1
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Tola EH. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Characterization of Listeria Spp. Isolated from Various Sources in Ethiopia: A Comprehensive Review. Vet Med (Auckl) 2024; 15:109-116. [PMID: 38601062 PMCID: PMC11005847 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s451837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Listeriosis is an important foodborne zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals in Ethiopia. This review aims to synthesize the epidemiology, prevalence, distribution, and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria species in the country. The literature reveals a widespread occurrence of Listeria infection in humans, animals, and food products, with an average prevalence of 21.6% for Listeria species and 6.9% for L. monocytogenes. Three sequence types (STs) of L. monocytogenes (2, 145, and 18) and twelve STs of L. innocua (1489, 1619, 603, 537, 1010, 3186, 492, 3007, 1087, 474, 1008, and 637) were reported from milk and dairy products. Contamination rates ranged from 4.1% to 42.9% across livestock, dairy, slaughterhouses, and processing facilities, indicating faults in production practices. Sporadic human listeriosis outbreaks have occurred since 1967, causing meningitis, perinatal infections, and deaths, with recent studies showing L. monocytogenes isolation in up to 10.4% of febrile patients, confirming foodborne transmission. Non-pathogenic Listeria species were also common on farms and in facilities. Ovine listeriosis poses a threat to Ethiopia's sheep and goat industries, with over 40% seroprevalence in some herds. Comprehensive control measures across the food chain are needed to curb contamination and protect public health. Isolates from various foods show antibiotic resistance to first-line agents but susceptibility to others like gentamicin and cephalosporins. In conclusion, this review synthesizes evidence on Listeria distribution in Ethiopia's food system and disease burden, highlighting the need for improved food safety policies and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyob Hirpa Tola
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
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2
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Dinas S, Diakou A, Vasiliadis K, Chaintoutis SC, Massa E, Konstantinou GN, Totsi A, Xakis A, Papavasiliou C. First Case of Human Anisakiosis in Greece: Acute Invasive Infection Mimicking Peritoneal Malignancy. Pathogens 2024; 13:149. [PMID: 38392887 PMCID: PMC10891913 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw and mildly processed seafood, in the context of modern Western world eating trends, is recognized as a major driver for human fish-borne infections. However, these zoonoses and their unfamiliar risks remain neglected and underappreciated among European diagnosticians. In contemporary Europe anisakidosis is one of the most important fish-borne zoonoses. It is caused by ingesting the third-stage infective larvae of the nematode parasites that belong to the family Anisakidae. The case described herein, is an intestinal and ectopic form of anisakiosis (Anisakis spp.), causing symptoms of subacute abdomen and masquerading as an intraperitoneal malignancy. It is the first anisakidosis case reported in Greece, affecting a young patient who had been repeatedly exposed to the parasite by consuming homemade raw fish. Right hemicolectomy, omentectomy and excision of a descending colon nodule were uneventfully performed. The pathology report confirmed granulomatous tissue with eosinophilic infiltration and parasites that were morphologically and molecularly identified as Anisakis spp. Although challenging, acquiring an accurate diagnosis of anisakidosis can prevent unnecessary surgery, as the infection typically is self-resolving, and if treatment is deemed necessary, it can be limited to antiparasitic medication. However, in rare cases, extra-gastrointestinal migration of larvae can cause severe damage with practically unknown risks, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. In such a clinical case scenario, surgical exploration can decisively contribute to a definitive diagnosis and early identification of intraabdominal complications necessitating surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Dinas
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vasiliadis
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleftheria Massa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George N. Konstantinou
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 424 General Military Training Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Albion Totsi
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Athanasios Xakis
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Christos Papavasiliou
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
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3
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Patil M, Gharde P, Reddy K. Lung Hydatidosis Unveiled: A Multisystem Mirage of Pathological Rarity. Cureus 2024; 16:e52819. [PMID: 38406156 PMCID: PMC10883861 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung hydatidosis is a zoonotic infection, primarily caused by Echinococcus sp., and has a significant role in the economy and public health. Canines are the predominant hosts of these parasitic tapeworms. Lungs are the most commonly infected organ after the liver. Hepatic pulmonary blood circulation is mainly reported to transport infection to the lungs. The prevalence of hydatid disease has increased over the past decade. In addition, patients with multi-organ involvement of hydatid cysts have been reported in different parts of the world. Hydatidosis can remain asymptomatic for years after infection in some conditions, especially in cases of splenic hydatidosis. Chest radiography and computed tomography findings can be used to confirm the diagnosis of hydatid disease. Hydatid disease is, in general, managed by pharmacological therapy, but if multi-organ involvement is observed, surgery along with medical management is required. Long-term follow-up is recommended in such cases to check the recurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Patil
- General Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Pankaj Gharde
- General Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Kavyanjali Reddy
- General Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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4
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Caruso S, Edwards SJ. Recently Emerged Novel Henipa-like Viruses: Shining a Spotlight on the Shrew. Viruses 2023; 15:2407. [PMID: 38140648 PMCID: PMC10747904 DOI: 10.3390/v15122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are zoonotic viruses, including some highly pathogenic and capable of serious disease and high fatality rates in both animals and humans. Hendra virus and Nipah virus are the most notable henipaviruses, resulting in significant outbreaks across South Asia, South-East Asia, and Australia. Pteropid fruit bats have been identified as key zoonotic reservoirs; however, the increased discovery of henipaviruses outside the geographic distribution of Pteropid fruit bats and the detection of novel henipa-like viruses in other species such as the shrew, rat, and opossum suggest that Pteropid bats are not the sole reservoir for henipaviruses. In this review, we provide an update on henipavirus spillover events and describe the recent detection of novel unclassified henipaviruses, with a strong focus on the shrew and its emerging role as a key host of henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J. Edwards
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
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5
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Tan M, Zeng X, Xie Y, Li X, Liu J, Yang J, Yang L, Wang D. Reported human infections of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China in 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1255969. [PMID: 38155898 PMCID: PMC10753182 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1255969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The continued emergence of human infections of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a serious threat to public health. The prevalent Y280/G9 lineage of H9N2 AIV in Chinese poultry can directly bind to human receptors, increasing the risk of spillover infections to humans. Since 2013, the number of human cases of H9N2 avian influenza has been increasing continuously, and in 2021, China reported the highest number of human cases, at 25. Methods In this study, we analyzed the age, geographic, temporal, and sex distributions of humans with H9N2 avian influenza in 2021 using data from the National Influenza Center (Beijing, China). We also conducted evolutionary, gene homology, and molecular characterization analyses of the H9N2 AIVs infecting humans. Results Our findings show that children under the age of 12 accounted for 80% of human cases in 2021, and females were more frequently affected than males. More cases occurred in winter than in summer, and most cases were concentrated in southern China. Human-infecting H9N2 viruses showed a high level of genetic homology and belonged to the prevalent G57 genotype. Several additional α2,6-SA-binding sites and sites of mammalian adaptation were also identified in the genomes of human-infecting H9N2 viruses. Discussion Therefore, continuous monitoring of H9N2 AIV and the implementation of further measures to control the H9N2 virus in poultry are essential to reduce the interspecies transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zeng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
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Chiu KHY, Sridhar S, Yuen KY. Preparation for the next pandemic: challenges in strengthening surveillance. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2240441. [PMID: 37474466 PMCID: PMC10478602 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2240441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The devastating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicates that early detection of candidates with pandemic potential is vital. However, comprehensive metagenomic sequencing of the total microbiome is not practical due to the astronomical and rapidly evolving numbers and species of micro-organisms. Analysis of previous pandemics suggests that an increase in human-animal interactions, changes in animal and arthropod distribution due to climate change and deforestation, continuous mutations and interspecies jumping of RNA viruses, and frequent travels are important factors driving pandemic emergence. Besides measures mitigating these factors, surveillance at human-animal interfaces targeting animals with unusual tolerance to viral infections, sick heathcare workers, and workers at high biosafety level laboratories is crucial. Surveillance of sick travellers is important when alerted by an early warning system of a suspected outbreak due to unknown agents. These samples should be screened by multiplex nucleic acid amplification and subsequent unbiased next-generation sequencing. Novel viruses should be isolated in routine cell cultures, complemented by organoid cultures, and then tested in animal models for interspecies transmission potential. Potential agents are candidates for designing rapid diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. For early detection of outbreaks, there are advantages in using event-based surveillance and artificial intelligence (AI), but high background noise and censorship are possible drawbacks. These systems are likely useful if they channel reliable information from frontline healthcare or veterinary workers and large international gatherings. Furthermore, sufficient regulation of high biosafety level laboratories, and stockpiling of broad spectrum antiviral drugs, vaccines, and personal protective equipment are indicated for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Hei-Yeung Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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7
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Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack M, Elnaiem W, Abdelwahed AE, Hasabo E, Abbas AA, Ahmed AS, Jobran AW, AbdAlla Mohamed MT, Muhalil MG, Jagran Idris LM, Bakour RK, Eltaib Elseed LZ, Al Komi O, Mugibel TA, Nour AB, Ibrahim H, Owish Sukar KA, Ahmed FMT, Elkhazin Mohamed Ali KS, Hussien Mohamed Ahmed KA. Fear of a new pandemic: perception and prediction of monkeypox among the middle east general population. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5908-5918. [PMID: 38098587 PMCID: PMC10718370 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, an Orthopox virus. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak provoked fear among the public. Public awareness about the disease could be an important factor in its control. The authors conducted this study to assess the perception and prediction of monkeypox among the Middle East public. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2022. Data were conveniently collected from eight Middle Eastern countries using an online self-administered questionnaire distributed through educational and social media platforms. Statistical analysis was conducted using R software. Results Approximately 11 016 individuals participated in this study. The participants' overall knowledge score indicated poor knowledge about monkeypox. Most of the participants knew the causative organism (66.7%). However, numerous participants were not aware of the disease mode of transmission, symptoms, complications, and vaccination. Participants' awareness was mostly gained from social media (61.8%). The majority predicted acquiring monkeypox when protective measures are not taken (72.7%), progression to a pandemic with economic consequences (50.8 and 52%, respectively), and the ability of the Ministry of Health to control the epidemic (51.5%). Conclusion In the Middle East, public knowledge about monkeypox is poor. Raising awareness about monkeypox would be of benefit in controlling the epidemic. This study constitutes evidence upon which health education programs could be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Omar Al Komi
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Alrajhi University, Albukayriah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alshareef B. Nour
- Faculty of Medicine, Wad Medani Collage of Medical Sciences, Wad Medani
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8
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Yan Z, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans. J Virol 2023; 97:e0137023. [PMID: 37877722 PMCID: PMC10688349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pervasive subtype that is ubiquitously found in both wild bird and poultry populations across the globe. Recent investigations have unveiled its capacity to infect mammals, thereby expanding its host range beyond that of other subtypes and potentially facilitating its global transmission. This heightened breadth also endows H6 AIVs with the potential to serve as a genetic reservoir for the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains through genetic reassortment and adaptive mutations. Furthermore, alterations in key amino acid loci within the H6 AIV genome foster the evolution of viral infection mechanisms, which may enable the virus to surmount interspecies barriers and infect mammals, including humans, thus posing a potential threat to human well-being. In this review, we summarize the origins, dissemination patterns, geographical distribution, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic attributes of H6 influenza viruses. This study holds implications for the timely detection and surveillance of H6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - You Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Sawyer J, Rhodes S, Jones GJ, Hogarth PJ, Vordermeier HM. Mycobacterium bovis and its impact on human and animal tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37962183 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Mycobacterium bovis
is a slow-growing (16–20 h generation time), Gram-positive and acid-fast bacterium member of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex pathogen group (MTBC). They are characterized by a complex, protective cell wall containing mycolic acids. The MTBCs are the causative agents of tuberculosis (TB). Following initial infection, subsequent pathological changes, and the progress of infection depend on the interplay between host defence mechanisms and mycobacterial virulence factors and the balance between the immunologic protective responses and the damaging inflammatory processes. Progression of the disease is characterized by the formation of typical caseous tuberculous granuloma (inflammatory mononuclear cell aggregates) because of the host's immune response to infection. The transmission and epidemiology of
Mycobacterium bovis
are complex and vary depending on the situation and ecosystem. In the UK, the spread of BTB in the UK cattle herd can occur by transmitting the disease from cattle to cattle and between badgers but also between badgers and cattle. The disease is thought to be primarily a respiratory disease with spread between individuals through mechanisms such as coughing or transfer of bacteria in respiratory secretions. It is also thought that environmental contamination may also lead to some transmission. The protective cell wall of the organism is believed to allow the organism to survive outside an animal host, which can then transfer to new hosts following subsequent environmental exposure. In some situations, ingestion of pathogens in food can lead to infection. The relative contribution of these routes and precise transmission mechanisms needs to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sawyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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10
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Tschritter CM, V. C. de Groot P, Branigan M, Dyck M, Sun Z, Lougheed SC. A new multiplexed magnetic capture-Droplet digital PCR tool for monitoring wildlife population health and pathogen surveillance. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10655. [PMID: 37915804 PMCID: PMC10616740 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors are exacerbating the emergence and spread of pathogens worldwide. In regions like the Arctic, where ecosystems are particularly susceptible, marked changes are predicted in regional diversity, intensity, and patterns of infectious diseases. To understand such rapidly changing host-pathogen dynamics and mitigate the impacts of novel pathogens, we need sensitive disease surveillance tools. We developed and validated a novel multiplexed, magnetic capture, and ddPCR tool for the surveillance of multiple pathogens in polar bears, a sentinel species that is considered susceptible to climate change and other stressors with a pan-Arctic distribution. Through sequence-specific magnetic capture, we concentrated five target template sequences from three zoonotic bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and two parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.) pathogens from large quantities (<100 g) of host tissue. We then designed and validated two multiplexed probe-based ddPCR assays for the amplification and detection of the low-concentration target DNA. Validations used 48 polar bear tissues (muscle and liver). We detected 14, 1, 3, 4, and 22 tissue positives for E. rhusiopathiae, F. tularensis, M. tuberculosis complex, T. gondii, and Trichinella spp., respectively. These multiplexed assays offer a rapid, specific tool for quantifying and monitoring the changing geographical and host distributions of pathogens relevant to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marsha Branigan
- Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesGovernment of the Northwest TerritoriesInuvikNorthwest TerritoriesCanada
| | - Markus Dyck
- Department of EnvironmentGovernment of NunavutIgloolikNunavutCanada
| | - Zhengxin Sun
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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Xu Y, Wang X, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang F, Zhang L. Natural hosts and animal models for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1258172. [PMID: 37929288 PMCID: PMC10621046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1258172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-transmitted arbovirus, presenting a serious threat to humans and animals. Susceptible hosts are of great significance for the prevention of RVFV. Appropriate animal models are helpful to better understand the onset and development of diseases, as well as the control measures and vaccine research. This review focuses on the role of animal hosts in the maintenance of the virus, and summarizes the host range of RVFV. We list some common animal models in the process of RVFV research, which would provide some important insights into the prevention and treatment of RVFV, as well as the study of Rift Valley fever (RVF) pathogenesis and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Laboratory Animal and Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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MONDE N, MUNYEME M, SIZIYA S, ZULU M, CHONGWE G, KABELENGA E, DAKA V, SIAME KK, TEMBO R, MALAMA S. Risk factors associated with zoonotic tuberculosis at the animal-human interface in a tuberculosis-endemic sub-Saharan country. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1136-1141. [PMID: 37574280 PMCID: PMC10600531 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the proportion of tuberculosis in humans and tuberculosis (TB)-associated abattoir condemnations from the animal sector, as well as determine risk factors of zoonotic tuberculosis at the animal-human interface in Zambia. The study involved 255 presumptive TB patients and 156 cattle carcasses and was conducted from April 2020 to December 2021. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed for risk factor analysis for zoonotic TB. The overall proportion of bovine tuberculosis in traditional cattle and the proportion of tuberculosis among presumptive TB patients were 39.7% and 10.2%, respectively. Consumption of raw milk (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73-4.28) and history of previous contact with a TB patient (AOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.17-2.95) were risk factors for zoonotic TB at the animal-human interface of Zambia. Therefore, community campaigns and sensitization on zoonotic TB transmission are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngula MONDE
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases
Research Center, Ndola, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso MUNYEME
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Seter SIZIYA
- Micheal Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt
University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mildred ZULU
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gershom CHONGWE
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases
Research Center, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Elijah KABELENGA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ndola Teaching
Hospital, Postal Agency, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor DAKA
- Micheal Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt
University, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Rabecca TEMBO
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sydney MALAMA
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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13
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Scroggs SLP, Bird EJ, Molik DC, Nayduch D. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Elicits Early Transcriptome Response in Culicoides sonorensis Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2108. [PMID: 37896885 PMCID: PMC10612082 DOI: 10.3390/v15102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, or arboviruses, have evolved to successfully navigate both the invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, including their immune systems. Biting midges transmit several arboviruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). To study the interaction between VSV and midges, we characterized the transcriptomic responses of VSV-infected and mock-infected Culicoides sonorensis cells at 1, 8, 24, and 96 h post inoculation (HPI). The transcriptomic response of VSV-infected cells at 1 HPI was significant, but by 8 HPI there were no detectable differences between the transcriptome profiles of VSV-infected and mock-infected cells. Several genes involved in immunity were upregulated (ATG2B and TRAF4) or downregulated (SMAD6 and TOLL7) in VSV-treated cells at 1 HPI. These results indicate that VSV infection in midge cells produces an early immune response that quickly wanes, giving insight into in vivo C. sonorensis VSV tolerance that may underlie their permissiveness as vectors for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. P. Scroggs
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.C.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Edward J. Bird
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - David C. Molik
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.C.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Dana Nayduch
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.C.M.); (D.N.)
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14
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Rodjan P, Sangkanu S, Mitsuwan W, Pongpom M, Saengsawang P, Tedja I, Lamai J, Pruksaphon K, Jeenkeawpieam J. Antibacterial and antivirulence factor activities of protein hydrolysates from Phatthalung Sangyod rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seeds against zoonotic and foodborne pathogens. Vet World 2023; 16:2002-2015. [PMID: 38023279 PMCID: PMC10668558 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2002-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging public health threat. Foodborne illnesses are typically caused by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are frequently resistant to common antimicrobial agents. Rice is a staple grain in most parts of the world. Our previous work showed that Phatthalung Sangyod rice seed protein hydrolysates (SYPs), especially SYP4, exhibit antifungal activity against several fungal species that are pathogenic for both humans and animals and are non-cytotoxic to animal red blood cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of the bioactive peptides in SYPs against several pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals. Materials and Methods After isolating SYP1, it was treated as follows: heated (SYP2), and hydrolyzed using pepsin (SYP3), and proteinase K (SYP4). Then, we used 500 μg of protein to evaluate the antibacterial effects on four pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, and S. aureus, using agar well diffusion. Using a broth microdilution assay, we determined the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC, respectively) values of active SYPs. Using the agar well diffusion and microtube incubation methods, we also assessed the inhibitory effects of SYPs on the bacterial quorum sensing (QS) activity of Chromobacterium violaceum. Sangyod rice seed protein hydrolysates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the biofilm formation of bacterial cells by a crytal violet assay. Furthermore, using the dropping method, we tested the inhibitory effects of SYPs on the bacterial pigments pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin in S. aureus. Results Our results showed that the crude protein lysate (SYP1) did not exhibit antibacterial activity against any of the test bacteria. Intriguingly, after boiling (SYP2) and enzymatic hydrolysis (SYP3 and SYP4), the protein hydrolysates were transformed into bioactive peptides and displayed antibacterial properties against all of the test bacteria at a concentration of 500 μg as determined by agar well diffusion. SYP4 demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity as it completely inhibited all test strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 16.88 ± 0.25 to 21.25 ± 0.5 mm, and also yielded the highest MIC/MBC values against P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, and E. coli, at 256 and >256 μg/mL, respectively. We observed that at least 256 μg/mL of SYP4 is required to exhibit optimal antibacterial activity. At 16-128 μg/mL, it exhibited antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. Furthermore, at 256 μg/mL, SYP4 inhibited pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin in S. aureus. Although SYP2 and SYP3 displayed weak antibacterial activity and their MIC values could not be obtained for all bacteria, they showed strong QS inhibition in C. violaceum at 256 μg protein. Moreover, SYP2 and SYP3, at a minimum concentration of 32 μg/mL, significantly reduced violacein production. SYP3 also showed biofilm reduction activity on S. aureus at least 16-512 μg/mL. Conclusion Sangyod Phatthalung protein hydrolysates exerted excellent inhibitory effects against the growth of bacteria and their virulence factors, such as QS, biofilm formation, and/or pigment production. These factors include zoonotic and foodborne pathogens. Therefore, daily consumption of Sangyod Phatthalung rice might reduce the risk of bacterial pathogenesis and foodborne diseases. In conclusion, functional foods or alternate methods of treating bacterial illnesses may be developed in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prawit Rodjan
- School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bio-active Compound, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Sangkanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bio-active Compound, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Monsicha Pongpom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Phirabhat Saengsawang
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Irma Tedja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jarunet Lamai
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Kritsada Pruksaphon
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Juthatip Jeenkeawpieam
- Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bio-active Compound, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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15
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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16
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Gussak A, Ferrando ML, Schrama M, van Baarlen P, Wells JM. Precision Genome Engineering in Streptococcus suis Based on a Broad-Host-Range Vector and CRISPR-Cas9 Technology. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2546-2560. [PMID: 37602730 PMCID: PMC10510748 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcussuis is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes severe invasive disease in pigs and humans. Current methods for genome engineering of S. suis rely on the insertion of antibiotic resistance markers, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive and does not allow the precise introduction of small genomic mutations. Here we developed a system for CRISPR-based genome editing in S. suis, utilizing linear DNA fragments for homologous recombination (HR) and a plasmid-based negative selection system for bacteria not edited by HR. To enable the use of this system in other bacteria, we engineered a broad-host-range replicon in the CRISPR plasmid. We demonstrated the utility of this system to rapidly introduce multiple gene deletions in successive rounds of genome editing and to make precise nucleotide changes in essential genes. Furthermore, we characterized a mechanism by which S. suis can escape killing by a targeted Cas9-sgRNA complex in the absence of HR. A characteristic of this new mechanism is the presence of very slow-growing colonies in a persister-like state that may allow for DNA repair or the introduction of mutations, alleviating Cas9 pressure. This does not impact the utility of CRISPR-based genome editing because the escape colonies are easily distinguished from genetically edited clones due to their small colony size. Our CRISPR-based editing system is a valuable addition to the genetic toolbox for engineering of S. suis, as it accelerates the process of mutant construction and simplifies the removal of antibiotic markers between successive rounds of genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gussak
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal
Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter van Baarlen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal
Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry Mark Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal
Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zeller MA, Ma J, Wong FY, Tum S, Hidano A, Holt H, Chhay T, Sorn S, Koeut D, Seng B, Chao S, Ng GGK, Yan Z, Chou M, Rudge JW, Smith GJD, Su YCF. The genomic landscape of swine influenza A viruses in Southeast Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301926120. [PMID: 37552753 PMCID: PMC10438389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301926120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine are a primary source for the emergence of pandemic influenza A viruses. The intensification of swine production, along with global trade, has amplified the transmission and zoonotic risk of swine influenza A virus (swIAV). Effective surveillance is essential to uncover emerging virus strains; however gaps remain in our understanding of the swIAV genomic landscape in Southeast Asia. More than 4,000 nasal swabs were collected from pigs in Cambodia, yielding 72 IAV-positive samples by RT-qPCR and 45 genomic sequences. We unmasked the cocirculation of multiple lineages of genetically diverse swIAV of pandemic concern. Genomic analyses revealed a novel European avian-like H1N2 swIAV reassortant variant with North American triple reassortant internal genes, that emerged approximately seven years before its first detection in pigs in 2021. Using phylogeographic reconstruction, we identified south central China as the dominant source of swine viruses disseminated to other regions in China and Southeast Asia. We also identified nine distinct swIAV lineages in Cambodia, which diverged from their closest ancestors between two and 15 B.P., indicating significant undetected diversity in the region, including reverse zoonoses of human H1N1/2009 pandemic and H3N2 viruses. A similar period of cryptic circulation of swIAVs occurred in the decades before the H1N1/2009 pandemic. The hidden diversity of swIAV observed here further emphasizes the complex underlying evolutionary processes present in this region, reinforcing the importance of genomic surveillance at the human-swine interface for early warning of disease emergence to avoid future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Zeller
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
| | - Jordan Ma
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
| | - Foong Ying Wong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh120608, Cambodia
| | - Arata Hidano
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Holt
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Ty Chhay
- Livestock Development for Community Livelihood, Phnom Penh120108, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh120608, Cambodia
| | - Dina Koeut
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh120608, Cambodia
| | - Bunnary Seng
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh120608, Cambodia
| | - Sovanncheypo Chao
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh120608, Cambodia
| | - Giselle G. K. Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Yan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
| | - Monidarin Chou
- University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh120210, Cambodia
| | - James W. Rudge
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
- Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute,SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore169857, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Yvonne C. F. Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
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18
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Podduturi S, Vemula D, Singothu S, Bhandari V. In-silico investigation of E8 surface protein of the monkeypox virus to identify potential therapeutic agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37555596 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2245041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The re-emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in 2022 has become a global issue. The virus was first found in Denmark in 1958. The first human MPXV disease was reported in 1980 in Congo, caused by a rare zoonotic virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. Like SARS-CoV, there are no specific drugs to treat this infection. Taking cues from the successful implementation of drug repositioning for the Covid-19 pandemic using in silico drug discovery. We employed structure-based drug design in the study to repurpose the existing drug and natural product derivatives libraries against MPXV. The E8 protein was chosen as a therapeutic target because it is a surface membrane protein involved in viral entry and adhesion to the host cell surface membrane. Our study was bifurcated into the following steps; determining and analyzing the structure of the E8, followed by structure-based virtual screening of different datasets (natural products obtained from bacteria and fungi and FDA-approved drugs) to identify the hits. Based on the best binding affinities and protein-ligand interactions, we further proceeded for molecular dynamic (MD) studies of the identified hits, which revealed Gabosine D (docking score = -8.469 kcal/mol, MM/GBSA dG bind = -41.6729 kcal/mol) and Edoxudine (docking score = -6.372 kcal/mol, MM/GBSA dG bind = -35.8291 kcal/mol) as the best lead molecules. MD simulation for 100 ns was performed in triplicate, and post MM/GBSA analysis was conducted, which proves the stability of the identified leads. In addition, their ADME profiles also confirmed their suitability as therapeutic options for the treatment of monkeypox.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shourya Podduturi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Divya Vemula
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Siva Singothu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Mathison BA, Pritt BS. The Landscape of Parasitic Infections in the United States. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100217. [PMID: 37182583 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The landscape of parasitic infections in the United States has shifted dramatically over the past century. Although infections such as malaria have been successfully eliminated, others remain endemic and pose a significant public health risk. Numerous parasitic infections are also imported each year. This article focuses on endemic parasitic infections that may be commonly seen in anatomical pathology preparations and discusses their biology, diagnostic histopathological features, and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Clinical Microbiology and Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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20
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Gomes RDSR, do Valle ACF, Freitas DFS, de Macedo PM, Oliveira RDVC, Almeida-Paes R, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC. Sporotrichosis in Older Adults: A Cohort Study of 911 Patients from a Hyperendemic Area of Zoonotic Transmission in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:804. [PMID: 37623575 PMCID: PMC10455193 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, older people tend to suffer from more severe infections than younger adults. In addition, there are accumulations of comorbidities and immune senescence in some cases. This cohort study evaluated the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of older adults (≥60 years old) with sporotrichosis. The cohort consisted of 911 patients with a median age of 67 years, most of whom were female (72.6%), white (62.1%), and afflicted with comorbidities (64.5%). The lymphocutaneous form occurred in 62% of the patients, followed by the fixed form (25.7%), cutaneous disseminated form (8.9%), and extracutaneous/disseminated forms (3.3%). In this study, we draw attention to the frequency of osteoarticular involvement (2.1%) secondary to skin lesions such as osteomyelitis and/or tenosynovitis. A clinical cure was achieved in 87.3% of cases. Itraconazole was used in 81.1% of cases, while terbinafine was used in 22.7% of cases, usually in low doses. Survival analysis showed that the median treatment time was 119 days, and the multiple Cox model demonstrated that the presentation of a black coloration and diabetes was associated with a longer treatment time required to establish a cure. Therefore, these subgroups should be monitored more closely to reduce possible difficulties during treatment. It would be interesting to conduct more studies analyzing older adults with sporotrichosis from different geographic areas to better comprehend the disease in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel da Silva Ribeiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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Bush JC, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Viability and Desiccation Resistance of Bartonella henselae in Biological and Non-Biological Fluids: Evidence for Pathogen Environmental Stability. Pathogens 2023; 12:950. [PMID: 37513797 PMCID: PMC10383451 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen environmental stability is an often-neglected research priority for pathogens that are known to be vector-transmitted. Bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent of Cat Scratch Disease, has become a "pathogen of interest" in several serious human illnesses, which include neoplastic, cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and rheumatologic conditions. Survival in the flea gut and feces as well as the association with a biofilm in culture-negative endocarditis provides insight into this organism's ability to adjust to environmental extremes. The detection of B. henselae DNA in blood and tissues from marine mammals also raises questions about environmental stability and modes of pathogen transmission. We investigated the ability of B. henselae to survive in fluid matrices chosen to mimic potential environmental sources of infective materials. Feline whole blood, serum and urine, bovine milk, and physiologic saline inoculated with a laboratory strain of B. henselae San Antonio 2 were subsequently evaluated by culture and qPCR at specified time intervals. Bacterial viability was also assessed following desiccation and reconstitution of each inoculated fluid matrix. Bartonella henselae SA2 was cultured from feline urine up to 24 h after inoculation, and from blood, serum, cow's milk, and physiologic saline for up to 7 days after inoculation. Of potential medical importance, bacteria were cultured following air-desiccation of all fluid inoculates. The viability and stability of Bartonella within biological and non-biological fluids in the environment may represent a previously unrecognized source of infection for animals and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice C Bush
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Ricardo G Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Islam A, Hossain ME, Amin E, Islam S, Islam M, Sayeed MA, Hasan MM, Miah M, Hassan MM, Rahman MZ, Shirin T. Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1168613. [PMID: 37483933 PMCID: PMC10358836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1168613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterfowl are considered to be natural reservoirs of the avian influenza virus (AIV). However, the dynamics of transmission and evolutionary patterns of AIV and its subtypes within duck farms in Bangladesh remain poorly documented. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh between 2019 and 2021, to determine the prevalence of AIV and its subtypes H5 and H9, as well as to identify risk factors and the phylodynamics of H5N1 clades circulating in domestic duck farms. The oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were tested for the AIV Matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using rRT-PCR. The exploratory analysis was performed to estimate AIV and its subtype prevalence in different production systems, and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors that influence AIV infection in ducks. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was conducted to generate a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree and the maximum likelihood method to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the H5N1 viruses isolated from ducks. AIV was detected in 40% (95% CI: 33.0-48.1) of the duck farms. The prevalence of AIV was highest in nomadic ducks (39.8%; 95% CI: 32.9-47.1), followed by commercial ducks (24.6%; 95% CI: 14.5-37.3) and backyard ducks (14.4%; 95% CI: 10.5-19.2). The H5 prevalence was also highest in nomadic ducks (19.4%; 95% CI: 14.0-25.7). The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that ducks from nomadic farms (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.45-3.93), juvenile (AOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.37-3.61), and sick ducks (AOR: 11.59; 95% CI: 4.82-32.44) had a higher risk of AIV. Similarly, the likelihood of H5 detection was higher in sick ducks (AOR: 40.8; 95% CI: 16.3-115.3). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5N1 viruses in ducks belong to two distinct clades, 2.3.2.1a, and 2.3.4.4b. The clade 2.3.2.1a (reassorted) has been evolving silently since 2015 and forming at least nine subgroups based on >90% posterior probability. Notably, clade 2.3.4.4b was introduced in ducks in Bangladesh by the end of the year 2020, which was genetically similar to viruses detected in wild birds in Japan, China, and Africa, indicating migration-associated transmission of an emerging panzootic clade. We recommend continuing AIV surveillance in the duck production system and preventing the intermingling of domestic ducks with migratory waterfowl in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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23
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Li L, Maboni G, Lack A, Gomez DE. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Horses: A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:442. [PMID: 37505847 PMCID: PMC10384023 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasing in human and veterinary medicine. Although horses were initially thought to be resistant to NTM infection, reports of horses suffering from gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive diseases associated with NTM have increased in the last few decades. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the mycobacteria species found in horses, describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment approaches, and public health concerns of NTM infection in horses. Clinical manifestations of NTM in horses include pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, soft tissue, bone infections, and disseminated disease. NTM are also linked to granulomatous enteritis, placentitis, and abortions. Currently, diagnostic methods for NTM are limited and include acid-fast microscopy, bacterial cultures, species-specific PCR assays, and gene sequencing. In humans, NTM treatment guidelines are available, but their application appears inadequate and inconsistent. In horses, treatment guidelines for NTM infections are not available. NTM are a serious public health threat as 70% of people with untreated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have a chronic pulmonary disease caused by NTM. Thus, it is essential that we gain a better understanding of NTM infections in horses and their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynna Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amy Lack
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Mah MG, Linster M, Low DHW, Zhuang Y, Jayakumar J, Samsudin F, Wong FY, Bond PJ, Mendenhall IH, Su YCF, Smith GJD. Spike-Independent Infection of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bat Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0348322. [PMID: 37199653 PMCID: PMC10269751 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03483-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are the reservoir for numerous human pathogens, including coronaviruses. Despite many coronaviruses having descended from bat ancestors, little is known about virus-host interactions and broader evolutionary history involving bats. Studies have largely focused on the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses with few infection experiments conducted in bat cells. To determine genetic changes derived from replication in bat cells and possibly identify potential novel evolutionary pathways for zoonotic virus emergence, we serially passaged six human 229E isolates in a newly established Rhinolophus lepidus (horseshoe bat) kidney cell line. Here, we observed extensive deletions within the spike and open reading frame 4 (ORF4) genes of five 229E viruses after passaging in bat cells. As a result, spike protein expression and infectivity of human cells was lost in 5 of 6 viruses, but the capability to infect bat cells was maintained. Only viruses that expressed the spike protein could be neutralized by 229E spike-specific antibodies in human cells, whereas there was no neutralizing effect on viruses that did not express the spike protein inoculated on bat cells. However, one isolate acquired an early stop codon, abrogating spike expression but maintaining infection in bat cells. After passaging this isolate in human cells, spike expression was restored due to acquisition of nucleotide insertions among virus subpopulations. Spike-independent infection of human coronavirus 229E may provide an alternative mechanism for viral maintenance in bats that does not rely on the compatibility of viral surface proteins and known cellular entry receptors. IMPORTANCE Many viruses, including coronaviruses, originated from bats. Yet, we know little about how these viruses switch between hosts and enter human populations. Coronaviruses have succeeded in establishing in humans at least five times, including endemic coronaviruses and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In an approach to identify requirements for host switches, we established a bat cell line and adapted human coronavirus 229E viruses by serial passage. The resulting viruses lost their spike protein but maintained the ability to infect bat cells, but not human cells. Maintenance of 229E viruses in bat cells appears to be independent of a canonical spike receptor match, which in turn might facilitate cross-species transmission in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G. Mah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jayanthi Jayakumar
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Foong Ying Wong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Peter J. Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C. F. Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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van der Westhuizen CG, Burt FJ, van Heerden N, van Zyl W, Anthonissen T, Musoke J. Prevalence and occupational exposure to zoonotic diseases in high-risk populations in the Free State Province, South Africa. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196044. [PMID: 37342558 PMCID: PMC10277639 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zoonotic diseases are responsible for 2.5 billion human cases globally and approximately 2.7 million deaths annually. Surveillance of animal handlers and livestock for zoonotic pathogens contributes to understanding the true disease burden and risk factors within a community. This study investigated the prevalence of selected zoonoses in cattle, farm workers and occupational exposure to endemic zoonotic diseases and their associated risk factors. Methods Sputum samples from farmworkers were screened for Mycobacterium bovis. Blood specimens from farmworkers and archived sera were tested for serological evidence of Brucella sp., hantaviruses, and Leptospira sp. Communal and commercial cattle herds were tested for bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. Results Mycobacterium bovis was not isolated from human samples. A total of 327 human sera were screened, and 35/327 (10.7%) were Brucella sp. IgG positive, 17/327 (5.2%) Leptospira sp. IgM positive, and 38/327 (11.6%) hantavirus IgG positive (95% CI). A higher proportion of Brucella sp. IgG-positive samples were detected among veterinarians (value of p = 0.0006). Additionally, two cattle from a commercial dairy farm were bovine tuberculosis (bTB) positive using the bTB skin test and confirmatory interferon-gamma assay. A higher percentage of confirmed brucellosis-positive animals were from communal herds (8.7%) compared to commercial herds (1.1%). Discussion These findings highlight the brucellosis and M. bovis prevalence in commercial and communal herds, the zoonotic disease risk in commercial and subsistence farming in developing countries, and the occupational and rural exposure risk to zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicity J. Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Universitas, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Nina van Heerden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Willie van Zyl
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Division of Veterinary Services, Kroonstad, South Africa
| | - Tonia Anthonissen
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Division of Veterinary Services, Kroonstad, South Africa
| | - Jolly Musoke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Universitas, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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26
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Nyame J, Punniyakotti S, Khera K, Pal RS, Varadarajan N, Sharma P. Challenges in the treatment and prevention of Monkeypox infection; a comprehensive review. Acta Trop 2023:106960. [PMID: 37276922 PMCID: PMC10239200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a zoonotic disease, literally meaning that it can be passed on from animals (non-primate) to human (primate). All the reported and recorded cases have been traced back either to international travel or import of African animals. In the Unites states, sporadic monkeypox cases have been reported in specific over the past 50 years, starting its first identification in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.) in 1970. Due to its extreme versatility, this disease poses threat as a serious public health issue that needs to be monitored, researched and prevented. Data indicate that prior immunization with the smallpox vaccine is beneficial and may provide protection against the monkeypox virus. JYNNEOSTM is a live viral vaccine that has been approved to improve clinical manifestations of the infection. On the other hand, public ignorance about safety precaution towards monkeypox post-COVID is another challenge that needs to be overcome in tackling HMPX as a possible re-emergent infection. This review is a collation of the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical features and treatment of human monkeypox (HMPX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nyame
- Lovely Institute of Technology, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Saranya Punniyakotti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lovely Institute of Technology, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Kanav Khera
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lovely Institute of Technology, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Rashmi Saxena Pal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lovely Institute of Technology, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nithya Varadarajan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai
| | - Prachi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Lovely Institute of Technology, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
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Peacock TP, Sheppard CM, Lister MG, Staller E, Frise R, Swann OC, Goldhill DH, Long JS, Barclay WS. Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B Proteins Drive Differential Polymerase Adaptations in Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021323. [PMID: 37074204 PMCID: PMC10231198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00213-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ANP32 proteins, which act as influenza polymerase cofactors, vary between birds and mammals. In mammals, ANP32A and ANP32B have been reported to serve essential but redundant roles to support influenza polymerase activity. The well-known mammalian adaptation PB2-E627K enables influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 proteins. However, some mammalian-adapted influenza viruses do not harbor this substitution. Here, we show that alternative PB2 adaptations, Q591R and D701N, also allow influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 proteins, whereas other PB2 mutations, G158E, T271A, and D740N, increase polymerase activity in the presence of avian ANP32 proteins as well. Furthermore, PB2-E627K strongly favors use of mammalian ANP32B proteins, whereas D701N shows no such bias. Accordingly, PB2-E627K adaptation emerges in species with strong pro-viral ANP32B proteins, such as humans and mice, while D701N is more commonly seen in isolates from swine, dogs, and horses, where ANP32A proteins are the preferred cofactor. Using an experimental evolution approach, we show that the passage of viruses containing avian polymerases in human cells drove acquisition of PB2-E627K, but not in the absence of ANP32B. Finally, we show that the strong pro-viral support of ANP32B for PB2-E627K maps to the low-complexity acidic region (LCAR) tail of ANP32B. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses naturally reside in wild aquatic birds. However, the high mutation rate of influenza viruses allows them to rapidly and frequently adapt to new hosts, including mammals. Viruses that succeed in these zoonotic jumps pose a pandemic threat whereby the virus adapts sufficiently to efficiently transmit human-to-human. The influenza virus polymerase is central to viral replication and restriction of polymerase activity is a major barrier to species jumps. ANP32 proteins are essential for influenza polymerase activity. In this study, we describe how avian influenza viruses can adapt in several different ways to use mammalian ANP32 proteins. We further show that differences between mammalian ANP32 proteins can select different adaptive changes and are responsible for some of the typical mutations that arise in mammalian-adapted influenza polymerases. These different adaptive mutations may determine the relative zoonotic potential of influenza viruses and thus help assess their pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol M. Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret G. Lister
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ecco Staller
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia C. Swann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S. Long
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Baz-González E, Abreu-Acosta N, Foronda P. High Prevalence of Microsporidia in the North African Hedgehog ( Atelerix algirus) in the Canary Islands, Spain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1756. [PMID: 37889680 PMCID: PMC10251962 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are unicellular eukaryotic obligate intracellular parasites with a wide range of hosts reported worldwide; however, little is known about the epidemiological data on microsporidia infection in animals from the Canary Islands. Since data on microsporidia infection in hedgehog species are scarce, the aim of this study was to analyze the presence and identity of microsporidia in a group of North African hedgehogs (Atelerix algirus) using microscopic and molecular methods. From December 2020 to September 2021, a total of 36 fecal samples were collected from naturally deceased hedgehogs from Tenerife and Gran Canaria. All samples showed spore-compatible structures (100%; 36/36) under microscopic analysis, of which 61.1% (22/36) were amplified via the nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and the partial sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene. After Sanger sequencing and ITS analysis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 47.2% (17/36) of the samples, identifying two novel genotypes (AAE1 and AAE2), followed by the detection of an undetermined species in 8.3% (3/36) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I in 5.6% (2/36) of the samples. This study constitutes the first report of microsporidia species in Atelerix algirus worldwide, highlighting the high prevalence of zoonotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Baz-González
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas y Farmacéuticas, Desarrollo y Calidad de Vida, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Néstor Abreu-Acosta
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Nertalab S.L.U., 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
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Blondeau LD, Deneer H, Rubin JE, Kanthan R, Sanche SE, Hamula CL, Blondeau JM. Zoonotic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: an underestimated human pathogen? Future Microbiol 2023; 18:311-315. [PMID: 37158082 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Deneer
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Stephen E Sanche
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital & Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Camille L Hamula
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital & Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Joseph M Blondeau
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital & Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
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Santos-Silva S, Hemnani M, Lopez-Lopez P, Gonçalves HMR, Rivero-Juarez A, Van der Poel WHM, Nascimento MSJ, Mesquita JR. A Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Camels. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050323. [PMID: 37235406 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents a major cause of acute hepatitis and is considered an emerging public health problem around the world. In the Middle East's and Africa's arid regions, where camels frequently interact with human populations and camel-derived food products are a component of the food chain, camel-borne zoonotic HEV infection is a potential threat. To date, no review paper has been published on HEV in camels. As such, the purpose of the current work is to provide a scientific review of the identification of HEV genotypes seven and eight in camels worldwide to have a better understanding of the current status of this topic and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Searches were carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Mendeley, Web of Science, and Scopus, including studies published until 31 December 2022 (n = 435). Once the databases were checked for duplicate papers (n = 307), the exclusion criteria were applied to remove any research that was not relevant (n = 118). As a result, only 10 papers were found to be eligible for the study. Additionally, in eight of the ten studies, the rates of HEV infection were found to be between 0.6% and 2.2% in both stool and serum samples. Furthermore, four studies detected HEV genotype seven in dromedary camels, and two studies have shown HEV genotype eight in Bactrian camels. Interestingly, these genotypes were recently reported in camels from the Middle East and China, where one human infection with HEV genotype seven has been associated with the consumption of contaminated camel meat and milk. In conclusion, more research will be needed to determine the prevalence of HEV infection in camels around the world as well as the risk of foodborne transmission of contaminated camel products. As camels are utility animals in several countries, HEV in these animals may pose a potential risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Santos-Silva
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mahima Hemnani
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lopez-Lopez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena M R Gonçalves
- Biosensor Ntech-Nanotechnology Services, Lda, Avenida da Liberdade, 249, 1° Andar, 1250-143 Lisboa, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rivero-Juarez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wim H M Van der Poel
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - João R Mesquita
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Ranjan Wijesinghe P, Sharma D, Vaishnav B, Mukherjee R, Pawar P, Mohapatra A, Buddha N, Ceniza Salvador E, Kakkar M. An appraisal of peer-reviewed published literature on Influenza, 2000-2021 from countries in South-East Asia Region. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1127891. [PMID: 37139386 PMCID: PMC10149947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1127891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza poses a major public health challenge in South-East Asia Region (SEAR). To address the challenge, there is a need to generate contextual evidence that could inform policy makers and program managers for response preparedness and impact mitigation. The World Health Organization has identified priority areas across five streams for research evidence generation at a global level (WHO Public Health Research Agenda). Stream 1 focuses on research for reducing the risk of emergence, Stream 2 on limiting the spread, Stream 3 on minimizing the impact, Stream 4 on optimizing the treatment and Stream 5 on promoting public health tools and technologies for Influenza. However, evidence generation from SEAR has been arguably low and needs a relook for alignment with priorities. This study aimed to undertake a bibliometric analysis of medical literature on Influenza over the past 21 years to identify gaps in research evidence and for identifying major areas for focusing with a view to provide recommendations to member states and SEAR office for prioritizing avenues for future research. Methods We searched Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases in August 2021. We identified studies on influenza published from the 11 countries in WHO SEAR in the date range of 1 January 2000-31 December 2021. Data was retrieved, tagged and analyzed based on the WHO priority streams for Influenza, member states, study design and type of research. Bibliometric analysis was done on Vosviewer. Findings We included a total of 1,641 articles (Stream 1: n = 307; Stream 2: n = 516; Stream 3: n = 470; Stream 4: n = 309; Stream 5: n = 227). Maximum number of publications were seen in Stream 2, i.e., limiting the spread of pandemic, zoonotic, and seasonal epidemic influenza which majorly included transmission, spread of virus at global and local levels and public health measures to limit the transmission. The highest number of publications was from India (n = 524) followed by Thailand (n = 407), Indonesia (n = 214) and Bangladesh (n = 158). Bhutan (n = 10), Maldives (n = 1), Democratic People's Republic of Korea (n = 1), and Timor-Leste (n = 3) had the least contribution in Influenza research. The top-most journal was PloS One which had the maximum number of influenza articles (n = 94) published from SEAR countries. Research that generated actionable evidence, i.e., implementation and intervention related topics were less common. Similarly, research on pharmaceutical interventions and on innovations was low. SEAR member states had inconsistent output across the five priority research streams, and there was a much higher scope and need for collaborative research. Basic science research showed declining trends and needed reprioritization. Interpretation While a priority research agenda has been set for influenza at the global level through the WHO Global Influenza Program since 2009, and subsequently revisited in 2011 and again in 2016-2017, a structured contextualized approach to guide actionable evidence generation activities in SEAR has been lacking. In the backset of the Global Influenza Strategy 2019-2030 and the COVID-19 pandemic, attuning research endeavors in SEAR could help in improved pandemic influenza preparedness planning. There is a need to prioritize contextually relevant research themes within priority streams. Member states must inculcate a culture of within and inter-country collaboration to produce evidence that has regional as well as global value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Ranjan Wijesinghe
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
| | - Divita Sharma
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharathi Vaishnav
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritika Mukherjee
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Pawar
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archisman Mohapatra
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nilesh Buddha
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
| | - Edwin Ceniza Salvador
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kakkar
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
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Boonstra M, Fouz B, van Gelderen B, Dalsgaard I, Madsen L, Jansson E, Amaro C, Haenen O. Fast and accurate identification by MALDI-TOF of the zoonotic serovar E of Vibrio vulnificus linked to eel culture. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:445-452. [PMID: 36656662 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause death by septicaemia in farmed fish (mainly eels) and humans. The zoonotic strains that have been isolated from diseased eels and humans after eel handling belong to clade E (or serovar E (SerE)), a clonal complex within the pathovar (pv.) piscis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) in the identification of SerE, using the other two main pv. piscis-serovars (SerA and SerI) from eels as controls. MALDI-TOF data were compared with known serologic and genetic data of five pv. piscis isolates or strains, and with the non pv. piscis reference strain. Based on multiple spectra analysis, we found serovar-specific peaks that were of ~3098 Da and ~ 4045 Da for SerE, of ~3085 Da and ~ 4037 Da for SerA, and of ~3085 Da and ~ 4044 Da for SerI. Therefore, our results demonstrate that MALDI-TOF can be used to identify SerE and could also help in the identification of the other serovars of the species. This means that zoonosis due to V. vulnificus could be prevented by using MALDI-TOF, as action can be taken immediately after the isolation of a possible zoonotic V. vulnificus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Boonstra
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Belén Fouz
- Instituto Universitario BIOTECMED, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Betty van Gelderen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eva Jansson
- SVA, Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Instituto Universitario BIOTECMED, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Haenen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Hajipour N, Valizadeh H, Ketzis J. A review on fish-borne zoonotic parasites in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:748-777. [PMID: 36271486 PMCID: PMC10029912 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish is a great nutritious food and provides quality protein and a variety of vitamins and minerals. This contributes significantly to the economy and food security in Iran. However, there are safety concerns related to the presence of zoonotic parasites. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is, therefore, to review fish-borne zoonotic parasites in Iran. METHODS Keywords such as fish-borne, parasites, zoonotic, Iran, and some names of fish-borne zoonotic parasites were searched in databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Google Scholar and the World Health Organization. RESULTS The most common fish-borne parasites with zoonotic potential identified in reports in the literature were the protozoa Balantidium spp., Myxobolus spp. and Sarcosystis sp.; the trematodes Heterophyes heterophyes and Clinostomum complanatum; the cestodes Ligula intestinalis and Diphyllobothrium latum; the nematodes Pseudoterranova sp., Anisakis spp., Contracaecum spp., Raphidascaris spp., Eustrongylides spp. and Capillaria sp.; and the acanthocephal Corynosoma spp. CONCLUSIONS The potential risk factors for the transmission of fish-borne zoonotic parasites to humans are consumption of raw or undercooked infected fish, contact with contaminated water and contact with infected fish. There is a need for epidemiological surveillance of fish for parasites with zoonotic potential and of occurrence of infections in humans to better understand the public health significance and design prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hajipour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
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Hills RA, Kit Tan T, Cohen AA, Keeffe JR, Keeble AH, Gnanapragasam PN, Storm KN, Hill ML, Liu S, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Afzal M, Napier A, James WS, Bjorkman PJ, Townsend AR, Howarth M. Multiviral Quartet Nanocages Elicit Broad Anti-Coronavirus Responses for Proactive Vaccinology. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.24.529520. [PMID: 36865256 PMCID: PMC9980174 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Defending against future pandemics may require vaccine platforms that protect across a range of related pathogens. The presentation of multiple receptor-binding domains (RBDs) from evolutionarily-related viruses on a nanoparticle scaffold elicits a strong antibody response to conserved regions. Here we produce quartets of tandemly-linked RBDs from SARS-like betacoronaviruses coupled to the mi3 nanocage through a SpyTag/SpyCatcher spontaneous reaction. These Quartet Nanocages induce a high level of neutralizing antibodies against several different coronaviruses, including against viruses not represented on the vaccine. In animals primed with SARS-CoV-2 Spike, boost immunizations with Quartet Nanocages increased the strength and breadth of an otherwise narrow immune response. Quartet Nanocages are a strategy with potential to confer heterotypic protection against emergent zoonotic coronavirus pathogens and facilitate proactive pandemic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory A. Hills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alexander A. Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anthony H. Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | | | - Kaya N. Storm
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sai Liu
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Madeeha Afzal
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Amy Napier
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - William S. James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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Cotter CJ, Ferradas C, Ludwig S, Dalton K, Larsen J, Laucks D, Iverson SA, Baron P, Tolomeo PC, Brazil AM, Ferguson JM, Lautenbach E, Rankin SC, Morris DO, Davis MF. Risk factors for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in MRSA-exposed household pets. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:22-27. [PMID: 36331035 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household pets can carry meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) introduced to the home by their human companions. Specific factors promoting pet carriage of this pathogen have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated MRSA cultured from pets and the home environment in households where a human infected with MRSA had been identified, and aimed to determine potential risk factors for pet MRSA carriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Humans diagnosed with community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) skin or soft-tissue infection (SSTI) in the mid-Atlantic United States were identified. One hundred forty-two dogs and cats from 57 affected households were identified of which 134 (94.4%) pets and the household environment were sampled for bacterial culture, PCR confirmation and spa-typing for MRSA strain determination. Samples were obtained 3 months later from 86 pets. RESULTS At baseline, 12 (9.0%) pets carried MRSA. Potential risk factors associated with carriage included pet bed (environmental) MRSA contamination, flea infestation and prior antimicrobial use in the pet. Pets tended to carry human-adapted MRSA strains and spa-types of MRSA isolates cultured from pets were concordant with strains cultured from the home environment in seven of eight homes (87.5%) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results may inform risk-based veterinary clinical recommendations and provide evidence for selective pet testing as a possible alternative to early removal of pets from the homes of humans infected with MRSA. MRSA contamination of the home environment is likely an important risk factor for pet MRSA carriage, and household interventions should be considered to reduce risk of MRSA carriage in exposed pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Cotter
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cusi Ferradas
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Shanna Ludwig
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Dalton
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Laucks
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sally Ann Iverson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Baron
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health and Human Values, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pam C Tolomeo
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy M Brazil
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Ferguson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ebbing Lautenbach
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Pourriyahi H, Aryanian Z, Afshar ZM, Goodarzi A. A systematic review and clinical atlas on mucocutaneous presentations of the current monkeypox outbreak: With a comprehensive approach to all dermatologic and nondermatologic aspects of the new and previous monkeypox outbreaks. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28230. [PMID: 36254380 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, endemic in central and west African regions, and has re-emerged, currently causing an outbreak as of May 2022. In this systematic review, we aimed to characterize the current face of the disease, with a detailed categorization of mucocutaneous, as well as systemic symptoms of the disease. We searched four main online databases with the keywords "monkeypox" and "Orthopoxvirus". A total of 46 articles were included, with a cumulative number of 1984 confirmed cases. Patients were predominantly men who have sex with men, who were mostly in their 30s, with a history of unprotected sexual contact or international travel. Among mucocutaneous manifestations, anogenital lesions were the most commonly observed, followed by lesions on the limbs, face, trunk, and palms or soles. Among lesion types, vesiculopustular, pustular or pseudo-pustular, vesicular-umbilicated and papular lesions were the most common, mainly presenting asynchronously, with less than 10 lesions on each patient. Almost all patients also reported systemic manifestations, namely fever, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, myalgia, headaches, pharyngitis, and proctitis. Sexual contact is the main pathway of transmission in the current outbreak, with viral shedding in bodily fluids playing a key role. We've compared these idiosyncratic findings of the new outbreak with previous outbreaks. We've also gathered and categorized images from our included studies to make a "clinical atlas" for this "new" face of monkeypox, which can be of utmost importance for clinicians to be familiarized with, and have a clear picture of monkeypox for their differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Pourriyahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aryanian
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mohseni Afshar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azadeh Goodarzi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Ouyang H, Yuan H, Pang D. Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus: An Update Review and Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020359. [PMID: 36851573 PMCID: PMC9958687 DOI: 10.3390/v15020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a member of the alphacoronavirus genus, which has caused huge threats and losses to pig husbandry with a 100% mortality in infected piglets. TGEV is observed to be recombining and evolving unstoppably in recent years, with some of these recombinant strains spreading across species, which makes the detection and prevention of TGEV more complex. This paper reviews and discusses the basic biological properties of TGEV, factors affecting virulence, viral receptors, and the latest research advances in TGEV infection-induced apoptosis and autophagy to improve understanding of the current status of TGEV and related research processes. We also highlight a possible risk of TGEV being zoonotic, which could be evidenced by the detection of CCoV-HuPn-2018 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (D.P.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (D.P.)
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (D.P.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (D.P.)
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Haj Hasan A, Preet G, Milne BF, Ebel R, Jaspars M. Arabinofuranosyl Thymine Derivatives-Potential Candidates against Cowpox Virus: A Computational Screening Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021751. [PMID: 36675269 PMCID: PMC9864678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowpox is caused by a DNA virus known as the cowpox virus (CPXV) belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. Cowpox is a zoonotic disease with the broadest host range among the known poxviruses. The natural reservoir hosts of CPXV are wild rodents. Recently, the cases of orthopoxviral infections have been increasing worldwide, and cowpox is considered the most common orthopoxviral infection in Europe. Cowpox is often a self-limiting disease, although cidofovir or anti-vaccinia gammaglobulin can be used in severe and disseminated cases of human cowpox. In this computational study, a molecular docking analysis of thymine- and arabinofuranosyl-thymine-related structures (1-21) on two cowpox-encoded proteins was performed with respect to the cidofovir standard and a 3D ligand-based pharmacophore model was generated. Three chemical structures (PubChem IDs: 123370001, 154137224, and 90413364) were identified as potential candidates for anti-cowpox agents. Further studies combining in vitro and in silico molecular dynamics simulations to test the stability of these promising compounds could effectively improve the future design of cowpox virus inhibitors, as molecular docking studies are not sufficient to consider a ligand a potential drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Haj Hasan
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Gagan Preet
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Bruce Forbes Milne
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
- Correspondence:
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Santos-Silva S, Moraes DFDSD, López-López P, Palmeira JD, Torres RT, São José Nascimento M, Dashti A, Carmena D, Rivero-Juarez A, Mesquita JR. Survey of Zoonotic Diarrheagenic Protist and Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) of Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36670797 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic parasites and viruses have been frequently reported in swine and can infect a wide range of mammals, including humans. Among the wide variety of parasites infecting swine, diarrhoeagenic protists are among those that cause significant morbidity. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been reported both in domestic pigs and wild boar and is known to have an important public health significance. These agents share the fecal−oral transmission route, but data on their fecal shedding and circulation pathways are still lacking or incomplete. Hence, the aim of the present study was to characterize the presence of microeukaryotes and HEV in the wild boar of Portugal. Wild boar stool samples (n = 144) were obtained during the official hunting seasons (October to February) in 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2021/2022 and tested for Cryptosporidium spp., Balantioides coli, Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and HEV by molecular assays, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We have detected Cryptosporidium scrofarum (1.4%, 95% CI: 0.2−4.9), B. coli (14.6%, 95% CI: 9.2−21.4), Blastocystis ST5 (29.2%, 95% CI: 21.9−37.2) and HEV genotype 3 (2.8%, 95% CI: 0.7−6.9; subgenotypes 3e and 3m). Co-infections were observed in thirteen animals where two were positive for both HEV and B. coli, one was positive for both C. scrofarum and Blastocystis ST5, and ten were positive for both B. coli and Blastocystis ST5. Giardia duodenalis and E. bieneusi were not detected in the surveyed wild boar population. As far as we know, this is the first report describing protist infections by Cryptosporidium spp., B. coli, and Blastocystis sp., as well as the first identification of the emerging HEV genotype 3m in wild boar of Portugal. The present work shows that potentially zoonotic protozoa and HEV are circulating in wild boar populations in Portugal. Awareness and epidemic-surveillance network implementation measures targeting wild boar are needed to prevent the spread of these pathogenic agents to humans.
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Aldhaeefi M, Rungkitwattanakul D, Unonu J, Franklin CJ, Lyons J, Hager K, Daftary MN. The 2022 human monkeypox outbreak: Clinical review and management guidance. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:44-52. [PMID: 36259674 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this clinical review is to provide an overview of antiviral therapies for monkeypox treatment and summarize the role of vaccines in monkeypox prevention. SUMMARY The human monkeypox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. The estimated case fatality rate for monkeypox ranges between 0% and 11%. The first human monkeypox infection was reportedly due to an unidentified animal reservoir. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, isolation and infection control procedures should be followed in the care of those infected with monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus infection symptoms include rash, fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, backache, and fatigue that may progress to exhaustion. Severe complications such as encephalitis, pneumonia, and retropharyngeal abscess could appear in immunocompromised or critically ill patients. There are currently no specific Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for monkeypox. As with most viral infections, supportive care is the backbone of monkeypox clinical management. However, therapies effective for smallpox, such as cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat, have previously been reported to be effective in the management of monkeypox. Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis to prevent monkeypox transmission are recommended in the US for those at high risk for disease transmission. CONCLUSION There are no FDA-approved treatments for monkeypox infection. Surveillance and detection of monkeypox among high-risk populations should be implemented to help understand the epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aldhaeefi
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jacqueise Unonu
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Careen-Joan Franklin
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica Lyons
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Hager
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monika N Daftary
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Das S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Ramanathan G, Doss C GP, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The pathophysiological and immunological background of the monkeypox virus infection: An update. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28206. [PMID: 36217803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the COVID-19 waves, the globe is facing global monkeypox (MPX) outbreak. MPX is an uncommon zoonotic infection characterized by symptoms similar to smallpox. It is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPXV, which causes human disease, has been confined to Africa for many years, with only a few isolated cases in other areas. Outside of Africa, the continuing MPXV outbreak in multiple countries in 2022 is the greatest in recorded history. The current outbreak, with over 10 000 confirmed cases in over 50 countries between May and July 2022, demonstrates that MPXV may travel rapidly among humans and pose a danger to human health worldwide. The rapid spread of such outbreaks in recent times has elevated MPX to the status of a rising zoonotic disease with significant epidemic potential. While the MPXV is not as deadly or contagious as the variola virus that causes smallpox, it poses a threat because it could evolve into a more potent human pathogen. This review assesses the potential threat to the human population and provides a brief overview of what is currently known about this reemerging virus. By analyzing the biological effects of MPXV on human health, its shifting epidemiological footprint, and currently available therapeutic options, this review has presented the most recent insights into the biology of the virus. This study also clarifies the key potential causes that could be to blame for the present MPX outbreak and draw attention to major research questions and promising new avenues for combating the current MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Gupta AK, Gupta H, Sonkar SK, Atam V, Chaudhary SC. As the World Struggles With the COVID-19 Pandemic, Another Emergency Threat Arrives on the Horizon, the Monkeypox: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e33596. [PMID: 36655160 PMCID: PMC9838594 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The whole world got threatened by COVID-19, which made a significant loss in various sectors and pushed the world into a deep valley. Now a new threat, the emerging outbreak of monkeypox is rapidly spreading across the globe and is currently being observed in more than 110 countries with 79,473 confirmed cases and 50 deaths. Data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus database, African Journals OnLine, internet library sub-Saharan Africa, and Google Scholar. Most data were taken from the democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, the US, and the UK. Case reports, outbreak investigations, epidemiological studies, and surveillance studies were reviewed to find epidemiological details about the outbreak. A total of 50 peer-reviewed articles and 20 grey literature articles, including 9050 cases, were identified for data extraction. Our systematic review revealed that the group most affected is male (95.5%), with a median age of 33.8 years. A total of 55% of the transmission was sexually transmitted. The most commonly reported symptoms such as vesicular-pustular rashes (97.54%), fever (55.25%), inguinal lymphadenopathy (53.6%), exanthema (40.21%), fatigue, headache, asthenia (26.32%), myalgia (16.33%), vesicles and ulcers (30.61%) in the anogenital regions were some of the significant findings. The case fatality rate was observed to be up to 8.65%. The most affected country was the USA, which has the most fatalities in younger ages involved in homosexuality, suffering from HIV or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
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Rivers S, Kochanowski M, Stolarek A, Ziętek-Barszcz A, Horigan V, Kent AJ, Dewar R. A framework for the design, implementation, and evaluation of output-based surveillance systems against zoonotic threats. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1129776. [PMID: 37151595 PMCID: PMC10157289 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Output-based standards set a prescribed target to be achieved by a surveillance system, but they leave the selection of surveillance parameters, such as test type and population to be sampled, to the responsible party in the surveillance area. This allows proportionate legislative surveillance specifications to be imposed over a range of unique geographies. This flexibility makes output-based standards useful in the context of zoonotic threat surveillance, particularly where animal pathogens act as risk indicators for human health or where multiple surveillance streams cover human, animal, and food safety sectors. Yet, these systems are also heavily reliant on the appropriate choice of surveillance options to fit the disease context and the constraints of the organization implementing the surveillance system. Here we describe a framework to assist with designing, implementing, and evaluating output-based surveillance systems showing the effectiveness of a diverse range of activities through a case study example. Despite not all activities being relevant to practitioners in every context, this framework aims to provide a useful toolbox to encourage holistic and stakeholder-focused approaches to the establishment and maintenance of productive output-based surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Rivers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Samantha Rivers,
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarek
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Ziętek-Barszcz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Verity Horigan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Kent
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Dewar
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Mohan K, Kumar M, Omar BJ. Knowlesi Malaria in Children. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:242-252. [PMID: 35366778 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220401110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fifth malaria parasite causing malaria- Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), is not a novel emergent species but was an undiagnosed species before the availability of molecular methods as a tool from diagnostics and sometimes confused with morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae or P. falciparum. Now it is well-distributed species in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia. Since 2004, cases of Pk malaria are continuously being reported in adults. Though adult age, forest-related activities and a recent visit to forested areas are well-known factors, childhood did not remain untouched by this disease. Few pieces of research and reports in the literature indicate that Infection in children is uncomplicated, but this may be attributed to the scarcity of data and research in this field. Pk malaria in pregnant females and infants are being well reported, so this indicates that the problem is not only restricted to known factors related to the disease, but we should think out of the box and take action before the disease takes the form of significant health burden on the human population as P. vivax and P. falciparum species did in the past. With the reports in literature of Pk malaria in pregnancy and early infancy, the possibility of congenital and neonatal malaria also cannot be denied. So more and more research is needed to understand Pk malaria in the pediatric population clearly. So this running review covers the problem status, demographic profile, clinical and haematological features, diagnosis, management and outcome of Pk malaria in paediatric group worldwide. This review also discusses the gaps in our present knowledge of the real problem status, prevention, control, diagnosis and management of Pk malaria, particularly in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Balram Ji Omar
- All India Institute of Medical Science, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hu J, Afayibo DJA, Zhang B, Zhu H, Yao L, Guo W, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang D, Peng H, Tian M, Qi J, Wang S. Characteristics, pathogenic mechanism, zoonotic potential, drug resistance, and prevention of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1049391. [PMID: 36583051 PMCID: PMC9793750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1049391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains are commensal and abundant, certain pathogenic strains cause severe diseases from gastroenteritis to extraintestinal infections. Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) contains newborn meningitis E. coli (NMEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), and septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) based on their original host and clinical symptom. APEC is a heterogeneous group derived from human ExPEC. APEC causes severe respiratory and systemic diseases in a variety of avians, threatening the poultry industries, food security, and avian welfare worldwide. APEC has many serotypes, and it is a widespread pathogenic bacterium in poultry. In addition, ExPEC strains share significant genetic similarities and similar pathogenic mechanisms, indicating that APEC potentially serves as a reservoir of virulence and resistance genes for human ExPEC, and the virulence and resistance genes can be transferred to humans through food animals. Due to economic losses, drug resistance, and zoonotic potential, APEC has attracted heightened awareness. Various virulence factors and resistance genes involved in APEC pathogenesis and drug resistance have been identified. Here, we review the characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism zoonotic potential, and drug resistance of APEC, and summarize the current status of diagnosis, alternative control measures, and vaccine development, which may help to have a better understanding of the pathogenesis and resistance of APEC, thereby reducing economic losses and preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant APEC to humans.
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Vandegrift KJ, Yon M, Surendran Nair M, Gontu A, Ramasamy S, Amirthalingam S, Neerukonda S, Nissly RH, Chothe SK, Jakka P, LaBella L, Levine N, Rodriguez S, Chen C, Sheersh Boorla V, Stuber T, Boulanger JR, Kotschwar N, Aucoin SG, Simon R, Toal KL, Olsen RJ, Davis JJ, Bold D, Gaudreault NN, Dinali Perera K, Kim Y, Chang KO, Maranas CD, Richt JA, Musser JM, Hudson PJ, Kapur V, Kuchipudi SV. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Infection of Wild White-Tailed Deer in New York City. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122770. [PMID: 36560774 PMCID: PMC9785669 DOI: 10.3390/v14122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence of SARS-CoV-2 spillover from humans into many domestic, companion, and wild animal species. Research indicates that humans have infected white-tailed deer, and that deer-to-deer transmission has occurred, indicating that deer could be a wildlife reservoir and a source of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. We examined the hypothesis that the Omicron variant is actively and asymptomatically infecting the free-ranging deer of New York City. Between December 2021 and February 2022, 155 deer on Staten Island, New York, were anesthetized and examined for gross abnormalities and illnesses. Paired nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies. Of 135 serum samples, 19 (14.1%) indicated SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and 11 reacted most strongly to the wild-type B.1 lineage. Of the 71 swabs, 8 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (4 Omicron and 4 Delta). Two of the animals had active infections and robust neutralizing antibodies, revealing evidence of reinfection or early seroconversion in deer. Variants of concern continue to circulate among and may reinfect US deer populations, and establish enzootic transmission cycles in the wild: this warrants a coordinated One Health response, to proactively surveil, identify, and curtail variants of concern before they can spill back into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J. Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (V.K.); (S.V.K.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852 (K.J.V.); +1-814-865-9788 (V.K.); +1-814-863-4436 (S.V.K.)
| | - Michele Yon
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Ruth H. Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shubhada K. Chothe
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey LaBella
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nicole Levine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sophie Rodriguez
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard Simon
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Katrina L. Toal
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Randall J. Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James J. Davis
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Division of Data Science and Learning, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James M. Musser
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (V.K.); (S.V.K.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852 (K.J.V.); +1-814-865-9788 (V.K.); +1-814-863-4436 (S.V.K.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (V.K.); (S.V.K.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852 (K.J.V.); +1-814-865-9788 (V.K.); +1-814-863-4436 (S.V.K.)
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47
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Nechooshtan R, Ehrlich S, Vitikainen M, Makovitzki A, Dor E, Marcus H, Hefetz I, Pitel S, Wiebe M, Huuskonen A, Cherry L, Lupu E, Sapir Y, Holtzman T, Aftalion M, Gur D, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Ramot Y, Kronfeld N, Zarling D, Vallerga A, Tchelet R, Nyska A, Saloheimo M, Emalfarb M, Ophir Y. Thermophilic Filamentous Fungus C1-Cell-Cloned SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD-Subunit-Vaccine Adjuvanted with Aldydrogel(®)85 Protects K18-hACE2 Mice against Lethal Virus Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36560529 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is evolving with increased transmission, host range, pathogenicity, and virulence. The original and mutant viruses escape host innate (Interferon) immunity and adaptive (Antibody) immunity, emphasizing unmet needs for high-yield, commercial-scale manufacturing to produce inexpensive vaccines/boosters for global/equitable distribution. We developed DYAI-100A85, a SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) subunit antigen vaccine expressed in genetically modified thermophilic filamentous fungus, Thermothelomyces heterothallica C1, and secreted at high levels into fermentation medium. The RBD-C-tag antigen strongly binds ACE2 receptors in vitro. Alhydrogel®'85'-adjuvanted RDB-C-tag-based vaccine candidate (DYAI-100A85) demonstrates strong immunogenicity, and antiviral efficacy, including in vivo protection against lethal intranasal SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) challenge in human ACE2-transgenic mice. No loss of body weight or adverse events occurred. DYAI-100A85 also demonstrates excellent safety profile in repeat-dose GLP toxicity study. In summary, subcutaneous prime/boost DYAI-100A85 inoculation induces high titers of RBD-specific neutralizing antibodies and protection of hACE2-transgenic mice against lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Given its demonstrated safety, efficacy, and low production cost, vaccine candidate DYAI-100 received regulatory approval to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial to demonstrate its safety and efficacy in humans.
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48
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Wade D, Ashton-Butt A, Scott G, Reid SM, Coward V, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, Ward AI. High pathogenicity avian influenza: targeted active surveillance of wild birds to enable early detection of emerging disease threats. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 151:e15. [PMID: 36502812 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268822001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is an important disease that has significant implications for animal and human health. High pathogenicity AI (HPAI) has emerged in consecutive seasons within the UK to cause the largest outbreaks recorded. Statutory measures to control outbreaks of AI virus (AIV) at poultry farms involve disposal of all birds on infected premises. Understanding of the timing of incursions into the UK could facilitate decisions on improved responses. During the autumnal migration and wintering period (autumn 2019- spring 2020), three active sampling approaches were trialled for wild bird species considered likely to be involved in captive AI outbreaks with retrospective laboratory testing undertaken to define the presence of AIV.Faecal sampling of birds (n = 594) caught during routine and responsive mist net sampling failed to detect AIV. Cloacal sampling of hunter-harvested waterfowl (n = 146) detected seven positive samples from three species with the earliest detection on the 17 October 2020. Statutory sampling first detected AIV in wild and captive birds on 3 November 2020. We conclude that hunter sourced sampling of waterfowl presents an opportunity to detect AI within the UK in advance of outbreaks on poultry farms and allow for early intervention measures to protect the national poultry flock.
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Bonilla-Aldana DK, Gutiérrez-Grajales EJ, Osorio-Navia D, Chacón-Peña M, Trejos-Mendoza AE, Pérez-Vargas S, Valencia-Mejía L, Marín-Arboleda LF, Martínez-Hidalgo JP, Reina-Mora MA, González-Colonia LV, Cardona-Ospina JA, Jiménez-Posada EV, Diaz-Guio DA, Salazar JC, Sierra M, Muñoz-Lara F, Zambrano LI, Ramírez-Vallejo E, Álvarez JC, Jaramillo-Delgado IL, Pecho-Silva S, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Haematological Alterations Associated with Selected Vector-Borne Infections and Exposure in Dogs from Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243460. [PMID: 36552379 PMCID: PMC9774455 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Dirofilaria, Mycoplasma, Babesia and Hepatozoon continue to be highly prevalent in dogs, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, where vectors of many of them are present. However, many clinical aspects of dogs have not been characterized in detail, including assessing the haematological alterations associated with them, particularly in Colombia and Latin America. A group of 100 dogs with Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Dirofilaria, Mycoplasma, Babesia and Hepatozoon infections/exposure were assessed by blood smear serology (SNAP4DX) and PCR in Pereira, Colombia. We performed blood counts to evaluate anaemia, leukopenia/leukocytosis, neutropenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia/lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia, among other alterations. Bivariate analyses were performed on Stata®14, with significant p < 0.05. From the total, 85% presented ≥1 infection (past or present), 66% with coinfections (≥2 pathogens) (Ehrlichia 75%), and 89% presented clinical alterations. A total of 100% showed anaemia, 70% thrombocytopenia, 61% monocytosis, and 47% neutropenia, among other alterations. Additionally, 11% presented pancytopenia and 59% bicytopenia. The median platelet count was lower in infected dogs (126,000 cells/μL) versus non-infected (221,000 cells/μL) (p = 0.003). Thrombocytopenia was higher among infected dogs (75%) versus non-infected (40%) (p = 0.006), with a 91% positive predictive value for infection. Median neutrophil count was lower in infected dogs (6591 cells/μL) versus non-infected (8804 cells/μL) (p = 0.013). Lymphocytosis occurred only among those infected (27%) (p = 0.022). Leukopenia was only observed among infected dogs (13%). Pancytopenia was only observed among infected dogs. Ehrlichiosis and other hematic infections have led to a significant burden of haematological alterations on infected dogs, including pancytopenia in a tenth of them, most with thrombocytopenia and all anemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin J. Gutiérrez-Grajales
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA)–Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira 660003, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, SCI-HELP, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Erika Vanessa Jiménez-Posada
- Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, SCI-HELP, Pereira 660003, Colombia
| | | | | | - Manuel Sierra
- Unit of Scientific Research, School of Medical, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | - Fausto Muñoz-Lara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | - Lysien I. Zambrano
- Unit of Scientific Research, School of Medical, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | | | - Juan Camilo Álvarez
- Grupo de Investigación One-Health, Departamento de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Animales, Centro de Diagnóstico Especializado Testmol, Medellín, Antioquia 050001, Colombia
| | - Ingrid Lorena Jaramillo-Delgado
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA)–Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación One-Health, Departamento de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Animales, Centro de Diagnóstico Especializado Testmol, Medellín, Antioquia 050001, Colombia
| | - Samuel Pecho-Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15046, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima 15072, Peru
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital-Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez
- Research Institute, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud-FUCS, Bogotá 11011, Colombia
- Servicios y Asesorías en Infectología-SAI, Bogotá 11010, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA)–Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, SCI-HELP, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15046, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
- Correspondence: or
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50
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Peňazziová K, Korytár Ľ, Cingeľová Maruščáková I, Schusterová P, Loziak A, Pivka S, Ondrejková A, Pistl J, Csank T. Serologic Investigation on Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, Kemerovo Virus and Tribeč Virus Infections in Wild Birds. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122397. [PMID: 36557650 PMCID: PMC9784810 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports on serosurvey on the tick-borne encephalitis virus European subtype (TBEV; genus Flavivirus), and the tick-borne Kemerovo (KEMV) and Tribeč (TRBV) orbivirus (genus Orbivirus) infections in tick-infested and non-infested birds. No virus RNA was detected in the blood clots. Birds were infested mostly by Ixodes ricinus, but Haemaphysalis concinna and I. frontalis were observed too. TBEV, KEMV and TRBV neutralising antibodies (NAb) were detected in the screening microtitration neutralisation test (μVNT). Seropositive samples were further examined in simultaneous μVNT to distinguish TBEV infection from WNV and USUV. KEMV and TRBV infections were also further examined by μVNT against each other. The demonstrated results point to increased TBEV and TRBV seroprevalence in birds over the past several years. This is the first study on KEMV infection in the Slovak bird population, and seropositive juvenile birds suggest its occurrence in a new geographic area. The results indicate the significance of tick infestation rates, seropositivity and specific NAb titre. The reservoir role of birds for TBEV, KEMV and TRBV remains unclear. However, targeted monitoring of birds and vectors is an effective measure of surveillance of arbovirus introduction into new geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Peňazziová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboš Korytár
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Cingeľová Maruščáková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Schusterová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Loziak
- Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences Slovak Academy of Sciences, Karpatská 5, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Pivka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Anna Ondrejková
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Pistl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Csank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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