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Asoudeh F, Talebi S, Jayedi A, Marx W, Najafi MT, Mohammadi H. Associations of Total Protein or Animal Protein Intake and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:821-832. [PMID: 35179185 PMCID: PMC9156392 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted the present systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of total protein, animal protein, and animal protein sources with risk of kidney stones in the general population. A literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and EMBASE up to July 2021. We assessed the credibility of evidence based on NutriGrade scoring system. A total of 14 prospective cohort studies were included. A positive association was observed between higher intake of nondairy animal protein (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.20; I2 = 0%, n = 4), total meat and meat products (RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.38; I2 = 13%, n = 3), and processed meat (RR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.51; I2 = 0%, n = 2) with risk of kidney stones. There was an inverse association between higher intake of dairy protein and risk of kidney stones (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.99; I2 = 0%, n = 4). Moreover, each 100-gincrement of red meat intake was significantly associated with increased risk of kidney stones (RR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.71). According to the NutriGrade scoring system, the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low. We found some kind of publication bias in the association of animal protein intake and risk of kidney stones, according to Egger's and Begg's tests. In the sensitivity analysis of processed meat as well as dairy consumption with risk of kidney stones we observed in each individual analysis, 1 study changed the overall estimate. Further observational studies are needed to confirm the present results. The protocol of the present study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42021230125: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Asoudeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepide Talebi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hosseini-Esfahani F, Koochakpoor G, Tahmasebinejad Z, Khalili D, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. The association of dietary macronutrients composition with the incidence of cardiovascular disease, using iso-energetic substitution models: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2186-2193. [PMID: 32980248 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dietary macronutrient composition plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed at assessing the iso-energetic substitution of dietary macronutrients in relation to the incidence of CVD. MATERIALS AND RESULTS This prospective study was conducted on 5102 individuals of Tehran lipid and glucose study participants, aged 20-70 years who were followed for 5.3 years. A valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. The hazard ratio of CVD for each 5% of energy from macronutrients at the expense of another macronutrient was calculated using the substitution model. During follow-up, a total of 206 CVD outcomes were identified. Mean age of participants (44.2% men) was 47.0 ± 12 and 45.6 ± 11 for men and women, respectively. Substituting 5% of energy from all types of macronutrients by 5% percentage of energy from combined saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was associated with a decrease in the risk of CVD by almost 20%. Higher energy intake from total-, starchy-, and nonstarchy carbohydrates replaced by other macronutrients was not significantly associated with the risk of CVD. Each 5% of energy from animal protein (HR: 1.09 and CI: 1.02-1.16) independently increased the risk of CVD in the adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. CONCLUSION Higher percentage of energy from animal protein independently increased the risk of CVD, replacement of SFA and MUFA together with other macronutrients was inversely associated with CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zhila Tahmasebinejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Khalili
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lombardo M, Perrone MA, Guseva E, Aulisa G, Padua E, Bellia C, Della-Morte D, Iellamo F, Caprio M, Bellia A. Losing Weight after Menopause with Minimal Aerobic Training and Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082471. [PMID: 32824413 PMCID: PMC7468767 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is a common belief that menopausal women have greater difficulty losing weight. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a Mediterranean diet (MD) to promote weight loss in postmenopausal women. All participants were prescribed a hypocaloric traditional MD, tailored to the individual. Subjects were asked not to begin any kind of physical activity. Body composition was measured at the beginning and after 8 weeks of treatment. In total, 89 women (age 52.8 ± 4.5 years, BMI 30.0 ± 5.2 kg/m2, fat mass 31.6 ± 10.5 kg) were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of fertile women over 45 years of age, the second group consisted of those diagnosed as menopausal. All women had an improvement in body composition (fat mass −2.3 ± 2.1 kg, p < 0.001; protein −0.1 ± 0.7 kg, p = 0.190) and blood pressure values. No differences were found between the two groups except for a higher reduction of low-density lipoprotein in the menopausal group (p = 0.035). A positive significant correlation between plant to animal protein ratio and fat-free mass variation was found in the menopausal group. These data suggest that a high adherence to a traditional MD would enable menopausal women to lose fat mass and maintain muscle mass with no significant difference to younger women. Fat mass reduction provides menopausal women with improved cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Elena Guseva
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Giovanni Aulisa
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- School of Human Movement Science, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellia
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ferdinando Iellamo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Division of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- School of Human Movement Science, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (G.A.); (E.P.); (D.D.-M.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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Naghshi S, Sadeghi O, Willett WC, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary intake of total, animal, and plant proteins and risk of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2020; 370:m2412. [PMID: 32699048 PMCID: PMC7374797 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine and quantify the potential dose-response relation between intake of total, animal, and plant protein and the risk of mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science until December 2019, and references of retrieved relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION Prospective cohort studies that reported the risk estimates for all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in adults aged 18 or older. DATA SYNTHESIS Random effects models were used to calculate pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals for the highest versus lowest categories of protein intake and to incorporate variation between studies. Linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were done to evaluate the dose-response relations between protein intake and mortality. RESULTS 32 prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review and 31 in the meta-analysis. During the follow-up period of 3.5 to 32 years, 113 039 deaths (16 429 from cardiovascular disease and 22 303 from cancer) occurred among 715 128 participants. Intake of total protein was associated with a lower risk of all cause mortality (pooled effect size 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.99, I2=58.4%, P<0.001). Intake of plant protein was significantly associated with a lower risk of all cause mortality (pooled effect size 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.87 to 0.97, I2=57.5%, P=0.003) and cardiovascular disease mortality (pooled hazard ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.96, I2=63.7%, P=0.001), but not with cancer mortality. Intake of total and animal protein was not significantly associated with risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. A dose-response analysis showed a significant inverse dose-response association between intake of plant protein and all cause mortality (P=0.05 for non-linearity). An additional 3% energy from plant proteins a day was associated with a 5% lower risk of death from all causes. CONCLUSIONS Higher intake of total protein was associated with a lower risk of all cause mortality, and intake of plant protein was associated with a lower risk of all cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Replacement of foods high in animal protein with plant protein sources could be associated with longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Naghshi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Walter C Willett
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Arisawa K, Katsuura-Kamano S, Uemura H, Van Tien N, Hishida A, Tamura T, Kubo Y, Tsukamoto M, Tanaka K, Hara M, Takezaki T, Nishimoto D, Koyama T, Ozaki E, Suzuki S, Nishiyama T, Kuriki K, Kadota A, Takashima N, Ikezaki H, Murata M, Oze I, Matsuo K, Mikami H, Nakamura Y, Takeuchi K, Wakai K. Association of Dietary Acid Load with the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Participants in Baseline Survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061605. [PMID: 32486113 PMCID: PMC7352218 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between dietary acid load and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been fully investigated. A cross-sectional study was performed on 14,042 men and 14,105 women (aged 35-69 years) who participated in a baseline survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort study. Dietary acid load was assessed using the net-endogenous-acid-production (NEAP) score that is closely correlated with the rate of renal net acid excretion. MetS was diagnosed according to the Joint Interim Statement Criteria of 2009 using body-mass index instead of waist circumference. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher NEAP scores were associated with a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) of MetS, obesity, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood glucose. These associations remained significant after further adjustment for carbohydrate intake or two nutrient-pattern scores significantly associated with MetS. After adjustment for fiber, iron, potassium, and vitamin pattern scores, the OR of MetS for the highest quartile of NEAP scores, relative to the lowest quartile, was 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.12-1.39). There was no significant interaction between sex, age, or body-mass index and NEAP. Higher dietary acid load was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS and several of its components, independently of carbohydrate intake or nutrient patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (S.K.-K.); (H.U.); (N.V.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-633-7071
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (S.K.-K.); (H.U.); (N.V.T.)
| | - Hirokazu Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (S.K.-K.); (H.U.); (N.V.T.)
| | - Nguyen Van Tien
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (S.K.-K.); (H.U.); (N.V.T.)
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (A.H.); (T.T.); (Y.K.); (M.T.); (K.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (A.H.); (T.T.); (Y.K.); (M.T.); (K.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Yoko Kubo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (A.H.); (T.T.); (Y.K.); (M.T.); (K.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Mineko Tsukamoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (A.H.); (T.T.); (Y.K.); (M.T.); (K.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (K.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (K.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Daisaku Nishimoto
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.K.); (E.O.)
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.K.); (E.O.)
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Takeshi Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; (A.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; (A.K.); (N.T.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Murata
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; (I.O.); (K.M.)
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; (I.O.); (K.M.)
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Haruo Mikami
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 260-8717, Japan; (H.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 260-8717, Japan; (H.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (A.H.); (T.T.); (Y.K.); (M.T.); (K.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (A.H.); (T.T.); (Y.K.); (M.T.); (K.T.); (K.W.)
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Segovia-Siapco G, Khayef G, Pribis P, Oda K, Haddad E, Sabaté J. Animal Protein Intake Is Associated with General Adiposity in Adolescents: The Teen Food and Development Study. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010110. [PMID: 31906138 PMCID: PMC7019331 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein plays a crucial role in the growth and development of adolescents. However, being a secondary energy source, protein’s role in obesity has been sidelined. We examined whether intake of protein (total, animal, plant), branched-chain (BCAAs), and sulfur-containing (SCAAs) amino acids are associated with general body and central obesity and body composition in a cross-sectional study among healthy adolescents. Students aged 12–18 years old (n = 601) in schools near two major Adventist universities in California and Michigan provided dietary data via a validated web-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and anthropometric data during school visits. Intakes of total, animal, and plant proteins, and BCAAs and SCAAs were derived from FFQ data. We defined general body obesity with body-mass-index-for-age (BMIz) z-scores and central obesity with waist-to-height ratios (WHtR). After full adjustment for covariates, multiple regression analyses showed significant positive associations between intakes of total protein (β = 0.101, 95% CI: 0.041, 0.161), animal protein (β = 0.118, 95% CI: 0.057, 0.178), BCAAs (β = 0.056, 95% CI: 0.025, 0.087), and SCAAs (β = 0.025, 95% CI: 0.012, 0.038) with general body adiposity. Animal protein (β = 0.017, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.033) and SCAAs (β = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.008) were also associated with central obesity. Total and animal protein and BCAA and SCAA were also significantly associated with fat mass. Our findings suggest that high protein intake may pose a possible detriment to adolescent health. Longitudinal and safety evaluation studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Segovia-Siapco
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.O.); (E.H.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-558-4300 (ext. 47110)
| | - Golandam Khayef
- Don B. Huntley College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Peter Pribis
- Department of Individual, Family & Community Education, Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Keiji Oda
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.O.); (E.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Ella Haddad
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.O.); (E.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Joan Sabaté
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.O.); (E.H.); (J.S.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. METHODS We systematically reviewed trials and systematic reviews using PubMed and Web of science databases. Here, we review the current information on the causative factors and mechanisms of CD, including smoking, exercise, diet, animal protein, breastfeeding, history of childhood infection and vaccination, oral contraceptives, and antibiotics of CD. We also highlight important knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to advance the field of CD research. RESULTS Epidemiological studies have indicated the significance of environmental factors in the disease behavior and outcome of Crohn's disease (CD). There are a few recognized environmental factors, such as cigarette smoking, exercise, dietary habits, and breastfeeding, which are associated with the pathogenesis of CD. These factors are hypothesized to change the epithelial barrier function, which disturbs both the innate and adaptive immune systems and the intestinal flora. However, the effect of several risk factors, such as appendectomy and pharmaceutical use, differs across several studies, indicating the need for more rigorous research. Furthermore, few studies have examined effective interventions based on environmental factors that can improve disease outcomes. Recent studies have indicated that the pathogenesis of CD is related to environmental and genetic factors. CONCLUSION We review the current information on the causative factors and mechanisms of CD, including smoking, exercise, diet, animal protein, breastfeeding, history of childhood infection and vaccination, oral contraceptives, and antibiotics of CD. However, further studies are needed to understand knowledge gaps in the field of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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8
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Fan M, Li Y, Wang C, Mao Z, Zhou W, Zhang L, Yang X, Cui S, Li L. Dietary Protein Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: ADose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112783. [PMID: 31731672 PMCID: PMC6893550 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between dietary protein consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the relations between dietary protein consumption and the risk of T2D. We conducted systematic retrieval of prospective studies in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Summary relative risks were compiled with a fixed effects model or a random effects model, and a restricted cubic spline regression model and generalized least squares analysis were used to evaluate the diet–T2D incidence relationship. T2D risk increased with increasing consumption of total protein and animal protein, red meat, processed meat, milk, and eggs, respectively, while plant protein and yogurt had an inverse relationship. A non-linear association with the risk for T2D was found for the consumption of plant protein, processed meat, milk, yogurt, and soy. This meta-analysis suggests that substitution of plant protein and yogurt for animal protein, especially red meat and processed meat, can reduce the risk for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Songyang Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (M.F.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0371-67781247; Fax: +86-0371-67781868
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