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Alotaibi MO, Alotaibi NM, Alwaili MA, Alshammari N, Adnan M, Patel M. Natural sapogenins as potential inhibitors of aquaporins for targeted cancer therapy: computational insights into binding and inhibition mechanism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38174738 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2299743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across biological membranes. AQPs are involved in various physiological processes and pathological conditions, including cancer, making them as potential targets for anticancer therapy. However, the development of selective and effective inhibitors of AQPs remains a challenge. In this study, we explored the possibility of using natural sapogenins, a class of plant-derived aglycones of saponins with diverse biological activities, as potential inhibitors of AQPs. We performed molecular docking, dynamics simulation and binding energy calculation to investigate the binding and inhibition mechanism of 19 sapogenins against 13 AQPs (AQP0-AQP13) that are overexpressed in various cancers. Our results showed that out of 19 sapogenins, 8 (Diosgenin, Gitogenin, Tigogenin, Ruscogenin, Yamogenin, Hecogenin, Sarsasapogenin and Smilagenin) exhibited acceptable drug-like characteristics. These sapogenin also exhibited favourable binding affinities in the range of -7.6 to -13.4 kcal/mol, and interactions within the AQP binding sites. Furthermore, MD simulations provided insights into stability and dynamics of the sapogenin-AQP complexes. Most of the fluctuations in binding pocket were observed for AQP0-Gitogenin and AQP4-Diosgenin. However, remaining protein-ligand complex showed stable root mean square deviation (RMSD) plots, strong hydrogen bonding interactions, stable solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) values and minimum distance to the receptor. These observations suggest that natural sapogenin hold promise as novel inhibitors of AQPs, offering a basis for the development of innovative therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. However, further validation of the identified compounds through experiments is essential for translating these findings into therapeutic applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modhi O Alotaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahaa M Alotaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Abdullah Alwaili
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, India
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Zhang Y, Hao R, Chen J, Li S, Huang K, Cao H, Farag MA, Battino M, Daglia M, Capanoglu E, Zhang F, Sun Q, Xiao J, Sun Z, Guan X. Health benefits of saponins and its mechanisms: perspectives from absorption, metabolism, and interaction with gut. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37216483 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2212063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, consisting of sapogenins as their aglycones and carbohydrate chains, are widely found in plants and some marine organisms. Due to the complexity of the structure of saponins, involving different types of sapogenins and sugar moieties, investigation of their absorption and metabolism is limited, which further hinders the explanation of their bioactivities. Large molecular weight and complex structures limit the direct absorption of saponins rendering their low bioavailability. As such, their major modes of action may be due to interaction with the gastrointestinal environment, such as enzymes and nutrients, and interaction with the gut microbiota. Many studies have reported the interaction between saponins and gut microbiota, that is, the effects of saponins on changing the composition of gut microbiota, and gut microbiota playing an indispensable role in the biotransformation of saponins into sapogenins. However, the metabolic routes of saponins by gut microbiota and their mutual interactions are still sparse. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry, absorption, and metabolic pathways of saponins, as well as their interactions with gut microbiota and impacts on gut health, to better understand how saponins exert their health-promoting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruojie Hao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junda Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Daglia
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Qiqi Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Zhenliang Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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da Costa LTS, Fracasso JAR, Guarnier LP, de Brito GR, Fumis DB, de Camargo Bittencourt RA, Guiotti AM, de Barros Barbosa D, Camargo ICC, de Souza EB, de Oliva Neto P, dos Santos L. Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Agave sisalana Extract Derived from Agroindustrial Residue. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1523. [PMID: 37050149 PMCID: PMC10096503 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several countries, the leaf juice of Agave sisalana (also known as sisal) is widely used topically, especially as an antiseptic, and orally for the treatment of different pathologies. However, in Brazil, which is the largest producer of Agave sisalana, its residue, which represents the majority of its weight, has been thrown away. For this reason, the determination of the pharmacological and toxicological potentials of sisal residue and its possible therapeutic use is seen as a way to contribute to the sustainable development and social promotion of the largest producer of sisal in Brazil, the interior of Bahia State, which is among the poorest areas in the country. Given the scarcity of available scientific studies on the pharmacological and toxicological properties of sisal residue juice, this study aimed to promote the acid hydrolysis of this juice to potentiate the anti-inflammatory effect already described in the literature. Furthermore, it aimed to evaluate the toxicological profile of the hydrolyzed extract (EAH) and to determine its acute toxicity, as well as its side effects on the reproductive aspects of rats. METHOD The anti-inflammatory effect of EAH was evaluated in vitro using the induction of hemolysis by hypotonic solution and in vivo in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test and the xylene-induced ear edema test. The acute toxicity, resulting from a single-dose administration, was investigated for some manifestation of toxic symptoms related to motor control and consciousness in rats. At a concentration of 100 mg/kg, by repeated doses, the reproductive toxicity effects of EAH in rats were assessed. RESULTS In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was positive using the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. In both in vivo tests used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity, EAH (at three doses) significantly inhibited edema when compared to the control group. At a dose of 50 mg/kg, EAH exhibited a greater effect than indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with known activity. In vivo toxicological studies have shown that EAH does not present toxic effects when administered orally in a single dose, up to 1000 mg/kg. Finally, EAH promoted a gonadotoxic effect and increased the embryonic mortality rate after implantation. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the anti-edematogenic effect of the acid hydrolysis extract from sisal juice is due to the high concentration of steroidal sapogenins. Therefore, this extract can be considered a potential new anti-inflammatory or even an important sapogenin source for the development of steroidal glucocorticoids. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the chemical composition of sisal juice. Regarding toxicology studies, EAH did not show cytotoxic and clastogenic potentials, but it presented a powerful reproductive toxic effect in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Taynara Silvério da Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Amanda Rodrigues Fracasso
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pires Guarnier
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Reis de Brito
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Baldini Fumis
- Departament of Materials Science and Technology, Bauru School of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aimée Maria Guiotti
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16066-840, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora de Barros Barbosa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16066-840, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Cherici Camargo
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Edislane Barreiros de Souza
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Oliva Neto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Tomkiel AM, Czajkowska-Szczykowska D, Olchowik-Grabarek E, Rárová L, Sękowski S, Morzycki JW. A Study on the Chemistry and Biological Activity of 26-Sulfur Analogs of Diosgenin: Synthesis of 26-Thiodiosgenin S-Mono- and Dioxides, and Their Alkyl Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective procedure for MCPBA oxidation of 26-thiodiosgenin to corresponding sulfoxides and sulfone was elaborated. An unusual equilibration of sulfoxides in solution was observed. Moreover, α-alkylation of sulfoxide and sulfone was investigated. Finally, the biological activity of obtained compounds was examined.
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García-Morales S, Corzo-Jiménez IJ, Silva-Córdova NF, Soto-Cordero AM, Rodríguez-Mejía DI, Pardo-Núñez J, León-Morales JM. Comparative study of steroidal sapogenins content in leaves of five Agave species. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:5653-5659. [PMID: 35368099 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agaves are mainly used to produce alcoholic beverages such as tequila, mezcal and bacanora. However, the leaves constitute more than 50% of the plant and are not used in the production process, so they are considered waste. This plant material can be used as a source of bioactive compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids and saponins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the aglycone type of saponins and to quantify three steroidal sapogenins in leaves of five Agave species collected in different regions of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. RESULTS Analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection of the hydrolyzed methanolic extracts showed that diosgenin and tigogenin were the most abundant sapogenins identified in the five Agave species. Differences in the content of these sapogenins were found in the same species collected in different localities. The leaves of Agave americana var. oaxacensis L. (Oaxaca) had the highest diosgenin-derived saponin content, while the leaves of A. angustifolia Haw. (Guerrero) had the highest tigogenin-derived saponin content. Only in A. cupreata was sarsasapogenin identified, all three sapogenins occurring in the leaves of this species. For the first time, information is provided on the aglycones of the saponins produced in A. potatorum Zucc. and A. karwinskii Zucc. CONCLUSION This study made it possible to compare the content of diosgenin and tigogenin-derived saponins in leaves of Agave species from Guerrero and Oaxaca. This information will be useful for better utilization of this plant material and add value to the process of mezcal elaboration. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad García-Morales
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, CONACYT - Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ilenia Janeth Corzo-Jiménez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Joaliné Pardo-Núñez
- Laboratory of Technological Prospecting for the Innovative Development of Food and Nutrition, CONACYT - Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Janet María León-Morales
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, CONACYT - Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Jalisco, Mexico
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Guan X, Cao H, Li L, Yu J, Liu H. Characterization of Saponins from Differently Colored Quinoa Cultivars and Their In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Fermentation Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:1810-1818. [PMID: 35119265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa contains rich saponins, which are removed during processing and cause ecological waste. We extracted saponins from quinoa (SEQ) in black, white, and red cultivars and compared their composition by spectrophotometric assay and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis combined with acid hydrolysis. The digestion and fermentation properties of SEQ were investigated using an in vitro model. Our results showed that acid hydrolysis released sapogenins, mainly phytolaccagenin (PA), hederagenin (HD), and oleanolic acid from SEQ. Varying from SEQ in red, SEQ in black and white had a similar composition and content of sapogenins. Gastrointestinal digestion did not release sapogenins from SEQ but reduced the antioxidant activity of SEQ. Gut microbiota from human feces released PA and HD from SEQ. Reciprocally, SEQ in black significantly increased the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., while reducing the growth of Shigella spp. The present study provides guidance for further investigation about the bioactivities of saponins from quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Ligor M, Kiełbasa A, Ratiu IA, Buszewski B. Separation and Quantification of Selected Sapogenins Extracted from Nettle, White Dead-Nettle, Common Soapwort and Washnut. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247705. [PMID: 34946786 PMCID: PMC8708431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are an important group of secondary metabolites naturally occurring in plants with important properties like: antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. Moreover, they are widely used in the cosmetic industry and household chemistry. The sapogenins are saponin hydrolyses products, frequently used to facilitate saponin detection. In the present study, an improved methodology for isolation and separation of five sapogenins extracted from nettle (Urtica dioica L.), white dead-nettle (Lamium album L.), common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) and washnut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) was developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light-scattering detector (UHPLC-ELSD). Based on quantitative analysis, the highest content of hederagenin (999.1 ± 6.3 µg/g) and oleanolic acid (386.5 ± 27.7 µg/g) was found in washnut extracts. Good recoveries (71% ± 6 up to 99% ± 8) were achieved for four investigated targets, while just 22.2% ± 0.5 was obtained for the fifth one. Moreover, hederagenin and oleanolic acid of whose highest amount was detected in washnut (999.1 ± 6.3 µg/g and 386.5 ± 27.7 µg/g, respectively) were subject to another approach. Consequently, liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) was used as an additional technique for fast and simultaneous identification of the mentioned targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Anna Kiełbasa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Str., RO-400239 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (B.B.)
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Gómez de Cedrón M, Navarro del Hierro J, Reguero M, Wagner S, Bouzas A, Quijada-Freire A, Reglero G, Martín D, de Molina AR. Saponin-Rich Extracts and Their Acid Hydrolysates Differentially Target Colorectal Cancer Metabolism in the Frame of Precision Nutrition. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3399. [PMID: 33212825 PMCID: PMC7698026 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins or their aglycone form, sapogenin, have recently gained interest as bioactive agents due to their biological activities, their antitumoral effects being among them. Metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and, together with the increased aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis, the altered lipid metabolism is considered crucial to support cancer initiation and progression. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the inhibitory effects on colorectal cancer cell lines of saponin-rich extracts from fenugreek and quinoa (FE and QE, respectively) and their hydrolyzed extracts as sapogenin-rich extracts (HFE and HQE, respectively). By mean of the latest technology in the analysis of cell bioenergetics, we demonstrate that FE and HFE diminished mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis; meanwhile, quinoa extracts did not show relevant activities. Distinct molecular mechanisms were identified for fenugreek: FE inhibited the expression of TYMS1 and TK1, synergizing with the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); meanwhile, HFE inhibited lipid metabolism targets, leading to diminished intracellular lipid content. The relevance of considering the coexisting compounds of the extracts or their hydrolysis transformation as innovative strategies to augment the therapeutic potential of the extracts, and the specific subgroup of patients where each extract would be more beneficial, are discussed in the frame of precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (S.W.); (A.B.); (A.Q.-F.)
| | - Joaquín Navarro del Hierro
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC.UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (G.R.); (D.M.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Reguero
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (S.W.); (A.B.); (A.Q.-F.)
- NATAC BIOTECH, Electronica 7, 28923 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Wagner
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (S.W.); (A.B.); (A.Q.-F.)
- Medicinal Gardens SL, Marques de Urquijo 47, 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Bouzas
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (S.W.); (A.B.); (A.Q.-F.)
- Forchronic, CANAAN Research & Investment Group, Agustín de Betancourt 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Quijada-Freire
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (S.W.); (A.B.); (A.Q.-F.)
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC.UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (G.R.); (D.M.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martín
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC.UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (G.R.); (D.M.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (S.W.); (A.B.); (A.Q.-F.)
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9
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Ramos-Morales E, Lyons L, de la Fuente G, Braganca R, Newbold CJ. Not all saponins have a greater antiprotozoal activity than their related sapogenins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5528311. [PMID: 31271417 PMCID: PMC6666788 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiprotozoal effect of saponins varies according to both the structure of the sapogenin and the composition and linkage of the sugar moieties to the sapogenin. The effect of saponins on protozoa has been considered to be transient as it was thought that when saponins were deglycosilated to sapogenins in the rumen they became inactive; however, no studies have yet evaluated the antiprotozoal effect of sapogenins compared to their related saponins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antiprotozoal effect of eighteen commercially available triterpenoid and steroid saponins and sapogenins in vitro, to investigate the effect of variations in the sugar moiety of related saponins and to compare different sapogenins bearing identical sugar moieties. Our results show that antiprotozoal activity is not an inherent feature of all saponins and that small variations in the structure of a compound can have a significant influence on their biological activity. Some sapogenins (20(S)-protopanaxatriol, asiatic acid and madecassic acid) inhibited protozoa activity to a greater extent than their corresponding saponins (Re and Rh1 and asiaticoside and madecassoside), thus the original hypothesis that the transient nature of the antiprotozoal action of saponins is due to the deglycosilation of saponins needs to be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Lyons
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DA, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - G de la Fuente
- Dept. Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - R Braganca
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - C J Newbold
- Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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10
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Guerrero-Luna G, Hernández-Linares MG, Bernès S, Carrasco-Carballo A, Montalvo-Guerrero D, Fernández-Herrera MA, Sandoval-Ramírez J. Mesoscale Assembly of Bisteroidal Esters from Terephthalic Acid. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051213. [PMID: 32182644 PMCID: PMC7179421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of bisteroidal esters was synthesized using a spacer group, sterols and sapogenins as substrates. Steroidal dimers were prepared in high yields employing diesters of terephthalic acid as linkages at the 3β, 3'β steroidal positions. In all attempts to crystallize bisteroids, it was observed that the compounds tended to self-organize in solution, which was detected when employing various solvent systems. The non-covalent interactions (van der Waals) of the steroidal moieties of this series of symmetrical bisteroids, the polarity of the solvents systems, and the different solubilities of the bisteroid aggregates, indeed induce the molecules to self-assemble into supramolecular structures with well-defined organization. Our results show that the self-assembled structures for the bisteroidal derivatives depend on the solvent system used: with hexane/EtOAc, membrane-shaped structures were obtained, while pure EtOAc afforded strand-shaped arrangements. In the CHCl3/CH3OH system, thin strands were formed, since van der Waals interactions are lowered in this system, as a consequence of the increased solubility of the bisteroids in CHCl3. Based on the characterization by SEM and XRD, we show evidence that the phenomenon of self-assembly of bisteroids occurs presenting different morphologies depending on the solvent used. The new steroidal dimer derivatives were characterized by NMR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and XRD. Finally, the molecular structure of one bisteroid was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guerrero-Luna
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (A.C.-C.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - María Guadalupe Hernández-Linares
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvain Bernès
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico;
| | - Alan Carrasco-Carballo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (A.C.-C.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - Diana Montalvo-Guerrero
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados–Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (M.A.F.-H.)
| | - María A. Fernández-Herrera
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados–Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (M.A.F.-H.)
| | - Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (A.C.-C.); (J.S.-R.)
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11
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Del Hierro JN, Cueva C, Tamargo A, Núñez-Gómez E, Moreno-Arribas MV, Reglero G, Martin D. In Vitro Colonic Fermentation of Saponin-Rich Extracts from Quinoa, Lentil, and Fenugreek. Effect on Sapogenins Yield and Human Gut Microbiota. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:106-116. [PMID: 31841325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro colonic fermentation of saponin-rich extracts from quinoa, lentil, and fenugreek was performed. Production of sapogenins by human fecal microbiota and the impact of extracts on representative intestinal bacterial groups were evaluated. The main sapogenins were found after fermentation (soyasapogenol B for lentil; oleanolic acid, hederagenin, phytolaccagenic acid, and serjanic acid for quinoa; and sarsasapogenin, diosgenin, and neotigogenin acetate for fenugreek). Interindividual differences were observed, but the highest production of sapogenins corresponded to quinoa (90 μg/mL) and fenugreek (70 μg/mL) extracts, being minor for lentil (4 μg/mL). Lentil and quinoa extracts showed a general antimicrobial effect, mainly on lactic acid bacteria and Lactobacillus spp. Significant increases of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were observed for fenugreek in one volunteer. Thus, the transformation of saponin-rich extracts of quinoa, lentil, and fenugreek to sapogenins by human gut microbiota is demonstrated, exhibiting a modulatory effect on the growth of selected intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Navarro Del Hierro
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Carolina Cueva
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Alba Tamargo
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Estefanía Núñez-Gómez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Imdea-Food Institute , CEI UAM+CSIC , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Diana Martin
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods , Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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12
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Lim JG, Park H, Yoon KS. Analysis of saponin composition and comparison of the antioxidant activity of various parts of the quinoa plant ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:694-702. [PMID: 31993193 PMCID: PMC6977472 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoa plant is a valuable food crop because of its high nutritional and functional values. Total saponin content, sapogenins, polyphenol, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed in various parts of quinoa plants, including sprout, seeds, bran, pericarp, leave, stem, and root. Quinoa seeds (QS) had significantly higher sapogenin content than quinoa stem (QT), quinoa leaves (QL), and quinoa roots (QR). Quinoa saponin was mainly composed of phytolaccagenic acid. Quinoa root (QR) had the highest amount of total saponin (13.39 g 100 g-1), followed by quinoa bran. The highest total phenolic content (30.96 mg GAE 100 g-1) and total flavonoid content (61.68 mg RE 100 g-1) were observed in quinoa root extract and 1-month-old sprout extract, respectively. Quinoa sprouts showed better antioxidant activity than fully grown parts of the quinoa plant. Overall, root and sprout had a higher antioxidant capacity compared to other parts of the quinoa plant, suggesting the potential use of quinoa root and sprout as a nutraceutical ingredient in the health food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Gyu Lim
- Department of Food and NutritionKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyun‐Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoulKorea
| | - Ki Sun Yoon
- Department of Food and NutritionKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
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13
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Kiełbasa A, Krakowska-Sieprawska A, Kowalkowski T, Rafińska K, Buszewski B. Distribution of sapogenins in morphological Medicago sativa L. parts: Comparison of various extraction techniques. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:671-680. [PMID: 31670460 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Saponins in plant extracts were indirectly determined by estimation of the content of sapogenins. The first step of determination is extraction with high efficiency. One conventional extraction technique (maceration) and two modern ones (accelerated solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) were compared. Methanol and ethanol were used as solvents or co-solvents. The results were supported by statistical analysis. Saponins were extracted from leaves, roots, and sprouts of Medicago sativa. Acid hydrolysis, purification, and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector were used. The content of sapogenins was the highest in the roots. Smaller amounts of sapogenins were found in sprouts and the smallest ones in leaves. The main ingredient was medicagenic acid with mean concentration of 621.8 µg/g in roots, 456.7 µg/g in sprouts, and 471.3 µg/g in leaf extract. The highest content of sapogenins in extract was obtained after maceration with methanol; however, this method is nonselective in relation to biologically active compounds. Due to the possibility of using the obtained extracts with sapogenins in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry, the selection of extraction techniques and solvents is a very important aspect. Additionally, the chosen technique should be considered eco-friendly and consistent with the assumptions of "green chemistry."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiełbasa
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Aneta Krakowska-Sieprawska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalkowski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
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14
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Herrera T, Navarro Del Hierro J, Fornari T, Reglero G, Martin D. Acid hydrolysis of saponin-rich extracts of quinoa, lentil, fenugreek and soybean to yield sapogenin-rich extracts and other bioactive compounds. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:3157-3167. [PMID: 30536393 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typical hydrolysis times of saponins generally do not take into consideration the effect of time on the degradation of the target compounds, namely sapogenins. When producing natural extracts, it should be borne in mind that conducting hydrolysis to yield a target compound might also affect the final composition of the extracts in terms of other bioactive compounds. In our study, saponin-rich extracts from fenugreek, quinoa, lentil, and soybean were produced and their acid hydrolysis to give sapogenin-rich extracts was conducted over different periods (0-6 h). The disappearance of saponins and appearance of sapogenins was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The impact of hydrolysis on the phytosterols and tocopherol in the extracts was also evaluated. RESULTS Fenugreek showed the highest saponin content (169 g kg-1 ), followed by lentil (20 g kg-1 ), quinoa (15 g kg-1 ), and soybean (13 g kg-1 ). Hydrolysis for 1 h caused the complete disappearance of saponins and the greatest release of sapogenins. Hydrolyzed fenugreek and quinoa extracts contained the highest amounts of sapogenins and minor fractions of phytosterols and tocopherol. Hydrolyzed extracts of lentil and soybean contained a major fraction of phytosterols and a low fraction of sapogenins. In all cases, sapogenins decreased after 1 h of hydrolysis, phytosterols slightly decreased, and tocopherol was unaffected. Standards of diosgenin and oleanolic acid also showed this decreasing pattern under acid hydrolysis conditions. CONCLUSION Hydrolysis times of 1 h for saponin-rich extracts from the assayed seeds guarantee the maximum transformation to sapogenin-rich extracts, along with phytosterols and tocopherol. Fenugreek and quinoa seeds are preferred for this. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Navarro Del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Imdea-Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, UAM, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Kiełbasa A, Krakowska A, Rafińska K, Buszewski B. Isolation and determination of saponin hydrolysis products from Medicago sativa using supercritical fluid extraction, solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:465-474. [PMID: 30378747 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are widespread secondary metabolites with various beneficial properties: fungicidal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer. Alfalfa saponin molecules contain mainly: medicagenic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, and soyasapogenol B. Structural diversity of saponins makes their determination in Medicago sativa extracts very difficult. The most popular determination technique is high-performance liquid chromatography applied with evaporative light scattering detection. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of sapogenins from Medicago sativa by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection required hydrolysis and purification of extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. Hydrolysis of saponins with concentrated hydrochloric acid provided high concentration of medicagenic acid. In the purification process, satisfactory results were obtained for solid-phase extraction using octadecyl. Recoveries were from 71 to 99% with a standard deviation from 2 to 8. Hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid was the only method that allowed identification of all four analyzed sapogenins. Moreover, it is characterized by a short time of preparation, simplicity of execution, a small amount of the sample and solvents. The hydrolysis and purification methods coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection can be successfully used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the main saponins present in Medicago sativa plant extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiełbasa
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Aneta Krakowska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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16
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Khan KM, Nahar L, Mannan A, Arfan M, Khan GA, Al-Groshi A, Evans A, Dempster NM, Ismail FMD, Sarker SD. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Cytotoxicity of Asparagus adscendens Roots against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13:S890-S894. [PMID: 29491650 PMCID: PMC5822517 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_136_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparagus adscendens Roxb. (Asparagaceae), is native to the Himalayas. This plant has been used in the prevention and effective treatment of various forms of cancers. OBJECTIVE This paper reports, for the first time, on the cytotoxicity of the methanol (MeOH) extract of the roots of A. adscendens and its solid-phase extraction (SPE) fractions against four human carcinoma cell lines and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of the SPE fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Finely powdered roots of A. adscendens were macerated in methanol and extracted through SPE using gradient solvent system (water: methanol) proceeded for analysis on LC-ESI-QTOF-MS and cytotoxicity against four human carcinoma cell lines: breast (MCF7), liver (HEPG2), lung (A549), and urinary bladder (EJ138), using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay. RESULTS The MeOH extract and four SPE fractions exhibited cytotoxicity against all cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 6 to 79 μg/mL. As observed in other Asparagus species, the presence of saponins and sapogenins in the SPE fractions was evident in the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data. CONCLUSION It is reasonable to assume that the cytotoxicity of the MeOH extract of the roots of A. adscendens and its SPE fractions, at least partly, due to the presence of saponins and their aglycones. This suggests that A. adscendens could be exploited as a potential source of cytotoxic compounds with putative anticancer potential. SUMMARY The MeOH extract and all solid-phase extraction (SPE) fractions exhibited various levels of cytotoxicity against all cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 6 to 79 μg/mLThe presence of saponins and sapogenins in the SPE fractions was evident in the Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry dataDue to the presence of saponins and their aglycones, suggest that A. adscendens could be exploited as a potential source of cytotoxic compounds with putative anticancer potential. Abbreviation used: SPE: Solid-phase extraction, MCF7: Breast cancer cell line, HEPG2: Liver cancer cell line, A549: Lung liver cancer cell line, EJ138: Urinary bladder cancer cell line, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide, LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Maqbool Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghazanfar Ali Khan
- Department of Research and Development, Drug Regulatory Authority, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Afaf Al-Groshi
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
| | - Andrew Evans
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
| | - Nicola M. Dempster
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
| | - Fyaz M. D. Ismail
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
| | - Satyajit D. Sarker
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University, England, UK
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17
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Abstract
The discovery of bioactive molecules from botanical sources is an expanding field, preferentially oriented to plants having a tradition of use in medicine and providing high yields and availability. Temperate forage legumes are Fabaceae species that include worldwide-important crops. These plants possess therapeutic virtues that have not only been used in veterinary and folk medicine, but have also attracted the interest of official medicine. We have examined here Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Trifolium pratense and T. repens (clovers), Melilotus albus and M. officinalis (sweet clovers), Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil), Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin), Lespedeza capitata (roundhead lespedeza), and Galega officinalis (goat's rue). The phytochemical complexes of these species contain secondary metabolites whose pharmacological potentials deserve investigation. Major classes of compounds include alkaloids and amines, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins, condensed tannins, and saponins. Some of these phytochemicals have been related to antihypercholesterolemia, antidiabetic, antimenopause, anti-inflammatory, antiedema, anthelmintic, and kidney protective effects. Two widely prescribed drugs have been developed starting from temperate forage legumes, namely, the antithrombotic warfarin, inspired from sweet clover's coumarin, and the antidiabetic metformin, a derivative of sainfoin's guanidine. Available evidence suggests that temperate forage legumes are a potentially important resource for the extraction of active principles to be used as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cornara
- a Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita , Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- b Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau , Taipa , Macau.,c College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Bruno Burlando
- d Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Alessandria , Italy.,e Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Genova , Italy
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18
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Negi JS, Singh P, Pant GJN, Rawat MSM. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of plant saponins: An update 2005-2010. Pharmacogn Rev 2012; 5:155-8. [PMID: 22303089 PMCID: PMC3263049 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.91109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are widely distributed in plant kingdom. In view of their wide range of biological activities and occurrence as complex mixtures, saponins have been purified and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using reverse-phase columns at lower wavelength. Mostly, saponins are not detected by ultraviolet detector due to lack of chromophores. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, diode array detector , evaporative light scattering detection, and charged aerosols have been used for overcoming the detection problem of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan S Negi
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)
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