and rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Moreover, cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping of the isomers was performed via in silico methods (i.e., using a quantitative structure-activity relationship model and molecular docking) and confirmed using human recombinant enzymes. The total normalized rate approach was considered to assess the relative contributions of five major cytochrome P450s to EA and EB metabolism. We found that EA and EB were eliminated rapidly, mainly by carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis, as compared with cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation. An inter-species difference was observed as well, with faster rates of EA and EB hydrolysis in rat liver microsomes. Furthermore, our findings confirmed EA and EB were metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450s, among which CYP3A4 played a particularly important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ludi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kewu Zeng, ; Qi Wang,
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kewu Zeng, ; Qi Wang,
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24
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Barcherini V, Loureiro JB, Sena A, Madeira C, Leandro P, Saraiva L, Antunes AMM, Santos MMM. Metabolism-Guided Optimization of Tryptophanol-Derived Isoindolinone p53 Activators. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:146. [PMID: 37259297 PMCID: PMC9967700 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones, previously reported as p53 activators, was investigated. From the metabolites' identification, performed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), followed by their preparation and structural elucidation, it was possible to identify that the indole C2 and C3 are the main target of the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-promoted oxidative metabolism in the tryptophanol-derived isoindolinone scaffold. Based on these findings, to search for novel p53 activators a series of 16 enantiopure tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones substituted with a bromine in indole C2 was prepared, in yields of 62-89%, and their antiproliferative activity evaluated in human colon adenocarcinoma HCT116 cell lines with and without p53. Structural optimization led to the identification of two (S)-tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones 3.9-fold and 1.9-fold more active than hit SLMP53-1, respectively. Compounds' metabolic stability evaluation revealed that this substitution led to a metabolic switch, with the impact of Phase I oxidative metabolism being minimized. Through differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) experiments, the most active compound of the series in cell assays led to an increase in the protein melting temperature (Tm) of 10.39 °C, suggesting an effective binding to wild-type p53 core domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barcherini
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana B. Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sena
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Madeira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Rodríguez-Pérez R, Trunzer M, Schneider N, Faller B, Gerebtzoff G. Multispecies Machine Learning Predictions of In Vitro Intrinsic Clearance with Uncertainty Quantification Analyses. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:383-394. [PMID: 36437712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical research, compounds are optimized for metabolic stability to avoid a too fast elimination of the drug. Intrinsic clearance (CLint) measured in liver microsomes or hepatocytes is an important parameter during lead optimization. In this work, machine learning models were developed to relate the compound structure to microsomal metabolic stability and predict CLint for new compounds. A multitask (MT) learning architecture was introduced to model the CLint of six species simultaneously, giving as a result a multispecies machine learning model. MT graph neural network (MT-GNN) regression was identified as the top-performing method, and an ensemble of 10 MT-GNN models was evaluated prospectively. Geometric mean fold errors were consistently smaller than 2-fold. Moreover, high precision values were obtained in the prediction of "high" (>300 μL/min/mg) and "low" (<100 μL/min/mg) CLint compounds. Precision values ranged from 80 to 94% for low CLint predictions and from 75 to 97% for high CLint predictions, depending on the species. Uncertainty on experimental values and model predictions was systematically quantified. Experimental variability (aleatoric uncertainty) of all historical Novartis in vitro clearance experiments was analyzed. Interestingly, MT-GNN models' performance approached assays' experimental variability. Moreover, uncertainty estimation in predictions (epistemic uncertainty) enabled identifying predictions associated with lower and higher error. Taken together, our manuscript combines a multispecies deep learning model and large-scale uncertainty analyses to improve CLint predictions and facilitate early informed decisions for compound prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Trunzer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, BaselCH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Schneider
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, BaselCH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, BaselCH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Grégori Gerebtzoff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, BaselCH-4002, Switzerland
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26
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Ikubo M, Uwamizu A, Chen L, Nakamura S, Sayama M, Kawana H, Otani Y, Kano K, Inoue A, Aoki J, Ohwada T. Isosteric Replacement of Ester Linkage of Lysophospholipids with Heteroaromatic Rings Retains Potency and Subtype Selectivity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:584-615. [PMID: 37394607 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Our group has reported various derivatives of lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) as potent and subtype-selective agonists for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the ester linkage between the glycerol moiety and fatty acid or fatty acid surrogate is present in all of them. In order to develop these LysoPS analogs as drug candidates, appropriate pharmacokinetic consideration is essential. Here, we found that the ester bond of LysoPS is highly susceptible to metabolic degradation in mouse blood. Accordingly, we examined isosteric replacement of the ester linkage with heteroaromatic rings. The resulting compounds showed excellent retention of potency and receptor subtype selectivity, as well as increased metabolic stability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Ikubo
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Akiharu Uwamizu
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Luying Chen
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Misa Sayama
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuko Otani
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Science and Technology Corporation
- AMED-LEAP, Japan Science and Technology Corporation
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- AMED-LEAP, Japan Science and Technology Corporation
- AMED-CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Zayed A, Jaber SA, Al Hroot J, Hawamdeh S, Ayoub NM, Qinna NA. HPLC with Fluorescence and Photodiode Array Detection for Quantifying Capmatinib in Biological Samples: Application to In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238582. [PMID: 36500674 PMCID: PMC9738601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Capmatinib, a recently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. We describe two new HPLC methods for capmatinib quantification in vivo and in vitro. HPLC with a fluorescence detection method was used to quantify capmatinib in plasma for the first time. The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study following a 10 mg/kg oral dose of capmatinib given to rats. The chromatographic separation was performed using a Eurospher II 100-3 C18H (50 × 4 mm, 3 µm) column and a mobile phase containing 10 mM of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5): acetonitrile (70:30, v/v), at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1. The study also describes the use of HPLC-PDA for the first time for the determination of capmatinib in human liver microsomes and describes its application to study its metabolic stability in vitro. Our results were in agreement with those reported using LC-MS/MS, demonstrating the reliability of the method. The study utilized a Gemini-NX C18 column and a mobile phase containing methanol: 20 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3.5 (53:47, v/v), delivered at a flow rate of 1.1 mL min-1. These methods are suitable for supporting pharmacokinetic studies, particularly in bioanalytical labs lacking LC-MS/MS capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Zayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-2-7201-000 (ext. 23240)
| | - Sana’a A. Jaber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Jomana Al Hroot
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sahar Hawamdeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nidal A. Qinna
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center (UPPC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
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28
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Mikhail DS, El-Nassan HB, Mahmoud ST, Fahim SH. Nonacidic thiophene-based derivatives as potential analgesic and design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and metabolic stability study. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1739-1757. [PMID: 36074734 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs represent one of the most popularly used classes of drugs. However, their long-term administration is associated with various side effects including gastrointestinal ulceration. One of the major reasons of NSAIDs ulcerogenicity is direct damage of the epithelial lining cells by the acidic moieties present in many drugs. Another drawback for this acidic group is its rapid metabolism and clearance through Phase II conjugation. Three series of thiophene and thienopyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized as nonacidic anti-inflammatory agents. In vivo testing of their analgesic activity indicated that compounds 2b and 7a-d showed higher PI values than that of the positive control drugs, indomethacin and celecoxib. The latter compounds 2b and 7a-d were subjected to further anti-inflammatory activity testing where they showed comparable percentage edema inhibition to that of indomethacin and celecoxib. Compounds 2b, 7a, 7c, and 7d inhibited PGE2 synthesis by 61.10%-74.54% (71.47% for indomethacin, and 80.11% for celecoxib). The same compounds inhibited the expression of rat mPGES-1 and cPGES3 by 74%-83% (77% for indomethacin, and 82% for celecoxib) and 48%-70% (62% for indomethacin, and 70% for celecoxib), respectively. The stability of the most active compound 2b in Nonenzymatic gastrointestinal fluids and in human plasma was tested. Additionally, studying the metabolic stability of compound 2b in S9 rat liver fraction showed that it displayed a slow in vitro clearance with half-life time 1.5-fold longer than indomethacin. The metabolites of 2b were predicted via UPLC-MS/MS. In silico ADMET profiling study was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demiana S Mikhail
- Department, of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala B El-Nassan
- Department, of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally T Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar H Fahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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29
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Gajula SNR, Nathani TN, Patil RM, Talari S, Sonti R. Aldehyde oxidase mediated drug metabolism: an underpredicted obstacle in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:427-448. [PMID: 36369949 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has garnered curiosity as a non-CYP metabolizing enzyme in drug development due to unexpected consequences such as toxic metabolite generation and high metabolic clearance resulting in the clinical failure of new drugs. Therefore, poor AO mediated clearance prediction in preclinical nonhuman species remains a significant obstacle in developing novel drugs. Various isoforms of AO, such as AOX1, AOX3, AOX3L1, and AOX4 exist across species, and different AO activity among humans influences the AO mediated drug metabolism. Therefore, carefully considering the unique challenges is essential in developing successful AO substrate drugs. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation underpredicts AO mediated drug clearance due to the lack of reliable representative animal models, substrate-specific activity, and the discrepancy between absolute concentration and activity. An in vitro tool to extrapolate in vivo clearance using a yard-stick approach is provided to address the underprediction of AO mediated drug clearance. This approach uses a range of well-known AO drug substrates as calibrators for qualitative scaling new drugs into low, medium, or high clearance category drugs. So far, in vivo investigations on chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) have predicted AO mediated metabolism to the best extent. This review addresses the critical aspects of the drug discovery stage for AO metabolism studies, challenges faced in drug development, approaches to tackle AO mediated drug clearance's underprediction, and strategies to decrease the AO metabolism of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Tanaaz Navin Nathani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rashmi Madhukar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sasikala Talari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
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30
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Huang MX, Chen YQ, Liu RD, Huang Y, Zhang C. Discovery of Dipyridamole Analogues with Enhanced Metabolic Stability for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113452. [PMID: 35684390 PMCID: PMC9182104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dipyridamole, apart from its well-known antiplatelet and phosphodiesterase inhibitory activities, is a promising old drug for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. However, dipyridamole shows poor pharmacokinetic properties with a half-life (T1/2) of 7 min in rat liver microsomes (RLM). To improve the metabolic stability of dipyridamole, a series of pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives have been designed with the assistance of molecular docking. Among all the twenty-four synthesized compounds, compound (S)-4h showed outstanding metabolic stability (T1/2 = 67 min) in RLM, with an IC50 of 332 nM against PDE5. Furthermore, some interesting structure–activity relationships (SAR) were explained with the assistance of molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.-X.H.); (Y.-Q.C.); (R.-D.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan-Quan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.-X.H.); (Y.-Q.C.); (R.-D.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Run-Duo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.-X.H.); (Y.-Q.C.); (R.-D.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.-X.H.); (Y.-Q.C.); (R.-D.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.-X.H.); (Y.-Q.C.); (R.-D.L.); (Y.H.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
- Correspondence:
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31
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Rincon Nigro ME, Du T, Gao S, Kaur M, Xie H, Olaleye OA, Liang D. Metabolite Identification of a Novel Anti-Leishmanial Agent OJT007 in Rat Liver Microsomes Using LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:2854. [PMID: 35566205 PMCID: PMC9102341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify potential metabolic pathways and metabolites of OJT007, a methionine aminopeptidase 1 (MetAP1) inhibitor. OJT007 is a novel drug with potent antiproliferative effects against Leishmania Major. We conducted in vitro Phase I oxidation and Phase II glucuronidation assays on OJT007 using rat liver microsomes. Four unknown metabolites were initially identified using a UPLC-UV system from microsomal incubated samples. LC-MS/MS analysis was then used to identify the structural characteristics of these metabolites via precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, and product ion scan. A glucuronide metabolite was further confirmed by β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. The kinetic parameters of OJT007 glucuronidation demonstrated that OJT007 undergoes rapid metabolism. These results demonstrate the liver's microsomal ability to mediate three mono-oxidated metabolites and one mono-glucuronide metabolite. This suggests hepatic glucuronidation metabolism of OJT007 may be the cause of its poor oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (M.E.R.N.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.K.); (H.X.); (O.A.O.)
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32
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Larsen K, Lifschitz A, Fernández San Juan R, Virkel G. Metabolic stability of glyphosate and its environmental metabolite (aminomethylphosphonic acid) in the ruminal content of cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:740-751. [PMID: 35302929 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. Both GLY and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), its main degradation product, may be present in feedstuffs offered to dairy cows. Although the major proportions of ingested GLY and AMPA are eliminated with faeces, a potential degradation of GLY to AMPA in the rumen of dairy cows has been suggested. Considering that the rumen plays a central role in the pre-systemic metabolism of xenobiotics, this research aimed to investigate whether or not GLY and AMPA are metabolised in the ruminal environment of cattle. The distribution of both compounds between the fluid and solid phases of the ruminal content (RC) was also evaluated. RC from 3 steers were collected in an abattoir. Aliquots were incubated (3-6 h) in anaerobiosis with GLY (15 µg/mL) and AMPA (1.5 µg/mL). Metabolic viability of RC was assessed by the measurement of the sulpho-reduction of the anthelmintic derivative albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) into albendazole (ABZ) in the absence (controls) or in presence of GLY and AMPA. Incubations of boiled (inactive) RC were used as controls. Samples were analysed by HLPC with fluorescence detection. Neither GLY nor AMPA were metabolised in metabolically active RC from cattle. Both compounds were predominantly found in the fluid phase compared to the solid (particulate) matter of RC. Neither GLY nor AMPA had a negative effect on the metabolic production of ABZ. A high metabolic stability of both compounds within the ruminal environment would be expected in vivo. Their presence in high proportion in the fluid phase of the ruminal content may give rise to a rapid flow of both GLY and AMPA to the posterior gastrointestinal tract. Negative effects on the ruminal biotransformation of therapeutically used drugs would not be expected when the herbicide and its degradation product are consumed with food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Larsen
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Rocío Fernández San Juan
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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33
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Holovach S, Melnykov KP, Skreminskiy A, Herasymchuk M, Tavlui O, Aloshyn D, Borysko P, Rozhenko AB, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. Effect of gem-Difluorination on the Key Physicochemical Properties Relevant to Medicinal Chemistry: The Case of Functionalized Cycloalkanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200331. [PMID: 35147261 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties important to drug discovery (pKa , LogP, and aqueous solubility), as well as metabolic stability, were studied for a series of functionalized gem-difluorinated cycloalkanes and compared to those of non-fluorinated and acyclic counterparts to evaluate the impact of the fluorination. It was found that the influence of the CF2 moiety on the acidity/basicity of the corresponding carboxylic acids and amines was defined by inductive the effect of the fluorine atoms and was nearly the same for acyclic and cyclic aliphatic compounds. Lipophilicity and aqueous solubility followed more complex trends and were affected by the position of the fluorine atoms, ring size, and even the nature of the functional group present; also, significant differences were found for the acyclic and cyclic series. Also, gem-difluorination either did not affect or slightly improved the metabolic stability of the corresponding model derivatives. The presented results can be used as a guide for rational drug design employing fluorine and establish the first chapter in a catalog of the key in vitro properties of fluorinated cycloalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Holovach
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn P Melnykov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Maksym Herasymchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Olha Tavlui
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Danylo Aloshyn
- Bienta / Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Petro Borysko
- Bienta / Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexander B Rozhenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv, 02660, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv, 02660, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
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Ezzeldin E, Iqbal M, Asiri YA, Mostafa GAE, Sayed AYA. Eco-Friendly, Simple, Fast, and Sensitive UPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Pexidartinib in Plasma and Its Application to Metabolic Stability. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010297. [PMID: 35011540 PMCID: PMC8746680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pexidartinib is the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifically to treat the rare joint tumor tenosynovial giant cell tumor. In the current study, a validated, selective, and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS assay was developed for the quantitative determination of pexidartinib in plasma samples using gifitinib as an internal standard (IS). Pexidartinib and IS were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether and separated on an acquity BEH C18 column kept at 40 °C using a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid in de-ionized water (70:30). The flow rate was 0.25 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was operated in electrospray (ESI)-positive mode at the ion transition of 418.06 > 165.0 for the analyte and 447.09 > 128.0 for the IS. FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation was followed in method validation. The linearity of the established UPLC-MS/MS assay ranged from 0.5 to 1000 ng/mL with r > 0.999 with a limit of quantitation of 0.5 ng/mL. Moreover, the metabolic stability of pexidartinib in liver microsomes was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Ezzeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.); (G.A.E.M.); (A.Y.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.); (G.A.E.M.); (A.Y.A.S.)
| | - Yousif A. Asiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gamal A. E. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.); (G.A.E.M.); (A.Y.A.S.)
| | - Ahmed Y. A. Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.); (G.A.E.M.); (A.Y.A.S.)
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Nicolov M, Cocora M, Buda V, Danciu C, Duse AO, Watz C, Borcan F. Hydrosoluble and Liposoluble Vitamins: New Perspectives through ADMET Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57:medicina57111204. [PMID: 34833423 PMCID: PMC8622797 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The present study demonstrates that apart from the well-known toxicity of liposoluble vitamins, some hydrosoluble vitamins may also exert toxicity; thus, routine supplementation with vitamins or ingestion of fortified foods should not be considered harmless. The study addresses the possible correlations between the physico-chemical properties and the side effects of vitamins when taken in high doses or for a too long a period. Materials and Methods: The FAFDrugs4.0 computational tool was used for computational assessment of the ADMET profile of several hydro- and liposoluble vitamins. Results: ADMET analysis revealed the following major data: vitamin B3 and B13 showed reduced structural complexity; thus, a relative toxicological potential may be exerted. Vitamins B1 and B7 were found to have good oral absorption and thus good bioavailability, while Vitamin B3 was found to have decreased oral absorption. In addition, all of the liposoluble vitamins reflected higher complexity, much greater than most of the potentially therapeutically-proven compounds. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance between the physico-chemical properties of vitamins and their possible toxicological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Nicolov
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Mioara Cocora
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timișoara, 13A Gh Adam Street, 300310 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Communication in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Adina Octavia Duse
- Department of Balneology, Medical Recovery and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Claudia Watz
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-(74)-6227217
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Wang MR, Bi W, Shukla MR, Ren L, Hamborg Z, Blystad DR, Saxena PK, Wang QC. Epigenetic and Genetic Integrity, Metabolic Stability, and Field Performance of Cryopreserved Plants. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1889. [PMID: 34579422 PMCID: PMC8467502 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is considered an ideal strategy for the long-term preservation of plant genetic resources. Significant progress was achieved over the past several decades, resulting in the successful cryopreservation of the genetic resources of diverse plant species. Cryopreservation procedures often employ in vitro culture techniques and require the precise control of several steps, such as the excision of explants, preculture, osmo- and cryoprotection, dehydration, freeze-thaw cycle, unloading, and post-culture for the recovery of plants. These processes create a stressful environment and cause reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress, which is detrimental to the growth and regeneration of tissues and plants from cryopreserved tissues. ROS-induced oxidative stresses were documented to induce (epi)genetic and somatic variations. Therefore, the development of true-to-type regenerants of the source germplasm is of primary concern in the application of plant cryopreservation technology. The present article provides a comprehensive assessment of epigenetic and genetic integrity, metabolic stability, and field performance of cryopreserved plants developed in the past decade. Potential areas and the directions of future research in plant cryopreservation are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wenlu Bi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (W.B.); (M.R.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Mukund R. Shukla
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (W.B.); (M.R.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Li Ren
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China;
| | - Zhibo Hamborg
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway; (Z.H.); (D.-R.B.)
| | - Dag-Ragnar Blystad
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway; (Z.H.); (D.-R.B.)
| | - Praveen K. Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (W.B.); (M.R.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Qiao-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
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Abstract
Knowledge of the metabolic stability of a new drug substance eliminated by biotransformation is essential for envisaging the pharmacokinetic parameters required for deciding drug dosing and frequency. Strategies aimed at modifying lead compounds may improve metabolic stability, thereby reducing the drug dosing frequency. Replacement of selective hydrogens with deuterium can effectively enhance the drug's metabolic stability by increasing the biological half-life. Further, cyclization, change in ring size, and chirality can substantially improve the metabolic stability of drugs. The microsomal t1/2 approach for measuring drug in vitro intrinsic clearance by automated LC-MS/MS offers sensitive high-throughput screens with reliable data. The obtained in vitro intrinsic clearance from metabolic stability data helps predict the drug's in vivo total clearance using different scaling factors and hepatic clearance models. This review summarizes all the recent approaches and technological advancements in metabolic stability studies for narrowing down the potential lead compounds in drug discovery. Further, we summarized the potential pitfalls and assumptions made during the in vivo intrinsic clearance estimation from in vitro intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nimisha Nadimpalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Son ES, Fei X, Yoon JH, Seo SY, Maeng HJ, Jeong SH, Kim YC. Comparison of Pharmacokinetics and Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis-Related Effects of Sulforaphane and Sulforaphane N-acetylcysteine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:958. [PMID: 34202008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), belonging to the isothiocyanate family, has received attention owing to its beneficial activities, including chemopreventive and antifibrotic effects. As sulforaphane N-acetylcysteine (SFN-NAC), a major sulforaphane metabolite, has presented similar pharmacological activities to those of SFN, it is crucial to simultaneously analyze the pharmacokinetics and activities of SFN and SFN-NAC, to comprehensively elucidate the efficacy of SFN-containing products. Accordingly, the anti-pulmonary fibrotic effects of SFN and SFN-NAC were assessed, with simultaneous evaluation of permeability, metabolic stability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Both SFN and SFN-NAC decreased the levels of transforming growth factor-β1-induced fibronectin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and collagen, which are major mediators of fibrosis, in MRC-5 fibroblast cells. Regarding pharmacokinetics, SFN and SFN-NAC were metabolically unstable, especially in the plasma. SFN-NAC degraded considerably faster than SFN in plasma, with SFN being formed from SFN-NAC. In rats, SFN and SFN-NAC showed a similar clearance when administered intravenously; however, SFN showed markedly superior absorption when administered orally. Although the plasma SFN-NAC concentration was low owing to poor absorption following oral administration, SFN-NAC was converted to SFN in vivo, as in plasma. Collectively, these data suggest that SFN-NAC could benefit a prodrug formulation strategy, possibly avoiding the gastrointestinal side effects of SFN, and with improved SFN-NAC absorption.
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Korotkevich EI, Rudik AV, Dmitriev AV, Lagunin AA, Filimonov DA. [Predict of metabolic stability of xenobiotics by the PASS and GUSAR programs]. Biomed Khim 2021; 67:295-299. [PMID: 34142537 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic stability refers to the susceptibility of compounds to the biotransformation; it is characterized by such pharmacokinetic parameters as half-life (T1/2) and clearance (CL). Generally, these parameters are estimated by in vitro assays, which are based on cells or subcellular fractions (mainly liver microsomal enzymes) and serve as models of the processes occurring in living organisms. Data obtained from the experiments are used to build QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) models. More than 8000 compounds with known CL and/or T1/2 values obtained in vitro using human liver microsomes were selected from the freely available ChEMBL v.27 database. GUSAR (General Unrestricted Structure-Activity Relationships) and PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) softwares were used to make quantitative and classification models. The quality of the models was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. Compounds were subdivided into "stable" and "unstable" by means of the following threshold parameters: T1/2 = 30 minutes, CL = 20 ml/min/kg. The accuracy of the models ranged from 0.5 (calculated in 5-fold CV on the test set for the half-life prediction quantitative model) to 0.96 (calculated in 5-fold CV on the test set for the clearance prediction classification model).
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Korotkevich
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Medico-biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Rudik
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Dmitriev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Lagunin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Medico-biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Sahani RL, Diana-Rivero R, Vernekar SKV, Wang L, Du H, Zhang H, Castaner AE, Casey MC, Kirby KA, Tedbury PR, Xie J, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of HIV-1 CA-Targeting Small Molecules: Conformational Restriction of PF74. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030479. [PMID: 33804121 PMCID: PMC8000227 DOI: 10.3390/v13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules targeting the PF74 binding site of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) confer potent and mechanistically unique antiviral activities. Structural modifications of PF74 could further the understanding of ligand binding modes, diversify ligand chemical classes, and allow identification of new variants with balanced antiviral activity and metabolic stability. In the current work, we designed and synthesized three series of PF74-like analogs featuring conformational constraints at the aniline terminus or the phenylalanine carboxamide moiety, and characterized them using a biophysical thermal shift assay (TSA), cell-based antiviral and cytotoxicity assays, and in vitro metabolic stability assays in human and mouse liver microsomes. These studies showed that the two series with the phenylalanine carboxamide moiety replaced by a pyridine or imidazole ring can provide viable hits. Subsequent SAR identified an improved analog 15 which effectively inhibited HIV-1 (EC50 = 0.31 μM), strongly stabilized CA hexamer (ΔTm = 8.7 °C), and exhibited substantially enhanced metabolic stability (t1/2 = 27 min for 15 vs. 0.7 min for PF74). Metabolic profiles from the microsomal stability assay also indicate that blocking the C5 position of the indole ring could lead to increased resistance to oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Lalji Sahani
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Raquel Diana-Rivero
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar V. Vernekar
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Haijuan Du
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huanchun Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andres Emanuelli Castaner
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary C. Casey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-7025
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Gagandeep, Singh M, Kidawi S, Das US, Velpandian T, Singh R, Rawat DS. Monocarbonyl curcuminoids as antituberculosis agents with their moderate in-vitro metabolic stability on human liver microsomes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-10. [PMID: 33751730 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an airborne infectious disease, results in a high morbidity and mortality rate. The continuous emergence of TB resistance strains including MDR (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis), XDR (extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis), and especially TDR (totally drug-resistant tuberculosis) is a major public health threat and has intensified the need to develop new antitubercular agents. A natural product, curcumin, possesses diverse biological activities but suffers due to a lack of water solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, a series of 17 water-soluble monocarbonyl curcuminoids was synthesized and evaluated for antimycobacterial activity. All compounds exhibited good to moderate anti-TB activity with MIC99 in the range of 3.12-25.0 µM, out of which 7c and 7p were found the most potent compounds with MIC99 in the range of 3.12-6.25 µM. Furthermore, these compounds were observed to be nonhaemolytic, nontoxic, and stable under both physiological as well as reducing conditions. In-vitro metabolic stability data of the representative compound 7p with the human liver microsome revealed that these compounds possess a moderate metabolism with a half-life of 1.2 h and an intrinsic clearance of 1.12 ml/h/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Saqib Kidawi
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Ujjalkumar S Das
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Martinez-Pena y Valenzuela I, Akaaboune M. The Metabolic Stability of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at the Neuromuscular Junction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020358. [PMID: 33572348 PMCID: PMC7916148 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustering and maintenance of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at high density in the postsynaptic membrane is a hallmark of the mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The regulation of receptor density/turnover rate at synapses is one of the main thrusts of neurobiology because it plays an important role in synaptic development and synaptic plasticity. The state-of-the-art imaging revealed that AChRs are highly dynamic despite the overall structural stability of the NMJ over the lifetime of the animal. This review highlights the work on the metabolic stability of AChRs at developing and mature NMJs and discusses the role of synaptic activity and the regulatory signaling pathways involved in the dynamics of AChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Akaaboune
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-73-(46)-478512; Fax: +1-73-(46)-470884
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Kuramoto K, Sawada Y, Yamada T, Nagashima T, Ohnuki K, Shin T. Novel Indirect AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activators: Identification of a Second-Generation Clinical Candidate with Improved Physicochemical Properties and Reduced hERG Inhibitory Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 68:452-465. [PMID: 32378543 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of novel indirect AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators. The series of compounds selectively inhibited cell growth in several human breast cancer cell lines by activating AMPK. We performed back-up medicinal chemistry synthetic research on ASP4132, a previously reported as a compound for clinical development that acts as an indirect AMPK activator. This led to the successful identification of 4-({4-[5-({1-[(5-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)methyl]-4-fluoropiperidin-4-yl}methoxy)-3-methylpyridine-2-carbonyl]piperazin-1-yl}methyl)benzonitrile succinate (27b), a potent, highly aqueous soluble and metabolically stable compound in human hepatocytes. Compound 27b also showed weaker human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene (hERG) inhibitory activity than that of compound 13 and ASP4132. Therefore, 27b was a promising AMPK activator and a second-generation clinical candidate for treatment for human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Sawada
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | | | | | - Kei Ohnuki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
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Jiang N, Zhang M, Meng X, Sun B. Effects of curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in rats and its potential mechanism. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:465-468. [PMID: 32432949 PMCID: PMC7301706 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1764060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Context: Hyperlipidaemia and hypertension are often treated together with curcumin and amlodipine. It is necessary to investigate the drug-drug interaction between curcumin and amlodipine.Objective: The interaction between curcumin and amlodipine was investigated in rats and with rat liver microsomes.Methods: The pharmacokinetics of amlodipine (1 mg/kg) was investigated in rats with or without curcumin pre-treatment (2 mg/kg), six rats in each group. The metabolic stability of amlodipine was investigated with rat liver microsomes.Results: Curcumin significantly increased the Cmax (26.19 ± 2.21 versus 17.80 ± 1.56 μg/L), AUC(0-t) (507.27 ± 60.23 versus 238.68 ± 45.59 μg·h/L), and t1/2 (14.69 ± 1.64 versus 11.43 ± 1.20 h) of amlodipine (p < 0.05). The metabolic stability of amlodipine was significantly increased with the half-life time in rat liver microsomes increased from 34.23 ± 3.33 to 44.15 ± 4.12 min, and the intrinsic rate decreased from 40.49 ± 3.26 to 31.39 ± 2.78 μL/min/mg protein.Discussion and conclusions: These results indicated that drug-drug interaction might appear during the co-administration of curcumin and amlodipine. The potential mechanism may be due to the inhibition of CYP3A4 by curcumin. Thus, this interaction should be given special attention in the clinic and needs further experiments to characterize the effect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Meicheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Emergency, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
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González-Castro R, Gómez-Lim MA, Plisson F. Cysteine-Rich Peptides: Hyperstable Scaffolds for Protein Engineering. Chembiochem 2020; 22:961-973. [PMID: 33095969 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) are small proteins of less than 100 amino acids in length characterized by the presence of disulfide bridges and common end-to-end macrocyclization. These properties confer hyperstability against high temperatures, salt concentration, serum presence, and protease degradation to CRPs. Moreover, their intercysteine domains (loops) are susceptible to residue hypervariability. CRPs have been successfully applied as stable scaffolds for molecular grafting, a protein engineering process in which cysteine-rich structures provide higher thermodynamic and metabolic stability to an epitope and acquire new biological function(s). This review describes the successes and limitations of seven cysteine-rich scaffolds, their bioactive epitopes, and the resulting grafted peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Castro
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México.,Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Miguel A Gómez-Lim
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Fabien Plisson
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
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Tao S, Li H, Liu J. Metabolic profiling of ligustilide and identification of the metabolite in rat and human hepatocytes by liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4405-4413. [PMID: 33098237 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ligustilide is one of the most abundant bioactive ingredients in Rhizoma Chuanxiong that has been widely prescribed for medicinal purposes in China. To better understand the disposition and action of ligustilide, it is necessary to investigate the metabolic profiles. The in vitro metabolism was elucidated through incubating ligustilide with human and rat hepatocytes at 37°C. The incubation samples were collected at predefined time points to determine the metabolic stability. Upon metabolite identification and profiling, the incubation samples were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The structures of the metabolites were characterized based on their mass spectrometry spectra, tandem mass spectrometry spectra, and fragmentation patterns. Ligustilide showed fast metabolism with high intrinsic clearance both in rat and human hepatocyte incubations. The half-lives of ligustilide in rat and human hepatocyte incubations were 8.0 and 15.0 min, respectively. Most of the parent (>90%) was biotransformed into the metabolites. Among these metabolites, M1 (senkyunolide I) was the major metabolite both in rat and human hepatocytes with the percentage of 42 and 70%, respectively. The metabolic pathways of ligustilide included epoxidation, epoxide hydrolysis, aromatization, hydroxylation, and glutathionylation. This work provided an overview of the metabolic profiles of ligustilide, which would be helpful for us to understand the action of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huidi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Andreev S, Pantsar T, El-Gokha A, Ansideri F, Kudolo M, Anton DB, Sita G, Romasco J, Geibel C, Lämmerhofer M, Goettert MI, Tarozzi A, Laufer SA, Koch P. Discovery and Evaluation of Enantiopure 9 H-pyrimido[4,5- b]indoles as Nanomolar GSK-3β Inhibitors with Improved Metabolic Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217823. [PMID: 33105671 PMCID: PMC7659979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a potential target in the field of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. We recently reported a new class of 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based GSK-3β inhibitors, of which 3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile (1) demonstrated promising inhibitory potency. However, this compound underwent rapid degradation by human liver microsomes. Starting from 1, we prepared a series of amide-based derivatives and studied their structure-activity relationships against GSK-3β supported by 1 µs molecular dynamics simulations. The biological potency of this series was substantially enhanced by identifying the eutomer configuration at the stereocenter. Moreover, the introduction of an amide bond proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate the metabolic hotspot. The most potent compounds, (R)-3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile ((R)-2) and (R)-1-(3-((7-bromo-9Hpyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one ((R)-28), exhibited IC50 values of 480 nM and 360 nM, respectively, and displayed improved metabolic stability. Their favorable biological profile is complemented by minimal cytotoxicity and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Andreev
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed El-Gokha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Gamal Abdel-Nasser Street, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Francesco Ansideri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Mark Kudolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Débora Bublitz Anton
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado 95914-014, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Giulia Sita
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Jenny Romasco
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Christian Geibel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Márcia Ines Goettert
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado 95914-014, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(941)-943-2847
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Ulenberg S, Bączek T. Metabolic stability studies of lead compounds supported by separation techniques and chemometrics analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:373-386. [PMID: 33006800 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With metabolism being one of the main routes of drug elimination from the body (accounting for removal of around 75% of known drugs), it is crucial to understand and study metabolic stability of drug candidates. Metabolically unstable compounds are uncomfortable to administer (requiring repetitive dosage during therapy), while overly stable drugs increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Additionally, biotransformation reactions can lead to formation of toxic or pharmacologically active metabolites (either less-active than parent drug, or even with different action). There were numerous approaches in estimating metabolic stability, including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and high-throughput screening to name a few. This review aims at describing separation techniques used in in vitro metabolic stability estimation, as well as chemometric techniques allowing for creation of predictive models which enable high-throughput screening approach for estimation of metabolic stability. With a very low rate of drug approval, it is important to understand in silico methods that aim at supporting classical in vitro approach. Predictive models that allow assessment of certain biological properties of drug candidates allow for cutting not only cost, but also time required to synthesize compounds predicted to be unstable or inactive by in silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Li F, Han X, Chen Y, Wang S, Cheng Z, Hu G, Liu W, Zhu Q. In vitro metabolic characterization of orbitazine, a novel derivative of the PAC-1 anticancer agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1199-1210. [PMID: 32583524 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The in vitro evaluation of new drugs is an important step in the drug development pipeline. Orbitazine is a derivative of PAC-1 that has substituted the functional group homopiperazine ring with a piperazine ring. The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic profile of orbitazine. METHODS Metabolism was characterized in vitro by incubating liver microsomes with metabolize orbitazine or the classical metabolic enzyme substrates. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS/MS were used to identify the parent drugs and metabolites of orbitazine or metabolic enzyme substrates. KEY FINDINGS There was no difference in metabolic stability or metabolites across different species. The metabolites included a debenzyl compound and several hydroxyl compounds, defined as M1(316), M2(440), M3(422), M4(422) and M5(422). We found that orbitazine was metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 in a human liver microsomes incubation system. Orbitazine had no significant inhibitory effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes, but showed a dose-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; and there was no orbitazine-mediated induction of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4 or mRNA expression in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro data on the metabolism of orbitazine may provide valuable information to support further clinical progression as a potential therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuhua Han
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanfen Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qubo Zhu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Evans BJ, King AT, Katsifis A, Matesic L, Jamie JF. Methods to Enhance the Metabolic Stability of Peptide-Based PET Radiopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102314. [PMID: 32423178 PMCID: PMC7287708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The high affinity and specificity of peptides towards biological targets, in addition to their favorable pharmacological properties, has encouraged the development of many peptide-based pharmaceuticals, including peptide-based positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals. However, the poor in vivo stability of unmodified peptides against proteolysis is a major challenge that must be overcome, as it can result in an impractically short in vivo biological half-life and a subsequently poor bioavailability when used in imaging and therapeutic applications. Consequently, many biologically and pharmacologically interesting peptide-based drugs may never see application. A potential way to overcome this is using peptide analogues designed to mimic the pharmacophore of a native peptide while also containing unnatural modifications that act to maintain or improve the pharmacological properties. This review explores strategies that have been developed to increase the metabolic stability of peptide-based pharmaceuticals. It includes modifications of the C- and/or N-termini, introduction of d- or other unnatural amino acids, backbone modification, PEGylation and alkyl chain incorporation, cyclization and peptide bond substitution, and where those strategies have been, or could be, applied to PET peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Evans
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (B.J.E.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Andrew T. King
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (B.J.E.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Andrew Katsifis
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Lidia Matesic
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia;
| | - Joanne F. Jamie
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (B.J.E.); (A.T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9850-8283
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