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Cocola C, Abeni E, Martino V, Piscitelli E, Pelucchi P, Mosca E, Chiodi A, Mohamed T, Palizban M, Porta G, Palizban H, Nano G, Acquati F, Bruno A, Greve B, Gerovska D, Magnaghi V, Mazzaccaro D, Bertalot G, Kehler J, Balbino C, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Götte M, Zucchi I, Reinbold RA. Transmembrane Protein TMEM230, Regulator of Glial Cell Vascular Mimicry and Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis in High-Grade Heterogeneous Infiltrating Gliomas and Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3967. [PMID: 38612777 PMCID: PMC11011566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are characterized by a heterogeneous and aggressive population of tissue-infiltrating cells that promote both destructive tissue remodeling and aberrant vascularization of the brain. The formation of defective and permeable blood vessels and microchannels and destructive tissue remodeling prevent efficient vascular delivery of pharmacological agents to tumor cells and are the significant reason why therapeutic chemotherapy and immunotherapy intervention are primarily ineffective. Vessel-forming endothelial cells and microchannel-forming glial cells that recapitulate vascular mimicry have both infiltration and destructive remodeling tissue capacities. The transmembrane protein TMEM230 (C20orf30) is a master regulator of infiltration, sprouting of endothelial cells, and microchannel formation of glial and phagocytic cells. A high level of TMEM230 expression was identified in patients with HGG, GBM, and U87-MG cells. In this study, we identified candidate genes and molecular pathways that support that aberrantly elevated levels of TMEM230 play an important role in regulating genes associated with the initial stages of cell infiltration and blood vessel and microchannel (also referred to as tumor microtubule) formation in the progression from low-grade to high-grade gliomas. As TMEM230 regulates infiltration, vascularization, and tissue destruction capacities of diverse cell types in the brain, TMEM230 is a promising cancer target for heterogeneous HGG tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cocola
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Edoardo Abeni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Valentina Martino
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Eleonora Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Paride Pelucchi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ettore Mosca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Alice Chiodi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Tasnim Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (T.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Mira Palizban
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Helga Palizban
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Giovanni Nano
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, I.R.C.C.S. MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (D.G.); (M.J.A.-B.)
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (T.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Daniela Mazzaccaro
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- Department of Anatomy and Pathological Histology, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSS, 31822 Trento, Italy;
- Centre for Medical Sciences—CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - James Kehler
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | | | - Marcos J. Arauzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (D.G.); (M.J.A.-B.)
- Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Calle María Díaz Harokoa 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Ileana Zucchi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
| | - Rolland A. Reinbold
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20054 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (E.A.); (V.M.); (E.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.); (A.C.); (I.Z.)
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Cheng S, Huang C, Chen W, Zhang P. Directional Superspreading of Water Droplets on Grooved Hydrogel Surfaces for Open Microfluidic Platforms. Small Methods 2024; 8:e2300221. [PMID: 37254259 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Directional liquid spreading has an irreplaceable role in applications such as microfluidic devices, disposable biosensors, and point-of-care diagnostics. However, how to achieve directional, rapid, and complete spreading (i.e., superspreading) of liquids without external energy input is a great challenge. Herein, inspired by the peristome surface of Nepenthes pitcher, the directional superspreading of water droplets on hydrogel surfaces with predesigned microchannels by using the synergistic effect of the liquid-like property of hydrogels and the guidance of anisotropic microstructures is reported. Compared with the smooth ones, hydrogel surfaces with isotropic microstructures can facilitate the superspreading of water droplets, which can be realized within 500 ms in the absence of external forces. Furthermore, directional superspreading and the flow of water droplets are realized under the guidance of anisotropic microgrooves. Such a unique spreading behavior can also be observed on the hydrogel surfaces with various shaped microchannels, such as periodic, bent, shunted, divergent, and confluent morphologies, which have potential for the development of open microfluidic platforms for various healthcare-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Cheng
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, 441000, Xiangyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, 441000, Xiangyang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, 441000, Xiangyang, China
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, 441000, Xiangyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, 572024, Sanya, China
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Ge Y, Wang L, Su Z, Ivan MNAS, Wang C, Han K, Tsang YH, Xu S, Bai G. Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporator using Hydrogel Modified Carbon-Based Biomass with Abundant Microchannels. Small 2024:e2309780. [PMID: 38433392 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The conventional sea water desalination technologies are not yet adopted worldwide, especially in the third world countries due to their high capital cost as well as large energy requirement. To solve this issue in a sustainable way an interfacial solar water evaporation device is designed and proposed in this article using the branches of Prunus serrulata (PB). The PB has abundant microchannels and shows excellent photothermal conversion capability after carbonization. Moreover, the easy access to raw materials and the facile fabrication process makes the solar water evaporating device very cost effective for seawater desalination application. Experiments show that in the presence of the fabricated evaporator the evaporation rate of water can reach 3.5 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun, which is superior to many similar experimental devices. In addition, its advantages, such as effective sewage purification capability, low cost, and environmental friendliness, make this evaporator highly competitive in the extensive promotion of this technology and can be considered as a new sustainable solution for seawater desalination with great application potential and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zewen Su
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Md Nahian Al Subri Ivan
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Keyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuen Hong Tsang
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Gongxun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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Chao D, Komatsu K, Matsuura T, Cheng J, Stavrou SC, Jayanetti J, Chang TL, Ogawa T. Human Gingival Fibroblast Growth and Function in Response to Laser-Induced Meso-and Microscale Hybrid Topography on Dental Implant Healing Abutments. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2024; 0:4982715. [PMID: 38358908 DOI: 10.11607/jomi.10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Laser-created titanium surface topographies enhance soft tissue attachment and implant stability. However, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms governing the tissue-level reaction is lacking. The objective of this study was to examine the behavior and function of human gingival fibroblasts growing on healing abutments with or without laser-textured topography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human primary gingival connective tissue fibroblasts were cultured on healing abutments with machined or laser-textured (Laser-Lok, BioHorizons) surfaces. Cellular and molecular responses were evaluated by cell density assay (WST-1), fluorescence microscopy, qRT-PCR, and detachment test. RESULTS The machined surface showed mono-directional traces and scratches from milling, whereas the laser-textured surface showed a distinct morphology consisting of mono-directional meso-scale channels (15 μm pitch) and woven, oblique micro-ridges formed within the channel. There were no differences in initial fibroblast attachment, subsequent fibroblast proliferation, nor collagen production between the machined and laser-textured surfaces. Fibroblasts growing on laser-textured surface spread mono-directionally along the meso-channels, while cells growing on machined surfaces spread randomly. Fibroblasts on laser-textured surfaces were 1.8-times more resistant to detachment than those on machined surfaces. An adhesive glycoprotein (fibronectin) and trans-membrane adhesion linker gene (integrin beta-1) were upregulated on laser-textured surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The increased fibroblast retention, uniform growth, increased transcription of cell adhesion proteins compellingly explain the enhanced tissue-level response to laser-created, hybrid textured titanium surfaces. These results provide a cellular and molecular rationale for the tissue reaction to this unique surface and support its extended use from implant fixtures and healing abutments to diverse prosthetic components where enhanced soft tissue responses would be desirable.
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Takada M, Hamamoto M, Yagyu H. Effect of a Photolithography Polymer Mask's Dynamic Viscoelasticity on Microchannel Cross-Sectional Shapes of Glass Processed by Micropowder Blasting. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:256. [PMID: 38398983 PMCID: PMC10892629 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a micropowder blasting system with varying processing temperatures was proposed to control the cross-sectional shape of a channel processed on a glass substrate. Based on an analysis of the processing temperature-dependence of the dynamic viscoelastic properties of a commercial mask material for micropowder blasting, a processing temperature control system that can be installed in a micropowder blasting machine was designed. The erosion of the mask during micropowder blasting depended on the loss tangent in dynamic viscoelasticity, and showed a maximum value at a processing temperature of 100 °C. Moreover, we confirmed that the maximum decrease in the width of the processed microchannel was 30 µm (12%) by mask erosion, and this change was large compared with the maximum change in the thickness of the eroded mask. These results clarified that varying the processing temperature using a mask could control the cross-section of the processed line pattern profile on glass, and a small-width channel was realized at a processing temperature of 109 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiromasa Yagyu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama 236-8501, Japan
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Mora-Boza A, Mulero-Russe A, Caprio ND, Burdick JA, Singh A, García AJ. Facile Photopatterning of Perfusable Microchannels in Synthetic Hydrogels to Recreate Microphysiological Environments. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2306765. [PMID: 37775089 PMCID: PMC10841628 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of perfusable hydrogels is crucial for recreating in vitro microphysiological environments. Existing strategies to fabricate complex microchannels in hydrogels involve sophisticated equipment/techniques. A cost-effective, facile, versatile, and ultra-fast methodology is reported to fabricate perfusable microchannels of complex shapes in photopolymerizable hydrogels without the need of specialized equipment or sophisticated protocols. The methodology utilizes one-step ultraviolet (UV) light-triggered cross-linking and a photomask printed on inexpensive transparent films to photopattern PEG-norbornene hydrogels. Complex and intricate patterns with high resolution, including perfusable microchannels, can be fabricated in <1 s. The perfusable hydrogel is integrated into a custom-made microfluidic device that permits connection to external pump systems, allowing continuous fluid perfusion into the microchannels. Under dynamic culture, human endothelial cells form a functional and confluent endothelial monolayer that remains viable for at least 7 days and respond to inflammatory stimuli. Finally, approach to photopattern norbornene hyaluronic acid hydrogels is adapted, highlighting the versatility of the technique. This study presents an innovative strategy to simplify and reduce the cost of biofabrication techniques for developing functional in vitro models using perfusable three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels. The approach offers a novel solution to overcome the complexities associated with existing methods, allowing engineering advanced in vitro microphysiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mora-Boza
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Adriana Mulero-Russe
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Nikolas Di Caprio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6321, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6321, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Ankur Singh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
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Orabi M, Lo JF. Emerging Advances in Microfluidic Hydrogel Droplets for Tissue Engineering and STEM Cell Mechanobiology. Gels 2023; 9:790. [PMID: 37888363 PMCID: PMC10606214 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel droplets are biodegradable and biocompatible materials with promising applications in tissue engineering, cell encapsulation, and clinical treatments. They represent a well-controlled microstructure to bridge the spatial divide between two-dimensional cell cultures and three-dimensional tissues, toward the recreation of entire organs. The applications of hydrogel droplets in regenerative medicine require a thorough understanding of microfluidic techniques, the biocompatibility of hydrogel materials, and droplet production and manipulation mechanisms. Although hydrogel droplets were well studied, several emerging advances promise to extend current applications to tissue engineering and beyond. Hydrogel droplets can be designed with high surface-to-volume ratios and a variety of matrix microstructures. Microfluidics provides precise control of the flow patterns required for droplet generation, leading to tight distributions of particle size, shape, matrix, and mechanical properties in the resultant microparticles. This review focuses on recent advances in microfluidic hydrogel droplet generation. First, the theoretical principles of microfluidics, materials used in fabrication, and new 3D fabrication techniques were discussed. Then, the hydrogels used in droplet generation and their cell and tissue engineering applications were reviewed. Finally, droplet generation mechanisms were addressed, such as droplet production, droplet manipulation, and surfactants used to prevent coalescence. Lastly, we propose that microfluidic hydrogel droplets can enable novel shear-related tissue engineering and regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe F. Lo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA;
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Kawara S, Cunningham B, Bezer J, Kc N, Zhu J, Tang MX, Ishihara J, Choi JJ, Au SH. Capillary-Scale Hydrogel Microchannel Networks by Wire Templating. Small 2023; 19:e2301163. [PMID: 37267935 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular networks are essential for the efficient transport of nutrients, waste products, and drugs throughout the body. Wire-templating is an accessible method for generating laboratory models of these blood vessel networks, but it has difficulty fabricating microchannels with diameters of ten microns and narrower, a requirement for modeling human capillaries. This study describes a suite of surface modification techniques to selectively control the interactions amongst wires, hydrogels, and world-to-chip interfaces. This wire templating method enables the fabrication of perfusable hydrogel-based rounded cross-section capillary-scale networks whose diameters controllably narrow at bifurcations down to 6.1 ± 0.3 microns in diameter. Due to its low cost, accessibility, and compatibility with a wide range of common hydrogels of tunable stiffnesses such as collagen, this technique may increase the fidelity of experimental models of capillary networks for the study of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Kawara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Brian Cunningham
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James Bezer
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Neelima Kc
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jingwen Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Meng-Xing Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James J Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sam H Au
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Picus CM, Mihai I, Suciu C. Pseudo-Desublimation of AdBlue Microdroplets through Selective Catalytic Reduction System Microchannels and Surfaces. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1807. [PMID: 37763970 PMCID: PMC10537012 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, the occurrence and development of the pseudo-desublimation process of AdBlue microdroplets in the microchannels and surfaces of catalytic reduction systems (SCR) are reported. In order to understand how the pseudo-desublimation process develops, the influence of heat flux values on the heat transfer of AdBlue injection was analysed, taking into account the structure of the microchannels inside the SCR and the overall configuration of the installation. The evolution of the AdBlue vapour flow in the SCR system was simulated, as well as the temperature variation along an SCR microchannel through which the mixture flows. An experimental set-up was designed in order to visualise and interpret the processes at the onset of pseudo-desublimation. The results described in this paper confirm the existence of a pseudo-desublimation process that occurs only under certain temperature conditions when AdBlue is injected into SCR systems. The characteristics of the crystals formed and their growth rate depend on the working temperature, which could be controlled by efficient preheating methods immediately after engine start. A better understanding of the process will allow the development of methods of avoiding solid depositions on SCR system components, which has a direct impact on SCR catalyst performance and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioan Mihai
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Cornel Suciu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
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Bianchi JRDO, de la Torre LG, Costa ALR. Droplet-Based Microfluidics as a Platform to Design Food-Grade Delivery Systems Based on the Entrapped Compound Type. Foods 2023; 12:3385. [PMID: 37761094 PMCID: PMC10527709 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful tool for several applications, including chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. Due to the laminar regime, droplet-based microfluidics enable the development of diverse delivery systems based on food-grade emulsions, such as multiple emulsions, microgels, microcapsules, solid lipid microparticles, and giant liposomes. Additionally, by precisely manipulating fluids on the low-energy-demand micrometer scale, it becomes possible to control the size, shape, and dispersity of generated droplets, which makes microfluidic emulsification an excellent approach for tailoring delivery system properties based on the nature of the entrapped compounds. Thus, this review points out the most current advances in droplet-based microfluidic processes, which successfully use food-grade emulsions to develop simple and complex delivery systems. In this context, we summarized the principles of droplet-based microfluidics, introducing the most common microdevice geometries, the materials used in the manufacture, and the forces involved in the different droplet-generation processes into the microchannels. Subsequently, the encapsulated compound type, classified as lipophilic or hydrophilic functional compounds, was used as a starting point to present current advances in delivery systems using food-grade emulsions and their assembly using microfluidic technologies. Finally, we discuss the limitations and perspectives of scale-up in droplet-based microfluidic approaches, including the challenges that have limited the transition of microfluidic processes from the lab-scale to the industrial-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatan Rafael de Oliveira Bianchi
- Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (J.R.d.O.B.); (L.G.d.l.T.)
| | - Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre
- Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (J.R.d.O.B.); (L.G.d.l.T.)
| | - Ana Leticia Rodrigues Costa
- Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (J.R.d.O.B.); (L.G.d.l.T.)
- Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Campus Florestal, Florestal 35690-000, Brazil
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11
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Rubio LD, Collins M, Sen A, Aranson IS. Ultrasound Manipulation and Extrusion of Active Nanorods. Small 2023; 19:e2300028. [PMID: 37246278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic self-propelled nano and microparticles have a growing appeal for targeted drug delivery, collective functionality, and manipulation at the nanoscale. However, it is challenging to control their positions and orientations under confinement, e.g., in microchannels, nozzles, and microcapillaries. This study reports on the synergistic effect of acoustic and flow-induced focusing in microfluidic nozzles. In a microchannel with a nozzle, the balance between the acoustophoretic forces and the fluid drag due to streaming flows generated by the acoustic field controls the microparticle's dynamics. This study manipulates the positions and orientations of dispersed particles and dense clusters inside the channel at a fixed frequency by tuning the acoustic intensity. The main findings are: first, this study successfully manipulates the positions and orientations of individual particles and dense clusters inside the channel at a fixed frequency by tuning the acoustic intensity. Second, when an external flow is applied, the acoustic field separates and selectively extrudes shape-anisotropic passive particles and self-propelled active nanorods. Finally, the observed phenomena are explained by multiphysics finite-element modeling. The results shed light on the control and extrusion of active particles in confined geometries and enable applications for acoustic cargo (e.g., drug) delivery, particle injection, and additive manufacturing via printed self-propelled active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dominguez Rubio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 18602, USA
| | - Matthew Collins
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Igor S Aranson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 18602, USA
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Picus CM, Mihai I, Suciu C. Experimental Investigations upon Ultrasound Influence on Calefaction of AdBlue in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (SCR). Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1488. [PMID: 37630024 PMCID: PMC10456810 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The present paper intends to provide an analysis of how the process of calefaction occurs in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system and the mechanisms by which the deposition of AdBlue crystals on a hot surface evolve. Experimentally, two aluminium samples heated to 200 °C were used, over which AdBlue droplets with different atomisation rates were dropped, maintaining the same dynamic flow parameters, in order to observe the influence of temperature effects on the degree of deposition of crystallised sediment on the surface. The authors proposed the use of calefaction in an ultrasonic environment to prevent deposition and to increase droplet fragmentation by a break-up process. To prove the performance of this method one sample was subjected to a normal flow regime while a second sample was exposed to ultrasound. Both samples were assembled on a magneto-strictive concentrator operating at a frequency of 20 kHz. The obtained results indicated that the sample exposed to ultrasound demonstrated lower urea crystallisation compared to the sample that was not exposed to this treatment. Thus, it can be seen that the proposed method of injecting AdBlue into an ultrasonic zone gives the desired results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioan Mihai
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Cornel Suciu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
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Knüppel F, Sun A, Wurm FH, Hussong J, Torner B. Effect of Particle Migration on the Stress Field in Microfluidic Flows of Blood Analog Fluids at High Reynolds Numbers. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1494. [PMID: 37630030 PMCID: PMC10456677 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we investigate how the reductions in shear stresses and pressure losses in microfluidic gaps are directly linked to the local characteristics of cell-free layers (CFLs) at channel Reynolds numbers relevant to ventricular assist device (VAD) applications. For this, detailed studies of local particle distributions of a particulate blood analog fluid are combined with wall shear stress and pressure loss measurements in two complementary set-ups with identical flow geometry, bulk Reynolds numbers and particle Reynolds numbers. For all investigated particle volume fractions of up to 5%, reductions in the stress and pressure loss were measured in comparison to a flow of an equivalent homogeneous fluid (without particles). We could explain this due to the formation of a CFL ranging from 10 to 20 μm. Variations in the channel Reynolds number between Re = 50 and 150 did not lead to measurable changes in CFL heights or stress reductions for all investigated particle volume fractions. These measurements were used to describe the complete chain of how CFL formation leads to a stress reduction, which reduces the apparent viscosity of the suspension and results in the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect. This chain of causes was investigated for the first time for flows with high Reynolds numbers (Re∼100), representing a flow regime which can be found in the narrow gaps of a VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Knüppel
- Institute of Turbomachinery, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering and Ship Design, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (F.K.); (F.-H.W.)
| | - Ang Sun
- Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Frank-Hendrik Wurm
- Institute of Turbomachinery, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering and Ship Design, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (F.K.); (F.-H.W.)
| | - Jeanette Hussong
- Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Benjamin Torner
- Institute of Turbomachinery, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering and Ship Design, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (F.K.); (F.-H.W.)
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Mihai I, Suciu C, Picus CM. Assessment of Vapor Formation Rate and Phase Shift between Pressure Gradient and Liquid Velocity in Flat Mini Heat Pipes as a Function of Internal Structure. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1468. [PMID: 37512778 PMCID: PMC10383096 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Flat mini heat pipes (FMHPs) are often used in cooling systems for various power electronic components, as they rapidly dissipate high heat flux densities. The main objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate whether differences in the rate of vapor formation occur on an internal structure containing trapezoidal microchannels and porous sintered copper powder material. Several parameters, such as hydraulic diameter and fluid velocity through the material, as a function of the internal structure porosity, were determined by calculation for a steady state regime. Reynolds number was determined as a function of porosity, according to Darcy's law, and the Nusselt number was calculated. Since the flow is Darcy-type through the porous medium inside the FMHP, the Darcy friction factor was calculated using five methods: Colebrook, Darcy-Weisbach, Swamee-Jain, Blasius, and Haaland. After experimental tests, it was found that when the porous and trapezoidal microchannel layers are wetted at the same time, the vaporization progresses at a faster rate in the porous material, and the duration of the process is shorter. This recommends the use of such an internal structure in FMHPs since the manufacturing technology is simpler, the materials are cheaper, and the heat flux transport capacity is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Mihai
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive, and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Cornel Suciu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive, and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Claudiu Marian Picus
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive, and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Zhang J, Zou Z, Fu C. A Review of the Complex Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Microchannels. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1451. [PMID: 37512762 PMCID: PMC10384330 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Continuously improving heat transfer efficiency is one of the important goals in the field of energy. Compact heat exchangers characterized by microscale flow and heat transfer have successfully provided solutions for this purpose. However, as the characteristic scale of the channels decreases, the flow and heat transfer characteristics may differ from those at the conventional scale. When considering the influence of scale effects and changes in special fluid properties, the flow and heat transfer process becomes more complex. The conclusions of the relevant studies have not been unified, and there are even disagreements on some aspects. Therefore, further research is needed to obtain a sufficient understanding of flow structure and heat transfer mechanisms in microchannels. This article systematically reviews the research about microscale flow and heat transfer, focusing on the flow and heat transfer mechanisms in microchannels, which is elaborated in the following two perspectives: one is the microscale single-phase flow and heat transfer that only considers the influence of scale effects, the other is the special heat transfer phenomena brought about by the coupling of microscale flow with special fluids (fluid with phase change (pseudophase change)). The microscale flow and heat transfer mechanisms under the influence of multiple factors, including scale effects (such as rarefaction, surface roughness, axial heat conduction, and compressibility) and special fluids, are investigated, which can meet the specific needs for the design of various microscale heat exchangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengping Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero-Engine and Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Institute of Aero-Engine, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero-Engine and Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Institute of Aero-Engine, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
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Pigareva Y, Gladkov A, Kolpakov V, Bukatin A, Li S, Kazantsev VB, Mukhina I, Pimashkin A. Microfluidic Bi-Layer Platform to Study Functional Interaction between Co-Cultured Neural Networks with Unidirectional Synaptic Connectivity. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:835. [PMID: 37421068 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The complex synaptic connectivity architecture of neuronal networks underlies cognition and brain function. However, studying the spiking activity propagation and processing in heterogeneous networks in vivo poses significant challenges. In this study, we present a novel two-layer PDMS chip that facilitates the culturing and examination of the functional interaction of two interconnected neural networks. We utilized cultures of hippocampal neurons grown in a two-chamber microfluidic chip combined with a microelectrode array. The asymmetric configuration of the microchannels between the chambers ensured the growth of axons predominantly in one direction from the Source chamber to the Target chamber, forming two neuronal networks with unidirectional synaptic connectivity. We showed that the local application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to the Source network did not alter the spiking rate in the Target network. The results indicate that stable network activity in the Target network was maintained for at least 1-3 h after TTX application, demonstrating the feasibility of local chemical activity modulation and the influence of electrical activity from one network on the other. Additionally, suppression of synaptic activity in the Source network by the application of CPP and CNQX reorganized spatio-temporal characteristics of spontaneous and stimulus-evoked spiking activity in the Target network. The proposed methodology and results provide a more in-depth examination of the network-level functional interaction between neural circuits with heterogeneous synaptic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Pigareva
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Cell Technology Department, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Arseniy Gladkov
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Cell Technology Department, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kolpakov
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Cell Technology Department, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Anton Bukatin
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Alferov Saint-Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the RAS, Saint Petersburg 198095, Russia
| | - Sergei Li
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Victor B Kazantsev
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Cell Technology Department, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Irina Mukhina
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Cell Technology Department, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Alexey Pimashkin
- Neurotechnology Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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17
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Liu B, Qin P, Liu M, Liu W, Zhang P, Ye Z, Deng Z, Li Z, Gui L. Pressure Driven Rapid Reconfigurable Liquid Metal Patterning. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:717. [PMID: 37420950 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a method for pressure driven rapid reconfigurable liquid metal patterning. A sandwich structure of "pattern-film-cavity" is designed to complete this function. Both sides of the highly elastic polymer film are bonded with two PDMS slabs. One PDMS slab has microchannels patterned on the surface. The other PDMS slab has a large cavity on its surface for liquid metal storage. These two PDMS slabs are bonded together, face to face, with the polymer film in the middle. In order to control the distribution of the liquid metal in the microfluidic chip, the elastic film will deform under the high pressure of the working medium in the microchannels and then extrude the liquid metal into different patterns in the cavity. This paper studies the factors of liquid metal patterning in detail, including external control conditions, such as the type and pressure of the working medium and the critical dimensions of the chip structure. Moreover, both a single-pattern and a double-pattern chip are fabricated in this paper, which can form or reconfigure the liquid metal pattern within 800 ms. Based on the above methods, reconfigurable antennas of two frequencies are designed and fabricated. Meanwhile, their performance is simulated and tested by simulation and vector network tests. The operating frequencies of the two antennas are respectively significantly switching between 4.66 GHz and 9.97 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Lin Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhu Y, Nasiri R, Davoodi E, Zhang S, Saha S, Linn M, Jiang L, Haghniaz R, Hartel MC, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Herland A, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A. A Microfluidic Contact Lens to Address Contact Lens-Induced Dry Eye. Small 2023; 19:e2207017. [PMID: 36564357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The contact lens (CL) industry has made great strides in improving CL-wearing experiences. However, a large amount of CL wearers continue to experience ocular dryness, known as contact lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE), stemming from the reduction in tear volume, tear film instability, increased tear osmolarity followed by inflammation and resulting in ocular discomfort and visual disturbances. In this article, to address tear film thinning between the CL and the ocular surface, the concept of using a CL with microchannels to deliver the tears from the pre-lens tear film (PrLTF) to the post-lens ocular surface using in vitro eye-blink motion is investigated. This study reports an eye-blink mimicking system with microfluidic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) hydrogel with integrated microchannels to demonstrate eye-blink assisted flow through microchannels. This in vitro experimental study provides a proof-of-concept result that tear transport from PrLTF to post-lens tear film can be enhanced by an artificial eyelid motion in a pressure range of 0.1-5 kPa (similar to human eyelid pressure) through poly(HEMA) microchannels. Simulation is conducted to support the hypothesis. This work demonstrates the feasibility of developing microfluidic CLs with the potential to help prevent or minimize CLIDE and discomfort by the enhanced transport of pre-lens tears to the post-lens ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sourav Saha
- CooperVision Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | | | - Lu Jiang
- CooperVision Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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Beck J, Palmer M, Inman K, Wohld J, Cummings M, Fulmer R, Scherer B, Vafaei S. Heat Transfer Enhancement in the Microscale: Optimization of Fluid Flow. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3628. [PMID: 36296816 PMCID: PMC9609903 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this paper is to investigate the effects of the addition of a connector between two serial microchannels. The idea of adding connector at the inlet of microchannels to enhance the random motion of molecules or nanoparticles in low Reynolds numbers was developed in our research group for the first time. It was experimentally determined that the shape of a connector between two microchannels has a significant impact on the enhancement of the random motion of molecules or nanoparticles. Consequently, the heat transfer coefficient is improved inside the second microchannel. The connector is large enough to refresh the memory of the fluid before entering the second channel, causing a higher maximum heat transfer coefficient in the second channel. It was also observed that the heat transfer coefficient can be increased at the end of the channel when the outlet temperature is relatively high. This may be explained by the fact that as temperature increases, the fluid viscosity tends to decrease, which generally drives an increase in the local random motion of base fluid molecules and nanoparticles. This causes an increase in the microchannel heat transfer coefficient. It was found that the addition of nanoparticles significantly modified the impact of the connector on the microchannel heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the effects of changing the Reynolds number and the shape of the connector were investigated through use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. It was found that both factors have an important impact on the variation of velocity and enhancement of random motion of molecules and consequently significantly affect the heat transfer coefficient.
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Callegari F, Brofiga M, Poggio F, Massobrio P. Stimulus-Evoked Activity Modulation of In Vitro Engineered Cortical and Hippocampal Networks. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13081212. [PMID: 36014137 PMCID: PMC9413227 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of electrical stimuli is crucial to shape the electrophysiological activity of neuronal populations and to appreciate the response of the different brain circuits involved. In the present work, we used dissociated cortical and hippocampal networks coupled to Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEAs) to investigate the features of their evoked response when a low-frequency (0.2 Hz) electrical stimulation protocol is delivered. In particular, cortical and hippocampal neurons were topologically organized to recreate interconnected sub-populations with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mask, which guaranteed the segregation of the cell bodies and the connections among the sub-regions through microchannels. We found that cortical assemblies were more reactive than hippocampal ones. Despite both configurations exhibiting a fast (<35 ms) response, this did not uniformly distribute over the MEA in the hippocampal networks. Moreover, the propagation of the stimuli-evoked activity within the networks showed a late (35−500 ms) response only in the cortical assemblies. The achieved results suggest the importance of the neuronal target when electrical stimulation experiments are performed. Not all neuronal types display the same response, and in light of transferring stimulation protocols to in vivo applications, it becomes fundamental to design realistic in vitro brain-on-a-chip devices to investigate the dynamical properties of complex neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Callegari
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy; (F.C.); (M.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Martina Brofiga
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy; (F.C.); (M.B.); (F.P.)
- ScreenNeuroPharm s.r.l., 18038 Sanremo, Italy
| | - Fabio Poggio
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy; (F.C.); (M.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Paolo Massobrio
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy; (F.C.); (M.B.); (F.P.)
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), 16146 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-335-2761
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Mihai I, Suciu C, Picus CM. Considerations for the Maximum Heat Load and Its Influence on Temperature Variation of the Evaporator in Flat MHPs in Transient Regimes. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:979. [PMID: 35744593 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes a series of considerations for the occurrence of capillary boundaries in flat micro heat pipes (flat MHPs) and the conditions required for their stable operation in relation to the working circumstances and to the type of liquids inside the pipes. Particularities of heat transfer in a flat MHP are analyzed for situations of either excessive or deficient working liquid. Depending on the physical properties of the working liquids (acetone, methanol and distilled water), the maximum rate of heat flow that can be applied to a flat MHP is determined analytically. The calculus is made with the assumption that constant vaporization of the liquid is ensured in the flat MHP’s evaporator, with no overheating. The considered analytical models allow for the evaluation of the liquid film thickness and the mass flow corresponding to the vaporization region. The temperature difference between the inner and outer walls of a flat MHP is found in the case of a transient regime and a variable thermal flow is applied in the evaporation region. The interior of flat MHPs was modeled in MATLAB using an FTCS (Forward-Time Central-Space) method, which is a finite difference method used for numerically solving the heat equation.
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Ye C, Wang G, Yuan H, Li J, Ni K, Pan F, Guo M, Wu Y, Ji H, Zhang F, Qu B, Tang Z, Zhu Y. Microfluidic Oxidation of Graphite in Two Minutes with Capability of Real-Time Monitoring. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107083. [PMID: 35167166 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphite oxide and its exfoliated counterpart, graphene oxide, are important precursors for the large-scale production of graphene-based materials and many relevant applications. The current batch-style preparation of graphite oxide suffers from safety concern, long reaction time, and nonuniform product quality, due to the large volume of reactors and slow energy exchange. Reaction in microchannels can largely enhance the oxidization efficiency of graphite due to the enhanced mass transfer and extremely quick energy exchange, by which the controllable oxidization of graphite is achieved in ≈2 min. Comprehensive characterizations show that the graphene oxide obtained through the microfluidic strategy has features like those prepared in laboratory beakers and industrial reactors, yet with the higher oxidization degree and more epoxy groups. More importantly, the microfluidic preparation allows for on-line monitoring of the oxidization by Raman spectroscopy, ready for the dynamical control of reaction condition and product quality. The capability of continuous preparation is also demonstrated by showing the assembly of fibers and reduction of graphene oxide in microfluidic channels, and the applicability of graphene oxide prepared from the microfluidic strategy for thermally and electrically conductive films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanren Ye
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Gang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jieyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kun Ni
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Pan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Minghao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Hengxing Ji
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bill Qu
- The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Abidi A, Ahmadi A, Enayati M, Sajadi SM, Yarmand H, Ahmed A, Cheraghian G. A Review of the Methods of Modeling Multi-Phase Flows within Different Microchannels Shapes and Their Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:1113. [PMID: 34577756 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In industrial processes, the microtechnology concept refers to the operation of small devices that integrate the elements of operational and reaction units to save energy and space. The advancement of knowledge in the field of microfluidics has resulted in fabricating devices with different applications in micro and nanoscales. Micro- and nano-devices can provide energy-efficient systems due to their high thermal performance. Fluid flow in microchannels and microstructures has been widely considered by researchers in the last two decades. In this paper, a review study on fluid flow within microstructures is performed. The present study aims to present the results obtained in previous studies on this type of system. First, different types of flows in microchannels are examined. The present article will then review previous articles and present a general summary in each section. Then, the multi-phase flows inside the microchannels are discussed, and the flows inside the micropumps, microturbines, and micromixers are evaluated. According to the literature review, it is found that the use of microstructures enhances energy efficiency. The results of previous investigations revealed that the use of nanofluids as a working fluid in microstructures improves energy efficiency. Previous studies have demonstrated special attention to the design aspects of microchannels and micro-devices compared to other design strategies to improve their performance. Finally, general concluding remarks are presented, and the existing challenges in the use of these devices and suggestions for future investigations are presented.
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Oliveira MMS, Kung SY, Moreau HD, Maurin M, Record J, Sanséau D, Nylén S, Lennon-Duménil AM, Westerberg LS. The WASp L272P gain-of-function mutation alters dendritic cell coordination of actin dynamics for migration and adhesion. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:793-803. [PMID: 34431547 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0821-013rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) devoid of the actin regulator Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) show reduced directed migration and decreased formation of podosome adhesion structures. We examined DCs expressing a gain-of-function mutation in WASp, WASp L272P, identified in X-linked neutropenia patients. Analysis of WASp L272P DCs was compared to WASp-deficient DCs to examine how WASp activity influences DC migratory responses. In confined space, WASp-deficient DCs had increased migration speed whereas WASp L272P DCs had similar average speed but increased speed fluctuations, reduced displacement, and atypical rounded morphology, compared to wild-type (WT) DCs. Using an ear inflammation model and flow cytometry analysis, WT, WASp-deficient, and WASp L272P DCs were found to migrate in comparable numbers to the draining lymph nodes (LNs). However, histology analysis revealed that migratory DCs of WASp deficient and WASp L272P mice were mainly located in the collagenous capsule of the LN whereas WT DCs were located inside the LN. Analysis of ultrastructural features revealed that WASp L272P DCs had reduced cell area but formed larger podosome structures when compared to WT DCs. Together, our data suggest that WASp activity regulates DC migration and that loss-of-function and gain-of-function in WASp activity lead to different and phenotype-specific DC migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shin-Yu Kung
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institute Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Julien Record
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thaweskulchai T, Schulte A. A Low-Cost 3-in-1 3D Printer as a Tool for the Fabrication of Flow-Through Channels of Microfluidic Systems. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:947. [PMID: 34442569 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently published studies have shown that microfluidic devices fabricated by in-house three-dimensional (3D) printing, computer numerical control (CNC) milling and laser engraving have a good quality of performance. The 3-in-1 3D printers, desktop machines that integrate the three primary functions in a single user-friendly set-up are now available for computer-controlled adaptable surface processing, for less than USD 1000. Here, we demonstrate that 3-in-1 3D printer-based micromachining is an effective strategy for creating microfluidic devices and an easier and more economical alternative to, for instance, conventional photolithography. Our aim was to produce plastic microfluidic chips with engraved microchannel structures or micro-structured plastic molds for casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips with microchannel imprints. The reproducability and accuracy of fabrication of microfluidic chips with straight, crossed line and Y-shaped microchannel designs were assessed and their microfluidic performance checked by liquid stream tests. All three fabrication methods of the 3-in-1 3D printer produced functional microchannel devices with adequate solution flow. Accordingly, 3-in-1 3D printers are recommended as cheap, accessible and user-friendly tools that can be operated with minimal training and little starting knowledge to successfully fabricate basic microfluidic devices that are suitable for educational work or rapid prototyping.
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Shen H, Wang HP, Wang CF, Zhu L, Li Q, Chen S. Rapid Fabrication of Patterned Gels via Microchannel-Conformal Frontal Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100421. [PMID: 34347322 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
From the perspective of both fundamental and applied science, it is extremely advisable to develop a facile and feasible strategy for fabricating gels with defined structures. Herein, the authors report the rapid synthesis of patterned gels by conducting frontal polymerization (FP) at millimeter-scale (2 mm), where a series of microchannels, including linear-, parallel-, divergent-, snakelike-, circular- and concentric circular channels, were used. They have investigated the effect of various factors (monomer mass ratio, channel size, initiator concentration, and solvent content) on FP at millimeter-scale, along with the propagating rule of the front during FP in these microchannels. In addition, we developed a new microfluidic-assisted FP (MFP) strategy by combining the FP and microfluidic technique. Interestingly, the MFP can realize the production of hollow-structured gel in a rapid and continuous fashion, which have never been reported. Our work not only offers an effective pathway towards patterned gels by the microchannel-conformal FP, but also gives new insight into the continuous production of hollow-structured materials. Such a method will be beneficial for fabricating vessel and scaffold materials in a flexible, easy-to-perform, time and energy saving way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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27
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Yamagishi K, Zhou W, Ching T, Huang SY, Hashimoto M. Ultra-Deformable and Tissue-Adhesive Liquid Metal Antennas with High Wireless Powering Efficiency. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008062. [PMID: 34031936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable antennas are important for wireless communication using wearable and implantable devices to address mechanical mismatch at the tissue-device interface. Emerging technologies of liquid-metal-based stretchable electronics are promising approaches to improve the flexibility and stretchability of conventional metal-based antennas. However, existing methods to encapsulate liquid metals require monolithically thick (at least 100 µm) substrates, and the resulting devices are limited in deformability and tissue-adhesiveness. To overcome this limitation, fabrication of microchannels by direct ink writing on a 7 µm-thick elastomeric substrate is demonstrated, to obtain liquid metal microfluidic antennas with unprecedented deformability. The fabricated wireless light-emitting device is powered by a standard near-field-communication system (13.56 MHz, 1 W) and retained a consistent operation under deformations including stretching (>200% uniaxial strain), twisting (180° twist), and bending (3.0 mm radius of curvature) while maintaining a high quality factor (q > 20). Suture-free conformal adhesion of the polydopamine-coated device to ex vivo animal tissues under mechanical deformations is also demonstrated. This technology offers a new capability for the design and fabrication of wireless biomedical devices requiring conformable tissue-device integration toward minimally invasive, imperceptible medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Yamagishi
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Wenshen Zhou
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Terry Ching
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Shao Ying Huang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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28
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Miao W, Zheng S, Zhou J, Zhang B, Fang R, Hao D, Sun L, Wang D, Zhu Z, Jin X, Tian Y, Jiang L. Microchannel and Nanofiber Array Morphology Enhanced Rapid Superspreading on Animals' Corneas. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007152. [PMID: 33891341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic spreading phenomenon of liquids is vital for both understanding wetting mechanisms and visual reaction time-related applications. However, how to control and accelerate the spreading process is still an enormous challenge. Here, a unique microchannel and nanofiber array morphology enhanced rapid superspreading (RSS) effect on animals' corneas with a superspreading time (ST) of 830 ms is found, and the respective roles of the nanofiber array and the microchannel in the RSS effect are explicitly demonstrated. Specifically, the superspreading is induced by in-/out-of-plane nanocapillary forces among the nanofiber array; the microchannel is responsible for tremendously speeding up the superspreading process. Inspired by the RSS strategy, not only is an RSS surface fabricated with an ST of only 450 ms, which is, respectively, more than 26 and 1.8 times faster than conventional superamphiphilic surfaces and animal's corneas and can be applied as RSS surfaces on video monitors to record clear videos, but also it is demonstrated that the RSS effect has tremendous potential as advanced ophthalmic material surfaces to enhance its biocompatibility for clear vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Miao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dezhao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xu Jin
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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29
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Chen B, Qin F, Su M, Zhang Z, Pan Q, Zou M, Yang X, Chen S, Derome D, Carmeliet J, Song Y. Self-Driven Multiplex Reaction: Reactant and Product Diffusion via a Transpiration-Inspired Capillary. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22031-22039. [PMID: 33939416 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When dealing with reactions of a liquid reactant and a solid catalyst, macroreactors with vigorous stirring equipment may be dangerous and cause wastage of energy. Reducing the diffusion distance and promoting reactants to reach the catalyst surface for efficient reaction remain the key challenges. Here, inspired by capillary-driven water motion in plants, we propose to implement a self-driven multiplex reaction (SMR) in nanocatalyst-loaded microchannels. Unlike the classical capillary rise, the droplet in SMR has variable pressure difference, leading to tunable flow velocity for controlling the reaction rate without any auxiliary equipment. The SMR in microchannels contributes to an increase in the reaction rate by more than 2 orders of magnitude compared to that in macroreactors. Specifically, this strategy reduces the reaction volume by 170 times, the catalyst usage by about 12 times, and the energy consumption by 50 times. This apparatus with a small volume and less catalyst content promises to provide an efficient strategy for the precise manipulation of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingda Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Qin
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dominique Derome
- Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
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30
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Deuerling J, Keck S, Moelyadi I, Repke JU, Rädle M. In-Line Analysis of Diffusion Processes in Micro Channels by Long Distance Raman Photometric Measurement Technology-A Proof of Concept Study. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:116. [PMID: 33499366 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel method for the non-invasive, in-line monitoring of mixing processes in microchannels using the Raman photometric technique. The measuring set-up distinguishes itself from other works in this field by utilizing recent state-of-the-art customized photon multiplier (CPM) detectors, bypassing the use of a spectrometer. This addresses the limiting factor of integration times by achieving measuring rates of 10 ms. The method was validated using the ternary system of toluene–water–acetone. The optical measuring system consists of two functional units: the coaxial Raman probe optimized for excitation at a laser wavelength of 532 nm and the photometric detector centered around the CPMs. The spot size of the focused laser is a defining factor of the spatial resolution of the set-up. The depth of focus is measured at approx. 85 µm with a spot size of approx. 45 µm, while still maintaining a relatively high numerical aperture of 0.42, the latter of which is also critical for coaxial detection of inelastically scattered photons. The working distance in this set-up is 20 mm. The microchannel is a T-junction mixer with a square cross section of 500 by 500 µm, a hydraulic diameter of 500 µm and 70 mm channel length. The extraction of acetone from toluene into water is tracked at an initial concentration of 25% as a function of flow rate and accordingly residence time. The investigated flow rates ranged from 0.1 mL/min to 0.006 mL/min. The residence times from the T-junction to the measuring point varies from 1.5 to 25 s. At 0.006 mL/min a constant acetone concentration of approx. 12.6% was measured, indicating that the mixing process reached the equilibrium of the system at approx. 12.5%. For prototype benchmarking, comparative measurements were carried out with a commercially available Raman spectrometer (RXN1, Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Count rates of the spectrophotometer surpassed those of the spectrometer by at least one order of magnitude at identical target concentrations and optical power output. The experimental data demonstrate the suitability and potential of the new measuring system to detect locally and time-resolved concentration profiles in moving fluids while avoiding external influence.
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Naiserová M, Vysloužil J, Kubová K, Holická M, Vetchý D, Mašek J, Mašková E. Use of droplet-based microfluidic techniques in the preparation of microparticles. Ceska Slov Farm 2021; 70:155–163. [PMID: 34875837 DOI: 10.5817/csf2021-5-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles are widely used in myriad fields such as pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, and other industrial fields. Compared with traditional methods for synthesizing microparticles, microfluidic techniques provide very powerful platforms for creating highly controllable emulsion droplets as templates for fabricating uniform microparticles with advanced structures and functions. Microfluidic techniques can generate emulsion droplets with precisely controlled size, shape, and composition. A more precise preparation process brings an effective tool to control the release profile of the drug and introduces an easily accessible reproducibility. The paper gives information about basic droplet-based set-ups and examples of attainable microparticle types preparable by this method.
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Tsaoulidis D, Mamtora M, Gañet MM, Garciadiego-Ortega E, Angeli P. Scale-Up Studies for Co/Ni Separations in Intensified Reactors. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11121106. [PMID: 33333798 PMCID: PMC7765189 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of the scalability of small-scale devices on the separation of Co(II) from a binary Co(II)/Ni(II) mixture in a nitric acid solution by an organic Cyanex 272/TBP/kerosene (Exxsol D80) phase is studied. In particular, circular channels with diameters of 1, 2, and 3.2 mm are considered. The results were compared against those from a confined impinging-jets (CIJ) cell with a main channel diameter of 3.2 mm. The effects of total flowrate, residence time, Cyanex 272 concentration, and flowrate ratio on the mass transfer performance were investigated. It was found that at increased channel size, the throughputs were also increased but the extraction percentages remained the same. Higher extraction percentages were obtained by using the CIJ configuration at short residence times. However, for longer residence times, the mass transfer coefficients were similar and capillary channels should be preferred over the CIJ because of the ease of separation of the two phases at the end of the unit. The overall mass transfer coefficients ranged between 0.02 and 0.14 s−1 for the capillary channels during plug flow and between 0.05 and 0.45 s−1 for the CIJ cells during dispersed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsaoulidis
- Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- ThAMeS Multiphase, Chemical Engineering Department, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.G.); (E.G.-O.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Milan Mamtora
- ThAMeS Multiphase, Chemical Engineering Department, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.G.); (E.G.-O.)
| | - Marta Mayals Gañet
- ThAMeS Multiphase, Chemical Engineering Department, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.G.); (E.G.-O.)
| | - Eduardo Garciadiego-Ortega
- ThAMeS Multiphase, Chemical Engineering Department, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.G.); (E.G.-O.)
| | - Panagiota Angeli
- ThAMeS Multiphase, Chemical Engineering Department, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.G.); (E.G.-O.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (P.A.)
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Chen L, Kenkel SM, Hsieh PH, Gryka MC, Bhargava R. Freeform Three-Dimensionally Printed Microchannels via Surface-Initiated Photopolymerization Combined with Sacrificial Molding. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:50105-50112. [PMID: 33091299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise freeform microchannels within an aqueous environment have several biomedical applications but remain a challenge to fabricate. Carbohydrate glass materials have shown potential for three-dimensionally (3D) printing precise, microscale structures and are suitable as a sacrificial material to reconstruct complex channel architectures, but due to the rapid dissolution kinetics in hydrogels and the aqueous environment, protective coatings are required. Here, conformal coatings were applied to carbohydrate structures via surface-initiated photopolymerization (SIP) by incorporating a photoinitiator (PI) into freeform 3D printed isomalt structures using a custom 3D printer. Structures were then immersed into a photocurable prepolymer bath and exposed to light for reaction initiation. To achieve uniform distribution of photoinitiator molecules in 3D printed constructs, miscibility between commercial photoinitiators and isomalt was modeled using the group contribution method. A dye-based, type-two photoinitiator, Eosin Y disodium salt (EY), was selected for its miscibility with isomalt and stability under high temperature. A previously described Eosin Y (EY)/triethanolamine (TEA) radical polymerization system was used to polymerize poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), surface morphology, and swelling ratio characterizations via SIP were performed. Coatings around freeform structures and solid surfaces were presented to demonstrate the capability of coating complex architectures. This coating method should facilitate the application of 3D sacrificial molding in a variety of hydrogels toward building biomimetic vascular constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Seth M Kenkel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsieh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark C Gryka
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Ghimirey KB, Ita K. Microneedle-Assisted Percutaneous Transport of Magnesium Sulfate. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:140-147. [PMID: 31845631 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666191217093936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro diffusion experiments were performed to assess the permeation of magnesium sulfate across pig skin. METHODS The mean thickness of the dermatomed porcine skin was 648 ± 12 µm. Magnesium concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Transdermal flux of magnesium sulfate across MN-treated and untreated porcine skin was obtained from the slope of the steady-state linear portion of cumulative amount versus time curve. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the results was done with Student's t-test. The transdermal flux of magnesium sulfate across microneedle-treated porcine skin was 134.19 ± 2.4 µg/cm2/h and transdermal flux across untreated porcine skin was 4.64 ± 0.05 µg/cm2/h. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the microchannels created by a solid microneedle roller (500 µm). CONCLUSION From our confocal microscopy studies, it was evident that the 500 μm long microneedles disrupted the stratum corneum and created microchannels measuring 191 ± 37 µm. The increase in transdermal flux across the microneedle-treated skin was statistically significant compared to that of controls, i.e., without the application of microneedles. With the application of microneedles, the transdermal flux of magnesium permeated over 12 h was approximately 33-fold higher in comparison to passive diffusion across an intact stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karna B Ghimirey
- College of Pharmacy Touro University, Mare Island-Vallejo California, CA 94592, United States
| | - Kevin Ita
- College of Pharmacy Touro University, Mare Island-Vallejo California, CA 94592, United States
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Abdo BMA, Mian SH, El-Tamimi A, Alkhalefah H, Moiduddin K. Micromachining of Biolox Forte Ceramic Utilizing Combined Laser/Ultrasonic Processes. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13163505. [PMID: 32784508 PMCID: PMC7476051 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Micromachining has gained considerable interest across a wide range of applications. It ensures the production of microfeatures such as microchannels, micropockets, etc. Typically, the manufacturing of microchannels in bioceramics is a demanding task. The ubiquitous technologies, laser beam machining (LBM) and rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM), have tremendous potential. However, again, these machining methods do have inherent problems. LBM has issues concerning thermal damage, high surface roughness, and vulnerable dimensional accuracy. Likewise, RUM is associated with high machining costs and low material-removal rates. To overcome their limits, a synthesis of LBM and RUM processes known as laser rotary ultrasonic machining (LRUM) has been conceived. The bioceramic known as biolox forte was utilized in this investigation. The approach encompasses the exploratory study of the effects of fundamental input process parameters of LBM and RUM on the surface quality, machining time, and dimensional accuracy of the manufactured microchannels. The performance of LRUM was analyzed and the mechanism of LRUM tool wear was also investigated. The results revealed that the surface roughness, depth error, and width error is decreased by 88%, 70%, and 80% respectively in the LRUM process. Moreover, the machining time of LRUM is reduced by 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M. A. Abdo
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.M.); (H.A.); (K.M.)
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-50-925-0307
| | - Syed Hammad Mian
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.M.); (H.A.); (K.M.)
| | - Abdualziz El-Tamimi
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hisham Alkhalefah
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.M.); (H.A.); (K.M.)
| | - Khaja Moiduddin
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.M.); (H.A.); (K.M.)
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Figueiredo L, Le Visage C, Weiss P, Yang J. Quantifying Oxygen Levels in 3D Bioprinted Cell-Laden Thick Constructs with Perfusable Microchannel Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1260. [PMID: 32486307 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival and function of thick tissue engineered implanted constructs depends on pre-existing, embedded, functional, vascular-like structures that are able to integrate with the host vasculature. Bioprinting was employed to build perfusable vascular-like networks within thick constructs. However, the improvement of oxygen transportation facilitated by these vascular-like networks was directly quantified. Using an optical fiber oxygen sensor, we measured the oxygen content at different positions within 3D bioprinted constructs with and without perfusable microchannel networks. Perfusion was found to play an essential role in maintaining relatively high oxygen content in cell-laden constructs and, consequently, high cell viability. The concentration of oxygen changes following switching on and off the perfusion. Oxygen concentration depletes quickly after pausing perfusion but recovers rapidly after resuming the perfusion. The quantification of oxygen levels within cell-laden hydrogel constructs could provide insight into channel network design and cellular responses.
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Diez-Ahedo R, Mendibil X, Márquez-Posadas MC, Quintana I, González F, Rodríguez FJ, Zilic L, Sherborne C, Glen A, Taylor CS, Claeyssens F, Haycock JW, Schaafsma W, González E, Castro B, Merino S. UV-Casting on Methacrylated PCL for the Production of a Peripheral Nerve Implant Containing an Array of Porous Aligned Microchannels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E971. [PMID: 32331241 PMCID: PMC7240584 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are basic communication structures guiding motor and sensory information from the central nervous system to receptor units. Severed peripheral nerve injuries represent a large clinical problem with relevant challenges to successful synthetic nerve repair scaffolds as substitutes to autologous nerve grafting. Numerous studies reported the use of hollow tubes made of synthetic polymers sutured between severed nerve stumps to promote nerve regeneration while providing protection for external factors, such as scar tissue formation and inflammation. Few approaches have described the potential use of a lumen structure comprised of microchannels or microfibers to provide axon growth avoiding misdirection and fostering proper healing. Here, we report the use of a 3D porous microchannel-based structure made of a photocurable methacrylated polycaprolactone, whose mechanical properties are comparable to native nerves. The neuro-regenerative properties of the polymer were assessed in vitro, prior to the implantation of the 3D porous structure, in a 6-mm rat sciatic nerve gap injury. The manufactured implants were biocompatible and able to be resorbed by the host's body at a suitable rate, allowing the complete healing of the nerve. The innovative design of the highly porous structure with the axon guiding microchannels, along with the observation of myelinated axons and Schwann cells in the in vivo tests, led to a significant progress towards the standardized use of synthetic 3D multichannel-based structures in peripheral nerve surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Diez-Ahedo
- Tekniker, C/Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (X.M.); (M.C.M.-P.); (I.Q.)
| | - Xabier Mendibil
- Tekniker, C/Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (X.M.); (M.C.M.-P.); (I.Q.)
| | | | - Iban Quintana
- Tekniker, C/Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (X.M.); (M.C.M.-P.); (I.Q.)
| | - Francisco González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca. la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.G.); (F.J.R.)
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca. la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.G.); (F.J.R.)
| | - Leyla Zilic
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (L.Z.); (C.S.); (A.G.); (C.S.T.); (F.C.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Colin Sherborne
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (L.Z.); (C.S.); (A.G.); (C.S.T.); (F.C.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Adam Glen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (L.Z.); (C.S.); (A.G.); (C.S.T.); (F.C.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Caroline S. Taylor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (L.Z.); (C.S.); (A.G.); (C.S.T.); (F.C.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (L.Z.); (C.S.); (A.G.); (C.S.T.); (F.C.); (J.W.H.)
| | - John W. Haycock
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (L.Z.); (C.S.); (A.G.); (C.S.T.); (F.C.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Wandert Schaafsma
- Histocell S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 801 A, 2, 48160 Derio, Spain; (W.S.); (E.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Eva González
- Histocell S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 801 A, 2, 48160 Derio, Spain; (W.S.); (E.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Begoña Castro
- Histocell S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 801 A, 2, 48160 Derio, Spain; (W.S.); (E.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Santos Merino
- Tekniker, C/Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (X.M.); (M.C.M.-P.); (I.Q.)
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Aor B, Khan I, Glinel K, Jonas AM, Demoustier-Champagne S, Durrieu MC. Microchannel Molding Combined with Layer-by-Layer Approach for the Formation of Three-Dimensional Tube-like Structures by Endothelial Cells. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020; 3:1520-1532. [PMID: 35021643 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of a functional in vitro model for microcirculation is an unresolved challenge, with major impact for the creation and regeneration of organs in the tissue engineering. The absence of prevascularized engineered tissues limits enormously their efficacy and integration. Therefore, in this study, the in vitro formation of tubular-like structures with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is investigated thanks to three-dimensional polycarbonate (PC) microchannel (μCh) scaffolds, surface biofunctionalized with hyaluronic acid/chitosan (HA/CHI) layer-by-layer (LbL) films grafted with adhesive (RGD) and angiogenic (SVV and QK) peptides, alone and in combination. The importance of this work lies in the formation of capillaries in the order of tens of μm, developing spontaneous microvessels, without the complexity of microfluidic approaches, and in a short time-scale. Ellipsometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and fluorospectrometry are used to characterize the biofunctionalized microchannels. PC-μCh scaffolds functionalized with (HA/CHI)12.5 film (PC-LbL) and further grafted with RGD and QK peptides (PC-RGD+QK) or with RGD and SVV peptides (PC-RGD+SVV) are then tested for in vitro blood vessel formation. These assays evidence a rapid formation of tubular-like structures after 2 h of incubation. Moreover, a coculture system involving HUVECs and human pericytes derived from placenta (hPCs-PL) stabilizes the tubes for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aor
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France.,CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Pessac 33600, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Pessac 33600, France.,Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences- Bio & Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Irfan Khan
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France.,CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Pessac 33600, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Pessac 33600, France.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Karine Glinel
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences- Bio & Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alain M Jonas
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences- Bio & Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sophie Demoustier-Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences- Bio & Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christine Durrieu
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France.,CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Pessac 33600, France
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Wang S, Yang X, Wu F, Min L, Chen X, Hou X. Inner Surface Design of Functional Microchannels for Microscale Flow Control. Small 2020; 16:e1905318. [PMID: 31793747 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic flow behaviors in microfluidics are dominated by the interfaces created between the fluids and the inner surface walls of microchannels. Microchannel inner surface designs, including the surface chemical modification, and the construction of micro-/nanostructures, are good examples of manipulating those interfaces between liquids and surfaces through tuning the chemical and physical properties of the inner walls of the microchannel. Therefore, the microchannel inner surface design plays critical roles in regulating microflows to enhance the capabilities of microfluidic systems for various applications. Most recently, the rapid progresses in micro-/nanofabrication technologies and fundamental materials have also made it possible to integrate increasingly complex chemical and physical surface modification strategies with the preparation of microchannels in microfluidics. Besides, a wave of researches focusing on the ideas of using liquids as dynamic surface materials is identified, and the unique characteristics endowed with liquid-liquid interfaces have revealed that the interesting phenomena can extend the scope of interfacial interactions determining microflow behaviors. This review extensively discusses the microchannel inner surface designs for microflow control, especially evaluates them from the perspectives of the interfaces resulting from the inner surface designs. In addition, prospective opportunities for the development of surface designs of microchannels, and their applications are provided with the potential to attract scientific interest in areas related to the rapid development and applications of various microchannel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xian Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Bionic and Soft Matter Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lingli Min
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xu Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Bionic and Soft Matter Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Li S, Ma Z, Cao Z, Pan L, Shi Y. Advanced Wearable Microfluidic Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Small 2020; 16:e1903822. [PMID: 31617311 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wearable flexible sensors based on integrated microfluidic networks with multiplex analysis capability are emerging as a new paradigm to assess human health status and show great potential in application fields such as clinical medicine and athletic monitoring. Well-designed microfluidic sensors can be attached to the skin surface to acquire various pieces of physiological information with high precision, such as sweat loss, information regarding metabolites, and electrolyte balance. Herein, the recent progress of wearable microfluidic sensors for applications in healthcare monitoring is summarized, including analysis principles and microfabrication methods. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for wearable microfluidic sensors in practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonglin Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
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Li H, Li Y, Huang B, Xu T. Flow Characteristics of the Entrance Region with Roughness Effect within Rectangular Microchannels. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 11:E30. [PMID: 31881751 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We conducted systematic numerical investigations of the flow characteristics within the entrance region of rectangular microchannels. The effects of the geometrical aspect ratio and roughness on entrance lengths were analyzed. The incompressible laminar Navier–Stokes equations were solved using finite volume method (FVM). In the simulation, hydraulic diameters (Dh) ranging from 50 to 200 µm were studied, and aspect ratios of 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2 were considered as well. The working fluid was set as water, and the Reynolds number ranged from 0.5 to 100. The results showed a good agreement with the conducted experiment. Correlations are proposed to predict the entrance lengths of microchannels with respect to different aspect ratios. Compared with other correlations, these new correlations are more reliable because a more practical inlet condition was considered in our investigations. Instead of considering the influence of the width and height of the microchannels, in our investigation we proved that the critical role is played by the aspect ratio, representing the combination of the aforementioned parameters. Furthermore, the existence of rough elements obviously shortens the entrance region, and this effect became more pronounced with increasing relative roughness and Reynolds number. A similar effect could be seen by shortening the roughness spacing. An asymmetric distribution of rough elements decreased the entrance length compared with a symmetric distribution, which can be extrapolated to other irregularly distributed forms.
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Rnjak‐Kovacina J, Gerrand Y, Wray LS, Tan B, Joukhdar H, Kaplan DL, Morrison WA, Mitchell GM. Vascular Pedicle and Microchannels: Simple Methods Toward Effective In Vivo Vascularization of 3D Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1901106. [PMID: 31714024 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor vascularization remains a key limiting factor in translating advances in tissue engineering to clinical applications. Vascular pedicles (large arteries and veins) isolated in plastic chambers are known to sprout an extensive capillary network. This study examined the effect vascular pedicles and scaffold architecture have on vascularization and tissue integration of implanted silk scaffolds. Porous silk scaffolds with or without microchannels are manufactured to support implantation of a central vascular pedicle, without a chamber, implanted in the groin of Sprague Dawley rats, and assessed morphologically and morphometrically at 2 and 6 weeks. At both time points, blood vessels, connective tissue, and an inflammatory response infiltrate all scaffold pores externally, and centrally when a vascular pedicle is implanted. At week 2, vascular pedicles significantly increase the degree of scaffold tissue infiltration, and both the pedicle and the scaffold microchannels significantly increase vascular volume and vascular density. Interestingly, microchannels contribute to increased scaffold vascularity without affecting overall tissue infiltration, suggesting a direct effect of biomaterial architecture on vascularization. The inclusion of pedicles and microchannels are simple and effective proangiogenic techniques for engineering thick tissue constructs as both increase the speed of construct vascularization in the early weeks post in vivo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Rnjak‐Kovacina
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Yi‐wen Gerrand
- O'Brien Institute DepartmentSt Vincent's Institute for Medical Research Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Lindsay S. Wray
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Beryl Tan
- O'Brien Institute DepartmentSt Vincent's Institute for Medical Research Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Habib Joukhdar
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Wayne A. Morrison
- O'Brien Institute DepartmentSt Vincent's Institute for Medical Research Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent's HospitalUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
- Health Sciences FacultyAustralian Catholic University Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Geraldine M. Mitchell
- O'Brien Institute DepartmentSt Vincent's Institute for Medical Research Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent's HospitalUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
- Health Sciences FacultyAustralian Catholic University Melbourne VIC 3065 Australia
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43
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Ma H, Duan Z, Su L, Ning X, Bai J, Lv X. Fluid Flow and Entropy Generation Analysis of Al 2O 3-Water Nanofluid in Microchannel Plate Fin Heat Sinks. Entropy (Basel) 2019; 21:E739. [PMID: 33267453 DOI: 10.3390/e21080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The flow in channels of microdevices is usually in the developing regime. Three-dimensional laminar flow characteristics of a nanofluid in microchannel plate fin heat sinks are investigated numerically in this paper. Deionized water and Al2O3–water nanofluid are employed as the cooling fluid in our work. The effects of the Reynolds number (100 < Re < 1000), channel aspect ratio (0 < ε < 1), and nanoparticle volume fraction (0.5% < Φ < 5%) on pressure drop and entropy generation in microchannel plate fin heat sinks are examined in detail. Herein, the general expression of the entropy generation rate considering entrance effects is developed. The results revealed that the frictional entropy generation and pressure drop increase as nanoparticle volume fraction and Reynolds number increase, while decrease as the channel aspect ratio increases. When the nanoparticle volume fraction increases from 0 to 3% at Re = 500, the pressure drop of microchannel plate fin heat sinks with ε = 0.5 increases by 9%. It is demonstrated that the effect of the entrance region is crucial for evaluating the performance of microchannel plate fin heat sinks. The study may shed some light on the design and optimization of microchannel heat sinks.
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Holle A, Govindan Kutty Devi N, Clar K, Fan A, Saif T, Kemkemer R, Spatz JP. Cancer Cells Invade Confined Microchannels via a Self-Directed Mesenchymal-to-Amoeboid Transition. Nano Lett 2019; 19:2280-2290. [PMID: 30775927 PMCID: PMC6463244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion through physical barriers in the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires a complex synergy of traction force against the ECM, mechanosensitive feedback, and subsequent cytoskeletal rearrangement. PDMS microchannels were used to investigate the transition from mesenchymal to amoeboid invasion in cancer cells. Migration was faster in narrow 3 μm-wide channels than in wider 10 μm channels, even in the absence of cell-binding ECM proteins. Cells permeating narrow channels exhibited blebbing and had smooth leading edge profiles, suggesting an ECM-induced transition from mesenchymal invasion to amoeboid invasion. Live cell labeling revealed a mechanosensing period in which the cell attempts mesenchymal-based migration, reorganizes its cytoskeleton, and proceeds using an amoeboid phenotype. Rho/ROCK (amoeboid) and Rac (mesenchymal) pathway inhibition revealed that amoeboid invasion through confined environments relies on both pathways in a time- and ECM-dependent manner. This demonstrates that cancer cells can dynamically modify their invasion programming to navigate physically confining matrix conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
W. Holle
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | | | - Kim Clar
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen 72762, Germany
| | - Anthony Fan
- Department
of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Taher Saif
- Department
of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen 72762, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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Rodrigues T, Galindo-Rosales FJ, Campo-Deaño L. Towards an Optimal Pressure Tap Design for Fluid-Flow Characterisation at Microscales. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E1086. [PMID: 30986949 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measuring fluid pressure in microchannels is difficult and constitutes a challenge to even the most experienced of experimentalists. Currently, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no optimal solution are being used for the design of pressure taps, nor guidelines concerning their shape and its relation with the accuracy of the readings. In an attempt to address this issue, a parametric study was devised to evaluate the performance of different pressure tap designs, 18 in total. These were obtained by combining three shape parameters: sub-channel width (w) and sub-channel–tap radius (R) or angle (α), while having the sub-channel length kept constant. For each configuration, pressure drop measurements were carried out along several lengths of a straight microfluidic rectangular channel and later compared to an analytical solution. The microchannels were fabricated out of PDMS using standard soft-lithography techniques, pressure drop was measured with differential pressure sensors, the test fluid was DI water and the flow conditions varied from creeping flow up to Rec∼100. Pressure taps, having smooth contours (characterised by the radius R) and a sub-channel width (w) of 108μm, performed the best with results from that of radius R=50μm only falling short of the theory by a mere ∼5%.
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Abdo BMA, Anwar S, El-Tamimi AM, Nasr EA. Experimental Analysis on the Influence and Optimization of μ-RUM Parameters in Machining Alumina Bioceramic. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12040616. [PMID: 30781711 PMCID: PMC6416584 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of precise micro-features in bioceramic materials is still a challenging task. This is because of the inherent properties of bioceramics, such as low fracture toughness, high hardness, and brittleness. This paper places an emphasis on investigating the multi-objective optimization of fabrication of microchannels in alumina (Al2O3) bioceramics by using rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM). The influence of five major input parameters, namely vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on the surface quality, edge chipping, and dimensional accuracy of the milled microchannels was analyzed. Surface morphology and microstructure of the machined microchannels were also evaluated and analyzed. Unlike in previous studies, the effect of vibration frequency on the surface morphology and roughness is discussed in detail. A set of designed experiments based on central composite design (CCD) method was carried out. Main effect plots and surface plots were analyzed to detect the significance of RUM input parameters on the outputs. Later, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was employed to determine the optimal parametric conditions for minimizing the surface roughness, edge chipping, and dimensional errors of the machined microchannels. The optimized values of the surface roughness (Ra and Rt), side edge chipping (SEC), bed edge chipping (BEC), depth error (DE), and width error (WE) achieved through the multi-objective optimization were 0.27 μm, 2.7 μm, 8.7 μm, 8 μm, 5%, and 5.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M A Abdo
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saqib Anwar
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz M El-Tamimi
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Abouel Nasr
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo 11732, Egypt.
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Benton M, Hossan MR, Konari PR, Gamagedara S. Effect of Process Parameters and Material Properties on Laser Micromachining of Microchannels. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10020123. [PMID: 30769833 PMCID: PMC6413122 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laser micromachining has emerged as a promising technique for mass production of microfluidic devices. However, control and optimization of process parameters, and design of substrate materials are still ongoing challenges for the widespread application of laser micromachining. This article reports a systematic study on the effect of laser system parameters and thermo-physical properties of substrate materials on laser micromachining. Three dimensional transient heat conduction equation with a Gaussian laser heat source was solved using finite element based Multiphysics software COMSOL 5.2a. Large heat convection coefficients were used to consider the rapid phase transition of the material during the laser treatment. The depth of the laser cut was measured by removing material at a pre-set temperature. The grid independent analysis was performed for ensuring the accuracy of the model. The results show that laser power and scanning speed have a strong effect on the channel depth, while the level of focus of the laser beam contributes in determining both the depth and width of the channel. Higher thermal conductivity results deeper in cuts, in contrast the higher specific heat produces shallower channels for a given condition. These findings can help in designing and optimizing process parameters for laser micromachining of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Benton
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
| | - Mohammad Robiul Hossan
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
| | - Prashanth Reddy Konari
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
| | - Sanjeewa Gamagedara
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
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48
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Duan Z, Ma H, He B, Su L, Zhang X. Pressure Drop of Microchannel Plate Fin Heat Sinks. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E80. [PMID: 30678359 PMCID: PMC6413217 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The entrance region constitutes a considerable fraction of the channel length in miniaturized devices. Laminar slip flow in microchannel plate fin heat sinks under hydrodynamically developing conditions is investigated semi-analytically and numerically in this paper. The semi-analytical model for the pressure drop of microchannel plate fin heat sinks is obtained by solving the momentum equation with the first-order velocity slip boundary conditions at the channel walls. The simple pressure drop model utilizes fundamental solutions from fluid dynamics to predict its constitutive components. The accuracy of the model is examined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and the experimental and numerical data available in the literature. The model can be applied to either apparent liquid slip over hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces or gas slip flow in microchannel heat sinks. The developed model has an accuracy of 92 percent for slip flow in microchannel plate fin heat sinks. The developed model may be used to predict the pressure drop of slip flow in microchannel plate fin heat sinks for minimizing the effort and expense of experiments, especially in the design and optimization of microchannel plate fin heat sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Duan
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Hao Ma
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Boshu He
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Liangbin Su
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Powertrain for New Energy Vehicle, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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Abstract
Tumor cells experience physical confinement on one or multiple axes, both in the primary tumor and at multiple stages during metastasis. Recent work has shown that confinement in a 3D spheroid alters nucleus geometry and delays cell division, and that vertical confinement impairs mitotic spindle rounding, resulting in abnormal division events. Meanwhile, the effects of bi-axial confinement on cell cycle progression has received little attention. Given the critical role of nuclear shape and mechanics in cell division, we hypothesized that bi-axial physical confinement of the cell body and nucleus would alter cell cycle progression. We used sarcoma cells stably expressing the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI), along with fibronectin-coated microchannel devices, and explored the impact of bi-axial physical confinement on cell cycle progression. Our results demonstrate that bi-axial physical confinement reduces the frequency of cell division, which we found to be attributed to an arrest in the S/G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and increases the frequency of abnormal division events. Cell and nuclear morphology were both altered in confinement, with the most confining channels preventing cells from undergoing the normal increase in size from G1 to S/G2/M during cell cycle progression. Finally, our results suggest that confinement induces a mechanical memory to the cells, given our observation of lasting effects on cell division and morphology, even after cells exited confinement. Together, our results provide new insights into the possible impact of mechanical forces on primary and secondary tumor formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Moriarty
- a Fischell Department of Bioengineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- a Fischell Department of Bioengineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,b Biophysics Program , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,c Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
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50
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Desvignes E, Bouissou A, Laborde A, Mangeat T, Proag A, Vieu C, Thibault C, Maridonneau-Parini I, Poincloux R. Nanoscale Forces during Confined Cell Migration. Nano Lett 2018; 18:6326-6333. [PMID: 30232897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, immune cells migrate through a wide variety of tissues, including confined and constricting environments. Deciphering how cells apply forces when infiltrating narrow areas is a critical issue that requires innovative experimental procedures. To reveal the distribution and dynamics of the forces of cells migrating in confined environments, we designed a device combining microchannels of controlled dimensions with integrated deformable micropillars serving as sensors of nanoscale subcellular forces. First, a specific process composed of two steps of photolithography and dry etching was tuned to obtain micrometric pillars of controlled stiffness and dimensions inside microchannels. Second, an image-analysis workflow was developed to automatically evaluate the amplitude and direction of the forces applied on the micropillars by migrating cells. Using this workflow, we show that this microdevice is a sensor of forces with a limit of detection down to 64 pN. Third, by recording pillar movements during the migration of macrophages inside the confining microchannels, we reveal that macrophages bent the pillars with typical forces of 0.3 nN and applied higher forces at the cell edges than around their nuclei. When the degree of confinement was increased, we found that forces were redirected from inward to outward. By providing a microdevice that allows the analysis of force direction and force magnitude developed by confined cells, our work paves the way for investigating the mechanical behavior of cells migrating though 3D constricted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Desvignes
- LAAS-CNRS , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA , Toulouse 31031 , France
| | - Anaïs Bouissou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse 31077 , France
| | - Adrian Laborde
- LAAS-CNRS , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA , Toulouse 31031 , France
| | - Thomas Mangeat
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse 31062 , France
| | - Amsha Proag
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse 31062 , France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS-CNRS , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA , Toulouse 31031 , France
| | | | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse 31077 , France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse 31077 , France
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