1
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Benazza R, Koutsopetras I, Vaur V, Chaubet G, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. SEC-MS in denaturing conditions (dSEC-MS) for in-depth analysis of rebridged monoclonal antibody-based formats. Talanta 2024; 272:125727. [PMID: 38364570 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Disulfide rebridging methods are emerging recently as new ways to specifically modify antibody-based entities and produce future conjugates. Briefly, the solvent-accessible disulfide bonds of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments (Fab) thereof are reduced under controlled conditions and further covalently attached with a rebridging agent allowing the incorporation of one payload per disulfide bond. There are many examples of successful rebridging cases providing homogeneous conjugates due to the use of symmetrical reagents, such as dibromomaleimides. However, partial rebridging due to the use of unsymmetrical ones, containing functional groups with different reactivity, usually leads to the development of heterogeneous species that cannot be identified by a simple sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) due to its lack of sensitivity, resolution and low mass accuracy. Mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS) approaches have already been demonstrated as highly promising alternatives for the characterization of newly developed antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based formats. We report here the in-depth characterization of covalently rebridged antibodies and Fab fragments in-development, using size-exclusion chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry in denaturing conditions (denaturing SEC-MS, dSEC-MS). DSEC-MS was used to monitor closely the rebridging reaction of a conjugated trastuzumab, in addition to conjugated Fab fragments, which allowed an unambiguous identification of the covalently rebridged products along with the unbound species. This all-in-one approach allowed a straightforward analysis of the studied samples with precise mass measurement; critical quality attributes (CQAs) assessment along with rebridging efficiency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Benazza
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ilias Koutsopetras
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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2
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Tank P, Vora S, Tripathi S, D'Souza F. Qualification of a LC-HRMS platform method for biosimilar development using NISTmab as a model. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115475. [PMID: 38336012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Biosimilars are a cost-effective alternative to biopharmaceuticals, necessitating rigorous analytical methods for consistency and compliance. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is a versatile tool for assessing key attributes, encompassing molecular mass, primary structure, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Adhering to ICH Q2R1, we validated an LC-HRMS based peptide mapping method using NISTmab as a reference. The method validation parameters, covering system suitability, specificity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and carryover, were comprehensively assessed. The method effectively differentiated the NISTmab from similar counterparts as well as from artificially introduced spiked conditions. Notably, the accuracy of mass error for NISTmab specific complementarity determining region peptides was within a maximum of 2.42 parts per million (ppm) from theoretical and the highest percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) observed for precision was 0.000219 %. It demonstrates precision in sequence coverage and PTM detection, with a visual inspection of total ion chromatogram approach for variability assessment. The method maintains robustness when subjected to diverse storage conditions, encompassing variations in column temperature and mobile phase composition. Negligible carryover was noted during the carryover analysis. In summary, this method serves as a versatile platform for multiple biosimilar development by effectively characterizing and identifying monoclonal antibodies, ultimately ensuring product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Tank
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
| | - Shruti Vora
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
| | - Sarita Tripathi
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
| | - Fatima D'Souza
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
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3
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Chandrababu KB, Kannan A, Savage JR, Stadmiller S, Ryle AE, Cheung C, Kelley RF, Maa YF, Saggu M, Bitterfield DL. Stability Comparison Between Microglassification and Lyophilization Using a Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1054-1060. [PMID: 37863428 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Producing solid-state formulations of biologics remains a daunting task despite the prevalent use of lyophilization and spray drying technologies in the biopharmaceutical industry. The challenges include protein stability (temperature stresses), high capital costs, particle design/controllability, shortened processing times and manufacturing considerations (scalability, yield improvements, aseptic operation, etc.). Thus, scientists/engineers are constantly working to improve existing methodologies and exploring novel dehydration/powder-forming technologies. Microglassification™ is a dehydration technology that uses solvent extraction to rapidly dehydrate protein formulations at ambient temperatures, eliminating the temperature stress experienced by biologics in traditional lyophilization and spray drying methods. The process results in microparticles that are spherical, dense, and chemically stable. In this study, we compared the molecular stability of a monoclonal antibody formulation processed by lyophilization to the same formulation processed using Microglassification™. Both powders were placed on stability for 3 months at 40 °C and 6 months at 25 °C. Both dehydration methods showed similar chemical stability, including percent monomer, charge variants, and antigen binding. These results show that Microglassification™ is viable for the production of stable solid-state monoclonal antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - John R Savage
- Lindy Biosciences, 627 Davis Dr. #400 Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Samantha Stadmiller
- Lindy Biosciences, 627 Davis Dr. #400 Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Adam E Ryle
- Lindy Biosciences, 627 Davis Dr. #400 Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Chloe Cheung
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Robert F Kelley
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Yuh-Fun Maa
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Deborah L Bitterfield
- Lindy Biosciences, 627 Davis Dr. #400 Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States.
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4
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Geersing TH, Dogan D, Nejadnik MR, Romeijn S, Knibbe CAJ, Crul M. Aggregate Formation and Antibody Stability in Infusion Bags: The Impact of Manual and Robotic Compounding of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1029-1037. [PMID: 37839612 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be damaged during the aseptic compounding process, with aggregation being the most prevalent form of degradation. Protein aggregates represent one of several risk factors for undesired immunogenicity of mAbs, which can potentially lead to severe adverse drug reactions and less effective treatments. Since data on aggregate and particle formation by robotic compounding is missing, we aimed to compare the antibody stability between robotic- and manual compounding of mAbs with regard to formation of (sub)visible aggregates. Infliximab and trastuzumab were compounded into infusion bags with the APOTECAchemo robot or manually by nurses or pharmacy technicians. The products were analyzed by quantifying (sub)visible particles with nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), light obscuration, micro-flow imaging, high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), and visual inspection. HP-SEC showed high percentages monomers in trastuzumab (99.4 % and 99.4 %) and infliximab (99.5 % and 99.6 %) infusion bags for both manual and robotic compounding, respectively. DLS indicated more consistent and reproducible results with robotic compounding, and confirmed monodisperse samples with a higher polydispersity index for manual compounding (0.16, interquartile range; IQR 0.14-0.18) compared to robotic compounding (0.12, IQR 0.11-0.15). This study shows that the studied compounding methods had a minor impact on the number of aggregates and particles, and that robotic compounding of mAbs provided at least similar quality as manual compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk H Geersing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Dunja Dogan
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Catherijne A J Knibbe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Crul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centre location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Liu C, Tian M, Dong W, Lu W, Zhang T, Wan Y, Zhang X, Li Y. SEC-HPLC analysis of column load and flow-through provides critical understanding of low Protein A step yield. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 216:106418. [PMID: 38141898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
For a certain number of mAbs, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins that we worked on, the Protein A capture step experienced low yield (i.e., ∼80%). A previous case study suggested that non-binding aggregate formed in cell culture was the root cause of low Protein A step yield. In the current work, we selected five projects with the low Protein A yield issue to further illustrate this phenomenon. In all cases, existence of non-binding aggregates was confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis of Protein A load and flow-through. In addition, we demonstrated that aggregates failed to bind to Protein A resin mainly due to their large sizes, which prevented them from entering the resin beads. As the data suggested, SEC-HPLC analysis of Protein A load and flow-through, although not a standard procedure, can provide information that is critical for understanding the unexpected performance of Protein A chromatography in cases like those being presented here. Thus, SEC-HPLC analysis of Protein A load and flow-through is highly recommended for antibodies/Fc-fusions suffering from low Protein A yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Mengying Tian
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wanyuan Dong
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wenwen Lu
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Yifeng Li
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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6
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Carvalho SB, Profit L, Krishnan S, Gomes RA, Alexandre BM, Clavier S, Hoffman M, Brower K, Gomes-Alves P. SWATH-MS as a strategy for CHO host cell protein identification and quantification supporting the characterization of mAb purification platforms. J Biotechnol 2024; 384:1-11. [PMID: 38340900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities expressed by the host cells during biotherapeutics' manufacturing, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Some challenging HCPs evade clearance during the downstream processing and can be co-purified with the molecule of interest, which may impact product stability, efficacy, and safety. Therefore, HCP content is a critical quality attribute to monitor and quantify across the bioprocess. Here we explored a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics tool, the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH) strategy, as an orthogonal method to traditional ELISA. The SWATH workflow was applied for high-throughput individual HCP identification and quantification, supporting characterization of a mAb purification platform. The design space of HCP clearance of two polishing resins was evaluated through a design of experiment study. Absolute quantification of high-risk HCPs was achieved (reaching 1.8 and 4.2 ppm limits of quantification, for HCP A and B respectively) using HCP-specific synthetic heavy labeled peptide calibration curves. Profiling of other HCPs was also possible using an average calibration curve (using labeled peptides from different HCPs). The SWATH approach is a powerful tool for HCP assessment during bioprocess development enabling simultaneous monitoring and quantification of different individual HCPs and improving process understanding of their clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Carvalho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Ludivine Profit
- Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sushmitha Krishnan
- Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo A Gomes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Alexandre
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Severine Clavier
- BioAnalytics, Global CMC Development, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Michael Hoffman
- Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Brower
- Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA.
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal.
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7
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Pometti MA, Di Natale G, Geremia G, Gauswami N, Garufi G, Ricciardi G, Sciortino M, Scopelliti F, Russo G, Ippolito M. A Kinetically Controlled Bioconjugation Method for the Synthesis of Radioimmunoconjugates and the Development of a Domain Mapping MS-Workflow for Its Characterization. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:324-332. [PMID: 38366964 PMCID: PMC10961728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Immunoconjugates exploit the high affinity of monoclonal antibodies for a recognized antigen to selectively deliver a cytotoxic payload, such as drugs or radioactive nuclides, at the site of disease. Despite numerous techniques have been recently developed for site-selective bioconjugations of protein structures, reaction of ε-amine group of lysine residues with electrophilic reactants, such as activated esters (NHS), is the main method reported in the literature as it maintains proteins in their native conformation. Since antibodies hold a high number of lysine residues, a heterogeneous mixture of conjugates will be generated, which can result in decreased target affinity. Here, we report an intradomain regioselective bioconjugation between the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab and the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of the chelator 2,2',2″,2‴-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA) by a kinetically controlled reaction adding substoichiometric quantities of the activated ester to the mAb working at slightly basic pH. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses were carried out to assess the chelator-antibody ratio (CAR) and the number of chelating moieties linked to the mAb chains. Proteolysis experiments showed four lysine residues mainly involved in bioconjugation (K188 for the light chain and K30, K293, and K417 for the heavy chain), each of which was located in a different domain. Since the displayed intradomain regioselectivity, a domain mapping MS-workflow, based on a selective domain denaturation, was developed to quantify the percentage of chelator linked to each mAb domain. The resulting immunoconjugate mixture showed an average CAR of 0.9. About a third of the heavy chains were found as monoconjugated, whereas conjugation of the chelator in the light chain was negligible. Domain mapping showed the CH3 domain bearing 13% of conjugated DOTA, followed by CH2 and VH respectively bearing 12.5 and 11% of bonded chelator. Bioconjugation was not found in the CH1 domain, whereas for the light chain, only the CL domain was conjugated (6%). Data analysis based on LC-MS quantification of different analytical levels (intact, reduced chains, and domains) provided the immunoconjugate formulation. A mixture of immunoconjugates restricted to 15 species was obtained, and the percentage of each one within the mixture was calculated. In particular, species bearing 1 DOTA with a relative abundance ranging from 4 to 20-fold, in comparison to species bearing 2DOTA, were observed. Pairing of bioconjugation under kinetic control with the developed domain mapping MS-workflow could raise the standard of chemical quality for immunoconjugates obtained with commercially available reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Pometti
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
- FORA
S.p.A., Via Alfred Bernhard
Nobel 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Natale
- CNR-Istituto
di Cristallografia, Via
Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Geremia
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Parco
scientifico e tecnologico della Sicilia S.C.P.A., Stradale Vincenzo Lancia 57, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Nileshgiri Gauswami
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Parco
scientifico e tecnologico della Sicilia S.C.P.A., Stradale Vincenzo Lancia 57, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Gianni Garufi
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Parco
scientifico e tecnologico della Sicilia S.C.P.A., Stradale Vincenzo Lancia 57, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ricciardi
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
- FORA
S.p.A., Via Alfred Bernhard
Nobel 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcella Sciortino
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
- FORA
S.p.A., Via Alfred Bernhard
Nobel 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Scopelliti
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- IBFM-CNR
Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Contrada Pietra Pollastra, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Massimo Ippolito
- Nuclear
Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
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8
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van Haaren C, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Study of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation at the Air-Liquid Interface under Flow by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. Langmuir 2024; 40:5858-5868. [PMID: 38445553 PMCID: PMC10956494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Throughout bioprocessing, transportation, and storage, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) experience stress conditions that may cause protein unfolding and/or chemical modifications. Such structural changes may lead to the formation of aggregates, which reduce mAb potency and may cause harmful immunogenic responses in patients. Therefore, aggregates need to be detected and removed or ideally prevented from forming. Air-liquid interfaces, which arise during various stages of bioprocessing, are one of the stress factors causing mAb aggregation. In this study, the behavior of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) at the air-liquid interface was investigated under flow using macro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging. This chemically specific imaging technique allows observation of adsorption of IgG to the air-liquid interface and detection of associated secondary structural changes. Chemical images revealed that IgG rapidly accumulated around an injected air bubble under flow at 45 °C; however, no such increase was observed at 25 °C. Analysis of the second derivative spectra of IgG at the air-liquid interface revealed changes in the protein secondary structure associated with increased intermolecular β-sheet content, indicative of aggregated IgG. The addition of 0.01% w/v polysorbate 80 (PS80) reduced the amount of IgG at the air-liquid interface in a static setup at 30 °C; however, this protective effect was lost at 45 °C. These results suggest that the presence of air-liquid interfaces under flow may be detrimental to mAb stability at elevated temperatures and demonstrate the power of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging for studying the structural integrity of mAbs under bioprocessing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline van Haaren
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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9
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Lu N, Wu J, Tian M, Zhang S, Li Z, Shi L. Comprehensive review on the elaboration of payloads derived from natural products for antibody-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116233. [PMID: 38408390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have arisen as a promising class of biotherapeutics for targeted cancer treatment, combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of small-molecule drugs. The choice of an appropriate payload is crucial for the success development of ADCs, as it determines the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile. This review focuses on payloads derived from natural products, including cytotoxic agents, DNA-damaging agents, and immunomodulators. These offer several advantages such as diverse chemical structures, unique mechanism of actions, and potential for improved therapeutic index. Challenges and opportunities associated with their development were highlighted. This review underscores the significance of natural product payloads in the elaboration of ADCs, which serves as a valuable resource for researchers involved in developing and optimizing next-generation ADCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- XDC Analytical Sciences, WuXi XDC Co., Ltd., 520 Fute North Road, Pilot Free Trade Zone, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- XDC Analytical Sciences, WuXi XDC Co., Ltd., 520 Fute North Road, Pilot Free Trade Zone, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Mengwei Tian
- XDC Analytical Sciences, WuXi XDC Co., Ltd., 520 Fute North Road, Pilot Free Trade Zone, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- XDC Analytical Sciences, WuXi XDC Co., Ltd., 520 Fute North Road, Pilot Free Trade Zone, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Zhiguo Li
- XDC Analytical Sciences, WuXi XDC Co., Ltd., 520 Fute North Road, Pilot Free Trade Zone, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Liming Shi
- XDC Analytical Sciences, WuXi XDC Co., Ltd., 520 Fute North Road, Pilot Free Trade Zone, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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10
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Escobar ELN, Vaclaw MC, Lozenski JT, Dhar P. Using Passive Microrheology to Measure the Evolution of the Rheological Properties of NIST mAb Formulations during Adsorption to the Air-Water Interface. Langmuir 2024; 40:4789-4800. [PMID: 38379175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel protein-based therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), is often limited due to challenges associated with maintaining the stability of these formulations during manufacturing, storage, and clinical administration. An undesirable consequence of the instability of protein therapeutics is the formation of protein particles. MAbs can adsorb to interfaces and have the potential to undergo partial unfolding as well as to form viscoelastic gels. Further, the viscoelastic properties may be correlated with their aggregation potential. In this work, a passive microrheology technique was used to correlate the evolution of surface adsorption with the evolution of surface rheology of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mAb reference material (NIST mAb) and interface-induced subvisible protein particle formation. The evolution of the surface adsorption and interfacial shear rheological properties of the NIST mAb was recorded in four formulation conditions: two different buffers (histidine vs phosphate-buffered saline) and two different pHs (6.0 and 7.6). Our results together demonstrate the existence of multiple stages for both surface adsorption and surface rheology, characterized by an induction period that appears to be purely viscous, followed by a sharp increase in protein molecules at the interface when the film rheology is viscoelastic and ultimately a slowdown in the surface adsorption that corresponds to the formation of solid-like or glassy films at the interface. When the transitions between the different stages occurred, they were dependent on the buffer/pH of the formulations. The onset of these transitions can also be correlated to the number of protein particles formed at the interface. Finally, the addition of polysorbate 80, an FDA-approved surfactant used to mitigate protein particle formation, led to the interface being surfactant-dominated, and the resulting interface remained purely viscous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephanie Laura Nottar Escobar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - M Coleman Vaclaw
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Joseph T Lozenski
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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11
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Palakollu V, Motabar L, Roberts CJ. Impact of Glycosylation on Protein-Protein Self-Interactions of Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1414-1423. [PMID: 38386020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Protein self-interactions measured via second osmotic virial coefficients (B22) and dynamic light scattering interaction parameter values (kD) are often used as metrics for assessing the favorability of protein candidates and different formulations during monoclonal antibody (MAb) product development. Model predictions of B22 or kD typically do not account for glycans, though glycosylation can potentially impact experimental MAb self-interactions. To the best of our knowledge, the impact of MAb glycosylation on the experimentally measured B22 and kD values has not yet been reported. B22 and kD values of two fully deglycosylated MAbs and their native (i.e., fully glycosylated) counterparts were measured by light scattering over a range of pH and ionic strength conditions. Significant differences between B22 and kD of the native and deglycosylated forms were observed at a range of low to high ionic strengths used to modulate the effect of electrostatic contributions. Differences were most pronounced at low ionic strength, indicating that electrostatic interactions are a contributing factor. Though B22 and kD values were statistically equivalent at high ionic strengths where electrostatics were fully screened, we observed protein-dependent qualitative differences, which indicate that steric interactions may also play a role in the observed B22 and kD differences. A domain-level coarse-grained molecular model accounting for charge differences was considered to potentially provide additional insight but was not fully predictive of the behavior across all of the solution conditions investigated. This highlights that both the level of modeling and lack of inclusion of glycans may limit existing models in making quantitatively accurate predictions of self-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerabhadraiah Palakollu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lily Motabar
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Saurabh S, Zhang Q, Seddon JM, Lu JR, Kalonia C, Bresme F. Unraveling the Microscopic Mechanism of Molecular Ion Interaction with Monoclonal Antibodies: Impact on Protein Aggregation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1285-1299. [PMID: 38345400 PMCID: PMC10915798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting protein aggregation represents one of the major challenges in accelerating the pharmaceutical development of protein therapeutics. In addition to maintaining the solution pH, buffers influence both monoclonal antibody (mAb) aggregation in solution and the aggregation mechanisms since the latter depend on the protein charge. Molecular-level insight is necessary to understand the relationship between the buffer-mAb interaction and mAb aggregation. Here, we use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction of phosphate (Phos) and citrate (Cit) buffer ions with the Fab and Fc domains of mAb COE3. We demonstrate that Phos and Cit ions feature binding mechanisms, with the protein that are very different from those reported previously for histidine (His). These differences are reflected in distinctive ion-protein binding modes and adsorption/desorption kinetics of the buffer molecules from the mAb surface and result in dissimilar effects of these buffer species on mAb aggregation. While His shows significant affinity toward hydrophobic amino acids on the protein surface, Phos and Cit ions preferentially bind to charged amino acids. We also show that Phos and Cit anions provide bridging contacts between basic amino acids in neighboring proteins. The implications of such contacts and their connection to mAb aggregation in therapeutic formulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Saurabh
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Qinkun Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - John M. Seddon
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Jian R. Lu
- Biological
Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Dosage
Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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13
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Forder JK, Palakollu V, Adhikari S, Blanco MA, Derebe MG, Ferguson HM, Luthra SA, Munsell EV, Roberts CJ. Electrostatically Mediated Attractive Self-Interactions and Reversible Self-Association of Fc-Fusion Proteins. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1321-1333. [PMID: 38334418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Attractive self-interactions and reversible self-association are implicated in many problematic solution behaviors for therapeutic proteins, such as irreversible aggregation, elevated viscosity, phase separation, and opalescence. Protein self-interactions and reversible oligomerization of two Fc-fusion proteins (monovalent and bivalent) and the corresponding fusion partner protein were characterized experimentally with static and dynamic light scattering as a function of pH (5 and 6.5) and ionic strength (10 mM to at least 300 mM). The fusion partner protein and monovalent Fc-fusion each displayed net attractive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 6.5 and net repulsive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 5. Solutions of the bivalent Fc-fusion contained higher molecular weight species that prevented quantification of typical interaction parameters (B22 and kD). All three of the proteins displayed reversible self-association at pH 6.5, where oligomers dissociated with increased ionic strength. Coarse-grained molecular simulations were used to model the self-interactions measured experimentally, assess net self-interactions for the bivalent Fc-fusion, and probe the specific electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids that were involved in attractive electrostatic self-interactions. Mayer-weighted pairwise electrostatic energies from the simulations suggested that attractive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 6.5 for the two Fc-fusion proteins were due to cross-domain interactions between the fusion partner domain(s) and the Fc domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Forder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Veerabhadraiah Palakollu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Sudeep Adhikari
- Analytical R&D, Digital & NMR Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marco A Blanco
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mehabaw Getahun Derebe
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heidi M Ferguson
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Suman A Luthra
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erik V Munsell
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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14
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Sreenivasan S, Patil SS, Rathore AS. Does Aggregation of Therapeutic IgGs in PBS Offer a True Picture of What Happens in Models Derived from Human Body Fluids? J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:596-603. [PMID: 37717637 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are known to form aggregates due to various factors. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), human serum, and human serum filtrate (HSF) are some of the models used to analyze mAb stability in physiologically relevant in-vitro conditions. In this study, aggregation of mAb in PBS and models derived from body fluids seeded with mAb samples subjected to various stresses were compared. Samples containing mAb subjected to pH, temperature, UV light, stirring, and interfacial agitation stress were seeded into different models for 2 case studies. In the first case study, %HMW (high molecular weight species) of mAb in PBS and HSF were compared using size exclusion chromatography. It was found that change in %HMW was higher in PBS compared to HSF. For example, PBS containing mAb that was subjected to UV light stress showed change in HMW by >10 % over 72 h, but the change was <5 % in HSF. In second case study, aggregates particles of FITC tagged mAb were monitored in PBS and serum using fluorescence microscope image processing. It was found that PBS and serum containing mAb subjected to stirring and interfacial agitation resulted in aggregates of >2 µm size, and average size and percentage number of particles having >10 µm size was higher in serum compared to PBS at all analysis time point. Overall, it was found that aggregation of mAb in PBS was different from that in human body fluids. Second case study also showed the importance of advanced strategies for further characterization of mAb in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas-110016, India
| | - Sanjeet S Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas-110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas-110016, India.
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15
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Cernosek T, Jain N, Dalphin M, Behrens S, Wunderli P. Accelerated development of a SEC-HPLC procedure for purity analysis of monoclonal antibodies using design of experiments. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124037. [PMID: 38335765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The complex structure of biopharmaceutical products poses an inherent need for their thorough characterization to ensure product quality, safety, and efficacy. Analytical size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a widely used technique throughout the development and manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which quantifies product size variants such as aggregates and fragments. Aggregate and fragment content are critical quality attributes (CQAs) in mAb products, as higher contents of such size heterogeneities impact product quality. Historically, SEC methods have achieved sufficient separation between the high molecular weight (HMW) species and the main product. In contrast, some low molecular weight (LMW) species are often not sufficiently different in molecular mass from the main product, making it difficult to achieve appropriate resolutions between the two species. This lack of resolution makes it difficult to consistently quantify the LMW species in mAb-based therapeutics. The following work uses a design of experiments (DoE) approach to establish a robust analytical SEC procedure by evaluating SEC column types and mobile phase compositions using two mAb products with different physiochemical properties. The resulting optimized procedure using a Waters™ BioResolve column exhibits an improved ability to resolve and quantify mAb size variants, highlighting improvement in the resolution of the LMW species. Additionally, the addition of L-arginine as a mobile phase additive showed to reduce secondary interactions and was beneficial in increasing the recoveries of the HMW species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezie Cernosek
- Catalent Biologics, Madison, WI, USA; Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Sue Behrens
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
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16
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Zhang T, Li B, Dong W, Wan Y, Li Y. Acidic pH or salt treatment can convert soluble antibody aggregates in culture harvest into monomers and improve Protein A chromatography step yield. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106391. [PMID: 37939750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
While purifying a regular monospecific antibody, we found that the Protein A step yield was much lower than expected. Further studies revealed that the antibody formed large-size aggregates that did not bind to the Protein A resin, hence leading to dropped recovery. In an attempt to solve this low yield issue, we found that mildly acidic pH or ammonium sulfate treatment can partially convert the aggregates into monomers. In addition, when acidic pH treated culture harvest was processed by Protein A chromatography, the yield was restored to the normal range, suggesting that the monomers recovered from aggregates regained Protein A binding capability. Thus, low pH treatment of culture harvest can be potentially used as a general approach for improving Protein A step yield in cases where non-binding antibody aggregates are formed through noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Bin Li
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wanyuan Dong
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Yifeng Li
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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17
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Schairer J, Römer J, Lang D, Neusüß C. CE-MS/MS and CE-timsTOF to separate and characterize intramolecular disulfide bridges of monoclonal antibody subunits and their application for the assessment of subunit reduction protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1599-1612. [PMID: 38296860 PMCID: PMC10899284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Characterization at the subunit level enables detailed mass spectrometric characterization of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The implemented reduction often leaves the intramolecular disulfide bridges intact. Here, we present a capillary electrophoretic (CE) method based on a neutral-coated capillary for the separation of immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) digested and reduced mAb subunits followed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS identification, and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (timsTOF). Our CE approach enables the separation of (i) different subunit moieties, (ii) various reduction states, and (iii) positional isomers of these partly reduced subunit moieties. The location of the remaining disulfide bridges can be determined by middle-down electron transfer higher energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) experiments. All these CE-separated variants show differences in ion mobility in the timsTOF measurements. Applying the presented CE-MS/MS method, reduction parameters such as the use of chaotropic salts were studied. For the investigated antibodies, urea improved the subunit reduction significantly, whereas guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) leads to multiple signals of the same subunit in the CE separation. The presented CE-MS method is a powerful tool for the disulfide-variant characterization of mAbs on the subunit level. It enables understanding disulfide bridge reduction processes in antibodies and potentially other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schairer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Nitika N, Keerthiveena B, Thakur G, Rathore AS. Convolutional Neural Networks Guided Raman Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Tool for Monitoring and Simultaneous Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Pharm Res 2024; 41:463-479. [PMID: 38366234 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charge related heterogeneities of monoclonal antibody (mAb) based therapeutic products are increasingly being considered as a critical quality attribute (CQA). They are typically estimated using analytical cation exchange chromatography (CEX), which is time consuming and not suitable for real time control. Raman spectroscopy coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) tools offers an opportunity for real time monitoring and control of charge variants. OBJECTIVE We present a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for on-line and real-time charge variant determination during process scale CEX based on Raman spectroscopy employing machine learning techniques. METHOD Raman spectra are collected from a reference library of samples with distribution of acidic, main, and basic species from 0-100% in a mAb concentration range of 0-20 g/L generated from process-scale CEX. The performance of different machine learning techniques for spectral processing is compared for predicting different charge variant species. RESULT A convolutional neural network (CNN) based model was successfully calibrated for quantification of acidic species, main species, basic species, and total protein concentration with R2 values of 0.94, 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively, and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.1846, 0.1627, and 0.1029 g/L, respectively, and 0.2483 g/L for the total protein concentration. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with AI-ML frameworks can deliver rapid and accurate determination of product related impurities. This approach can be used for real time CEX pooling decisions in mAb production processes, thus enabling consistent charge variant profiles to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Nitika
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - B Keerthiveena
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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19
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Dehghani A, Binder F, Zorn M, Feigler A, Fischer KI, Felix MN, Happersberger P, Reisinger B. Investigating pH Effects on Enzymes Catalyzing Polysorbate Degradation by Activity-Based Protein Profiling. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:744-753. [PMID: 37758159 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities that can negatively impact the quality of biotherapeutics. Some HCPs possess enzymatic activity and can affect the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or excipients such as polysorbates (PS). PSs are a class of non-ionic surfactants commonly used as excipients in biotherapeutics to enhance the stability of APIs. The enzyme activity of certain HCPs can result in the degradation of PSs, leading to particle formation and decreased shelf life of biotherapeutics. Identifying and characterizing these HCPs is therefore crucial. This study employed the Activity-Based Protein Profiling (ABPP) technique to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of HCPs that have the potential to degrade polysorbates. Two probes were utilized: the commercially available fluorophosphonate (FP)-Desthiobiotin probe and a probe based on the antiobesity drug, Orlistat. Over 50 HCPs were identified, showing a strong dependence on pH-milieu regarding their enzyme activity. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for pH variations in the ABPP method and other investigations of HCP activity. Notably, the Orlistat-based probe (OBP) enabled us to investigate the enzymatic activity of a wider range of HCPs, emphasizing the advantage of using more than one probe for ABPP. Finally, this study led to the discovery of previously unreported active enzymes, including three HCPs from the carboxylesterase enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Dehghani
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Florian Binder
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Michael Zorn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Andreas Feigler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Kathrin Inge Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Marius Nicolaus Felix
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Peter Happersberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany
| | - Bernd Reisinger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach D-88397, Germany.
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20
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Stone CA, Spiller BW, Smith SA. Engineering therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:539-548. [PMID: 37995859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of human antibodies as biologic therapeutics has revolutionized patient care throughout fields of medicine. As our understanding of the many roles antibodies play within our natural immune responses continues to advance, so will the number of therapeutic indications for which an mAb will be developed. The great breadth of function, long half-life, and modular structure allow for nearly limitless therapeutic possibilities. Human antibodies can be rationally engineered to enhance their desired immune functions and eliminate those that may result in unwanted effects. Antibody therapeutics now often start with fully human variable regions, either acquired from genetically engineered humanized mice or from the actual human B cells. These variable genes can be further engineered by widely used methods for optimization of their specificity through affinity maturation, random mutagenesis, targeted mutagenesis, and use of in silico approaches. Antibody isotype selection and deliberate mutations are also used to improve efficacy and tolerability by purposeful fine-tuning of their immune effector functions. Finally, improvements directed at binding to the neonatal Fc receptor can endow therapeutic antibodies with unbelievable extensions in their circulating half-life. The future of engineered antibody therapeutics is bright, with the global mAb market projected to exhibit compound annual growth, forecasted to reach a revenue of nearly half a trillion dollars in 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosby A Stone
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Benjamin W Spiller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Scott A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
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21
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Zhong X, Gao LW, Kleinberg A, Mao Y, Lawrence S, Bak H, Li N, Torri A. Kinetics of Trisulfide-to-Disulfide Conversion of Therapeutic IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies Under Physiological Conditions: A Case Study of Casirivimab And Imdevimab. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:642-646. [PMID: 37913905 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The percentage of trisulfide variants is a product quality metric that is monitored during the manufacture of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics. Results from earlier preclinical studies revealed that trisulfide linkages in mAbs are rapidly converted to disulfides in circulation. In this study, casirivimab and imdevimab, which are both IgG1 subclass mAbs that target the non-overlapping epitopes in SARS-CoV2 Spike protein, are used as models to study the kinetics of trisulfide-to-disulfide conversion in vivo in human circulation. To determine the percentage of trisulfide variants in systemic circulation immediately after intravenous injection, both mAbs were immunoprecipitated from serum samples collected from COVID-19 patients that received this cocktail antibody treatment as part of a first-in-human study. The immunoprecipitated mAbs were then digested under non-reducing conditions and evaluated by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Significant reductions in the percentages of trisulfide variants were observed in serum samples as early as 1 hr after completion of the intravenous infusion. A flow-through dialysis model designed to mimic the redox potential of blood revealed a plausible chemical mechanism for the rapid trisulfide-to-disulfide conversion of IgG1 subclass mAbs under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhong
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States.
| | - Lucy W Gao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Andrew Kleinberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Yuan Mao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States.
| | - Shawn Lawrence
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Hanne Bak
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Albert Torri
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
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22
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Rahane SB, Gupta A, Szymanski P, Kinzlmaier D, McGee P, Goodrich E. Concentration of clarified pool by single-pass tangential flow filtration to improve productivity of protein A capture step: Impact of clarification strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1090-1101. [PMID: 38151902 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein A capture chromatography remains a high-cost and relatively low-productivity step for downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies. As bioprocessing transitions toward intensified processes, maximizing the efficiency of individual steps is key to achieving economic targets. This study was performed to assess the impact of inline concentration of clarified cell culture fluid (CCF), using single-pass tangential flow filtration, on protein A chromatography purification productivity. CCF with varying levels of impurities and turbidity were obtained dependent upon the clarification method. These CCFs were concentrated and processed over a protein A capture step. Productivity increases of 1.8- to 2.6-fold were achieved as compared to a protein A capture step with no CCF concentration. Achieving such targeted improvements requires careful consideration of the multiple components in the clarification strategy before implementation.
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23
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Silva TC, Eppink M, Ottens M. Digital twin in high throughput chromatographic process development for monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464672. [PMID: 38350166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) industry is becoming increasingly digitalized. Digital twins are becoming increasingly important to test or validate processes before manufacturing. High-Throughput Process Development (HTPD) has been progressively used as a tool for process development and innovation. The combination of High-Throughput Screening with fast computational methods allows to study processes in-silico in a fast and efficient manner. This paper presents a hybrid approach for HTPD where equal importance is given to experimental, computational and decision-making stages. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms of 13 protein A and 16 Cation-Exchange resins were determined with pure mAb. The influence of other components in the clarified cell culture supernatant (harvest) has been under-investigated. This work contributes with a methodology for the study of equilibrium adsorption of mAb in harvest to different protein A resins and compares the adsorption behavior with the pure sample experiments. Column chromatography was modelled using a Lumped Kinetic Model, with an overall mass transfer coefficient parameter (kov). The screening results showed that the harvest solution had virtually no influence on the adsorption behavior of mAb to the different protein A resins tested. kov was found to have a linear correlation with the sample feed concentration, which is in line with mass transfer theory. The hybrid approach for HTPD presented highlights the roles of the computational, experimental, and decision-making stages in process development, and how it can be implemented to develop a chromatographic process. The proposed white-box digital twin helps to accelerate chromatographic process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Castanheira Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Eppink
- Downstream Processing, Byondis B.V., Microweg 22, 6503 GB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Bioprocessing Engineering, Wageningen University, Droevendaalse steeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Ottens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, the Netherlands.
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24
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Zhang A, Seiss K, Laborde L, Palacio-Ramirez S, Guthy D, Lanter M, Lorber J, Vulpetti A, Arista L, Zoller T, Radimerski T, Thoma C, Hebach C, Tschantz WR, Karpov A, Hollingworth GJ, D'Alessio JA, Ferretti S, Burger MT. Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Cereblon Binding Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Degrader CD79b Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:140-146. [PMID: 38265691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an established modality that allow for targeted delivery of a potent molecule, or payload, to a desired site of action. ADCs, wherein the payload is a targeted protein degrader, are an emerging area in the field. Herein we describe our efforts of delivering a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) bifunctional degrader 1 via a CD79b mAb (monoclonal antibody) where the degrader is linked at the ligase binding portion of the payload via a cleavable linker to the mAb. The resulting CD79b ADCs, 3 and 4, exhibit in vitro degradation and cytotoxicity comparable with that of 1, and ADC 3 can achieve more sustained in vivo degradation than intravenously administered 1 with markedly reduced systemic exposure of the payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Zhang
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Katherine Seiss
- Oncology Biotherapeutics, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Laurent Laborde
- Oncology, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Palacio-Ramirez
- Novartis Biologics Center, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Daniel Guthy
- Oncology, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mylene Lanter
- Oncology, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Lorber
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Arista
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zoller
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudio Thoma
- Oncology, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Hebach
- Oncology, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - William R Tschantz
- Novartis Biologics Center, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Alexei Karpov
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph A D'Alessio
- Oncology Biotherapeutics, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | | | - Matthew T Burger
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
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25
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Ramakrishna A, Rathore AS. On-line PAT based monitoring and control of resin aging in protein A chromatography for COGs reduction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124010. [PMID: 38266612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Resin aging is a common occurrence in chromatographic processes and generally influenced by factors such as cleaning procedure and composition of the feed stream. Two major events occur along with protein fouling, one is the loss of protein A ligand and the other is non-specific, irreversible interactions of foulants with resin particles. Both these are responsible for resin aging. As a result, the performance of the resin suffers a fall, and this can be quantified through indicators like reduction in dynamic binding capacity, increased column pressure, or peak broadening. The number of reuse cycles of a resin has a major influence on the cost per batch. This is even more significant in the case of protein A resin, which is the primary cost driver for downstream processing. In this work, we first identify chromatogram characteristics that correlate to resin aging. Next, we propose a data monitoring-based tool for prediction of resin aging. Principal component analysis of the UV data of Mab 1 showed a deviation at 120th cycle and an out of specification at around 149th cycle, corroborating with yield decline. Batch level modelling could deliver a predictable trend for resin aging and was demonstrated for two different Mabs (Mab1 and Mab2). The results demonstrate that significant resin aging can be detected 20-25 cycles prior to observable yield decline. A control strategy has been suggested such that once the deviation has been detected, additional resin cleaning is triggered. Overall, a 50-100 Protein A cycle enhancement in resin lifespan could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Dept of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India.
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26
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Reinert T, Houzé P, Francois YN, Gahoual R. Enhancing affinity purification of monoclonal antibodies from human serum for subsequent CZE-MS analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:123974. [PMID: 38271747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to the separation technique employed, capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) analysis performances are significantly influenced by the chemical composition and the complexity of the sample. In various applications, that impact has prevented the use of CE-MS for the characterization and quantification of proteins in biological samples. Here we present the development and evaluation and a sample preparation procedure, based on affinity purification, for the specific extraction of the monoclonal antibody (mAbs) infliximab from human serum in order to perform subsequent proteolytic digestion and CE-MS/MS analysis. Three distinctive sample preparation strategies were envisaged. In each case, the different steps composing the protocol were thoroughly optimized and evaluated in order to provide a sample preparation addressing the important complexity of serums samples while providing an optimal compatibility with CE-MS/MS analysis. The different sample preparation strategies were assessed concerning the possibility to achieve an appropriate absolute quantification of the mAbs using CE-MS/MS for samples mimicking patient serum samples. Also, the possibility to perform the characterization of several types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) was evaluated. The sample preparation protocols allowed the quantification of the mAbs in serums samples for concentration as low as 0.2 µg·mL-1 (2.03 nM) using CE-MS/MS analysis, also the possibility to characterize and estimate the modification level of PTMs hotspots in a consistent manner. Results allowed to attribute the effect on the electrophoretic separation of the different steps composing sample preparation. Finally, they demonstrated that sample preparation for CE-MS/MS analysis could benefit greatly for the extended applicability of this type of analysis for complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Reinert
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France; Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France.
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas Francois
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France
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27
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Sreenivasan S, Rathore AS. Taurine, a Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, as a Physical Stability Enhancer of Different Monoclonal Antibodies. AAPS J 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 38355847 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a major concern as it affects efficacy, shelf-life, and safety of the product. Taurine, a naturally occurring amino acid, is investigated in this study as a potential mAb stabilizer with an extensive analytical characterization to monitor product degradation. Forced degradation of trastuzumab biosimilar (mAb1)-containing samples by thermal stress for 30 min resulted in high-molecular-weight species by more than 65% in sample without taurine compared to the sample with taurine. Samples containing mAb1 without taurine also resulted in higher Z-average diameter, altered protein structure, higher hydrophobicity, and lower melting temperature compared to samples with taurine. The stabilizing effect of taurine was retained at different mAb and taurine concentrations, time, temperatures, and buffers, and at the presence of polysorbate 80 (PS80). Even the lowest taurine concentration (10 mM) considered in this study, which is in the range of taurine levels in amino acid injections, resulted in enhanced mAb stability. Taurine-containing samples resulted in 90% less hemolysis than samples containing PS80. Additionally, mAb in the presence of taurine showed enhanced stability upon subjecting to stress with light of 365 nm wavelength, combination of light and H2O2, and combination of Fe2+ and H2O2, as samples containing mAb without taurine resulted in increased degradation products by more than 50% compared to samples with taurine upon subjecting to these stresses for 60 min. In conclusion, the presence of taurine enhanced physical stability of mAb by preventing aggregate formation, and the industry can consider it as a new mAb stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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28
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Dignon G, Dill KA. Computational Procedure for Predicting Excipient Effects on Protein-Protein Affinities. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1479-1488. [PMID: 38294777 PMCID: PMC10868583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions lie at the center of many biological processes and are a challenge in formulating biological drugs, such as antibodies. A key to mitigating protein association is to use small-molecule additives, i.e., excipients that can weaken protein-protein interactions. Here, we develop a computationally efficient model for predicting the viscosity-reducing effect of different excipient molecules by combining atomic-resolution MD simulations, binding polynomials, and a thermodynamic perturbation theory. In a proof of principle, this method successfully ranks the order of four types of excipients known to reduce the viscosity of solutions of a particular monoclonal antibody. This approach appears useful for predicting the effects of excipients on protein association and phase separation, as well as the effects of buffers on protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
L. Dignon
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ken A. Dill
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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29
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Wei B, Lantz C, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Campuzano IDG, Loo JA. Internal Fragments Enhance Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Structural Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2491-2499. [PMID: 38294207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are important large biotherapeutics (∼150 kDa) and high structural complexity that require extensive sequence and structure characterization. Middle-down mass spectrometry (MD-MS) is an emerging technique that sequences and maps subunits larger than those released by trypsinolysis. It avoids potentially introducing artifactual modifications that may occur in bottom-up MS while achieving higher sequence coverage compared to top-down MS. However, returning complete sequence information by MD-MS is still challenging. Here, we show that assigning internal fragments in direct infusion MD-MS of a mAb and an ADC substantially improves their structural characterization. For MD-MS of the reduced NIST mAb, including internal fragments recovers nearly 100% of the sequence by accessing the middle sequence region that is inaccessible by terminal fragments. The identification of important glycosylations can also be improved after the inclusion of internal fragments. For the reduced lysine-linked IgG1-DM1 ADC, we show that considering internal fragments increases the DM1 conjugation sites coverage to 80%, comparable to the reported 83% coverage achieved by peptide mapping on the same ADC (Luo et al. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 695-702). This study expands our work on the application of internal fragment assignments in top-down MS of mAbs and ADCs and can be extended to other heterogeneous therapeutic molecules such as multispecifics and fusion proteins for more widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqian Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Carter Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rachel R Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Molecular Analytics, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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30
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Lapenna A, Dagallier C, Huille S, Tribet C. Poly(glutamic acid)-Based Viscosity Reducers for Concentrated Formulations of a Monoclonal IgG Antibody. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:982-991. [PMID: 38240032 PMCID: PMC10849046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Above a concentration threshold, the viscosity of solutions of proteins increases abruptly, which hampers the injectability of therapeutic formulations. Concentrations above 200 g/L are an ideal goal for subcutaneous application of antibodies. Molecular additives, such as amino acids (e.g., arginine) help decrease the viscosity, but they are used at concentrations as high as about 200 mmol/L. We addressed the question of whether poly(amino acids) could be more efficient than small molecular additives. We observed marked fluidification of a model therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) solution by poly(d,l-glutamic acid) and poly(l-glutamic acid) derivatives added at concentrations of <6.5 g/L (i.e., a mAb/polymer chain molar ratio between 4:1 and 1:1 mol/mol). The bare poly(glutamate) parent chains were compared with polyethylene glycol-grafted chains as PEGylation is a common way to enhance stability. Viscosity could be decreased to ∼20 mPa s as compared to values of ∼100 mPa s in the absence of polymers at 200 g/L mAb. Formation of complexes between the mAb and the polyglutamates was characterized by capillary electrophoresis analysis in dilute solutions (1 g/L mAb) and by observation of phase separation at higher concentrations, suggesting tight association at about 2:1 mol/mol mAb/polymer. Altogether, these results show that polyglutamate derivatives hold an untapped potential as an excipient for fluidification of concentrated protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lapenna
- Département
de Chimie, PASTEUR, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Camille Dagallier
- Biologics
Formulation & Process Development, Biologics
Drug Product Development Department, SANOFI R&D, 13 quai Jules Guesde- BP 14, Vitry-sur-Seine 94403, France
| | - Sylvain Huille
- Biologics
Formulation & Process Development, Biologics
Drug Product Development Department, SANOFI R&D, 13 quai Jules Guesde- BP 14, Vitry-sur-Seine 94403, France
| | - Christophe Tribet
- Département
de Chimie, PASTEUR, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
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31
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Saurabh S, Zhang Q, Li Z, Seddon JM, Kalonia C, Lu JR, Bresme F. Mechanistic Insights into the Adsorption of Monoclonal Antibodies at the Water/Vapor Interface. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:704-717. [PMID: 38194618 PMCID: PMC10848294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are active components of therapeutic formulations that interact with the water-vapor interface during manufacturing, storage, and administration. Surface adsorption has been demonstrated to mediate antibody aggregation, which leads to a loss of therapeutic efficacy. Controlling mAb adsorption at interfaces requires a deep understanding of the microscopic processes that lead to adsorption and identification of the protein regions that drive mAb surface activity. Here, we report all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the adsorption behavior of a full IgG1-type antibody at the water/vapor interface. We demonstrate that small local changes in the protein structure play a crucial role in promoting adsorption. Also, interfacial adsorption triggers structural changes in the antibody, potentially contributing to the further enhancement of surface activity. Moreover, we identify key amino acid sequences that determine the adsorption of antibodies at the water-air interface and outline strategies to control the surface activity of these important therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Saurabh
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Qinkun Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological
Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - John M. Seddon
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Dosage
Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Jian R. Lu
- Biological
Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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32
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Tao J, Zeng Z, He C, Meng L, Zhou W, Ren Y, Ma X, Wang Z, Liu J, Li D, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Yang Z, Zhu H. Construction and Preclinical Evaluation of 124I/ 125I-Labeled Antibody Targeting T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-3. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:944-956. [PMID: 38270082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM3; HAVCR2) is a transmembrane protein that exerts negative regulatory control over T cell responses. Studies have demonstrated an upregulation of TIM3 expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in cancer patients. In this investigation, a series of monoclonal antibodies targeting TIM3 were produced by hybridoma technology. Among them, C23 exhibited favorable biological properties. To enable specific binding, we developed a 124I/125I-C23 radio-tracer via N-bromosuccinimide (NBS)-mediated labeling of the monoclonal antibody C23. Binding affinity and specificity were assessed using the 293T-TIM3 cell line, which overexpresses TIM3, and the parent 293T cells. Furthermore, biodistribution and in vivo imaging of 124I/125I-C23 were examined in HEK293TIM3 xenograft models and allograft models of 4T1 (mouse breast cancer cells) and CT26 (mouse colon cancer cells). Micro-PET/CT imaging was conducted at intervals of 4, 24, 48, 72, and/or 96 h post intravenous administration of 3.7-7.4 MBq 124I-C23 in the respective model mice. Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of TIM3 expression in dissected tumor organs was performed, along with an assessment of the corresponding expression of Programmed Death 1 (PD1), CD3, and CD8 in the tumors. The C23 monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically binds to TIM3 protein with a dissociation constant of 23.28 nM. The 124I-C23 and 125I-C23 radio-tracer were successfully prepared with a labeling yield of 83.59 ± 0.35% and 92.35 ± 0.20%, respectively, and over 95.00% radiochemical purity. Stability results indicated that the radiochemical purity of 124I/125I-C23 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 5% human serum albumin (HSA) was still >80% after 96 h. 125I-C23 uptake in 293T-TIM3 cells was 2.80 ± 0.12%, which was significantly higher than that in 293T cells (1.08 ± 0.08%), and 125I-C23 uptake by 293T-TIM3 cells was significantly blocked at 60 and 120 min in the blocking groups. Pharmacokinetics analysis in vivo revealed an elimination time of 14.62 h and a distribution time of 0.4672 h for 125I-C23. Micro-PET/CT imaging showed that the 124I-C23 probe uptake in the 293T-TIM3 model significantly differed from that of the negative control group and blocking group. In the humanized mouse model, the 124I-C23 probe had obvious specific uptake in the 4T1 and CT26 models and maximum uptake at 24 h in tumor tissues (SUVmax (the maximum standardized uptake value) in 4T1 and CT26 humanized TIM3 murine tumor models: 0.59 ± 0.01 and 0.76 ± 0.02, respectively). Immunohistochemistry of tumor tissues from these mouse models showed comparable TIM3 expression. CD3 and CD8 cells and PD-1 expression were also observed in TIM3-expressing tumor tissues. The TIM3-targeting antibody C23 showed good affinity and specificity. The 124I/125I-C23 probe has obvious targeting specificity for TIM3 in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that 124I/125I-C23 is a promising tracer for TIM3 imaging and may have great potential in monitoring immune checkpoint drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Tao
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ziqing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Chengxue He
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ya'nan Ren
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xiaopan Ma
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Chuanke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Myat YY, Sahatsapan N, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, Opanasopit P, Pornpitchanarong C, Patrojanasophon P. Antibody-decorated chitosan-iodoacetamide-coated nanocarriers for the potential delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128797. [PMID: 38104687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Using an active targeting approach of chemotherapeutics-loaded nanocarriers (NCs) with monoclonal antibodies is a potential strategy to improve the specificity of the delivery systems and reduce adverse reactions of chemotherapeutic drugs. Specific targeting of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), expressed excessively in HER-2-positive breast cancer cells, can be achieved by conjugating NCs with an anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody. We constructed trastuzumab-conjugated chitosan iodoacetamide-coated NCs containing doxorubicin (Tras-Dox-CHI-IA-NCs) as a tumor-targeted drug delivery system, during the study. Chitosan-iodoacetamide (CHI-IA) was synthesized and utilized to prepare trastuzumab-conjugated NCs (Tras-NCs). The morphology, physicochemical properties, drug loading, drug release, and biological activities of the NCs were elucidated. The Tras-NCs were spherical, with a particle size of approximately 76 nm, and had a positive zeta potential; after incorporating the drug, the size of the Tras-NC increased. A prolonged, 24-h drug release from the NCs was achieved. The Tras-NCs exhibited high cellular accumulation and significantly higher antitumor activity against HER-2-positive breast cancer cells than the unconjugated NCs and the drug solution. Therefore, Tras-Dox-CHI-IA-NCs could be a promising nanocarrier for HER-2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin Myat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nitjawan Sahatsapan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Theerasak Rojanarata
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Chaiyakarn Pornpitchanarong
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Prasopchai Patrojanasophon
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
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Kruse T, Austerjost J, Lemke J, Krasov Y, Popov V, Pollard D, Kampmann M. Advanced control strategies for continuous capture of monoclonal antibodies based upon biolayer interferometry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:771-783. [PMID: 37920977 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The semi and fully continuous production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been gaining traction as a lower cost, and efficient production of mAbs to broaden patient access. To be truly flexible and adaptive to process demands, the industry has lacked sufficient advanced control strategies. The variation of the upstream product concentration typically cannot be handled by the downstream capture step, which is configured for a constant feed concentration and fixed binding capacity. This inflexibility leads to losses of efficiency and product yield. This study shows that these challenges can be overcome by a novel advanced control strategy concept that includes dynamic control throughout a perfusion bioreactor, with cell retention by alternating tangential flow, integrated with simulated moving bed (SMB) multi-column chromatography. The automation workflow and advanced control strategy were implemented through the use of a visual programming development environment. This enabled dynamic flow control across the upstream and downstream process integrated with a dynamic column loading of the SMB. A sensor prototype, based on continuous biolayer interferometry measurements was applied to detect mAb breakthrough within the last column flow-through to manage column switching. This novel approach provided higher specificity and lower background signal compared to commonly used spectroscopy methods, resulting in an optimized resin utilization while simultaneously avoiding product loss. The dynamic loading was found to provide a twofold increase of the mAb concentration in the eluate compared to a conservative approach with a predefined recipe with similar impurity removal. This concept shows that advanced control strategies can lead to significant process efficiency and yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kruse
- Sartorius, Corporate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Yuri Krasov
- Sartorius BioAnalytical Instruments Inc., Fremont, California, USA
| | - Vasiliy Popov
- Sartorius BioAnalytical Instruments Inc., Fremont, California, USA
| | - David Pollard
- Sartorius, Corporate Research, Smart Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li M, Wang Y, Tao F, Xu P, Zhang S. QTY code designed antibodies for aggregation prevention: A structural bioinformatic and computational study. Proteins 2024; 92:206-218. [PMID: 37795805 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are the most rapidly growing class of molecular medicine, and they are beneficial to the treatment of a broad spectrum of human diseases. However, the aggregation of antibodies during the process of manufacture, distribution, and storage poses significant challenges, potentially compromising efficacy and inducing adverse immune responses. We previously conceived a QTY (glutamine, threonine, tyrosine) code, a simple tool for enhancing protein water-solubility by systematically pairwise replacing hydrophobic residues L (leucine), V (valine)/I (isoleucine), and F (phenylalanine). The QTY code offers a promising alternative to traditional methods of controlling aggregation in integral transmembrane proteins. In this study, we designed variants of four antibodies applying the QTY code, changing only the β-sheets. Through the structure-based aggregation analysis, we found that these QTY antibody variants demonstrated significantly decreased aggregation propensity compared to their wild-type counter parts. Our results of molecular dynamics simulations showed that the design by QTY code is capable of maintaining the antigen-binding affinity and structural stability. Our structural informatic and computational study suggests that the QTY code offers a significant potential in mitigating antibody aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Dhenin J, Lafont V, Dupré M, Krick A, Mauriac C, Chamot-Rooke J. Monitoring mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma using an automated immunocapture combined with top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300069. [PMID: 37480175 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established themselves as the leading biopharmaceutical therapeutic modality. Once the developability of a mAb drug candidate has been assessed, an important step is to check its in vivo stability through pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. The gold standard is ligand-binding assay (LBA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) performed at the peptide level (bottom-up approach). However, these analytical techniques do not allow to address the different mAb proteoforms that can arise from biotransformation. In recent years, top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry approaches have gained popularity to characterize proteins at the proteoform level but are not yet widely used for PK studies. We propose here a workflow based on an automated immunocapture followed by top-down and middle-down liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches to characterize mAb proteoforms spiked in mouse plasma. We demonstrate the applicability of our workflow on a large concentration range using pembrolizumab as a model. We also compare the performance of two state-of-the-art Orbitrap platforms (Tribrid Eclipse and Exploris 480) for these studies. The added value of our workflow for an accurate and sensitive characterization of mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dhenin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- DMPK, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
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Anderson SM, Seto E, Chau D, Lee B, Vail A, Ding S, Voloshin A, Nagel M. Fiber chromatographic enabled process intensification increases monoclonal antibody product yield. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:757-770. [PMID: 37902763 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The most straightforward method to increase monoclonal antibody (mAb) product yield is to complete the purification process in less steps. Here, three different fiber chromatographic devices were implemented using a holistic approach to intensify the mAb purification process and increase yield. Fiber protein A (proA) chromatography was first investigated, but traditional depth filtration was not sufficient in reducing the contaminant load as the fiber proA device prematurely fouled. Further experimentation revealed that chromatin aggregates were the most likely reason for the fiber fouling. To reduce levels of chromatin aggregates, a chromatographic clarification device (CCD) was incorporated into the process, resulting in single-stage clarification of harvested cell culture fluid and reduction of DNA levels. The CCD clarified pool was then successfully processed through the fiber proA device, fully realizing the productivity gains that the fiber technology offers. After the proA and viral inactivation neutralization (VIN) hold step, the purification process was further intensified using a novel single-use fiber-based polishing anion exchange (AEX) material that is capable of binding both soluble and insoluble contaminants. The three-stage fiber chromatographic purification process was compared to a legacy five-step process of dual-stage depth filtration, bead-based proA chromatography, post-VIN depth filtration, and bead-based AEX chromatography. The overall yield from the five-step process was 60%, while the fiber chromatographic-enabled intensified process had an overall yield of 70%. The impurity clearance of DNA and host cell protein (HCP) for both processes were within the regulatory specification (<100 ppm HCP, <1 ppb DNA). For the harvest of a 2000 L cell culture, the intensified process is expected to increase productivity by 2.5-fold at clarification, 50-fold at the proA step, and 1.6-fold in polishing. Relative to the legacy process, the intensified process would reduce buffer use by 1088 L and decrease overall process product mass intensity by 12.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Anderson
- 3M, Separation and Purification Sciences, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elbert Seto
- Gilead, Protein Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - David Chau
- 3M, Separation and Purification Sciences, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- Gilead, Protein Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Andrew Vail
- 3M, Separation and Purification Sciences, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gilead, Protein Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Alexei Voloshin
- 3M, Separation and Purification Sciences, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Nagel
- Gilead, Protein Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
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Jin MJ, Ge XZ, Huang Q, Liu JW, Ingle RG, Gao D, Fang WJ. The Effects of Excipients on Freeze-dried Monoclonal Antibody Formulation Degradation and Sub-Visible Particle Formation during Shaking. Pharm Res 2024; 41:321-334. [PMID: 38291165 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSES We previously reported an unexpected phenomenon that shaking stress could cause more protein degradation in freeze-dried monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations than liquid ones (J Pharm Sci, 2022, 2134). The main purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of shaking stress on protein degradation and sub-visible particle (SbVP) formation in freeze-dried mAb formulations, and to analyze the factors influencing protein degradation during production and transportation. METHODS The aggregation behavior of mAb-X formulations during production and transportation was simulated by shaking at a rate of 300 rpm at 25°C for 24 h. The contents of particles and monomers were analyzed by micro-flow imaging, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and ultraviolet - visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to compare the protective effects of excipients on the aggregation of mAb-X. RESULTS Shaking stress could cause protein degradation in freeze-dried mAb-X formulations, while surfactant, appropriate pH, polyol mannitol, and high protein concentration could impact SbVP generation. Water content had little effect on freeze-dried protein degradation during shaking, as far as the water content was controlled in the acceptable range as recommended by mainstream pharmacopoeias (i.e., less than 3%). CONCLUSIONS Shaking stress can reduce the physical stability of freeze-dried mAb formulations, and the addition of surfactants, polyol mannitol, and a high protein concentration have protective effects against the degradation of model mAb formulations induced by shaking stress. The experimental results provide new insight for the development of freeze-dried mAb formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jia Jin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Ge
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jia-Wei Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Rahul G Ingle
- Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Sawangi, Wardha, India
| | - Dong Gao
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321000, China.
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 317000, China.
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Thomas R, Song D, Pourmohamad T, Kurita K, Chin S, Dai L, Goyon A, Medley CD, Gruenhagen JA, Chen T. Automated online deconjugation of antibody-drug conjugate for small molecule drug profiling. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464575. [PMID: 38150875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed by chemically linking highly potent cytotoxic small molecule drugs to monoclonal antibodies of unique specificity for targeted destruction of cancer cells. This innovative class of molecules incurs unique developmental challenges due to its structural complexity of having both small molecule and protein components. The stability of the small molecule payload on the ADC is a critical attribute as it directly relates to product efficacy and patient safety. This study describes the use of an end-to-end automated workflow for effective and robust characterization of the small molecule drug while it is conjugated to the antibody. In this approach, online deconjugation was accomplished by an autosampler user defined program and 1D size exclusion chromatography was utilized to provide separation between small molecule and protein species. The small molecule portion was then trapped and sent to the 2D for separation and quantification by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with identification of impurities and degradants by mass spectrometry. The feasibility of this system was demonstrated on an ADC with a disulfide-based linker. This fully automated approach avoids tedious sample preparation that may lead to sample loss and large assay variability. Under optimized conditions, the method was shown to have excellent specificity, sensitivity (LOD of 0.036 µg/mL and LOQ of 0.144 µg/mL), linearity (0.04-72.1 µg/mL), precision (system precision %RSD of 1.7 and method precision %RSD of 3.4), accuracy (97.4 % recovery), stability-indicating nature, and was successfully exploited to analyze the small molecule drug on a panel of stressed ADC samples. Overall, the workflow established here offers a powerful analytical tool for profiling the in-situ properties of small molecule drugs conjugated to antibodies and the obtained information could be of great significance for guiding process/formulation development and understanding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic behavior of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thomas
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dong Song
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tony Pourmohamad
- Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kenji Kurita
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Chin
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Colin D Medley
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Gruenhagen
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Ewonde Ewonde R, Böttinger K, De Vos J, Lingg N, Jungbauer A, Pohl CA, Huber CG, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Selectivity and Resolving Power of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Targeting the Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1121-1128. [PMID: 38190620 PMCID: PMC10809212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the mechanistic understanding of retention and selectivity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. It provides valuable insights into crucial method-development parameters involved in achieving chromatographic resolution for profiling molecular variants of trastuzumab. Retention characteristics have been assessed for three column chemistries, i.e., butyl, alkylamide, and long-stranded multialkylamide ligands, while distinguishing column hydrophobicity and surface area. Salt type and specifically chloride ions proved to be the key driver for improving chromatographic selectivity, and this was attributed to the spatial distribution of ions at the protein surface, which is ion-specific. The effect was notably more pronounced on the multialkylamide column, as proteins intercalated between the multiamide polymer strands, enabling steric effects. Column coupling proved to be an effective approach for maximizing resolution between molecular variants present in the trastuzumab reference sample and trastuzumab variants induced by forced oxidation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS peptide mapping experiments after fraction collection indicate that the presence of chloride in the mobile phase enables the selectivity of site-specific deamidation (N30) situated at the heavy chain. Moreover, site-specific oxidation of peptides (M255, W420, and M431) was observed for peptides situated at the Fc region close to the CH2-CH3 interface, previously reported to activate unfolding of trastuzumab, increasing the accessible surface area and hence resulting in an increase in chromatographic retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Tereshin MN, Melikhova TD, Eletskaya BZ, Ksenofontova OB, Pantyushenko PV, Berzina MY, Ivanov I, Myagkikh IV, Stepanenko VN. Affinity Resins for the Isolation of Immunoglobulins G Obtained Using Biocatalytic Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1367. [PMID: 38338645 PMCID: PMC10855859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Affinity chromatography resins that are obtained by conjugation of matrices with proteins of bacterial origin, like protein A, are frequently used for the purification of numerous therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. This article presents the development of a biocatalytic method for the production of novel affinity resins with an immobilized mutant form of protein A via sortase A mediated reaction. The conditions for activation of the agarose Seplife 6FF matrix, selection of different types of linkers with free amino groups and conditions for immobilization of recombinant protein A on the surface of the activated matrix were studied. Finally, the basic operational properties, like dynamic binding capacity (DBC), temperature dependance of DBC and stability during the cleaning-in-place process of the affinity resin with the Gly-Gly-EDA-Gly-Gly linker, were assessed using recombinant hyperchimeric monoclonal antibodies. The main characteristics show comparable results with the widely used commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N. Tereshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana D. Melikhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Barbara Z. Eletskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Olga B. Ksenofontova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Pavel V. Pantyushenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Maria Ya. Berzina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Myagkikh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Vasiliy N. Stepanenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117437 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.T.); (T.D.M.); (B.Z.E.); (O.B.K.); (P.V.P.); (I.V.M.); (V.N.S.)
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
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Zhang Q, Wu A, Li J, Liu L, Kuang H, Xu C, Guo L. Development of an ic-ELISA and immunochromatographic assay strip for the rapid detection of chloridazon in oranges and celery. Analyst 2024; 149:467-474. [PMID: 38044701 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01785k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Chloridazon (CLZ) is a selective herbicide used in the control of annual broadleaf weeds. The misuse or abuse of CLZ may result in the accumulation of CLZ in crops and water, which can pose a risk to human health. In this study, a hapten of CLZ with three carbon spacer arms was designed and a highly sensitive and specific antibody against CLZ was prepared with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.630 ng mL-1 and a linear range of 0.181-2.195 ng mL-1.Based on this antibody, we developed an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) strip for the detection of CLZ in oranges and celery. Under optimized conditions, the visual limit of detection was 2 ng mL-1 and 10 ng mL-1 in oranges and celery, respectively, and the cut-off value was 50 ng mL-1. In CLZ-spiked samples and the recovery test, the results of the ICA strip were consistent with those of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). Therefore, the ICA strip developed in our study represents an efficient and reliable method for the rapid screening of CLZ in oranges and celery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Aihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Lingling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Drobysh M, Liustrovaite V, Kanetski Y, Brasiunas B, Zvirbliene A, Rimkute A, Gudas D, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Ramanavicius S, Slibinskas R, Ciplys E, Plikusiene I, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical biosensing based comparative study of monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:168154. [PMID: 37923263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we are reporting an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of three different clones of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rN). The nucleocapsid protein was chosen as a system component identifying and discriminating antibodies that occur after virus infection instead of S protein used in serological tests to measure antibodies raised after vaccination and infection. The sensing platform was based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) covered with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and subsequently modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to ensure the covalent immobilization of the rN. The interaction between the protein and three clones of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 rN with clone numbers 4G6, 7F10, and 1A6, were electrochemically registered in the range of concentrations. Three techniques, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and pulse amperometric detection (PAD) were used for the detection. A gradual change in the responses with an increase in mAbs concentration for all techniques was observed. To assess the performance of the developed electrochemical biosensor, 'complexation constant' (KC), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated for all assessed clones of mAbs and all used techniques. Our results indicated that DPV possessing higher fitting accuracy illustrated more significant differences in KC constants and LOD/LOQ values. According to the DPV results, 7F10 clone was characterized with the highest KC value of 1.47 ± 0.07 μg/mL while the lowest LOD and LOQ values belonged to the 4G6 clone and equaled 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of electrochemical techniques for the detection and distinguishing of different clones of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Liustrovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Yahor Kanetski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Benediktas Brasiunas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Rimkute
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Gudas
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Ciplys
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Abdelghaffar SH, Hegazy MA, Eltanany BM. Stability and Biosimilarity Assessment of Bevacizumab Monoclonal Antibody; Orthogonal Testing Protocol Coupled With Peptide Mapping-Principal Component Analysis. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:177-188. [PMID: 37606972 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologics are essential in cancer treatment because they stimulate the body's natural response to fight cancer, but they are expensive. Biosimilars are more affordable compared to patent biologicals, but it must be verified that they are as effective as their innovators. Characterization of biosimilars and assessment of interchangeability requires many data points for verification. OBJECTIVE The proposed study provides a quality assessment of two new bevacizumab (BVZ) biosimilars, produced by Amgen and Biocad, Inc., through the development and greenness assessment of an orthogonal testing protocol and purity indicating assay, including size-exclusion (SE-HPLC), reversed-phase (RP-HPLC), and cation exchange chromatography (CEX-HPLC) in addition to dynamic light scattering (DLS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). METHODS SE-HPLC method was performed and validated to screen the BVZ monomer and its aggregates and/or fragments. Peak purity and system suitability parameters were calculated. Results indicate that the orthogonal protocol is a useful tool for assessing monoclonal antibody stability. It is a key criterion for biosimilarity assessment. DLS and SDS-PAGE results were compared to each other to reveal close retention times and banding patterns between BVZ innovator and its biosimilars. These results showed that Avastin® and the investigated biosimilars have the same profile in terms of peak area of related compounds within the acceptance limit and apparent molecular weight, and the SDS-PAGE technique was found to be the most eco-friendly technique among others. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained highlighted the importance of assessing similarities and differences in ensuring the biosimilarity and interchangeability of the studied products. HIGHLIGHTS BVZ is one of the essential monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). BVZ biosimilars were evaluated by developing an orthogonal testing protocol and a purity-indicating assay. The size-exclusion (SE)-HPLC method was applied and validated to monitor the BVZ monomer and its aggregates. The results demonstrated the importance of assessing the stability and biosimilarity of BVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Abdelghaffar
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), 51 Ministry of Agriculture, Agouza District, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Basma M Eltanany
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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45
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Bhoyar S, Kumar V, Foster M, Xu X, Traylor SJ, Guo J, Lenhoff AM. Predictive mechanistic modeling of loading and elution in protein A chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464558. [PMID: 38096684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein A chromatography is an enabling technology in current manufacturing processes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAb derivatives, largely due to its ability to reduce the levels of process-related impurities by several orders of magnitude. Despite its widespread application, the use of mathematical modeling capable of accurately predicting the full protein A chromatographic process, including loading, post-loading wash and elution stages, has been limited. This work describes a mechanistic modeling approach utilizing the general rate model (GRM), the capabilities of which are explored and optimized using two isotherm models. Isotherm parameters were estimated by inverse-fitting simulated breakthrough curves to experimental data at various pH values. The parameter values so obtained were interpolated across the relevant pH range using a best-fit curve, thus enabling their use in predictive modeling, including of elution over a range of pH. The model provides accurate predictions (< 3% mean error in 10% dynamic binding capacity predictions and ∼ 5% mean error in elution mass and pool volume predictions, both on scale-up) for various residence times, buffer conditions and elution schemes and its effectiveness for use in scale-up and process development is shown by applying the same parameters to larger columns and a wider range of residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Bhoyar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Vijesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Max Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Steven J Traylor
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Fan Y, Sun YN, Qiao LZ, Mao RQ, Tang SY, Shi C, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Evaluation of dynamic control of continuous capture with periodic counter-current chromatography under feedstock variations. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464528. [PMID: 38029658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Multi-column periodic counter-current chromatography is a promising technology for continuous antibody capture. However, dynamic changes due to disturbances and drifts pose some potential risks for continuous processes during long-term operation. In this study, a model-based approach was used to describe the changes in breakthrough curves with feedstock variations in target proteins and impurities. The performances of continuous capture of three-column periodic counter-current chromatography under ΔUV dynamic control were systematically evaluated with modeling to assess the risks under different feedstock variations. As the concentration of target protein decreased rapidly, the protein might not breakthrough from the first column, resulting in the failure of ΔUV control. Small reductions in the concentrations of target proteins or impurities would cause protein losses, which could be predicted by the modeling. The combination of target protein and impurity variations showed complicated effects on the process performance of continuous capture. A contour map was proposed to describe the comprehensive impacts under different situations, and nonoperation areas could be identified due to control failure or protein loss. With the model-based approach, after the model parameters are estimated from the breakthrough curves, it can rapidly predict the process stability under dynamic control and assess the risks under feedstock variations or UV signal drifts. In conclusion, the model-based approach is a powerful tool for continuous process evaluation under dynamic changes and would be useful for establishing a new real-time dynamic control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang-Zhi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruo-Que Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Si-Yuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Wang FAS, Fan Y, Chung WK, Dutta A, Fiedler E, Haupts U, Peyser J, Kuriyel R. Evaluation of mild pH elution protein A resins for antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464523. [PMID: 38041974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein A affinity chromatography is widely used as a capture step for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and molecules that possess an Fc-domain, such as fusion proteins and bispecific antibodies. However, the use of low pH (3.0-4.0) to elute the molecule and achieve acceptable yield (>85 %) can lead to product degradation (e.g. fragmentation, aggregation) for molecules sensitive to low pH. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive evaluation of two protein A resins with ligands designed to elute at a milder pH as a result of modified sequences in their Fc and VH3 binding regions. One of the evaluated resins has been made commercially available by Purolite and named Praesto Jetted A50 HipH. Results demonstrated that Jetted A50 HipH could elute the Fc-fusion protein and most mAbs evaluated with an elution pH at or above 4.6. Elution and wash optimization determined run conditions for high recovery (>90 % monomer yield), reduction of high molecular weight (HMW) species (>50 %), and significant host cell protein (HCP) clearance at the mildest elution pH possible. For a pH-stable mAb and a pH-sensitive fusion protein, cell culture material was purified with optimized conditions and demonstrated the mild elution pH resins' ability to purify product with acceptable yield, comparable or better impurity clearance, and significantly milder native eluate pH compared to traditional resins. The benefits of the mild elution pH resins were clearly exemplified for the pH-sensitive protein, where a milder elution buffer and native eluate pH resulted in only 2 % HMW in the eluate that remained stable over 48 h. In contrast, a traditional protein A resin requiring low pH elution led to eluate HMW levels of 8 %, which increased to 16 % over the same hold time. Additionally, these resins have high dynamic binding capacity and allow the use of traditional HCP washes. Therefore, Jetted A50 HipH is an ideal candidate for a platform protein A resin and provides flexibility for pH-sensitive proteins and stable mAbs, while preserving product quality, recovery, and seamless integration into a downstream process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamin Fan
- Process Biochemistry, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Amit Dutta
- Research and Development, Repligen Corporation, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Peyser
- Research and Development, Repligen Corporation, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Ralf Kuriyel
- Research and Development, Repligen Corporation, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Ohishi T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Antitumor activities against breast cancers by an afucosylated anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody H 2 Mab-77-mG 2a -f. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:298-309. [PMID: 37942574 PMCID: PMC10823288 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients with high levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression have worse clinical outcomes. Anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is the most important therapeutic modality for HER2-positive breast cancer. We previously immunized mice with the ectodomain of HER2 to create the anti-HER2 mAb, H2 Mab-77 (mouse IgG1 , kappa). This was then altered to produce H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f, an afucosylated mouse IgG2a . In the present work, we examined the reactivity of H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f and antitumor effects against breast cancers in vitro and in vivo. BT-474, an endogenously HER2-expressing breast cancer cell line, was identified by H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f with a strong binding affinity (a dissociation constant [KD ]: 5.0 × 10-9 M). H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f could stain HER2 of breast cancer tissues in immunohistochemistry and detect HER2 protein in Western blot analysis. Furthermore, H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f demonstrated strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) for BT-474 cells. MDA-MB-468, a HER2-negative breast cancer cell line, was unaffected by H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f. Additionally, in the BT-474-bearing tumor xenograft model, H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f substantially suppressed tumor development when compared with the control mouse IgG2a mAb. In contrast, the HER2-negative MDA-MB-468-bearing tumor xenograft model showed no response to H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f. These findings point to the possibility of H2 Mab-77-mG2a -f as a treatment regimen by showing that it has antitumor effects on HER2-positive breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
- Department of Antibody Drug DevelopmentTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
| | - Tomokazu Ohishi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), NumazuMicrobial Chemistry Research FoundationShizuokaJapan
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Laboratory of OncologyMicrobial Chemistry Research FoundationTokyoJapan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
- Department of Antibody Drug DevelopmentTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
- Department of Antibody Drug DevelopmentTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiMiyagiJapan
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Medl M, Leisch F, Dürauer A, Scharl T. Explainable deep learning enhances robust and reliable real-time monitoring of a chromatographic protein A capture step. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300554. [PMID: 38385524 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The application of model-based real-time monitoring in biopharmaceutical production is a major step toward quality-by-design and the fundament for model predictive control. Data-driven models have proven to be a viable option to model bioprocesses. In the high stakes setting of biopharmaceutical manufacturing it is essential to ensure high model accuracy, robustness, and reliability. That is only possible when (i) the data used for modeling is of high quality and sufficient size, (ii) state-of-the-art modeling algorithms are employed, and (iii) the input-output mapping of the model has been characterized. In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of multiple data-driven models in predicting the monoclonal antibody (mAb) concentration, double stranded DNA concentration, host cell protein concentration, and high molecular weight impurity content during elution from a protein A chromatography capture step. The models achieved high-quality predictions with a normalized root mean squared error of <4% for the mAb concentration and of ≈10% for the other process variables. Furthermore, we demonstrate how permutation/occlusion-based methods can be used to gain an understanding of dependencies learned by one of the most complex data-driven models, convolutional neural network ensembles. We observed that the models generally exhibited dependencies on correlations that agreed with first principles knowledge, thereby bolstering confidence in model reliability. Finally, we present a workflow to assess the model behavior in case of systematic measurement errors that may result from sensor fouling or failure. This study represents a major step toward improved viability of data-driven models in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Medl
- Institute of Statistics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Leisch
- Institute of Statistics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Dürauer
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Scharl
- Institute of Statistics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Shah A, Cui W, Harrahy J, Ivanov AR. Characterization of charge variants, including post-translational modifications and proteoforms, of bispecific antigen-binding protein by cation-exchange chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 266:125062. [PMID: 37566926 PMCID: PMC10528315 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge variant characterization of biologics is critical to ensure that product meets the required quality and regulatory requirements to ensure safety and efficacy of the biotherapeutic. Charge variants arise from post-translation modifications (PTMs) during upstream processing and due to enzymatic and non-enzymatic chemical reactions that occur during downstream processing and storage. Some of these modifications may impact therapeutic potency, efficacy, or immunogenicity of a biotherapeutic. The traditional workflow for characterizing charge variants that involves fraction enrichment is time-consuming and labor-intensive. This approach can be especially challenging if the product is manufactured at low concentrations (e.g., ≤2 mg/mL). Recent advances in pH-based elution for ion-exchange chromatography utilizing volatile buffers have enabled rapid native mass-spectrometry-based identification of PTMs and proteoforms associated with protein therapeutics. In this study, we develop a novel workflow to rapidly and unambiguously characterize modifications associated with a new class of biotherapeutics known as bispecific antigen-binding protein (BsABP), including low-level modifications. A cation-exchange separation was optimized using volatile buffers to provide online hyphenation for native mass spectrometry to profile modifications and proteoforms present at the native level of a biotherapeutic, such as deamidation, O-glycosylation, amino acid substitution, N-linked glycosylation and oxidation. Furthermore, a limited proteolysis method was developed to specifically inform about modifications in the different domains of the bispecific antibody. Using this approach, we could efficiently identify PTMs in unstressed, thermally and photo-stressed samples, and provide information about the impact of downstream purification in clearing out modified BsABP species. Furthermore, peptide mapping was performed to identify and confirm modifications at the amino acid residue level. The developed workflow is less time-consumable and reduces sample processing- and analysis-related artifacts compared to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnik Shah
- Amgen Inc, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, United States; Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Weidong Cui
- Amgen Inc, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, United States
| | - John Harrahy
- Sanofi, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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