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van der Weyden L, Offord V, Turner G, Swiatkowska A, Speak AO, Adams DJ. Membrane protein regulators of melanoma pulmonary colonisation identified using a CRISPRa screen and spontaneous metastasis assay in mice. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6272227. [PMID: 33963380 PMCID: PMC8495943 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to a secondary site within the body, and is the leading cause of death for cancer patients. The lung is a common site of metastasis for many cancer types, including melanoma. Identifying the genes involved in aiding metastasis of melanoma cells to the lungs is critical for the development of better treatments. As the accessibility of cell surface proteins makes them attractive therapeutic targets, we performed a CRISPR activation screen using a library of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the transcription start sites of 2195 membrane protein-encoding genes, to identify genes whose upregulated expression aided pulmonary metastasis. Immunodeficient mice were subcutaneously injected in the flank with murine B16-F0 melanoma cells expressing dCas9 and the membrane protein library gRNAs, and their lungs collected after 14–21 days. Analysis was performed to identify the gRNAs that were enriched in the lungs relative to those present in the cells at the time of administration (day 0). We identified six genes whose increased expression promotes lung metastasis. These genes included several with well-characterized pro-metastatic roles (Fut7, Mgat5, and Pcdh7) that have not previously been linked to melanoma progression, genes linked to tumor progression but that have not previously been described as involved in metastasis (Olfr322 and Olfr441), as well as novel genes (Tmem116). Thus, we have identified genes that, when upregulated in melanoma cells, can aid successful metastasis and colonization of the lung, and therefore may represent novel therapeutic targets to inhibit pulmonary metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Offord
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Turner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Swiatkowska
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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Gao P, Liu H, Yang Z, Hui Y, Shi Z, Yang Z, Song M, Yao M, Fan W, Yang J, Hao Y, Fan T. Development of a Novel Highly Spontaneous Metastatic Model of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Renal Capsule Technology. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:785-793. [PMID: 33574674 PMCID: PMC7872218 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s290564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidence has demonstrated that animal models are imperative to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of metastasis and discover anti-metastasis drugs; however, efficient animal models to unveil the underlying mechanisms of metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are limited. METHODS ESCC cell EC9706 with high invasiveness was screened by repeated Transwell assays. Its biological characteristics were identified by flow cytometry as well as by the wound healing and CCK-8 assays. Besides, the levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers were examined using Western blotting. Parental (EC9706-I0) and subpopulation (EC9706-I3) cells were employed to establish the renal capsule model. Next, the tumor growth was detected by a live animal imaging system, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to evaluate the metastatic status in ESCC. RESULTS EC9706-I3 cells showed rapid proliferation ability, S phase abundance, and high invasive ability; obvious upregulation in N-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin, and Bit1; and downregulation in E-cadherin. EC9706-I3 cells were less sensitive to the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil than EC9706-I0 cells; however, both cell lines reached a tumorigenesis rate of 100% in the renal capsule model. The live animal imaging system revealed that the tumors derived from EC9706-I0 cells grew more slowly than those from EC9706-I3 cells at weeks 3-14. The EC9706-I3 xenograft model displayed a spontaneous metastatic site, including kidney, heart, liver, lung, pancreas, and spleen, with a distant metastatic rate of 80%. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the metastatic model was successfully established, providing a novel platform for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of metastasis in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiran Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Menghui Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Fan
- People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibin Hao
- People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People’s Republic of China
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Gautam SK, Kanchan RK, Siddiqui JA, Maurya SK, Rauth S, Perumal N, Atri P, Venkata RC, Mallya K, Mirza S, Ponnusamy MP, Band V, Mahapatra S, Jain M, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Blocking c-MET/ERBB1 Axis Prevents Brain Metastasis in ERBB2+ Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2838. [PMID: 33019652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeted monotherapies are ineffective in the treatment of brain metastasis of ERBB2+ breast cancer (BC) underscoring the need for combination therapies. The lack of robust preclinical models has further hampered the assessment of treatment modalities. We report here a clinically relevant orthotopic mouse model of ERBB2+ BC that spontaneously metastasizes to brain and demonstrates that targeting the c-MET/ERBB1 axis with a combination of cabozantinib and neratinib decreases primary tumor growth and prevents brain metastasis in ERBB2+ BC. Abstract Brain metastasis (BrM) remains a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (ERBB2+) breast cancer (BC) patients. We proposed here that a combination treatment of irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor neratinib (NER) and the c-MET inhibitor cabozantinib (CBZ) could prevent brain metastasis. To address this, we first tested the combination treatment of NER and CBZ in the brain-seeking ERBB2+ cell lines SKBrM3 and JIMT-1-BR3, and in ERBB2+ organoids that expressed the c-MET/ERBB1 axis. Next, we developed and characterized an orthotopic mouse model of spontaneous BrM and evaluated the therapeutic effect of CBZ and NER in vivo. The combination treatment of NER and CBZ significantly inhibited proliferation and migration in ERBB2+ cell lines and reduced the organoid growth in vitro. Mechanistically, the combination treatment of NER and CBZ substantially inhibited ERK activation downstream of the c-MET/ERBB1 axis. Orthotopically implanted SKBrM3+ cells formed primary tumor in the mammary fat pad and spontaneously metastasized to the brain and other distant organs. Combination treatment with NER and CBZ inhibited primary tumor growth and predominantly prevented BrM. In conclusion, the orthotopic model of spontaneous BrM is clinically relevant, and the combination therapy of NER and CBZ might be a useful approach to prevent BrM in BC.
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Arroyo‐Crespo JJ, Armiñán A, Charbonnier D, Deladriere C, Palomino‐Schätzlein M, Lamas‐Domingo R, Forteza J, Pineda‐Lucena A, Vicent MJ. Characterization of triple-negative breast cancer preclinical models provides functional evidence of metastatic progression. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2267-2281. [PMID: 30860605 PMCID: PMC6767480 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive, metastatic and recurrent breast cancer (BC) subtype, currently suffers from a lack of adequately described spontaneously metastatic preclinical models that faithfully reproduce the clinical scenario. We describe two preclinical spontaneously metastatic TNBC orthotopic murine models for the development of advanced therapeutics: an immunodeficient human MDA-MB-231-Luc model and an immunocompetent mouse 4T1 model. Furthermore, we provide a broad range of multifactorial analysis for both models that could provide relevant information for the development of new therapies and diagnostic tools. Our comparisons uncovered differential growth rates, stromal arrangements and metabolic profiles in primary tumors, and the presence of cancer-associated adipocyte infiltration in the MDA-MB-231-Luc model. Histopathological studies highlighted the more rapid metastatic spread to the lungs in the 4T1 model following a lymphatic route, while we observed both homogeneous (MDA-MB-231-Luc) and heterogeneous (4T1) metastatic spread to axillary lymph nodes. We encountered unique metabolomic signatures in each model, including crucial amino acids and cell membrane components. Hematological analysis demonstrated severe leukemoid and lymphoid reactions in the 4T1 model with the partial reestablishment of immune responses in the immunocompromised MDA-MB-231-Luc model. Additionally, we discovered β-immunoglobulinemia and increased basal levels of G-CSF correlating with a metastatic switch, with G-CSF also promoting extramedullary hematopoiesis (both models) and causing hepatosplenomegaly (4T1 model). Overall, we believe that the characterization of these preclinical models will foster the development of advanced therapeutic strategies for TNBC treatment, especially for the treatment of patients presenting both, primary tumors and metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Arroyo‐Crespo
- Polymer Therapeutics LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - Ana Armiñán
- Polymer Therapeutics LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - David Charbonnier
- Polymer Therapeutics LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
- Screening Platform, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - Coralie Deladriere
- Polymer Therapeutics LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - Martina Palomino‐Schätzlein
- Joint Research Unit in Clinical MetabolomicsCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - Rubén Lamas‐Domingo
- Joint Research Unit in Clinical MetabolomicsCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - Jerónimo Forteza
- Unidad Mixta Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe‐Instituto Valenciano de PatologíaCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda‐Lucena
- Joint Research Unit in Clinical MetabolomicsCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
- Drug Discovery UnitInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La FeAvda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026ValenciaSpain
| | - María J. Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
- Screening Platform, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeAv. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3Valencia, 46012Spain
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Yang PT, Anastas JN, Toroni RA, Shinohara MM, Goodson JM, Bosserhoff AK, Chien AJ, Moon RT. WLS inhibits melanoma cell proliferation through the β-catenin signalling pathway and induces spontaneous metastasis. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:1294-307. [PMID: 23129487 PMCID: PMC3531604 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of nuclear β-catenin are associated with higher rates of survival in patients with melanoma, raising questions as to how ß-catenin is regulated in this context. In the present study, we investigated the formal possibility that the secretion of WNT ligands that stabilize ß-catenin may be regulated in melanoma and thus contributes to differences in ß-catenin levels. We find that WLS, a conserved transmembrane protein necessary for WNT secretion, is decreased in both melanoma cell lines and in patient tumours relative to skin and to benign nevi. Unexpectedly, reducing endogenous WLS with shRNAs in human melanoma cell lines promotes spontaneous lung metastasis in xenografts in mice and promotes cell proliferation in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of WLS inhibits cell proliferation in vitro. Activating β-catenin downstream of WNT secretion blocks the increased cell migration and proliferation observed in the presence of WLS shRNAs, while inhibiting WNT signalling rescues the growth defects induced by excess WLS. These data suggest that WLS functions as a negative regulator of melanoma proliferation and spontaneous metastasis by activating WNT/β-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamie N Anastas
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel A Toroni
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Michi M Shinohara
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamie M Goodson
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Department of Pathology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | - Andy J Chien
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Randall T Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA, USA
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Kido A, Tsutsumi M, Iki K, Motoyama M, Takahama M, Tsujiuchi T, Morishita T, Tatsumi K, Tamai S, Konishi Y. Inhibition of spontaneous rat osteosarcoma lung metastasis by 3S-[4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]amino-1-methoxy-3,4-dihydroc arbostyril, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:333-41. [PMID: 10359049 PMCID: PMC5926067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present experiment, we examined the effects of OPB-3206, 3S-[4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]amino-1-methoxy-3,4- dihydrocarbostyril, a novel metalloproteinase inhibitor, on the growth and metastasis of transplantable osteosarcomas (spontaneous osteosarcoma, selected lung metastatic lesions; S-SLM), which were previously established in rats. OPB-3206 inhibited the activities of interstitial collagenase, gelatinases A and B, and stromelysin in vitro. After oral administration to rats, its serum concentration peaked at 40 min and the drug was no longer detectable at 8 h. When OPB-3206 was orally administered at 0%, 0.1% and 0.4% in the diet for 4 weeks, starting 7 days after subcutaneous transplantation of osteosarcomas to male Fischer 344 rats, numbers of lung metastatic nodules were significantly reduced by the highest dose, while the growth of subcutaneous tumors was not affected. Zymographic analysis showed the presence of pro matrix metalloproteinase (proMMP)-2, proMMP-9 and MMP-9 activities in S-SLM. In animals fed 0.4% OPB-3206, the activity of proMMP-9 was increased, but that for MMP-9 had become undetectable. The results thus suggest that OPB-3206 selectively inhibits lung metastasis of rat transplantable osteosarcomas by inhibiting MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kido
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
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Abstract
A new cell line (RCN-9) was established in culture from a transplantable rat colon adenocarcinoma, which was induced in the colon of a male Fischer F344 rat by subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. When RCN-9 cells were injected subcutaneously or into the cecal subserosa of syngeneic rats, carcinomas with progressive growth were obtained and the development of lung (63.6%) and liver (40.0%) metastases, respectively, ensued. Antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin (ADM) and mitomycin C (MMC) against RCN-9 were examined in vivo and in vitro. 5-FU and ADM had antitumor effects both in vivo and in vitro; MMC had antitumor effects in vitro. These results show that the RCN-9 cell line can be used both as a model to study mechanisms of metastasis from colon carcinoma and as a model in chemotherapeutic studies of metastatic disease from colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- First Department of Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine
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