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Su T, Wang S, Huang S, Cai H, McKinley ET, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Zheng W, Shu XO, Cai Q. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and high-throughput image analysis for evaluation of spatial tumor immune cell markers in human breast cancer. Cancer Biomark 2022; 35:193-206. [PMID: 36093688 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinicopathological significance of spatial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) subpopulations is not well studied due to lack of high-throughput scalable methodology for studies with large human sample sizes. OBJECTIVE Establishing a cyclic fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC/IF) method coupled with computer-assisted high-throughput quantitative analysis to evaluate associations of six TIL markers (CD3, CD8, CD20, CD56, FOXP3, and PD-L1) with clinicopathological factors of breast cancer. METHODS Our 5-plex mIHC/IF staining was shown to be reliable and highly sensitive for labeling three biomarkers per tissue section. Through repetitive cycles of 5-plex mIHC/IF staining, more than 12 biomarkers could be detected per single tissue section. Using open-source software CellProfiler, the measurement pipelines were successfully developed for high-throughput multiplex evaluation of intratumoral and stromal TILs. RESULTS In analyses of 188 breast cancer samples from the Nashville Breast Health Study, high-grade tumors showed significantly increased intratumoral CD3+CD8+ CTL density (P= 0.0008, false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted P= 0.0168) and intratumoral PD-L1 expression (P= 0.0061, FDR adjusted P= 0.0602) compared with low-grade tumors. CONCLUSIONS The high- and low-grade breast cancers exhibit differential immune responses which may have clinical significances. The multiplexed imaging quantification strategies established in this study are reliable, cost-efficient and applicable in regular laboratory settings for high-throughput tissue biomarker studies, especially retrospective and population-based studies using archived paraffin tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shuyang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shuya Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eliot T McKinley
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Fagan AJ, Jacobs PS, Hulshizer TC, Rossman PJ, Frick MA, Amrami KK, Felmlee JP. 7T MR Thermometry technique for validation of system-predicted SAR with a home-built radiofrequency wrist coil. Med Phys 2020; 48:781-790. [PMID: 33294999 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A 7T magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) technique was developed to validate the conversion factor between the system-measured transmitted radiofrequency (RF) power into a home-built RF wrist coil with the system-predicted SAR value. The conversion factor for a new RF coil developed for ultra high magnetic field MRI systems is used to ensure that regulatory limits on RF energy deposition in tissue, specifically the local 10g-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR10g ), are not exceeded. MRT can be used to validate this factor by ensuring that MRT-measured SAR values do not exceed those predicted by the system. METHODS A 14-cm diameter high-pass birdcage RF coil was built to image the wrist at 7T. A high spatial and temporal resolution dual-echo gradient echo MRT technique, incorporating quasi-simultaneous RF-induced heating and temperature change measurements using the proton resonance frequency method, was developed. The technique allowed for high-temperature resolution measurements (~±0.1°C) to be performed every 20 s over a 4-min heating period, with high spatial resolution (2.56 mm3 voxel size) and avoiding phase discontinuities arising from severe magnetic susceptibility-induced B0 inhomogeneities. Magnetic resonance thermometry was performed on a phantom made from polyvinylpyrrolidone to mimic the dielectric properties of muscle tissue at 297.2 MHz. Temperature changes measured with MRT and four fiber optic temperature sensors embedded in the phantom were compared. Electromagnetic simulations of the coil and phantom were developed and validated via comparison of simulated and measured B1 + maps in the phantom. The position of maximum SAR within the coil was determined from simulations, and MRT was performed within a wrist-sized piece of meat positioned at that SAR hotspot location. MRT-measured and system-predicted SAR values for the phantom and meat were compared. RESULTS Temperature change measurements from MRT matched closely to those from the fiber optic temperature sensors. The simulations were validated via close correlation between the simulated and MRT-measured B1 + and SAR maps. Using a coil conversion factor of 2 kg-1 , MRT-measured point-SAR values did not exceed the system-predicted SAR10g in either the uniform phantom or in the piece of meat mimicking the wrist located at the SAR hotspot location. CONCLUSIONS A highly accurate MRT technique with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. This technique can be used to ensure that system-predicted SAR values are not exceeded in practice, thereby providing independent validation of SAR levels delivered by a newly built RF wrist coil. The MRT technique is readily generalizable to perform safety evaluations for other RF coils at 7T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Fagan
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Paul S Jacobs
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Thomas C Hulshizer
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Phillip J Rossman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew A Frick
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kimberly K Amrami
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Li H, Giger ML, Lan L, Janardanan J, Sennett CA. Comparative analysis of image-based phenotypes of mammographic density and parenchymal patterns in distinguishing between BRCA1/2 cases, unilateral cancer cases, and controls. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2014; 1:031009. [PMID: 26158050 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.1.3.031009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We statistically compare the contributions of parenchymal phenotypes to mammographic density in distinguishing between high-risk cases and low-risk controls. The age-matched evaluation included computerized mammographic assessment of breast percent density (PD) and parenchymal patterns (phenotypes of coarseness and contrast) from radiographic texture analysis (RTA) of the full-field digital mammograms from 456 cases: 53 women with BRCA1/2 gene mutations, 75 with unilateral cancer, and 328 at low risk of developing breast cancer. Image-based phenotypes of parenchymal pattern coarseness and contrast were each found to significantly discriminate between the groups; however, PD did not. From ROC analysis, PD alone yielded area under the fitted ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.53 ([Formula: see text]) and 0.57 ([Formula: see text]) in the classification task between BRCA1/2 gene-mutation carriers and low-risk women, and between unilateral cancer and low-risk women, respectively. In a round-robin evaluation with Bayesian artificial neural network (BANN) analysis, RTA yielded AUC values of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [0.71, 0.89]) and 0.70 (95% confidence interval [0.63, 0.77]) between the BRCA1/2 gene-mutation carriers and low-risk women, and between unilateral cancer and low-risk women, respectively. These results show that high-risk and low-risk women have different mammographic parenchymal patterns with significantly higher discrimination resulting from characteristics of the parenchymal patterns than just the breast PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- The University of Chicago , Department of Radiology, MC 2026, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maryellen L Giger
- The University of Chicago , Department of Radiology, MC 2026, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Li Lan
- The University of Chicago , Department of Radiology, MC 2026, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jyothi Janardanan
- The University of Chicago , Department of Radiology, MC 2026, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Charlene A Sennett
- The University of Chicago , Department of Radiology, MC 2026, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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