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Buchner MR, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Berthold C, Bekiş DF, Ivlev SI. A Preference for Heterolepticity - Schlenk Type Equilibria in Organometallic Beryllium Systems. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302495. [PMID: 37575053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of homoleptic beryllium halide with diphenyl beryllium complexes leads to the clean formation of heteroleptic beryllium Grignard compounds [(L)1-2 BePhX]1-2 (X=Cl, Br, I; L=C-, N-, O-donor ligand). The influence of ligands and solvent on these compounds, their formation and exchange equilibria in solution were investigated, together with the factors determining the complex constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Deniz F Bekiş
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Desaulniers D, Zhou G, Stalker A, Cummings-Lorbetskie C. Effects of Copper or Zinc Organometallics on Cytotoxicity, DNA Damage and Epigenetic Changes in the HC-04 Human Liver Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15580. [PMID: 37958568 PMCID: PMC10650525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper and zinc organometallics have multiple applications and many are considered "data-poor" because the available toxicological information is insufficient for comprehensive health risk assessments. To gain insight into the chemical prioritization and potential structure activity relationship, the current work compares the in vitro toxicity of nine "data-poor" chemicals to five structurally related chemicals and to positive DNA damage inducers (4-nitroquinoline-oxide, aflatoxin-B1). The HC-04 non-cancer human liver cell line was used to investigate the concentration-response effects (24 h and 72 h exposure) on cell proliferation, DNA damage (γH2AX and DNA unwinding assays), and epigenetic effects (global genome changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications using flow cytometry). The 24 h exposure screening data (DNA abundance and damage) suggest a toxicity hierarchy, starting with copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CDMDC, CAS#137-29-1) > zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEDC, CAS#14324-55-1) > benzenediazonium, 4-chloro-2-nitro-, and tetrachlorozincate(2-) (2:1) (BDCN4CZ, CAS#14263-89-9); the other chemicals were less toxic and had alternate ranking positions depending on assays. The potency of CDMDC for inducing DNA damage was close to that of the human hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin-B1. Further investigation using sodium-DMDC (SDMDC, CAS#128-04-1), CDMDC and copper demonstrated the role of the interactions between copper and the DMDC organic moiety in generating a high level of CDMDC toxicity. In contrast, additive interactions were not observed with respect to the DNA methylation flow cytometry data in 72 h exposure experiments. They revealed chemical-specific effects, with hypo and hypermethylation induced by copper chloride (CuCl2, CAS#10125-13-0) and zinc-DMDC (ZDMDC, CAS#137-30-4), respectively, but did not show any significant effect of CDMDC or SDMDC. Histone-3 hypoacetylation was a sensitive flow cytometry marker of 24 h exposure to CDMDC. This study can provide insights regarding the prioritization of chemicals for future study, with the aim being to mitigate chemical hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.D.)
| | - Gu Zhou
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.D.)
| | - Andrew Stalker
- Health Canada, Regulatory Research Division, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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3
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Schlemmer B, Sauermoser A, Holler S, Zuccalà E, Ehmann B, Reinfelds M, Fischer RC, Amenitsch H, Marin‐Beloqui JM, Ludvíková L, Slanina T, Haas M, Rath T, Trimmel G. Silicon- and Germanium-Functionalized Perylene Diimides: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Properties, and Their Application as Non-fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301337. [PMID: 37419861 PMCID: PMC10946824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells have been continuously studied and developed through the last decades. A major step in their development was the introduction of fused-ring non-fullerene electron acceptors. Yet, beside their high efficiency, they suffer from complex synthesis and stability issues. Perylene-based non-fullerene acceptors, in contrast, can be prepared in only a few steps and display good photochemical and thermal stability. Herein, we introduce four monomeric perylene diimide acceptors obtained in a three-step synthesis. In these molecules, the semimetals silicon and germanium were added in the bay position, on one or both sides of the molecules, resulting in asymmetric and symmetric compounds with a red-shifted absorption compared to unsubstituted perylene diimide. Introducing two germanium atoms improved the crystallinity and charge carrier mobility in the blend with the conjugated polymer PM6. In addition, charge carrier separation is significantly influenced by the high crystallinity of this blend, as shown by transient absorption spectroscopy. As a result, the solar cells reached a power conversion efficiency of 5.38 %, which is one of the highest efficiencies of monomeric perylene diimide-based solar cells recorded to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schlemmer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Aileen Sauermoser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Sarah Holler
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Elena Zuccalà
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Birgit Ehmann
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Matiss Reinfelds
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Jose M. Marin‐Beloqui
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of MálagaBlvrd Louis Pasteur 3129010MálagaSpain
| | - Lucie Ludvíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry andBiochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nám. 216610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry andBiochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nám. 216610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
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4
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Colina-Vegas L, da Cruz B Silva M, de Souza Pereira C, Isis Barros A, Araújo Nobrega J, Navarro M, Rottmann M, D'Alessandro S, Basilico N, Azevedo Batista A, Moreira DRM. Antimalarial Agents Derived from Metal-Amodiaquine Complexes with Activity in Multiple Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301642. [PMID: 37427863 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is the one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Chemically, quinolines are excellent ligands for metal coordination and are deployed as drugs for malaria treatment. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that metal complexes can be conjugated with antimalarial quinolines to be used as chemical tools to overcome the disadvantages of quinolines, improving their bioactive speciation, cellular distribution, and subsequently broadening the spectrum of activity to multiple stages of the complex Plasmodium life cycle. In this study, four novel complexes of ruthenium(II)- and gold(I)-containing amodiaquine (AQ) were synthesized, and a careful chemical characterization revealed the precise coordination site of AQ to the metals. Their speciation in solution was investigated, demonstrating the stability of the quinoline-metal bond. RuII - and AuI -AQ complexes were demonstrated to be potent and efficacious in inhibiting parasite growth in multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle as assayed in vitro and in vivo. These properties could be attributed to the ability of the metal-AQ complexes to reproduce the suppression of heme detoxification induced by AQ, while also inhibiting other processes in the parasite life cycle; this can be attributed to the action of the metallic species. Altogether, these findings indicate that metal coordination with antimalarial quinolines is a potential chemical tool for drug design and discovery in malaria and other infectious diseases susceptible to quinoline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legna Colina-Vegas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, CP 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline de Souza Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Ariane Isis Barros
- Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, CEP 78060-900, MT, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Araújo Nobrega
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, CP 13565-90, SP, Brazil
| | - Maribel Navarro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alzir Azevedo Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, CP 13565-90, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo R M Moreira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, CEP 40296-710, BA, Brazil
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5
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Biemolt J, Meeus EJ, de Zwart FJ, de Graaf J, Laan PCM, de Bruin B, Burdyny T, Rothenberg G, Yan N. Creating Conjugated C-C Bonds between Commercial Carbon Electrode and Molecular Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202300841. [PMID: 37470203 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Immobilizing molecular catalysts on electrodes is vital for electrochemical applications. However, creating robust electrode-catalyst interactions while maintaining good catalytic performance and rapid electron transfer is challenging. Here, without introducing any foreign elements, we show a bottom-up synthetic approach of constructing the conjugated C-C bond between the commercial Vulcan carbon electrode and an organometallic catalyst. Characterization results from FTIR, XPS, aberration-corrected TEM and EPR confirmed the successful and uniform heterogenization of the complex. The synthesized Vulcan-LN4 -Co catalyst is highly active and selective in the oxygen reduction reaction in neutral media, showing an 80 % hydrogen peroxide selectivity and a 0.72 V (vs. RHE) onset potential which significantly outperformed the homogenous counterpart. Based on single-crystal XRD and NMR data, we built a model for density functional theory calculations which showed a nearly optimal binding energy for the *OOH intermediate. Our results show that the direct conjugated C-C bonding is an effective approach for heterogenizing molecular catalysts on carbon, opening new opportunities for employing molecular catalysts in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Biemolt
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eva J Meeus
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeen de Graaf
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C M Laan
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Burdyny
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
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6
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Cowie BE, Häfele L, Phanopoulos A, Said SA, Lee JK, Regoutz A, Shaffer MSP, Williams CK. Matched Ligands for Small, Stable Colloidal Nanoparticles of Copper, Cuprous Oxide and Cuprous Sulfide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300228. [PMID: 37078972 PMCID: PMC10947121 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
This work applies organometallic routes to copper(0/I) nanoparticles and describes how to match ligand chemistries with different material compositions. The syntheses involve reacting an organo-copper precursor, mesitylcopper(I) [CuMes]z (z=4, 5), at low temperatures and in organic solvents, with hydrogen, air or hydrogen sulfide to deliver Cu, Cu2 O or Cu2 S nanoparticles. Use of sub-stoichiometric quantities of protonated ligand (pro-ligand; 0.1-0.2 equivalents vs. [CuMes]z ) allows saturation of surface coordination sites but avoids excess pro-ligand contaminating the nanoparticle solutions. The pro-ligands are nonanoic acid (HO2 CR1 ), 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid (HO2 CR2 ) or di(thio)nonanoic acid, (HS2 CR1 ), and are matched to the metallic, oxide or sulfide nanoparticles. Ligand exchange reactions reveal that copper(0) nanoparticles may be coordinated by carboxylate or di(thio)carboxylate ligands, but Cu2 O is preferentially coordinated by carboxylate ligands and Cu2 S by di(thio)carboxylate ligands. This work highlights the opportunities for organometallic routes to well-defined nanoparticles and the need for appropriate ligand selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E. Cowie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Lisa Häfele
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of Chemistry, Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Said A. Said
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Ja Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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7
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Tyler JL, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis and Applications of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl and Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Organometallics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300008. [PMID: 36786481 PMCID: PMC10947034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of metalated (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes in synthesis is currently experiencing a renaissance, as evidenced by the numerous reports in the last 5 years that have relied on such intermediates to undergo unique transformations or generate novel fragments. Since their discovery, these species have been demonstrated to participate in a wide range of reactions with carbon and heteroatom electrophiles, as well as metal complexes, to facilitate the rapid diversification of (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane-containing compounds. Key to this is the relative acidity of the bridgehead C-H bonds which promotes facile deprotonation and subsequent functionalization of an unsubstituted position on the carbon framework via the intermediacy of a metalated (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane. Additionally, the late-stage incorporation of deuterium atoms in strained fragments has led to the elucidation of numerous reaction mechanisms that involve strained bicycles. The continued investigation into the inimitable reactivity of metalated bicycles will cement their importance within the field of organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L. Tyler
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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8
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Arnett CH, Oyala PH, Agapie T. Probing Redox Non-Innocence in Iron-Carbene Complexes {Fe=C(H)Ar} 10-11 by 1,2 H and 13 C Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27220-27224. [PMID: 34695278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a series of iron-carbene complexes in redox states {Fe=C(H)Ar}10-11 . Pulse EPR studies of the 1,2 H and 13 C isotopologues of {Fe=C(H)Ar}11 reveal the high covalency of the Fe-carbene bonding, leading to a more even spin distribution than commonly observed for reduced Fischer carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Arnett
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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9
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball-Milling-Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23128-23133. [PMID: 34405513 PMCID: PMC8596600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to generate organomanganese reagents under ball-milling conditions have led to the serendipitous discovery that manganese metal can mediate the reductive dimerization of arylidene malonates. The newly uncovered process has been optimized and its mechanism explored using CV measurements, radical trapping experiments, EPR spectroscopy, and solution control reactions. This unique reactivity can also be translated to solution whereupon pre-milling of the manganese is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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10
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Bonsignore R, Thomas SR, Rigoulet M, Jandl C, Pöthig A, Bourissou D, Barone G, Casini A. C-C Cross-Couplings from a Cyclometalated Au(III) C ∧ N Complex: Mechanistic Insights and Synthetic Developments. Chemistry 2021; 27:14322-14334. [PMID: 34310783 PMCID: PMC8597034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the reactivity of gold complexes was shown to extend well beyond π-activation and to hold promises to achieve selective cross-couplings in several C-C and C-E (E=heteroatom) bond forming reactions. Here, with the aim of exploiting new organometallic species for cross-coupling reactions, we report on the Au(III)-mediated C(sp2 )-C(sp) occurring upon reaction of the cyclometalated complex [Au(CCH2 N)Cl2 ] (1, CCH2 N=2-benzylpyridine) with AgPhCC. The reaction progress has been monitored by NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating the involvement of a number of key intermediates, whose structures have been unambiguously ascertained through 1D and 2D NMR analyses (1 H, 13 C, 1 H-1 H COSY, 1 H-13 C HSQC and 1 H-13 C HMBC) as well as by HR-ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction studies. Furthermore, crystallographic studies have serendipitously resulted in the authentication of zwitterionic Au(I) complexes as side-products arising from cyclization of the coupling product in the coordination sphere of gold. The experimental work has been paralleled and complemented by DFT calculations of the reaction profiles, providing valuable insight into the structure and energetics of the key intermediates and transition states, as well as on the coordination sphere of gold along the whole process. Of note, the broader scope of the cross-coupling at the Au(III) CCH2 N centre has also been demonstrated studying the reaction of 1 with C(sp2 )-based nucleophiles, namely vinyl and heteroaryl tin and zinc reagents. These reactions stand as rare examples of C(sp2 )-C(sp2 ) cross-couplings at Au(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bonsignore
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Sophie R. Thomas
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain BuildingPark PlaceCF10 3ATCardiffUK
| | - Mathilde Rigoulet
- CNRS/Université Paul SabatierLaboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069)118 Route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 09France
| | - Christian Jandl
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer Str. 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer Str. 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Didier Bourissou
- CNRS/Université Paul SabatierLaboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069)118 Route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 09France
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di PalermoViale delle Scienze, Edificio 1790128PalermoItaly
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
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11
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Tricoire M, Münzfeld L, Moutet J, Mahieu N, La Droitte L, Moreno‐Pineda E, Gendron F, Hilgar JD, Rinehart JD, Ruben M, Le Guennic B, Cador O, Roesky PW, Nocton G. Size-Controlled Hapticity Switching in [Ln(C 9 H 9 )(C 8 H 8 )] Sandwiches. Chemistry 2021; 27:13558-13567. [PMID: 34196435 PMCID: PMC8518963 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich complexes of lanthanides have recently attracted a considerable amount of interest due to their applications as Single Molecule Magnet (SMM). Herein, a comprehensive series of heteroleptic lanthanide sandwich complexes ligated by the cyclononatetraenyl (Cnt) and the cyclooctatetraenyl (Cot) ligand [Ln(Cot)(Cnt)] (Ln=Tb, Dy, Er, Ho, Yb, and Lu) is reported. The coordination behavior of the Cnt ligand has been investigated along the series and shows different coordination patterns in the solid-state depending on the size of the corresponding lanthanide ion without altering its overall anisotropy. Besides the characterization in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by 1 H NMR, static magnetic studies and ab initio computational studies were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Tricoire
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM)CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay91120PalaiseauFrance
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jules Moutet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM)CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay91120PalaiseauFrance
| | - Nolwenn Mahieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM)CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay91120PalaiseauFrance
| | - Léo La Droitte
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226Université de Rennes, CNRS35000RennesFrance
| | - Eufemio Moreno‐Pineda
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Depto. de Química-Física, Escuela de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de PanamáPanam
- Panamanian National System of Investigators (SNI, SENACYT)Panama
| | - Frédéric Gendron
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226Université de Rennes, CNRS35000RennesFrance
| | - Jeremy D. Hilgar
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California-San Diego La JollaCAUnited-States
| | - Jeffrey D. Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California-San Diego La JollaCAUnited-States
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS)Université de Strasbourg8, Allée Gaspard MongeF-67000StrasbourgFrance
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technology (IQMT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226Université de Rennes, CNRS35000RennesFrance
| | - Olivier Cador
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226Université de Rennes, CNRS35000RennesFrance
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Grégory Nocton
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM)CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay91120PalaiseauFrance
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Budny-Godlewski K, Leszczyński MK, Tulewicz A, Justyniak I, Pinkowicz D, Sieklucka B, Kruczała K, Sojka Z, Lewiński J. A Case Study on the Desired Selectivity in Solid-State Mechano- and Slow-Chemistry, Melt, and Solution Methodologies. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:3887-3894. [PMID: 34289248 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based syntheses are omnipresent in chemistry but are often associated with obvious disadvantages, and the search for new mild and green synthetic methods continues to be a hot topic. Here, comparative studies in four different reaction media were conducted, that is, the solid-state mechano- and slow-chemistry synthesis, melted phase, and solution protocols, and the impact of the employed solvent-free solid-state versus liquid-phase synthetic approaches was highlighted on a pool of products. A moderately exothermic model reaction system was chosen based on bis(pentafluorophenyl)zinc, (C6 F5 )2 Zn, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl oxide (TEMPO) as a stable nitroxyl radical, anticipating that these reagents may offer a unique landscape for addressing kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of wet and solvent-free solid-state processes. In a toluene solution two distinct paramagnetic Lewis acid-base adducts (C6 F5 )2 Zn(η1 -TEMPO) (1) and (C6 F5 )2 Zn(η1 -TEMPO)2 (2) equilibrated, but only 2 was affordable by crystallization. In turn, crystallization from the melt was the only method yielding single crystals of 1. Moreover, the solid-state approaches were stoichiometry sensitive and allowed for the selective synthesis of both adducts by simple stoichiometric control over the substrates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to examine selected structural and thermodynamic features of the adducts 1 and 2. Compound 2 is a unique non-redox active metal complex supported by two nitroxide radicals, and the magnetic studies revealed weak-to-moderate intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions between the two coordinated TEMPO molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Budny-Godlewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał K Leszczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Tulewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Pinkowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sieklucka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kruczała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sojka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Chuong C, DuChane CM, Webb EM, Rai P, Marano JM, Bernier CM, Merola JS, Weger-Lucarelli J. Noble Metal Organometallic Complexes Display Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060980. [PMID: 34070524 PMCID: PMC8227008 DOI: 10.3390/v13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 as a devastating viral pathogen with no available preventative or treatment to control what led to the current global pandemic. The continued spread of the virus and increasing death toll necessitate the development of effective antiviral treatments to combat this virus. To this end, we evaluated a new class of organometallic complexes as potential antivirals. Our findings demonstrate that two pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) rhodium piano stool complexes, Cp*Rh(1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene)Cl2 (complex 2) and Cp*Rh(dipivaloylmethanato)Cl (complex 4), have direct virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. Subsequent in vitro testing suggests that complex 4 is the more stable and effective complex and demonstrates that both 2 and 4 have low toxicity in Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells. The results presented here highlight the potential application of organometallic complexes as antivirals and support further investigation into their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Christine M. DuChane
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.M.D.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Emily M. Webb
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Marano
- Department of Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Chad M. Bernier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.M.D.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Joseph S. Merola
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.M.D.); (C.M.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.M.); (J.W.-L.)
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.C.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.M.); (J.W.-L.)
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14
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Abstract
Over more than 50 years, intermediate valence states in lanthanide compounds have often resulted in unexpected or puzzling spectroscopic and magnetic properties. Such experimental singularities could not be rationalised until new theoretical models involving multiconfigurational electronic ground states were established. In this minireview, the different singularities that have been observed among lanthanide complexes are highlighted, the models used to rationalise them are detailed and how such electronic effects may be adjusted depending on energy and symmetry considerations is considered. Understanding and tuning the ground-state multiconfigurational behaviour in lanthanide complexes may open new doors to modular and unusual reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Tricoire
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, cedex, France
| | - Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, cedex, France
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, cedex, France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, cedex, France
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15
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Catalytic C-H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6660-6666. [PMID: 33031646 PMCID: PMC7986365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical, solvent-free, highly regioselective, rhodium-catalyzed C-H methylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The reaction shows excellent functional-group compatibility and is demonstrated to work for the late-stage C-H methylation of biologically active compounds. The method requires no external heating and benefits from considerably shorter reaction times than previous solution-based C-H methylation protocols. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach is shown to enable the efficient synthesis of organometallic complexes that are difficult to generate conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström LaboratoriesUppsala UniversityBox 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's Close, CliftonBristolBS8 1TSUK
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16
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Landge V, Maxwell JM, Chand-Thakuri P, Kapoor M, Diemler ET, Young MC. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Arylation of Unprotected Allylamines. JACS Au 2021; 1:13-22. [PMID: 34467268 PMCID: PMC8395680 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed organometallic transformations of free amines are often unsuccessful due to side reactions, such as oxidation, that can occur. However, the ability to furnish the free amine products from these reactions is important for improving the utility and sustainability of these processes, especially for accessing their potential as medicinal and agrochemical agents. Notably, the 3,3-diarylallylamine motif is prevalent in a variety of biologically relevant structures, yet there are few catalytic approaches to their synthesis, and none involving the free amine. Herein, we describe a simple protocol for the arylation of cinnamylamines and the diarylation of terminal allylamines to generate a diverse group of 3,3-diarylallylamine products using a PdII precatalyst. Key features of the method are the ability to access relatively mild conditions that facilitate a broad substrate scope as well as direct diarylation of terminal allylamine substrates. In addition, several complex and therapeutically relevant molecules are included to demonstrate the utility of the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod
G. Landge
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Justin M. Maxwell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Pratibha Chand-Thakuri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Evan T. Diemler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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17
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Ramirez y Medina IM, Rohdenburg M, Kipke W, Lork E, Staubitz A. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of a Spirostannole and Formation of a Pentaorganostannate. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214993. [PMID: 33126599 PMCID: PMC7672547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new spirostannole, 1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-4,4',5,5',6,6',7,7'-octahydro-2,2'-spirobi[benzo[c]stannole] (4), is synthesised and the molecular structure is compared with the optimised geometry from DFT calculations. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are twice degenerated and show a small HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 3.2 eV. In addition, cyclic voltammetry measurements are conducted and three redox processes are observed. Absorption and emission spectra show maxima at λabs,max 436 nm and λem,max 533 nm, respectively. Spirostannole 4 is a strongly absorbing material, but an extremely weak emitter in solution at 295.15 K. However, when the solution is cooled from 280 to 80 K, the emission becomes visible. The reaction of spirostannole 4 with methyllithium is monitored by NMR spectroscopy at 238.15 K. The 119Sn{1H} NMR signal shifts from -36.0 (4) to -211.0 ppm, which is indicative of the formation of the lithium pentaorganostannate 5. The complex is thermally instable at 295.15 K, but insights into the molecular structure and electronic behaviour are obtained by DFT and TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel-Maria Ramirez y Medina
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kipke
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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18
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Abstract
The site-selective modification of biomolecules has grown spectacularly in recent years. The presence of a large number of functional groups in a biomolecule makes its chemo- and regioselective modification a challenging goal. In this context, transition-metal-mediated reactions are emerging as a powerful tool owing to their unique reactivity and good functional group compatibility, allowing highly efficient and selective bioconjugation reactions that operate under mild conditions. This Minireview focuses on the current state of organometallic chemistry for bioconjugation, highlighting the potential of transition metals for the development of chemoselective and site-specific methods for functionalization of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. The importance of the selection of ligands attached to the transition metal for conferring the desired chemoselectivity will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodríguez
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Miguel Martínez-Calvo
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), AE CICA-INIBIC, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Galicia, Spain
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19
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Cerón-Carrasco JP. Theoretical Prediction of Dual-Potency Anti-Tumor Agents: Combination of Oxoplatin with Other FDA-Approved Oncology Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4741. [PMID: 32635199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Pt(II)-based drugs are widely used to treat cancer, very few molecules have been approved for routine use in chemotherapy due to their side-effects on healthy tissues. A new approach to reducing the toxicity of these drugs is generating a prodrug by increasing the oxidation state of the metallic center to Pt(IV), a less reactive form that is only activated once it enters a cell. We used theoretical tools to combine the parent Pt(IV) prodrug, oxoplatin, with the most recent FDA-approved anti-cancer drug set published by the National Institute of Health (NIH). The only prerequisite imposed for the latter was the presence of one carboxylic group in the structure, a chemical feature that ensures a link to the coordination sphere via a simple esterification procedure. Our calculations led to a series of bifunctional prodrugs ranked according to their relative stabilities and activation profiles. Of all the designed molecules, the combination of oxoplatin with aminolevulinic acid as the bioactive ligand emerged as the most promising strategy by which to design enhanced dual-potency oncology drugs.
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20
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Guo Y, Harutyunyan SR. Copper-catalysed alkylation of heterocyclic acceptors with organometallic reagents. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1006-1021. [PMID: 32509032 PMCID: PMC7237809 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalysed asymmetric C–C bond-forming reactions using organometallic reagents have developed into a powerful tool for the synthesis of complex molecules with single or multiple stereogenic centres over the past decades. Among the various acceptors employed in such reactions, those with a heterocyclic core are of particular importance because of the frequent occurrence of heterocyclic scaffolds in the structures of chiral natural products and bioactive molecules. Hence, this review focuses on the progress made over the past 20 years for heterocyclic acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Guo
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Colella M, Nagaki A, Luisi R. Flow Technology for the Genesis and Use of (Highly) Reactive Organometallic Reagents. Chemistry 2019; 26:19-32. [PMID: 31498924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of organic synthesis, the advent of flow chemistry and flow microreactor technology represented a tremendous novelty in the way of thinking and performing chemical reactions, opening the doors to poorly explored or even impossible transformations using batch methods. In this Concept article, we would like to highlight the impact of flow chemistry for exploiting highly reactive organometallic reagents, and how, alongside the well-known advantages concerning safety, scalability, and productivity, flow chemistry makes possible processes that are impossible to control by using the traditional batch approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Aichiiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
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22
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Myers AJ, Tarlton ML, Kelley SP, Lukens WW, Walensky JR. Synthesis and Utility of Neptunium(III) Hydrocarbyl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14891-14895. [PMID: 31412157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To extend organoactinide chemistry beyond uranium, reported here is the first structurally characterized transuranic hydrocarbyl complex, Np[η4 -Me2 NC(H)C6 H5 ]3 (1), from reaction of NpCl4 (DME)2 with four equivalents of K[Me2 NC(H)C6 H5 ]. Unlike the UIII species, the neptunium analogue can be used to access other NpIII complexes. The reaction of 1 with three equivalents of HE2 C(2,6-Mes2 -C6 H3 ) (E=O, S) yields [(2,6-Mes2 -C6 H3 )CE2 ]3 Np(THF)2 , maintaining the trivalent oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael L Tarlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Justin R Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Abstract
Malaria and cancer are chronic diseases. The challenge with drugs available for the treatment of these diseases is drug toxicity and resistance. Ferrocene is a potent organometallic which have been hybridized with other compounds resulting in compounds with enhanced biological activity such as antimalarial and anticancer. Drugs such as ferroquine were developed from ferrocene and chloroquine. It was tested in the 1990s as an antimalarial and is still an effective antimalarial. Many researchers have reported ferrocene compounds as potent compounds useful as anticancer and antimalarial agents when hybridized with other pharmaceutical scaffolds. This review will be focused on compounds with ferrocene moieties that exhibit either an anticancer or antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| | - Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
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24
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Quintana C, Morshedi M, Wang H, Du J, Cifuentes MP, Humphrey MG. Exceptional Two-Photon Absorption in Alkynylruthenium-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids. Nano Lett 2019; 19:756-760. [PMID: 30620605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkynyl "star" complexes with tri(2-thienyl)-, tris(1,2,3-triazolyl)-, or triphenyl-benzene cores stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, molecular modeling, dynamic light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies are consistent with ca. 5 trithienyl- or triazolyl-benzene-cored star complexes decorating the exterior of each AuNP. The ca. 2.5 nm diameter (by transmission electron microscopy) trithienylbenzene-cored gold nanoparticle hybrids are significantly less absorbent than classical Brust nanoparticles stabilized by 1-dodecanethiol; with femtosecond pulsed radiation, they exhibit exceptionally strong saturable absorption and two-photon absorption across the visible range and into the near-infrared region (3 000 000 GM at 500 nm and 46 000 GM at 750 nm; 1 GM is equal to 10-50 cm4 s photon-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Quintana
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Mahbod Morshedi
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Huan Wang
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Jun Du
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Marie P Cifuentes
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Mark G Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
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25
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Day BM, Guo FS, Giblin SR, Sekiguchi A, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Rare-Earth Cyclobutadienyl Sandwich Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Dynamic Magnetic Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:16779-16782. [PMID: 30230639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The potassium cyclobutadienyl [K2 {η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )4 }] (1) reacts with MCl3 (THF)3.5 (M=Y, Dy) to give the first rare-earth cyclobutadienyl complexes, that is, the complex anions [M{η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )4 }{η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )3 -κ-(CH2 SiMe2 }]2- , (2M ), as their dipotassium salts. The tuck-in alkyl ligand in 2M is thought to form through deprotonation of the "squarocene" complexes [M{η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )4 }2 ]- by 1. Complex 2Dy is a single-molecule magnet, but with prominent quantum tunneling. An anisotropy barrier of 323(22) cm-1 was determined for 2Dy in an applied field of 1 kOe, and magnetic hysteresis loops were observed up to 7 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Day
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fu-Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Sean R Giblin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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26
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Kodikara MS, Stranger R, Humphrey MG. Long-Range Corrected DFT Calculations of First Hyperpolarizabilities and Excitation Energies of Metal Alkynyl Complexes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1537-1546. [PMID: 29569849 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the CAM-B3LYP, ωB97X and LC-BLYP long-range corrected density functional theory methods in the calculation of molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (β) and low-lying charge transfer (CT) excitation energies of the metal alkynyl complexes M(C≡C-4-C6 H4 -1-NO2 )(κ2 -dppe)(η5 -C5 H5 ) [M=Fe (1), Ru (2), Os (3)] and trans-[Ru{C≡C-(1,4-C6 H4 C≡C)n -4-C6 H4 -1-NO2 }Cl(κ2 -dppm)2 ] [n=0 (4), 1 (5), 2 (6)] was assessed. The BLYP, B3LYP and PBE0 standard exchange-correlation functionals and the Hartree-Fock method were also examined. The BLYP functional was shown to perform poorly in the calculation of β and low-energy CT transitions. The hybrid functionals (B3LYP and PBE0) showed significant improvement over the pure functional BLYP, but overestimated the hyperpolarizability ratios and the wavelengths of the lowest energy metal-to-ligand CT transitions for 5 and 6. The effect of long-range corrections is noteworthy, particularly for the larger complexes, improving the calculation of β ratios for 4-6. However, CAM-B3LYP, ωB97X, and LC-BLYP considerably overestimated the low-lying CT energies. PBE0 was found to give the best transition energy match for 4. The influence of the phenylene ring orientation in the alkynyl ligand on the calculated properties is substantial, particularly for the larger complexes. For these types of calculations, a basis set with diffuse functions (at least 6-31+G(d)) for the heavy elements is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Kodikara
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Ruhuna, Matara, 81000, Sri Lanka
| | - Rob Stranger
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mark G Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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27
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Shannan B, Watters A, Chen Q, Mollin S, Dörr M, Meggers E, Xu X, Gimotty PA, Perego M, Li L, Benci J, Krepler C, Brafford P, Zhang J, Wei Z, Zhang G, Liu Q, Yin X, Nathanson KL, Herlyn M, Vultur A. PIM kinases as therapeutic targets against advanced melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54897-54912. [PMID: 27448973 PMCID: PMC5342389 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma show encouraging results in the clinic; however, not all patients respond equally and tumor resistance still poses a challenge. To identify novel therapeutic targets for melanoma, we screened a panel of structurally diverse organometallic inhibitors against human-derived normal and melanoma cells. We observed that a compound that targets PIM kinases (a family of Ser/Thr kinases) preferentially inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, invasion, and viability in adherent and three-dimensional (3D) melanoma models. Assessment of tumor tissue from melanoma patients showed that PIM kinases are expressed in pre- and post-treatment tumors, suggesting PIM kinases as promising targets in the clinic. Using knockdown studies, we showed that PIM1 contributes to melanoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo; however, the presence of PIM2 and PIM3 could also influence the outcome. The inhibition of all PIM isoforms using SGI-1776 (a clinically-available PIM inhibitor) reduced melanoma proliferation and survival in preclinical models of melanoma. This was potentiated in the presence of the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 and in the presence of PI3K inhibitors. Our findings suggest that PIM inhibitors provide promising additions to the targeted therapies available to melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Shannan
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Watters
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Quan Chen
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan Mollin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michela Perego
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Benci
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clemens Krepler
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Brafford
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiangfan Yin
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adina Vultur
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Wang T, Fan Q, Feng L, Tao Z, Huang J, Ju H, Xu Q, Hu S, Zhu J. Chiral Kagome Lattices from On-Surface Synthesized Molecules. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3329-3333. [PMID: 28910515 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kagome lattices have attracted much attention owing to their potential applications in spin-frustrated magnetism and host-guest chemistry. Examples toward the fabrication of 2D Kagome lattices reported previously have in common that the precursor molecules were typically deposited on the surface structurally intact with no chemical reactions accompanied. Herein, by using a combination of synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we demonstrated the fabrication of two types of chiral Kagome lattices from on-surface synthesized organometallic compounds, which are known as intermediates of Glaser coupling on silver single crystal surfaces. These Kagome lattices are stabilized by the interplay of various intermolecular interactions, including Br⋅⋅⋅Br bonds, C-Br⋅⋅⋅π bonds and π-π stacking. The chiral transference and host-guest supramolecular structure in the novel Kagome lattices were also studied. Our studies may pave a new way to engineer complex supramolecular networks through on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Zhijie Tao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Shanwei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
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29
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Estrada-Ortiz N, Guarra F, de Graaf IAM, Marchetti L, de Jager MH, Groothuis GMM, Gabbiani C, Casini A. Anticancer Gold N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A Comparative in vitro and ex vivo Study. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1429-1435. [PMID: 28741878 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of organometallic AuI N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes was synthesized and characterized for anticancer activity in four human cancer cell lines. The compounds' toxicity in healthy tissue was determined using precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) as a tool to determine the potential selectivity of the gold complexes ex vivo. All evaluated compounds presented cytotoxic activity toward the cancer cells in the nano- or low micromolar range. The mixed AuI NHC complex, (tert-butylethynyl)-1,3-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene gold(I), bearing an alkynyl moiety as ancillary ligand, showed high cytotoxicity in cancer cells in vitro, while being barely toxic in healthy rat kidney tissues. The obtained results open new perspectives toward the design of mixed NHC-alkynyl gold complexes for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Estrada-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Guarra
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 3, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorella Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 3, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina H de Jager
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 3, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF103AT, Cardiff, UK
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30
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Yan J, Yang Y, Ishida M, Mori S, Zhang B, Feng Y, Furuta H. Organometallic Group 11 (Cu III , Ag III , Au III ) Complexes of a trans-Doubly N-Confused Porphyrin: An "Expanded Imidazole" Structural Motif. Chemistry 2017; 23:11375-11384. [PMID: 28612992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of group 11 metal cations with an α-bis(phenylthio)-substituted trans-doubly N-confused porphyrin (trans-N2 CPSPh : 4) afforded a series of square-planar trivalent organometallic complexes (i.e., Cu-H4, Ag-H4, and Au-H4). The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes revealed highly planar core geometries along with the presence of peripheral amine and imine nitrogen sites of the pyrrolic moieties. NMR, UV/Vis absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies suggested the 18 π-electron aromaticity of the complexes. The aromaticity was also fully analyzed by various theoretical methodologies such as nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) and anisotropic induced current density (ACID) calculations. The central metal affects the amphiprotic character of the complexes possessing both pyrrolic amino nitrogen and imino nitrogen atoms at the periphery, which was examined by the photometric titration with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), respectively. The inherent acidity of the complexes was followed in the order; Cu-H4>Au-H4>Ag-H4 and that of basicity was Au-H4>Ag-H4>Cu-H4. The complexes could be considered as an "expanded imidazole" structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University and the Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University and the Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University and the Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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31
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Schwich T, Barlow A, Cifuentes MP, Szeremeta J, Samoc M, Humphrey MG. Stellar Multi-Photon Absorption Materials: Beyond the Telecommunication Wavelength Band. Chemistry 2017; 23:8395-8399. [PMID: 28488357 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Very large molecular two- and three-photon absorption cross-sections are achieved by appending ligated bis(diphosphine)ruthenium units to oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) (OPE)-based "stars" with arms up to 7 phenyleneethynylene (PE) units in length. Extremely large three- and four-photon absorption cross-sections, through the telecommunications wavelengths range and beyond, are obtained for these complexes upon optimizing OPE length and the ruthenium-coordinated peripheral ligand. Multi-photon absorption (MPA) cross-sections are optimized with stars possessing arms 2 PE units in length. Peripheral ligand variation modifies MPA merit and, in particular, 4-nitrophenylethynyl ligand incorporation enhances maximal MPA values and "switches on" four-photon absorption (4PA) in these low molecular-weight complexes. The 4-nitrophenylethynyl-ligated 2PE-armed star possesses a maximal four-photon absorption cross-section of 1.8×10-108 cm8 s3 at 1750 nm, and significant MPA activity extending beyond 2000 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schwich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Adam Barlow
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Marie P Cifuentes
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Janusz Szeremeta
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Marek Samoc
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Mark G Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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32
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Fan Q, Wang T, Dai J, Kuttner J, Hilt G, Gottfried JM, Zhu J. On-Surface Pseudo-High-Dilution Synthesis of Macrocycles: Principle and Mechanism. ACS Nano 2017; 11:5070-5079. [PMID: 28419801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles have attracted much attention due to their specific "endless" topology, which results in extraordinary properties compared to related linear (open-chain) molecules. However, challenges still remain in their controlled synthesis with well-defined constitution and geometry. Here, we report the successful application of the (pseudo-)high-dilution method to the conditions of on-surface synthesis in ultrahigh vacuum. This approach leads to high yields (up to 84%) of cyclic hyperbenzene ([18]-honeycombene) via an Ullmann-type reaction from 4,4″-dibromo-meta-terphenyl (DMTP) as precursor on a Ag(111) surface. The mechanism of macrocycle formation was explored in detail using scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. We propose that the dominant pathway for hyperbenzene (MTP)6 formation is the stepwise desilverization of an organometallic (MTP-Ag)6 macrocycle, which forms via cyclization of (MTP-Ag)6 chains under pseudo-high-dilution conditions. The high probability of cyclization on the stage of the organometallic phase results from the reversibility of the C-Ag bond. The case is different from that in solution, in which cyclization typically occurs on the stage of a covalently bonded open-chain precursor. This difference in the cyclization mechanism on a surface compared to that in solution stems mainly from the 2D confinement exerted by the surface template, which hinders the flipping of chain segments necessary for cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029, P.R. China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Dai
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Julian Kuttner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029, P.R. China
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33
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Chepyshev SV, Lujan-Montelongo JA, Chao A, Fleming FF. Alkenyl Isocyanide Conjugate Additions: A Rapid Route to γ-Carbolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4310-4313. [PMID: 28295938 PMCID: PMC5667947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanides are exceptional building blocks, the wide deployment of which in multicomponent and metal-insertion reactions belies their limited availability. The first conjugate addition/alkylation to alkenyl isocyanides is described, which addresses this deficiency. An array of organolithiums, magnesiates, enolates, and metalated nitriles add conjugately to β- and β,β-disubstituted arylsulfonyl alkenyl isocyanides to rapidly assemble diverse isocyanide scaffolds. The intermediate metalated isocyanides are efficiently trapped with electrophiles to generate substituted isocyanides incorporating contiguous tri- and tetra-substituted centers. The substituted isocyanides are ideally functionalized for elaboration into synthetic targets as illustrated by the three-step synthesis of γ-carboline N-methyl ingenine B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Chepyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 South 32nd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Armando Lujan-Montelongo
- Departmento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México, 07360, México
| | - Allen Chao
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 South 32nd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 South 32nd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Pedziwiatr J, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Crystal structures of a novel NNN pincer ligand and its dinuclear titanium(IV) alkoxide pincer complex. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2017; 73:122-126. [PMID: 28217325 PMCID: PMC5290548 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989016019964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a synthetic protocols and the crystal structures involving a novel pincer-type H3[NNN] ligand, namely di-μ-bromido-μ-{2-(2,2-di-methylpropanimido-yl)-N-[2-(2,2-di-methyl-propanimido-yl)-4-methyl-phen-yl]-4-methylaniline}-bis-[(diethyl ether)lithium], [Li2Br2(C24H33N3)(C4H10O)2] (1) and a dinuclear metal complex, namely di-μ-bromido-2:3κ4Br:Br-bis-{2-(2,2-di-methylpropanimido-yl)-N-[2-(2,2-di-methyl-propanimido-yl)-4-methyl-phen-yl]-4-methylaniline}-1κ3N,N',N'';4κ3N,N',N''-tetra-μ-iso-propano-lato-1:2κ4O:O;3:4κ4O:O-diiso-propano-lato-1κO,4κO-2,3-dilithium-1,4-dititanium, [Li2Ti2Br2(C24H32N3)2(C3H7O)6] or {[NHNNH]Ti(O i Pr)3(LiBr)2}2 (2). Complex 1, which sits on a twofold rotation axis, is a rare example of a pincer-type ligand which bears ketimine side arms. A unique feature of complex 1 is that the ketimine N atoms have an LiBr(Et2O) fragment bonded to them, with the Li atom adopting a distorted tetra-hedral geometry. This particular fragment creates an LiBr bridge between the two ketimine sidearms, which leads to a cage-type appearance of the ligand. Complex 2 consists of the previously described ligand and a TiIV metal atom in an octa-hedral environment, and is located on an inversion center. Complex 2 crystallizes as a dinuclear species with the metal atoms being bridged by an LiBr entity [the Br atoms are disordered and refined in two positions with their site occupation factors refining to 0.674 (12)/0.372 (12)], and the Li cation being bonded to the isopropoxide O atoms (Li having a tetra-hedral coordination as in 1). The organic ligand of compound 2 exhibits disorder in its periphery groups; isopropyl and tert-butyl groups (occupation factors fixed at 0.6/0.4). The novel [NNN]H3 pincer-type ligand was characterized by multinuclear and multidimensional NMR, HRMS and X-ray crystallography. The dinuclear metal complex 2 was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Although each structure exhibits donor N-H groups, no hydrogen bonding is found in either one, perhaps due to the bulky groups around them. One of the ethyl groups of the ether ligand of 1 is disordered and refined in two parts with site-occupation factors of 0.812 (8) and 0.188 (8). One and a half toluene solvent mol-ecules are also present in the asymmetric unit of 2. The toluene mol-ecules were significantly disordered and could not be modeled properly, thus SQUEEZE [Spek (2015 ▸). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18] was used to remove their contributions to the overall intensity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pedziwiatr
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Hackl CM, Legina MS, Pichler V, Schmidlehner M, Roller A, Dömötör O, Enyedy EA, Jakupec MA, Kandioller W, Keppler BK. Thiomaltol-Based Organometallic Complexes with 1-Methylimidazole as Leaving Group: Synthesis, Stability, and Biological Behavior. Chemistry 2016; 22:17269-17281. [PMID: 27759173 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiomaltol, a potential S,O-coordinating molecule, has been utilized for the complexation of four different organometallic fragments, yielding the desired RuII , OsII , RhIII , and IrIII complexes having a "piano-stool" configuration. In addition to the synthesis of these compounds with a chlorido leaving group, the analogous 1-methylimidazole derivatives have been prepared, giving rise to thiomaltol-based organometallics with enhanced stability under physiological conditions. The organometallic compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Their behavior in aqueous solution and their interactions with certain amino acids have been studied by ESI mass spectrometry. Their pH-dependent stability has been investigated by 1 H NMR in aqueous solution, and their cytotoxicity against three different cancer cell lines has been investigated. Furthermore, their capacity as topoisomerase IIα inhibitors as well as their effect on the cell cycle distribution and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Hackl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria S Legina
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Pichler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Schmidlehner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva A Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The reaction of CpPd(η3-C3H5) with the new diphosphinoborane ligand derivative (o-PCy2-C6H4)2BPh CyDPBPh affords the T-shape complex (CyDPBPh)Pd(0) 9, which was characterized by X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Steinhoff
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael E Tauchert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Pugh T, Chilton NF, Layfield RA. A Low-Symmetry Dysprosium Metallocene Single-Molecule Magnet with a High Anisotropy Barrier. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11082-5. [PMID: 27460170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties of the isocarbonyl-ligated dysprosium metallocene [Cp*2 Dy{μ-(OC)2 FeCp}]2 (1Dy ), which contains a rhombus-shaped Dy2 Fe2 core, are described. Combining a strong axial [Cp*](-) ligand field with a weak equatorial field consisting of the isocarbonyl ligands leads to an anisotropy barrier of 662 cm(-1) in zero applied field. The dominant thermal relaxation pathways in 1Dy involves at least the fourth-excited Kramers doublet, thus demonstrating that prominent SMM behavior can be observed for dysprosium in low-symmetry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pugh
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Nicholas F Chilton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Richard A Layfield
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K..
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Johnson GE, Gunaratne D, Laskin J. Soft- and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications. Mass Spectrom Rev 2016; 35:439-479. [PMID: 25880894 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soft- and reactive landing of mass-selected ions is gaining attention as a promising approach for the precisely-controlled preparation of materials on surfaces that are not amenable to deposition using conventional methods. A broad range of ionization sources and mass filters are available that make ion soft-landing a versatile tool for surface modification using beams of hyperthermal (<100 eV) ions. The ability to select the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion, its kinetic energy and charge state, along with precise control of the size, shape, and position of the ion beam on the deposition target distinguishes ion soft landing from other surface modification techniques. Soft- and reactive landing have been used to prepare interfaces for practical applications as well as precisely-defined model surfaces for fundamental investigations in chemistry, physics, and materials science. For instance, soft- and reactive landing have been applied to study the surface chemistry of ions isolated in the gas-phase, prepare arrays of proteins for high-throughput biological screening, produce novel carbon-based and polymer materials, enrich the secondary structure of peptides and the chirality of organic molecules, immobilize electrochemically-active proteins and organometallics on electrodes, create thin films of complex molecules, and immobilize catalytically active organometallics as well as ligated metal clusters. In addition, soft landing has enabled investigation of the size-dependent behavior of bare metal clusters in the critical subnanometer size regime where chemical and physical properties do not scale predictably with size. The morphology, aggregation, and immobilization of larger bare metal nanoparticles, which are directly relevant to the design of catalysts as well as improved memory and electronic devices, have also been studied using ion soft landing. This review article begins in section 1 with a brief introduction to the existing applications of ion soft- and reactive landing. Section 2 provides an overview of the ionization sources and mass filters that have been used to date for soft landing of mass-selected ions. A discussion of the competing processes that occur during ion deposition as well as the types of ions and surfaces that have been investigated follows in section 3. Section 4 discusses the physical phenomena that occur during and after ion soft landing, including retention and reduction of ionic charge along with factors that impact the efficiency of ion deposition. The influence of soft landing on the secondary structure and biological activity of complex ions is addressed in section 5. Lastly, an overview of the structure and mobility as well as the catalytic, optical, magnetic, and redox properties of bare ionic clusters and nanoparticles deposited onto surfaces is presented in section 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Don Gunaratne
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352
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Abstract
Organometallic chemistry can be considered as a wide area of knowledge that combines concepts of classic organic chemistry, that is, based essentially on carbon, with molecular inorganic chemistry, especially with coordination compounds. Transition-metal methyl complexes probably represent the simplest and most fundamental way to view how these two major areas of chemistry combine and merge into novel species with intriguing features in terms of reactivity, structure, and bonding. Citing more than 500 bibliographic references, this review aims to offer a concise view of recent advances in the field of transition-metal complexes containing M-CH3 fragments. Taking into account the impressive amount of data that are continuously provided by organometallic chemists in this area, this review is mainly focused on results of the last five years. After a panoramic overview on M-CH3 compounds of Groups 3 to 11, which includes the most recent landmark findings in this area, two further sections are dedicated to methyl-bridged complexes and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química, Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Riccardo Peloso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química, Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ernesto Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química, Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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Meng YS, Qiao YS, Zhang YQ, Jiang SD, Meng ZS, Wang BW, Wang ZM, Gao S. Can Non-Kramers Tm(III) Mononuclear Molecules be Single-Molecule Magnets (SMMs)? Chemistry 2016; 22:4704-8. [PMID: 26777067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, plentiful lanthanide-based (Tb(III) , Dy(III) , and Er(III) ) single-molecule magnets (SMMs) were studied, while examples of other lanthanides, for example, Tm(III) are still unknown. Herein, for the first time, we show that by rationally manipulating the coordination sphere, two thulium compounds, 1[(Tp)Tm(COT)] and 2[(Tp*)Tm(COT)] (Tp=hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate; COT=cyclooctatetraenide; Tp*=hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate), can adopt the structure of non-Kramers SMMs and exhibit their behaviors. Dynamic magnetic studies indicated that both compounds showed slow magnetic relaxation under dc field and a relatively high effective energy barrier (111 K for 1, 46 K for 2). Magnetic diluted 1 a[(Tp)Tm0.05 Y0.95 (COT)] and 2 a[(Tp*)Tm0.05 Y0.95 (COT)] even exhibited magnetic relaxation under zero dc field. Relativistic ab initio calculations combined with single-crystal angular-resolved magnetometry measurements revealed the strong easy axis anisotropy and nearly degenerated ground doublet states. The comparison of 1 and 2 highlights the importance of local symmetry for obtaining Tm SMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Shan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Sen Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, School of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Sha Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Zhe-Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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Deeming AS, Russell CJ, Willis MC. Combining organometallic reagents, the sulfur dioxide surrogate DABSO, and amines: a one-pot preparation of sulfonamides, amenable to array synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:1168-71. [PMID: 25431118 PMCID: PMC4312890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for the synthesis of sulfonamides through the combination of an organometallic reagent, a sulfur dioxide equivalent, and an aqueous solution of an amine under oxidative conditions (bleach). This simple reaction protocol avoids the need to employ sulfonyl chloride substrates, thus removing the limitation imposed by the commercial availability of these reagents. The resultant method allows access to new chemical space, and is also tolerant of the polar functional groups needed to impart favorable physiochemical properties required for medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. The developed chemistry is employed in the synthesis of a targeted 70 compound array, prepared using automated methods. The array achieved a 93% success rate for compounds prepared. Calculated molecular weights, lipophilicities, and polar surface areas are presented, demonstrating the utility of the method for delivering sulfonamides with drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Deeming
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://mcwillis.chem.ox.ac.uk/MCW/Home.html
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Renny JS, Tomasevich LL, Tallmadge EH, Collum DB. Method of continuous variations: applications of job plots to the study of molecular associations in organometallic chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11998-2013. [PMID: 24166797 PMCID: PMC4028694 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Applications of the method of continuous variations (MCV or the Method of Job) to problems of interest to organometallic chemists are described. MCV provides qualitative and quantitative insights into the stoichiometries underlying association of m molecules of A and n molecules of B to form A(m)B(n) . Applications to complex ensembles probe associations that form metal clusters and aggregates. Job plots in which reaction rates are monitored provide relative stoichiometries in rate-limiting transition structures. In a specialized variant, ligand- or solvent-dependent reaction rates are dissected into contributions in both the ground states and transition states, which affords insights into the full reaction coordinate from a single Job plot. Gaps in the literature are identified and critiqued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Renny
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Laura L. Tomasevich
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Evan H. Tallmadge
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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Joshi T, Patra M, Spiccia L, Gasser G. Di-heterometalation of thiol-functionalized peptide nucleic acids. Artif DNA PNA XNA 2013; 4:11-8. [PMID: 23422249 PMCID: PMC3654725 DOI: 10.4161/adna.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a proof-of-principle, two hetero-bimetallic PNA oligomers containing a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl and a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl complex have been prepared by serial combination of solid-phase peptide coupling and in-solution thiol chemistry. Solid-phase N-terminus attachment of Ru(II)-polypyridyl carboxylic acid derivative, C1, onto the thiol-functionalized PNA backbone (H-a-a-g-t-c-t-g-c-linker-cys-NH 2) has been performed by standard peptide coupling method. As two parallel approaches, the strong affinity of thiols for maleimide and haloacetyl group has been exploited for subsequent post-SPPS addition of cymantrene-based organometallic cores, C2 and C3. Michael-like addition and thioether ligation of thiol functionalized PNA1 (H-gly-a-a-g-t-c-t-g-c-linker-cys-NH 2) and PNA2 (C1-a-a-g-t-c-t-g-c-linker-cys-NH 2) to cymantrene maleimide and chloroacetyl derivatives, C2 and C3, respectively, has been performed. The synthesized ruthenium(II)-cymantrenyl PNA oligomers have been characterized by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and IR spectroscopy. The distinct Mn-CO vibrational IR stretches, between 1,924-2,074 cm (-1) , have been used as markers to confirm the presence of cymantrenyl units in the PNA sequences and the purity of the HPLC-purified PNA thioethers assessed using LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Joshi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leone Spiccia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
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