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You Z, Yu M, Fu R, Nie X, Chen J. Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Levulinic Acid-Based Environmental Auxiliary Plasticizer for Poly(vinyl chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:361. [PMID: 38337249 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a bio-based plasticizer ketalized tung oil butyl levulinate (KTBL) was developed using methyl eleostearate, a derivative of tung oil, and butyl levulinate. KTBL can be used as an auxiliary plasticizer to partially replace traditional plasticizer. The plasticizer has a ketone structure, an ester base, and a long linear chain. It was mixed with dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and the effect of the plasticizer KTBL as an auxiliary plasticizer on the plasticization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was studied. Their compatibility and plasticizing effect were evaluated using dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), mechanical property analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrate that when the KTBL to DOP ratio is 1:1, the blended sample with KTBL exhibits superior mechanical performance compared to pure DOP, resulting in an increased elongation at break from 377.47% to 410.92%. Moreover, with the increase in KTBL content, the durability is also significantly improved. These findings suggest that KTBL can serve as an effective auxiliary plasticizer for PVC, thereby reducing the reliance on DOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu You
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Min Yu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Renli Fu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
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2
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Kudzin MH, Piwowarska D, Festinger N, Chruściel JJ. Risks Associated with the Presence of Polyvinyl Chloride in the Environment and Methods for Its Disposal and Utilization. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:173. [PMID: 38204025 PMCID: PMC10779931 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plastics have recently become an indispensable part of everyone's daily life due to their versatility, durability, light weight, and low production costs. The increasing production and use of plastics poses great environmental problems due to their incomplete utilization, a very long period of biodegradation, and a negative impact on living organisms. Decomposing plastics lead to the formation of microplastics, which accumulate in the environment and living organisms, becoming part of the food chain. The contamination of soils and water with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) seriously threatens ecosystems around the world. Their durability and low weight make microplastic particles easily transported through water or air, ending up in the soil. Thus, the problem of microplastic pollution affects the entire ecosystem. Since microplastics are commonly found in both drinking and bottled water, humans are also exposed to their harmful effects. Because of existing risks associated with the PVC microplastic contamination of the ecosystem, intensive research is underway to develop methods to clean and remove it from the environment. The pollution of the environment with plastic, and especially microplastic, results in the reduction of both water and soil resources used for agricultural and utility purposes. This review provides an overview of PVC's environmental impact and its disposal options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin H. Kudzin
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, 19/27 Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (M.H.K.); (D.P.); (N.F.)
- Circular Economy Center (BCG), Environmental Protection Engineering Research Group, Brzezińska 5/15, 92-103 Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominika Piwowarska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, 19/27 Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (M.H.K.); (D.P.); (N.F.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 21/23 Jana Matejki Str., 90-237 Łódź, Poland
- UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-232 Łódź, Poland
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna Str., 90-364 Łódź, Poland
| | - Natalia Festinger
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, 19/27 Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (M.H.K.); (D.P.); (N.F.)
- Circular Economy Center (BCG), Environmental Protection Engineering Research Group, Brzezińska 5/15, 92-103 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy J. Chruściel
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, 19/27 Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (M.H.K.); (D.P.); (N.F.)
- Circular Economy Center (BCG), Environmental Protection Engineering Research Group, Brzezińska 5/15, 92-103 Łódź, Poland
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3
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An J, Roh HH, Jeong H, Lee KY, Rhim T. Rapid Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Migration from Consumer PVC Products. Toxics 2023; 12:7. [PMID: 38276720 PMCID: PMC10818930 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is widely used to produce various consumer goods, including food packaging, toys for children, building materials, and cosmetic products. However, despite their widespread use, phthalate plasticizers have been identified as endocrine disruptors, which cause adverse health effects, thus leading to increasing concerns regarding their migration from PVC products to the environment. This study proposed a method for rapidly measuring the migration of phthalates, particularly di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from PVC products to commonly encountered liquids. The release of DEHP under various conditions, including exposure to aqueous and organic solvents, different temperatures, and household microwaves, was investigated. The amount of DEHP released from both laboratory-produced PVC films and commercially available PVC products was measured to elucidate the potential risks associated with its real-world applications. Furthermore, tests were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity using estrogen-dependent and -independent cancer cell lines. The results revealed a dose-dependent impact on estrogen-dependent cells, thus emphasizing the potential health implications of phthalate release. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the migration patterns of DEHP from PVC products and forms a basis for further research on the safety of PVC and plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Roh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoon Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuen-Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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4
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Moe AK, Chungprempree J, Preechawong J, Sapsrithong P, Nithitanakul M. The Development of Environmentally Sustainable Poly(vinyl chloride) Composite from Waste Non-Metallic Printed Circuit Board with Interfacial Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2938. [PMID: 37447583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of non-metallic printed circuit boards (NMPCB) as a filler in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composite would help to encourage the use of waste NMPCB, thus, reducing some environmental concerns with regard to e-waste. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the effect of different interfacial agents, namely polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) and ϒ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (ATPS) on the morphology and properties of PVC/NMPCB composites. A PVC/NMPCB composite was prepared by melt compounding with varying amounts of NMPCB ranging between 10, 20 and 30 wt.%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analysis revealed the interactions between PVC and NMPCB when using both PP-g-MAH and ATPS interfacial agent. The properties and morphology of PVC/NMPCB composites were significantly dependent on the interfacial agent treated on the NMPCB surface. The phase morphology and mechanical properties of PVC/NMPCB composites (30 wt.% of NMPCB) were improved and the result also indicated that the higher compatibility of composites with ATPS as an interfacial agent led to our obtaining the maximum Young's modulus of 484 MPa. The dynamic mechanical analysis revealed the interaction at the interface, with the Tg shifting to a lower temperature in the presence of PP-g-MAH and strong interfacial adhesion noted with the improved Tg in the presence of the ATPS interfacial agent. Further evidence of the improved interaction was observed with the increment in density in the presence of ATPS when compared with PP-g-MAH in PVC/NMPCB composite. Hence, of the two interfacial agents, ATPS showed itself to be more effective when employed as an interfacial agent for NMPCB in PVC composite for industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Moe
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirasuta Chungprempree
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jitima Preechawong
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornsri Sapsrithong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Manit Nithitanakul
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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5
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Wilczewski S, Skórczewska K, Tomaszewska J, Osial M, Dąbrowska A, Nikiforow K, Jenczyk P, Grzywacz H. Graphene Modification by Curcuminoids as an Effective Method to Improve the Dispersion and Stability of PVC/Graphene Nanocomposites. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083383. [PMID: 37110616 PMCID: PMC10143296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large amount of graphene-related research is its use as a filler for polymer composites, including thin nanocomposite films. However, its use is limited by the need for large-scale methods to obtain high-quality filler, as well as its poor dispersion in the polymer matrix. This work presents polymer thin-film composites based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and graphene, whose surfaces were modified by curcuminoids. TGA, UV-vis, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, TEM, and SEM methods have confirmed the effectiveness of the graphene modification due to π-π interactions. The dispersion of graphene in the PVC solution was investigated by the turbidimetric method. SEM, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy methods evaluated the thin-film composite's structure. The research showed significant improvements in terms of graphene's dispersion (in solutions and PVC composites) following the application of curcuminoids. The best results were obtained for materials modified with compounds obtained from the extraction of the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. Modification of the graphene's surface with these compounds also increased the thermal and chemical stability of PVC/graphene nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Osial
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dąbrowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kostiantyn Nikiforow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jenczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Grzywacz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Arraq RR, Hadi AG, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Husain AA, Bufaroosha M, Yousif E. Enhancement of Photostabilization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) in the Presence of Tin-Cephalexin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36771851 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, has many attractive properties, including low cost of manufacture, resistance to acid and alkali corrosion, and ease of molding. However, PVC suffers from aging in harsh conditions, leading to the shortening of its useful life. Stability to irradiation, for example, can be improved through the incorporation of additives to PVC. The design, synthesis, and application of new stabilizers continue to attract attention. The current work investigates the effect of three tin-cephalexin complexes on the stability of PVC on irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light (λ = 313 nm) at 25 °C for a long duration. The PVC was blended with tin-cephalexin complexes at low concentrations (0.5% by weight), and thin films (around 40 µm) were made from the mixed materials. Various methods, including weight loss, infrared spectroscopy, and surface inspection of irradiated films were used to investigate the role played by these additives in the inhibition of PVC photodecomposition. The results confirmed that the additives led to a significant reduction in the rate of photodecomposition of the PVC blends. Tin-cephalexin complexes can absorb harmful radiation, deactivate hydrogen chloride, and scavenge high-energy species such as peroxides, therefore acting as stabilizers for PVC.
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7
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Wilczewski S, Skórczewska K, Tomaszewska J, Lewandowski K, Studziński W, Osial M, Jenczyk P, Grzywacz H, Domańska A. Curcuma longa L. Rhizome Extract as a Poly(vinyl chloride)/Graphene Nanocomposite Green Modifier. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228081. [PMID: 36432182 PMCID: PMC9698460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a method to increase the dispersion of graphene (GN) in the matrix of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by using a natural plant extract from Curcuma longa L. (CE) is proposed. Currently, despite the increasing number of reports on the improvement of GN dispersion in PVC blends, still there is a need to find environmentally friendly and economical dispersion stabilizers. We proposed a stabilizer that can be easily obtained from a plant offering thermal stability and high effectiveness. PVC/GN nanocomposites stabilized with the proposed extract were investigated by SEM, AFM (structure), TGA, and Congo red test (thermal properties). Additionally, static and dynamic mechanical properties and electrical resistivity were measured. The use of CE as a graphene dispersant improved its dispersion in the PVC matrix, influenced tensile properties, increased the storage modulus and glass transition temperature, and extended the thermal stability time of nanocomposites. In this work, a CE extract is proposed as an efficient eco-friendly additive for the production of nanocomposites with an improved homogeneity of a nanofiller in the matrix and promising characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Studziński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Osial
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Piotr Jenczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Grzywacz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Domańska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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8
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Tomaszewska J, Wieczorek M, Skórczewska K, Klapiszewska I, Lewandowski K, Klapiszewski Ł. Preparation, Characterization and Tailoring Properties of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composites with the Addition of Functional Halloysite-Lignin Hybrid Materials. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8102. [PMID: 36431589 PMCID: PMC9693884 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, halloysite-lignin hybrid materials (HL) were designed and obtained. The weak hydrogen bonds found between the components were determined based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proving the achievement of class I hybrid systems. The HL systems were characterized by very good thermal stability and relatively good homogeneity, which increased as the proportion of the inorganic part increased. This was confirmed by analyzing scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and assessing particle size distributions and polydispersity indexes. Processing rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with HL systems with a content of up to 10 wt% in a Brabender torque rheometer allowed us to obtain composites with a relatively homogeneous structure confirmed by SEM observations; simultaneously, a reduction in the fusion time was noted. An improvement in PVC thermal stability of approximately 40 °C for composites with HL with a ratio of 1:5 wt/wt was noted. Regardless of the concentration of the HL system, PVC composites exhibited inconsiderably higher Young's modulus, but the incorporation of 2.5 wt% of fillers increased Charpy impact strength by 5-8 kJ/m2 and doubled elongation at break. This study demonstrated that favorable mechanical properties of PVC composites can be achieved, especially with an HL system with a ratio of 5:1 wt/wt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martina Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Klapiszewska
- Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
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9
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Bandekar M, Abdolahpur Monikh F, Kekäläinen J, Tahvanainen T, Kortet R, Zhang P, Guo Z, Akkanen J, Leskinen JTT, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Krishna Darbha G, Grossart HP, Valsami-Jones E, Kukkonen JVK. Submicron Plastic Adsorption by Peat, Accumulation in Sphagnum Mosses and Influence on Bacterial Communities in Peatland Ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15661-15671. [PMID: 36326287 PMCID: PMC9670847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The smallest fraction of plastic pollution, submicron plastics (SMPs <1 μm) are expected to be ubiquitous in the environment. No information is available about SMPs in peatlands, which have a key role in sequestering carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. It is unknown how these plastic particles might behave and interact with (micro)organisms in these ecosystems. Here, we show that the chemical composition of polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-SMPs influenced their adsorption to peat. Consequently, this influenced the accumualtion of SMPs by Sphagnum moss and the composition and diversity of the microbial communities in peatland. Natural organic matter (NOM), which adsorbs from the surrounding water to the surface of SMPs, decreased the adsorption of the particles to peat and their accumulation by Sphagnum moss. However, the presence of NOM on SMPs significantly altered the bacterial community structure compared to SMPs without NOM. Our findings show that peatland ecosystems can potentially adsorb plastic particles. This can not only impact mosses themselves but also change the local microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bandekar
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
- Department
of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz
Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
| | - Jukka Kekäläinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Teemu Tahvanainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Peng Zhang
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | | | | | - Gopala Krishna Darbha
- Environmental
Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department
of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz
Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
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10
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Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K, Wilczewski S. Novel Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Carbon Fibre/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Filler. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5625. [PMID: 36013761 PMCID: PMC9415811 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of studies of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites modified with a hybrid carbon filler of carbon fibres (CFs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The hybrid filler was produced by a solvent method, using poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) as an adhesive. The proportion of components in the hybrid filler with CF-CNT-PVAc was 50:2.5:1, respectively. The obtained hybrid filler was evaluated by SEM, TG, and Raman spectroscopy. The PVC composites were produced by extrusion with proportions of the hybrid filler as 1 wt%, 5 wt%, or 10 wt%. Thermal stability by the TG method, mechanical properties, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) by the DMA and DSC methods were determined. The composite structure was evaluated by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the hybrid filler on electrical properties was investigated by studying the cross and surface resistivity. It was concluded that, aside from a substantial increase in the elastic modulus, no substantial improvement in the PVC/CF/CNT composites' mechanical properties was observed; however, slight increases in thermal stability and Tg were noted. The addition of the hybrid filler contributed to a substantial change in the composites' electrical properties. SEM observations demonstrated improved CNT dispersibility in the matrix, however, without a completely homogeneous coverage of CF by CNT.
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11
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Lewandowski K, Skórczewska K. A Brief Review of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Recycling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3035. [PMID: 35893999 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bearing in mind the aspiration of the world economy to create as complete a closed loop of raw materials and energy as possible, it is important to know the individual links in such a system and to systematise the knowledge. Polymer materials, especially poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), are considered harmful to the environment by a large part of society. The work presents a literature review on mechanical and feedstock recycling. The advantages and disadvantages of various recycling methods and their development perspectives are presented. The general characteristics of PVC are also described. In conclusion, it is stated that there are currently high recycling possibilities for PVC material and that intensive work is underway on the development of feedstock recycling. Based on the literature review, it was found that PVC certainly meets the requirements for materials involved in the circular economy.
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Ledniowska K, Nosal-Kovalenko H, Janik W, Krasuska A, Stańczyk D, Sabura E, Bartoszewicz M, Rybak A. Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071295. [PMID: 35406169 PMCID: PMC9002721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Krasuska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Dorota Stańczyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bartoszewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Rybak
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Hadi AG, Baqir SJ, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hashim H, Ahmed A, Kariuki BM, Yousif E. Substituted Organotin Complexes of 4-Methoxybenzoic Acid for Reduction of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223946. [PMID: 34833244 PMCID: PMC8621606 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) suffers from degradation through oxidation and decomposition when exposed to radiation and high temperatures. Stabilizers are added to polymeric materials to inhibit their degradation and enable their use for a longer duration in harsh environments. The design of new additives to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) is therefore desirable. The current study includes the synthesis of new tin complexes of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and investigates their potential as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The reaction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding substituted tin complexes in good yields. The structures of the complexes were confirmed using analytical and spectroscopic methods. Poly(vinyl chloride) was doped with a small quantity (0.5%) of the tin complexes and homogenous thin films were made. The effects of the additives on the stability of the polymeric material on irradiation with ultraviolet light were assessed using different methods. Weight loss, production of small polymeric fragments, and drops in molecular weight were lower in the presence of the additives. The surface of poly(vinyl chloride), after irradiation, showed less damage in the films containing additives. The additives, in particular those containing aromatic (phenyl groups) substitutes, inhibited the photodegradation of polymeric films significantly. Such additives act as efficient ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide quenchers, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Sadiq J. Baqir
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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14
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Yaseen AA, Yousif E, Al-Tikrity ETB, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Ahmed DS, Bufaroosha M. FTIR, Weight, and Surface Morphology of Poly(vinyl chloride) Doped with Tin Complexes Containing Aromatic and Heterocyclic Moieties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193264. [PMID: 34641080 PMCID: PMC8512238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an important synthetic plastic that is produced in large quantities (millions of tons) annually. Additives to PVC are necessary to allow its use in many applications, particularly in harsh conditions. In regard to this, investigation of the synthesis of trimethoprim–tin complexes and their use as PVC additives is reported. Trimethoprim–tin complexes were obtained from the reaction of trimethoprim and tin chlorides using simple procedures. Trimethoprim–tin complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to PVC to produce homogenous mixtures and thin films were made. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the surface and properties of the PVC films was investigated. The level of both photodecomposition and photo-oxidation of PVC films containing trimethoprim–tin complexes was observed to be lower than for the blank film. The effectiveness of tin complexes as PVC photostabilizers reflects the aromaticity of the additives. The complex containing three phenyl groups attached to the tin cation showed the most stabilizing effect on PVC. The complex containing two phenyl groups was next, with the one containing butyl substituents resulting in the least stabilization of PVC. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the role of the synthesized complexes in PVC photostabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaheed A. Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emaad T. B. Al-Tikrity
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Muna Bufaroosha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain 1818, United Arab Emirates;
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Ghani H, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2434. [PMID: 34372037 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-oxidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.
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16
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Tomaszewska J, Sterzyński T, Walczak D. Thermal Stability of Nanosilica-Modified Poly(vinyl chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132057. [PMID: 34201721 PMCID: PMC8271553 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of PVC with 1 wt % of spherical porous nanosilica, prepared by roll milling at processing time varied from 1 to 20 min, was investigated by means of visual color changes, Congo red, and thermogravimetric tests (TGA and DTG), as a function of rolling time and composition of PVC matrix. The melt flow rate (MFR) measurements were realized to identify the degradation-induced changes of processing properties. A high level of gelation of the PVC matrix for all samples was verified by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). It was found that the addition of porous nanosilica to absorb a certain volume of HCl, produced by dehydrochlorination reaction, leads to an improvement of thermal stability, an effect observed in a form of minor color changes of the samples, lower evolution of gas hydrogen chloride, and slight changes of the MFR value. It was demonstrated that the TGA measurements are not sufficiently sensible to detect the degradation of PVC at the processing conditions, i.e., at the temperature equal to 220 °C and below this temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Sterzyński
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Damian Walczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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17
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Jasem H, Hadi AG, El-Hiti GA, Baashen MA, Hashim H, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Tin-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Complexes as Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123629. [PMID: 34198519 PMCID: PMC8231842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) degrades when exposed to ultraviolet light for long durations; therefore, the photostability of polymeric materials should be enhanced through the application of additives. New organotin complexes containing 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid were synthesized and their role as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers were evaluated. The reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and appropriate di- or trisubstituted tin chloride (triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and dimethyltin dichloride) in methanol under reflux gave the corresponding tin-naphthalene complexes with yields of 75%-95%. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and tin) were used to confirm their structures. The tin complexes were added to poly(vinyl chloride) to produce thin films that irradiated with ultraviolet light. Various parameters were assessed, such as the weight loss, formation of specific functional groups, changes in the surface due to photoirradiation, and rate constant of photodegradation, to test the role played by the organotin complexes to reduce photodegradation in polymeric films. The results proved that organotin complexes acted as photostabilizers in these circumstances. The weight loss, formation of fragments containing specific functional groups, and undesirable changes in the surface of polymeric films were limited in the presence of organotin complexes. Organotin complexes containing three phenyl groups showed the most desirable stabilization effect. These act as efficient primary and secondary photostabilizers, and as decomposers for peroxides. In addition, such an additive inhibits the dehydrochlorination process, which is the main cause of poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Jasem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq; (H.J.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq; (H.J.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Mohammed A. Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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Baibarac M, Stingescu L, Stroe M, Negrila C, Matei E, Cotet LC, Anghel I, Şofran IE, Baia L. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Spheres Coated with Graphene Oxide Sheets: From Synthesis to Optical Properties and Their Applications as Flame-Retardant Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:565. [PMID: 33672830 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method to obtain poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) spheres, which consists of an interaction between commercial PVC grains and hexyl ethyl cellulose and lauroyl peroxide at a temperature of 60 °C, is reported. The addition of the graphene oxide (GO) sheets dispersed in dimethylformamide to the reaction mixture leads to the generation of composites made of PVC spheres coated with GO sheets. Scanning electron microscopy studies have demonstrated that this method allows for the transformation of PVC grains with sizes between 75 and 227 μm into spheres with sizes varying from 0.7 to 3.5 μm when the GO concentration in the PVC/GO composite mass increases from 0.5 to 5 wt.%. Our studies of Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy highlight a series of changes that indicate the appearance of ClCH=CH–, CH2=CCl–, and/or –CH=CCl– units as a result of PVC partial dehydrogenation. New –COO– and C–OH bonds on the GO sheet surfaces are induced during the preparation of PVC spheres coated with GO sheets. A photoluminescence (PL) band with a maximum at 325 nm is reported to characterize the PVC spheres. A PVC PL quenching process is demonstrated to be induced by the increase in the concentration of the GO sheets in the PVC/GO composite mass. The perspectives regarding the use of this composite as a flame-retardant material are also reported.
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Mousa OG, El-Hiti GA, Baashen MA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed A, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Synthesis of Carvedilol-Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:500. [PMID: 33561971 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.
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Garbacz T, Tor-Świątek A, Jachowicz T. Effect of Chemical Blowing Agent on the PVC Cellular Coating Extrusion. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5752. [PMID: 33339357 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the type and application, the coatings of power, electric, telecommunication cables as well as other types of conduits are made of various kinds of polymer plastics. However, most often, because of good mechanical properties and many other advantages, they are first of all made from polyvinyl chlorine (PVC). This paper contains characteristics of the developed cellular extrusion of cable coatings, as well as specification of the blowing agent (BA) used and selected research results of the obtained cellular extrusion product. In technological tests the coating extrusion technological line was used. The material was modified with a new blowing agent of exothermic distribution of process characteristics, which was introduced into the material in quantities from 0.2 to 0.6% wt. The amount of blowing agent used has a direct impact on the density and structure of the received result for the extrusion of modified polymers. The cellular structure of the cellular coatings was presented. The results of the study are thin-walled properties of single- and double-layer cellular outer coatings, forming an outer surface on a steel wire. The research on the structure of manufactured materials, density and the degree of porosity, water and oil absorptivity, mechanical strength is presented.
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21
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Wan R, Sun X, Ren Z, Li H, Yan S. Orientation of Poly( ε-caprolactone) in Its Poly(vinyl chloride) Blends Crystallized under Strain: The Role of Strain Rate. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13245655. [PMID: 33322388 PMCID: PMC7763942 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The blends of high and low molecular weights poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(vinyl chloride (PVC) were prepared. The samples before and after the crystallization of PCL were uniaxially stretched to different draw ratios. The orientation features of PCL in a stretched crystalline PCL/PVC blend and crystallized from the amorphous PCL/PVC blends under varied strains were studied by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) diffraction. It was found that a uniaxial stretching of crystalline PCL/PVC blend with high molecular weight PCL results in the c-axis orientation along the stretching direction, as is usually done for the PCL bulk sample. For the stretched amorphous PCL/PVC blend samples, the crystallization of high molecular weight PCL in the blends under a draw ratio of λ = 3 with a strain rate of 6 mm/min leads to a ring-fiber orientation. In the samples with draw ratios of λ = 4 and 5, the uniaxial orientation of a-, b-, and c-axes along the strain direction coexist after crystallization of high molecular weight PCL. With a draw ratio of λ = 6, mainly the b-axis orientation of high molecular weight PCL is identified. For the low molecular weight PCL, on the contrary, the ring-fiber and a-axis orientations coexist under a draw ratio of λ = 3. The a-axis orientation decreases with the increase of draw ratio. When the λ reaches 5, only a poorly oriented ring-fiber pattern has been recognized. These results are different from the similar samples stretched at a higher strain rate as reported in the literatures and demonstrate the important role of strain rate on the crystallization behavior of PCL in its blend with PVC under strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruru Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.W.); (X.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.W.); (X.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.W.); (X.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.W.); (X.S.); (Z.R.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.W.); (X.S.); (Z.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (S.Y.)
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22
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Jiang Y, Yang Z, Su Q, Chen L, Wu J, Meng J. Preparation of Magnesium-Aluminum Hydrotalcite by Mechanochemical Method and Its Application as Heat Stabilizer in poly(vinyl chloride). Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13225223. [PMID: 33227994 PMCID: PMC7699202 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The traditional methods for preparing magnesium aluminum layered double hydrotalcite (Mg2Al-CO3LDHs) in industry include coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods. Both these methods have the disadvantages of high preparation cost and complicated water washing process. Using Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, and CO2 as raw materials in this work, the Mg2Al-CO3 LDHs are successfully prepared by mechanochemical method, which solves the shortcomings of traditional preparation method and realizes the conversion and utilization of CO2 resource. The prepared Mg2Al-CO3 LDHs are evaluated as a heat stabilizer in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The result indicates that, when 2.4 phr Mg2Al-CO3 LDHs, 0.3 phr ZnSt2, and 0.3 phr of zinc acetylacetonate are added to the PVC, the thermal stability time of PVC can reach 190 min, which is better than PVC containing commercial Mg2Al-CO3 LDHs. Meanwhile, its processing performance is basically the same as the PVC containing commercial Mg2Al-CO3 LDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.J.); (Q.S.); (L.C.); (J.W.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, Innovation Base of Energy and Chemical Materials for Graduate Students Training, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhanhong Yang
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.J.); (Q.S.); (L.C.); (J.W.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Qingsong Su
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.J.); (Q.S.); (L.C.); (J.W.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, Innovation Base of Energy and Chemical Materials for Graduate Students Training, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.J.); (Q.S.); (L.C.); (J.W.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, Innovation Base of Energy and Chemical Materials for Graduate Students Training, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.J.); (Q.S.); (L.C.); (J.W.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, Innovation Base of Energy and Chemical Materials for Graduate Students Training, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jinlei Meng
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.J.); (Q.S.); (L.C.); (J.W.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Chemical Power and Materials, Innovation Base of Energy and Chemical Materials for Graduate Students Training, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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23
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Matykiewicz D, Sałasińska K, Barczewski M. The Effect of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Powder Addition on the Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Basalt Fiber. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13163611. [PMID: 32824124 PMCID: PMC7475824 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the article was to determine the effect of the poly(vinyl chloride) additive (PVC) on the thermomechanical and fire properties of epoxy composites reinforced with basalt fabric. Ten-layered composites with 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.% of PVC powder were fabricated using hand lay-up. The following features were evaluated for composites: structure (by scanning electron microscopy, SEM), thermomechanical properties (by dynamical thermomechanical analysis, DMTA), mechanical properties (in bending, tensile and interlaminar shear strength tests), hardness (using the Barcol method), thermal stability (by thermogravimetry, TGA) and fire behavior (using a cone calorimeter). It was found that the introduction of micron PVC powder into the epoxy matrix improved the thermomechanical properties of composites, such as storage module, and mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and modulus, as well as hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Matykiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-616-475-858
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland;
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24
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Mohammed A, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040969. [PMID: 32326307 PMCID: PMC7240378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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25
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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Alotaibi MH, Satar HA, Ahmed AA. Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E193. [PMID: 31936894 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.
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26
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Wang YK, Tsai FC, Ma CC, Wang ML, Kuo SW. Using Methacryl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane as the Thermal Stabilizer and Plasticizer in Poly(vinyl chloride) Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1711. [PMID: 31635274 PMCID: PMC6835242 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of methacryl-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MA-POSS) nanoparticles as a plasticizer and thermal stabilizer for a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) homopolymer and for a poly(vinyl chloride)/dissononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (PVC/DINCH) binary blend system. The PVC and the PVC/DINCH blend both became flexible, with decreases in their glass transition temperatures and increases in their thermal decomposition temperatures, upon an increase in MA-POSS content, the result of hydrogen bonding between the C=O groups of MA-POSS and the H-CCl units of the PVC, as determined using infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the first thermal decomposition temperature of the pure PVC, due to the emission of HCl, increased from 290 to 306 °C, that is, the MA-POSS nanoparticles had a retarding effect on the decomposition of the PVC matrix. In tensile tests, all the PVC/DINCH/MA-POSS ternary blends were transparent and displayed flexibility, but their modulus and tensile strength both decreased, while their elongation properties increased, upon an increase in MA-POSS concentration, both before and after thermal annealing. In contrast, the elongation decreased, but the modulus and tensile strength increased, after thermal annealing at 100 °C for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Wang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Chang Tsai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chao-Chen Ma
- UPC Technology Corporation, No.3, Kung-Yeh 2nd Rd., Linyuan Dist., Kaohsiung 832, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Ling Wang
- UPC Technology Corporation, No.3, Kung-Yeh 2nd Rd., Linyuan Dist., Kaohsiung 832, Taiwan.
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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27
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Hadi AG, Jawad K, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) by Organotin(IV) Compounds against Photodegradation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193557. [PMID: 31581427 PMCID: PMC6804033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds were tested as photostabilizers against photodegradation. PVC films (40-µm thickness) containing these compounds (0.5 wt%) were irradiated with ultraviolet light at room temperature for up to 300 h. Changes in various polymeric parameters, including the growth of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene functional groups, weight loss, reduction in molecular weight, and appearance of surface irregularities, were investigated to test the efficiency of the photostabilizers. The changes were more noticeable in the blank PVC film than in the films containing the telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds. These results reflect that these compounds effectively inhibit the photodegradation of PVC, possibly by acting as hydrogen chloride and radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, and primary photostabilizers. The synthesized organotin(IV) complexes could be used as PVC additives to enhance photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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28
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Han W, Zhang M, Li D, Dong T, Ai B, Dou J, Sun H. Design and Synthesis of a New Mannitol Stearate Ester-Based Aluminum Alkoxide as a Novel Tri-Functional Additive for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Its Synergistic Effect with Zinc Stearate. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061031. [PMID: 31212623 PMCID: PMC6631844 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal stabilizers, lubricant, and plasticizers are three crucial additives for processing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). In this study, a new mannitol stearate ester-based aluminum alkoxide (MSE-Al) was designed and synthesized as a novel additive for PVC. The thermal stability and processing performance of PVC stabilized by MSE-Al were evaluated by the Congo red test, conductivity measurement, thermal aging test, ultravioletevisible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy test, and torque rheometer test. Results showed that the addition of MSE-Al could not only markedly improve the long-term thermal stability of PVC, but also greatly accelerate the plasticizing and decrease the balance torque, which demonstrated that MSE-Al possessed a lubricating property. Thus, MSE-Al was demonstrated to be able to provide tri-functional additive roles, e.g., thermal stabilizer, plasticizer, and lubricant. The test results for the thermal stability of PVC indicated that the initial whiteness of PVC stabilized by MSE-Al was not good enough, thus the synergistic effect of MSE-Al with zinc stearates (ZnSt2) on the thermal stability of PVC was also investigated. The results showed that there is an appreciable synergistic effect between MSE-Al and ZnSt2. The thermal stabilization mechanism and synergism effect of MSE-Al with ZnSt2 are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Manqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Degang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Tianbao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Bing Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Jianping Dou
- Zibo Environmental Monitoring Station, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Hongqi Sun
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
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29
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Ye Q, Ma X, Li B, Jin Z, Xu Y, Fang C, Zhou X, Ge Y, Ye F. Development and Investigation of Lanthanum Sulfadiazine with Calcium Stearate and Epoxidised Soyabean Oil as Complex Thermal Stabilizers for Stabilizing Poly(vinyl chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E531. [PMID: 30960515 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanum sulfadiazine (LaSD) was synthesized from sulfadiazine and lanthanum nitrate using water as solvent under alkaline conditions, and was used as a novel rare earth thermal stabilizer to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The structure of LaSD was characterized by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo- gravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of lanthanum sulfadiazine with calcium stearate (CaSt2) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) on stabilizing PVC was studied by using the Congo red test, oven discoloration test, UV-vis spectroscopy and thermal decomposition kinetics. The results showed that the addition of LaSD as a thermal stabilizer can significantly improve the initial whiteness and long-term stability of PVC. In addition, the synergies between LaSD, ESBO, and CaSt2 can provide outstanding improvement in the long-term thermal stability of PVC. When the ratio of LaSD/ESBO/CaSt2 is 1.8/0.6/0.6, its thermal stability time is 2193 s which is the best state for stabilizing PVC. Furthermore, comparing the reaction energy (Ea) and the variations in the conjugate double bond concentration in PVC samples, the order of thermal stability of PVC was PVC/LaSD/ESBO/CaSt2 > PVC/LaSD/ESBO > PVC/LaSD. The thermal stability mechanism of LaSD on PVC was studied by the AgCl precipitation method and FTIR spectrum. The results showed that the action of LaSD on PVC was achieved through replacing unstable chlorine atoms and absorbing hydrogen chloride.
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30
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El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Hamad BA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Hashim H, Yousif E. The Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Melamine Schiff Bases against Ultraviolet Light. Molecules 2019; 24:E803. [PMID: 30813367 PMCID: PMC6413115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Basheer A Hamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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31
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Ye F, Ye Q, Zhan H, Ge Y, Ma X, Xu Y, Wang X. Synthesis and Study of Zinc Orotate and Its Synergistic Effect with Commercial Stabilizers for Stabilizing Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E194. [PMID: 30960179 PMCID: PMC6418898 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc orotate (ZnOr₂), which is a new kind of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) stabilizer, is prepared in this work through the precipitation method, and its impact on the thermal stability of PVC is measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Congo red test, and discoloration test. The results exhibit that the thermal stability of PVC is positively enhanced after the addition of ZnOr₂. In contrast with a commercial thermal stabilizer, zinc stearate (ZnSt₂), a noteworthy improvement was observed that ZnOr₂ could postpone the "zinc burning" of PVC. This is principally ascribed to the Or anion in the structure of ZnOr₂ being able to absorb the HCl released by PVC, and to supersede unstable chlorine atoms in the structure of PVC. In addition, blending ZnOr₂ with calcium stearate (CaSt₂) in diverse mass ratios can significantly accelerate the thermal stability of PVC. Optimum performance was achieved with a CaSt₂:ZnOr₂ ratio of 1.8:1.2. Moreover, an outstanding synergistic effect can be observed when CaSt₂/ZnOr₂ is coupled with other commercial auxiliary stabilizers. The initial color and long-term stability of PVC including CaSt₂/ZnOr₂ is significantly increased when pentaerythritol (PER) is added, while dibenzoylmethane (DBM) can only improve its long-term thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Qiufeng Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang 315000, China.
| | - Haihua Zhan
- College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Yeqian Ge
- College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Xiaotao Ma
- College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Yingying Xu
- College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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32
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Qiu F, He G, Hao M, Zhang G. Enhancing the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)-Based Conductive Nanocomposites by Zinc Oxide Nanorods. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11112139. [PMID: 30380755 PMCID: PMC6265969 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple approach to decorate multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid nanoparticles with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods is developed to improve the electrical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/MWCNT–RGO composites. The ZnO nanorods act as “joint” in three-dimensional (3D) MWCNT–RGO networks and the hybrid particles strongly interact with PVC chains via p-π stacking, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions, which we confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman analysis. By introducing the ZnO nanorods, the RGO–ZnO–MWCNT hybrid particles increased 160% in capacitance compared with MWCNT–RGO hybrids. Moreover, the addition of RGO–ZnO–MWCNT to PVC resulted in the mechanical properties of PVC being enhanced by 30.8% for tensile strength and 60.9% for Young’s modulus at the loadings of 2.0 weight percent (wt.%) and 1.0 wt.%, respectively. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity of PVC increased by 11 orders of magnitude, from 1 × 10−15 S/m to 1 × 10−4 S/m for MWCNT–ZnO–RGO loading at 5.0 wt.%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Guangjian He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mingyang Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Guizhen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Influence of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber on recyclability of blends prepared from poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Waste Manag Res 2018; 36:495-504. [PMID: 29726308 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x18771164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation deals with the recycling possibilities of poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. Recycled blends of poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) are successfully formed from the plastic constituents, those are recovered from waste computer products. However, lower impact performance of the blend and lower stability of the poly(vinyl chloride) phase in the recycled blend restricts its further usage in industrial purposes. Therefore, effective utilisation acrylonitrile butadiene rubber in a recycled blend was considered for improving mechanical and thermal performance. Incorporation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber resulted in the improvement in impact performance as well as elongation-at-break of the recycled blend. The optimum impact performance was found in the blend with 9 wt% acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, which shows 363% of enhancement as compared with its parent blend. Moreover, incorporated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber also stabilises the poly(vinyl chloride) phase present in the recycled blend, similarly Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies indicate the interactions of various functionalities present in the recycled blend and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. In addition to this, thermogravimetric analysis indicates the improvement in the thermal stability of the recycled blend after the addition of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber into it. The existence of partial miscibility in the recycled blend was identified using differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Suresh
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanjay K Nayak
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Shaalan N, Laftah N, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Muslih R, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photostabilization in the Presence of Schiff Bases Containing a Thiadiazole Moiety. Molecules 2018; 23:E913. [PMID: 29662039 PMCID: PMC6017410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases containing a thiadiazole moiety have been used as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers at low concentrations. The efficiency of Schiff bases as photostabilizers was investigated using various techniques, for example, the changes in poly(vinyl chloride) infrared spectra, molecular weight, chain scission quantum yield, and surface morphology were monitored upon irradiation with an ultraviolet light. Evidently, all the additives used inhibited poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation at a significant level. The most efficient Schiff base exhibited a high level of aromaticity and contained a hydroxyl group. It seems possible that such photostabilization could be due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the additives. In addition, Schiff bases could act as radical scavengers and proton transfer facilitators to stabilize the polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Nawres Laftah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raad Muslih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Ghazi D, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Films Containing Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers. Molecules 2018; 23:E254. [PMID: 29382088 PMCID: PMC6017697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organotin(IV) complexes containing ciprofloxacin as a ligand (Ph₃SnL, Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂; 0.5% by weight) were used as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride films (40 µm thickness) upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (λmax = 313 at a light intensity = 7.75 × 10-7 ein dm-3 S-1) at room temperature. The efficiency of organotin(IV) complexes as photostabilizers was determined by monitoring the changes in the weight, growth of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and carbene), viscosity, average molecular weight, chain scission and degree of deterioration of the polymeric films upon irradiation. The results obtained indicated that organotin(IV) complexes stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) and the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient additive. The surface morphologies of poly(vinyl chloride) films containing organotin(IV) complexes were examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscopy. These showed that the surface of polymeric films containing organotin(IV) complexes were smoother and less rough, compared to the surface of the blank films. Some mechanisms that explained the role of organotin(IV) complexes in poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilization process were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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Mallakpour S, Shafiee E. The synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposite films containing ZrO 2 nanoparticles modified with vitamin B 1 with the aim of improving the mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Des Monomers Polym 2017; 20:378-388. [PMID: 29491809 PMCID: PMC5784869 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2016.1273436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, solution casting method was used for the preparation of nanocomposite (NC) films. At first, the surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was modified with vitamin B1 (VB1) as a bioactive coupling agent to achieve a better dispersion and compatibility of NPs within the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix. The grafting of modifier on the surface of ZrO2 was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, the resulting modified ZrO2 (ZrO2–VB1), was used as a nano-filler and incorporated into the PVC matrix to improve its mechanical and thermal properties. These processes were carried out under ultrasonic irradiation conditions, which is an economical and eco-friendly method. The effect of ZrO2–VB1 on the properties and morphology of the PVC matrix was characterized by various techniques. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed a good dispersion of fillers into the PVC matrix with the average diameter of 37–40 nm. UV–Vis spectroscopy was used to study optical behavior of the obtained NC films. TGA analysis has confirmed the presence of about 7 wt% VB1 on the surface of ZrO2. Also, the data indicated that the thermal and mechanical properties of the NC films were enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Institute, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elaheh Shafiee
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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37
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Chen J, Li K, Wang Y, Huang J, Nie X, Jiang J. Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Environmental Epoxidized Glycidyl Ester of Ricinoleic Acetic Ester Plasticizer for Poly(vinyl chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E640. [PMID: 30965956 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel renewable plasticizer based on castor oil, epoxidized glycidyl ester of ricinoleic acetic ester (EGERAE), was synthesized and applied into Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) for the first time. Its molecular structure was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The effects of replacement of petroleum-based commercial plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) with EGERAE in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films were researched. Thermal stability, dynamic mechanical property and mechanical properties of PVC films were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests. The results indicated that this castor oil-based plasticizer was able to improve the thermal stability of PVC blends when partially of completely substituting for DOP. Furthermore, EGERAE endowed PVC resin with enhanced flexibility. In addition, the exudation, volatility and extraction resistance characteristics of plasticizers were researched. The degradation mechanism and possible interaction between EGERAE and PVC molecules in the plasticized system were also investigated.
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Jia P, Zhang M, Hu L, Wang R, Sun C, Zhou Y. Cardanol Groups Grafted on Poly(vinyl chloride)-Synthesis, Performance and Plasticization Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E621. [PMID: 30965920 PMCID: PMC6418606 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Internally plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials are investigated via grafting of propargyl ether cardanol (PEC). The chemical structure of the materials was studied by FT-IR and ¹H NMR. The performace of the obtained internally plasticized PVC materials was also investigated with TGA, DSC and leaching tests. The results showed that grafting of propargyl ether cardanol (PEC) on PVC increased the free volume and distance of PVC chains, which efficiently decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg). No migration was found in the leaching tests for internally plasticized PVC films compared with plasticized PVC materials with commercial plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The internal plasticization mechanism was also disscussed according to lubrication theory and free volume theory. This work provides a meaningful strategy for designing no-migration PVC materials by introducing cardanol groups as branched chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyou Jia
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, State Forestry Administration, and Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Materials, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), 16 Suojin North Road, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, State Forestry Administration, and Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Materials, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), 16 Suojin North Road, Nanjing 210042, China.
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF), Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Lihong Hu
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, State Forestry Administration, and Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Materials, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), 16 Suojin North Road, Nanjing 210042, China.
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF), Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, State Forestry Administration, and Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Materials, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), 16 Suojin North Road, Nanjing 210042, China.
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39
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Hameed AS. Polyphosphates as Inhibitors for Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Molecules 2017; 22:E1849. [PMID: 29143792 PMCID: PMC6150225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three polyphosphates were used as inhibitors for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The polyphosphates were added to PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight. The PVC films (40 µm thickness) were irradiated at room temperature with ultraviolet (UV) light for up to 300 h. The changes in PVC films after irradiation were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity-average molecular weight determination, and atomic force microscopy. These changes were very noticeable in the blank PVC films compared to the ones obtained when additives were used. The polyphosphates can inhibit the PVC photodegradation through direct absorption of UV light, interactions with PVC chains, and acting as radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
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40
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hameed AS, Yousif E, Ahmed A. New Tetra-Schiff Bases as Efficient Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules 2017; 22:E1506. [PMID: 28891944 PMCID: PMC6151724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new tetra-Schiff bases were synthesized and characterized to be used as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films. The photostability of PVC films (40 μm thickness) in the presence of Schiff bases (0.5 wt %) upon irradiation (300 h) with a UV light (λmax = 365 nm and light intensity = 6.43 × 10-9 ein∙dm-3∙s-1) was examined using various spectroscopic measurements and surface morphology analysis. The changes in various functional groups' indices, weight and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored against irradiation time. The additives used showed photostability for PVC films, with Schiff base 1 being the most effective additive upon irradiation, followed by 2 and 3. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for the PVC surface containing Schiff base 1 after irradiation were found to be smooth, with a roughness factor (Rq) of 36.8, compared to 132.2 for the PVC (blank). Several possible mechanisms that explain PVC photostabilization upon irradiation in the presence of tetra-Schiff bases were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
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Klapiszewski Ł, Tomaszewska J, Skórczewska K, Jesionowski T. Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Mg(OH)₂/Lignin Hybrid Material and Its Use as a Functional Filler for Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9070258. [PMID: 30970935 PMCID: PMC6432275 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional magnesium hydroxide/lignin hybrid system was prepared by grinding and mixing the pure precursors using a planetary ball mill. In addition, the thermal stability was assessed based on the total mass loss of the hybrid system within the temperature range of 30–1000 °C, which amounted to 38%. Moreover, the average particle size was at 4.9 μm as determined by the laser diffraction method. The effect of addition of the prepared and characterized Mg(OH)2/lignin hybrid filler at concentrations ranging from 2.5 wt % to 10 wt % on the processing as well as mechanical and thermal properties of composites on the matrix of the unplasticized PVC compound was also evaluated. The addition of a filler to the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix causes a significant improvement of its thermal stability, which is approximately three times higher compared to a polymer without a filler. Furthermore, the prepared composites are additionally characterized by advantageous mechanical properties, especially higher Young’s modulus. A 10% increase in the oxygen index of PVC composites upon addition of 10 wt % hybrid fillers has also been observed, which contributes to an extended range of their application under conditions that require notable fire resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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Ali MM, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E. Photostabilizing Efficiency of Poly(vinyl chloride) in the Presence of Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers. Molecules 2016; 21:E1151. [PMID: 27589707 PMCID: PMC6274560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organotin complexes containing furosemide as a ligand (L), Ph₃SnL, Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂, were synthesized and characterized. Octahedral geometry was proposed for the Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂, while the Ph₃SnL complex has trigonal bipyramid geometry. The synthesized organotin complexes (0.5% by weight) were used as additives to improve the photostability of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, (40 μm thickness) upon irradiation. The changes imposed on functional groups, weight loss and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored. The experimental results show that the rate of photodegradation was reduced in the presence of the organotin additives. The quantum yield of the chain scission was found to be low (9.8 × 10(-7)) when Ph₃SnL was used as a PVC photostabilizer compared to controlled PVC (5.18 × 10(-6)). In addition, the atomic force microscope images for the PVC films containing Ph₃SnL₂ after irradiation shows a smooth surface compared to the controlled films. The rate of PVC photostabilization was found to be highest for Ph₃SnL followed by Bu₂SnL₂ and Me₂SnL₂. It has been suggested that the organotin complexes could act as hydrogen chloride scavengers, ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide decomposers and/or radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Lantvit SM, Barrett BJ, Reynolds MM. Nitric oxide releasing material adsorbs more fibrinogen. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3201-10. [PMID: 23554300 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism of the failure of blood-contacting devices is clotting. Nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials are seen as a viable solution to the mediation of surface clotting by preventing platelet activation; however, NO's involvement in preventing clot formation extends beyond controlling platelet function. In this study, we evaluate NO's effect on factor XII (fibrinogen) adsorption and activation, which causes the initiation of the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade. This is done by utilizing a model plasticized poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC), N-diazeniumdiolate system and looking at the adsorption of fibrinogen, an important clotting protein, to these surfaces. The materials have been prepared in such a way to eliminate changes in surface properties between the control (plasticized PVC) and composite (NO-releasing) materials. This allows us to isolate NO release and determine the effect on the adsorption of fibrinogen, to the material surface. Surprisingly, it was found that an NO releasing material with a surface flux of 17.4 ± 0.5 × 10(-10) mol NO cm(-2) min(-1) showed a significant increase in the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed to the material surface compared to one with a flux of 13.0 ± 1.6 × 10(-10) mol NO cm(-2) min(-1) and the control (2334 ± 496, 226 ± 99, and 103 ±31% fibrinogen adsorbed of control, respectively). This study suggests that NO's role in controlling clotting is extended beyond platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lantvit
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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44
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Abstract
Heat capacities, C p , of three different samples of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, have been determined from 6 to 375 K by adiabatic calorimetry. These three samples were derived from either bulk- or suspension-polymerization processes and were measured either as received or after pelleting under pressure. The heat capacities of the samples are almost identical if the thermal and pressure histories are the same. Below the glass transition temperature, T g , of about 355 K, C p of PVC was found to be exceptionally linear over a wide temperature range. C p of annealed PVC may be represented by (10 + 0.166 T) J K-1 mol-1 to within 1 percent of the measured values from 80 to 340 K. Approximately 200 J mol-1 of energy were stored in the samples by the pelleting processes. The stored energies begin to release at about 30 to 40 K below the glass transition temperature. T g for powdery or relaxed samples occurs around 352 to 356 K for the suspension-polymerized PVC sample and 348 to 351 K for bulk-polymerized sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Sing Chang
- Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
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