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Eberlein V, Rosencrantz S, Finkensieper J, Besecke JK, Mansuroglu Y, Kamp JC, Lange F, Dressman J, Schopf S, Hesse C, Thoma M, Fertey J, Ulbert S, Grunwald T. Mucosal immunization with a low-energy electron inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine protects mice without Th2 immune bias. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382318. [PMID: 38646538 PMCID: PMC11026718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections associated with numerous hospitalizations. Recently, intramuscular (i.m.) vaccines against RSV have been approved for elderly and pregnant women. Noninvasive mucosal vaccination, e.g., by inhalation, offers an alternative against respiratory pathogens like RSV. Effective mucosal vaccines induce local immune responses, potentially resulting in the efficient and fast elimination of respiratory viruses after natural infection. To investigate this immune response to an RSV challenge, low-energy electron inactivated RSV (LEEI-RSV) was formulated with phosphatidylcholine-liposomes (PC-LEEI-RSV) or 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DD-LEEI-RSV) for vaccination of mice intranasally. As controls, LEEI-RSV and formalin-inactivated-RSV (FI-RSV) were used via i.m. vaccination. The RSV-specific immunogenicity of the different vaccines and their protective efficacy were analyzed. RSV-specific IgA antibodies and a statistically significant reduction in viral load upon challenge were detected in mucosal DD-LEEI-RSV-vaccinated animals. Alhydrogel-adjuvanted LEEI-RSV i.m. showed a Th2-bias with enhanced IgE, eosinophils, and lung histopathology comparable to FI-RSV. These effects were absent when applying the mucosal vaccines highlighting the potential of DD-LEEI-RSV as an RSV vaccine candidate and the improved performance of this mucosal vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Eberlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophia Rosencrantz
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Finkensieper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joana Kira Besecke
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (FEP), Dresden, Germany
| | - Yaser Mansuroglu
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan-Christopher Kamp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Schopf
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (FEP), Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Hesse
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Thoma
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fertey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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2
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Zhang S, Liu G, Zhang Y, Wang C, Xu X, Zhao Y, Xiang Z, Wu W, Yang L, Chen J, Guo A, Chen Y. Investigation of the safety and protective efficacy of an attenuated and marker M. bovis-BoHV-1 combined vaccine in bovines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367253. [PMID: 38646533 PMCID: PMC11027501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common diseases in the cattle industry worldwide; it is caused by multiple bacterial or viral coinfections, of which Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) are the most notable pathogens. Although live vaccines have demonstrated better efficacy against BRD induced by both pathogens, there are no combined live and marker vaccines. Therefore, we developed an attenuated and marker M. bovis-BoHV-1 combined vaccine based on the M. bovis HB150 and BoHV-1 gG-/tk- strain previously constructed in our lab and evaluated in rabbits. This study aimed to further evaluate its safety and protective efficacy in cattle using different antigen ratios. After immunization, all vaccinated cattle had a normal rectal temperature and mental status without respiratory symptoms. CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells significantly increased in immunized cattle and induced higher humoral and cellular immune responses, and the expression of key cytokines such as IL-4, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ can be promoted after vaccination. The 1.0 × 108 CFU of M. bovis HB150 and 1.0 × 106 TCID50 BoHV-1 gG-/tk- combined strain elicited the most antibodies while significantly increasing IgG and cellular immunity after challenge. In conclusion, the M. bovis HB150 and BoHV-1 gG-/tk- combined strain was clinically safe and protective in calves; the mix of 1.0 × 108 CFU of M. bovis HB150 and 1.0 × 106 TCID50 BoHV-1 gG-/tk- strain was most promising due to its low amount of shedding and highest humoral and cellular immune responses compared with others. This study introduces an M. bovis-BoHV-1 combined vaccine for application in the cattle industry.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology
- Vaccines, Combined/immunology
- Vaccines, Combined/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Mycoplasma bovis/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Mycoplasma Infections/prevention & control
- Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary
- Mycoplasma Infections/immunology
- Vaccines, Marker/immunology
- Vaccines, Marker/administration & dosage
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Immunity, Humoral
- Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex/prevention & control
- Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex/immunology
- Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijie Xiang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Research and Development Department, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Wuhan, China
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3
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Wirchnianski AS, Nyakatura EK, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Abbasi SA, Florez C, Storm N, McKay LGA, Dailey L, Kuang E, Abelson DM, Wec AZ, Chakraborti S, Holtsberg FW, Shulenin S, Bornholdt ZA, Aman MJ, Honko AN, Griffiths A, Dye JM, Chandran K, Lai JR. Design and characterization of protective pan-ebolavirus and pan-filovirus bispecific antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012134. [PMID: 38603762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of antiviral therapeutics. MAbs are highly selective, well tolerated, and have long in vivo half-life as well as the capacity to induce immune-mediated virus clearance. Their activities can be further enhanced by integration of their variable fragments (Fvs) into bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), affording simultaneous targeting of multiple epitopes to improve potency and breadth and/or to mitigate against viral escape by a single mutation. Here, we explore a bsAb strategy for generation of pan-ebolavirus and pan-filovirus immunotherapeutics. Filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Although there are two FDA-approved mAb therapies for EBOV infection, these do not extend to other filoviruses. Here, we combine Fvs from broad ebolavirus mAbs to generate novel pan-ebolavirus bsAbs that are potently neutralizing, confer protection in mice, and are resistant to viral escape. Moreover, we combine Fvs from pan-ebolavirus mAbs with those of protective MARV mAbs to generate pan-filovirus protective bsAbs. These results provide guidelines for broad antiviral bsAb design and generate new immunotherapeutic candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Filoviridae/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Filoviridae Infections/immunology
- Filoviridae Infections/therapy
- Filoviridae Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shawn A Abbasi
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Catalina Florez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay G A McKay
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leandrew Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Erin Kuang
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dafna M Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Srinjoy Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Sergey Shulenin
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zachary A Bornholdt
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna N Honko
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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4
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Bricker TL, Joshi A, Soudani N, Scheaffer SM, Patel N, Guebre-Xabier M, Smith G, Diamond MS, Boon ACM. Prototype and BA.5 protein nanoparticle vaccines protect against Omicron BA.5 variant in Syrian hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0120623. [PMID: 38305154 PMCID: PMC10994816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01206-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with greater transmissibility or immune evasion properties has jeopardized the existing vaccine and antibody-based countermeasures. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of boosting pre-immune hamsters with protein nanoparticle vaccines (Novavax, Inc.) containing recombinant Prototype (Wuhan-1) or BA.5 S proteins against a challenge with the Omicron BA.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Serum antibody binding and neutralization titers were quantified before challenge, and viral loads were measured 3 days after challenge. Boosting with Prototype or BA.5 vaccine induced similar antibody binding responses against ancestral Wuhan-1 or BA.5 S proteins, and neutralizing activity of Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants. One and three months after vaccine boosting, hamsters were challenged with the Omicron BA.5 variant. Prototype and BA.5 vaccine-boosted hamsters had reduced viral infection in the nasal washes, nasal turbinates, and lungs compared to unvaccinated animals. Although no significant differences in virus load were detected between the Prototype and BA.5 vaccine-boosted animals, fewer breakthrough infections were detected in the BA.5-vaccinated hamsters. Thus, immunity induced by Prototype or BA.5 S protein nanoparticle vaccine boosting can protect against the Omicron BA.5 variant in the Syrian hamster model. IMPORTANCE As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, there may be a need to update the vaccines to match the newly emerging variants. Here, we compared the protective efficacy of the updated BA.5 and the original Wuhan-1 COVID-19 vaccine against a challenge with the BA.5 Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters. Both vaccines induced similar levels of neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. One and three months after the final immunization, hamsters were challenged with BA.5. No differences in protection against the BA.5 variant virus were observed between the two vaccines, although fewer breakthrough infections were detected in the BA.5-vaccinated hamsters. Together, our data show that both protein nanoparticle vaccines are effective against the BA.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2 but given the increased number of breakthrough infections and continued evolution, it is important to update the COVID-19 vaccine for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Scheaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Gale Smith
- Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Park HS, Yin A, Barranta C, Lee JS, Caputo CA, Sachithanandham J, Li M, Yoon S, Sitaras I, Jedlicka A, Eby Y, Ram M, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Lau B, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Shapiro JR, Ou J, Na YB, Knoll MD, Ornelas-Gatdula E, Arroyo-Curras N, Gniadek TJ, Caturegli P, Wu J, Ndahiro N, Betenbaugh MJ, Ziman A, Hanley DF, Casadevall A, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Gebo KA, Tobian AA, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Sullivan DJ. Outpatient COVID-19 convalescent plasma recipient antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations within a randomized trial. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178460. [PMID: 38483534 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCOVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) virus-specific antibody levels that translate into recipient posttransfusion antibody levels sufficient to prevent disease progression are not defined.METHODSThis secondary analysis correlated donor and recipient antibody levels to hospitalization risk among unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients within the outpatient, double-blind, randomized clinical trial that compared CCP to control plasma. The majority of COVID-19 CCP arm hospitalizations (15/17, 88%) occurred in this unvaccinated, seronegative subgroup. A functional cutoff to delineate recipient high versus low posttransfusion antibody levels was established by 2 methods: (i) analyzing virus neutralization-equivalent anti-Spike receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G (anti-S-RBD IgG) responses in donors or (ii) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.RESULTSSARS-CoV-2 anti-S-RBD IgG antibody was volume diluted 21.3-fold into posttransfusion seronegative recipients from matched donor units. Virus-specific antibody delivered was approximately 1.2 mg. The high-antibody recipients transfused early (symptom onset within 5 days) had no hospitalizations. A CCP-recipient analysis for antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations found a statistical significant association between early transfusion and high antibodies versus all other CCP recipients (or control plasma), with antibody cutoffs established by both methods-donor-based virus neutralization cutoffs in posttransfusion recipients (0/85 [0%] versus 15/276 [5.6%]; P = 0.03) or ROC-based cutoff (0/94 [0%] versus 15/267 [5.4%]; P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONIn unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients, early transfusion of plasma units in the upper 30% of study donors' antibody levels reduced outpatient hospitalizations. High antibody level plasma units, given early, should be reserved for therapeutic use.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04373460.FUNDINGDepartment of Defense (W911QY2090012); Defense Health Agency; Bloomberg Philanthropies; the State of Maryland; NIH (3R01AI152078-01S1, U24TR001609-S3, 1K23HL151826NIH); the Mental Wellness Foundation; the Moriah Fund; Octapharma; the Healthnetwork Foundation; the Shear Family Foundation; the NorthShore Research Institute; and the Rice Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Li
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve Yoon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Oei
- Ascada Research, Fullerton, California, USA
| | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | | | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | | | - Atika Singh
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | - Yu Bin Na
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria D Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elysse Ornelas-Gatdula
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo-Curras
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinke Wu
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Rowe T, Davis W, Wentworth DE, Ross T. Differential interferon responses to influenza A and B viruses in primary ferret respiratory epithelial cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0149423. [PMID: 38294251 PMCID: PMC10878268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cocirculate with influenza A viruses (IAV) and cause periodic epidemics of disease, yet antibody and cellular responses following IBV infection are less well understood. Using the ferret model for antisera generation for influenza surveillance purposes, IAV resulted in robust antibody responses following infection, whereas IBV required an additional booster dose, over 85% of the time, to generate equivalent antibody titers. In this study, we utilized primary differentiated ferret nasal epithelial cells (FNECs) which were inoculated with IAV and IBV to study differences in innate immune responses which may result in differences in adaptive immune responses in the host. FNECs were inoculated with IAV (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 subtypes) or IBV (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) and assessed for 72 h. Cells were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, and apical and basolateral supernatants were assessed for virus kinetics and interferon (IFN), respectively. Similar virus kinetics were observed with IAV and IBV in FNECs. A comparison of gene expression and protein secretion profiles demonstrated that IBV-inoculated FNEC expressed delayed type-I/II IFN responses and reduced type-III IFN secretion compared to IAV-inoculated cells. Concurrently, gene expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type-III IFN-induced gene that enhances adaptive immune responses, was significantly downregulated in IBV-inoculated FNECs. Significant differences in other proinflammatory and adaptive genes were suppressed and delayed following IBV inoculation. Following IBV infection, ex vivo cell cultures derived from the ferret upper respiratory tract exhibited reduced and delayed innate responses which may contribute to reduced antibody responses in vivo.IMPORTANCEInfluenza B viruses (IBV) represent nearly one-quarter of all human influenza cases and are responsible for significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts but do not pose the same pandemic risks as influenza A viruses (IAV) and have thus received much less attention. IBV accounts for greater severity and deaths in children, and vaccine efficacy remains low. The ferret can be readily infected with human clinical isolates and demonstrates a similar course of disease and immune responses. IBV, however, generates lower antibodies in ferrets than IAV following the challenge. To determine whether differences in initial innate responses following infection may affect the development of robust adaptive immune responses, ferret respiratory tract cells were isolated, infected with IAV/IBV, and compared. Understanding the differences in the initial innate immune responses to IAV and IBV may be important in the development of more effective vaccines and interventions to generate more robust protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - William Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Hsieh MS, Hsu CW, Liao HC, Lin CL, Chiang CY, Chen MY, Liu SJ, Liao CL, Chen HW. SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0154623. [PMID: 38299865 PMCID: PMC10878263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01546-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity and broad protective capacity against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remain inadequate. Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr), produced by Staphylococcus aureus, can bind to various Fcγ receptor subclasses. Recombinant lipidated FLIPr (rLF) was previously found to be an effective adjuvant. In this study, we developed a vaccine candidate, the recombinant Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike (rDS)-FLIPr fusion protein (rDS-F), which employs the property of FLIPr binding to various Fcγ receptors. Our study shows that rDS-F plus rLF promotes rDS capture by dendritic cells. Intranasal vaccination of mice with rDS-F plus rLF increases persistent systemic and mucosal antibody responses and CD4/CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, antibodies induced by rDS-F plus rLF vaccination neutralize Delta, Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron strains. Additionally, rDS-F plus rLF provides protective effects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by reducing inflammation and viral loads in the lung. Therefore, rDS-F plus rLF is a potential vaccine candidate to induce broad protective responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.IMPORTANCEMucosal immunity is vital for combating pathogens, especially in the context of respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Despite this, most approved vaccines are administered via injection, providing systemic but limited mucosal protection. Developing vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity to address future coronavirus mutations is a growing trend. However, eliciting strong mucosal immune responses without adjuvants remains a challenge. In our study, we have demonstrated that using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr) fusion protein as an antigen, in combination with recombinant lipidated FLIPr as an effective adjuvant, induced simultaneous systemic and mucosal immune responses through intranasal immunization in mice and hamster models. This approach offered protection against various SARS-CoV-2 strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for broad protection. This finding is pivotal for future broad-spectrum vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ling Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Sharma P, Zhang X, Ly K, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Ye AY, Hu J, Kim JH, Lou M, Wang C, Celuzza Q, Kondo Y, Furukawa K, Bundle DR, Furukawa K, Alt FW, Winau F. The lipid globotriaosylceramide promotes germinal center B cell responses and antiviral immunity. Science 2024; 383:eadg0564. [PMID: 38359115 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Influenza viruses escape immunity owing to rapid antigenic evolution, which requires vaccination strategies that allow for broadly protective antibody responses. We found that the lipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) expressed on germinal center (GC) B cells is essential for the production of high-affinity antibodies. Mechanistically, Gb3 bound and disengaged CD19 from its chaperone CD81, permitting CD19 to translocate to the B cell receptor complex to trigger signaling. Moreover, Gb3 regulated major histocompatibility complex class II expression to increase diversity of T follicular helper and GC B cells reactive with subdominant epitopes. In influenza infection, elevating Gb3, either endogenously or exogenously, promoted broadly reactive antibody responses and cross-protection. These data demonstrate that Gb3 determines the affinity and breadth of B cell immunity and has potential as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Ly
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Hu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Yongxin Ye
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianqiao Hu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mumeng Lou
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quinton Celuzza
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuji Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - David R Bundle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Winau
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hsieh WS, Chao CH, Shen CY, Cheng D, Huang SW, Wang YF, Chen CC, Chen SH, Hsu LJ, Wang JR. VP1 codon deoptimization and high-fidelity substitutions in 3D polymerase as potential vaccine strategies for eliciting immune responses against enterovirus A71. J Virol 2024; 98:e0155823. [PMID: 38174926 PMCID: PMC10804986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01558-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can induce severe neurological complications and even fatal encephalitis in children, and it has caused several large outbreaks in Taiwan since 1998. We previously generated VP1 codon-deoptimized (VP1-CD) reverse genetics (rg) EV-A71 viruses (rgEV-A71s) that harbor a high-fidelity (HF) 3D polymerase. These VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71s showed lower replication kinetics in vitro and decreased virulence in an Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mouse model of EV-A71 infection, while still retaining their antigenicity in comparison to the wild-type virus. In this study, we aimed to further investigate the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71s to assess the potential efficacy of these EV-A71 vaccine candidates. Following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71s in mice, we observed a robust induction of EV-A71-specific neutralizing IgG antibodies in the antisera after 21 days. Splenocytes isolated from VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71s-immunized mice exhibited enhanced proliferative activities and cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α) upon re-stimulation with VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71, as compared to control mice treated with adjuvant only. Importantly, administration of antisera from VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71s-immunized mice protected against lethal EV-A71 challenge in neonatal mice. These findings highlight that our generated VP1-CD-HF rgEV-A71 viruses are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immune responses, supporting their potential as next-generation EV-A71 vaccines for combating EV-A71 infection.IMPORTANCEEV-A71 can cause severe neurological diseases and cause death in young children. Here, we report the development of synthetic rgEV-A71s with the combination of codon deoptimization and high-fidelity (HF) substitutions that generate genetically stable reverse genetics (rg) viruses as potential attenuated vaccine candidates. Our work provides insight into the development of low-virulence candidate vaccines through a series of viral genetic editing for maintaining antigenicity and genome stability and suggests a strategy for the development of an innovative next-generation vaccine against EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Shen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dayna Cheng
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Yisimayi A, Song W, Wang J, Jian F, Yu Y, Chen X, Xu Y, Yang S, Niu X, Xiao T, Wang J, Zhao L, Sun H, An R, Zhang N, Wang Y, Wang P, Yu L, Lv Z, Gu Q, Shao F, Jin R, Shen Z, Xie XS, Wang Y, Cao Y. Repeated Omicron exposures override ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immune imprinting. Nature 2024; 625:148-156. [PMID: 37993710 PMCID: PMC10764275 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants highlights the need to update COVID-19 vaccine compositions. However, immune imprinting induced by vaccination based on the ancestral (hereafter referred to as WT) strain would compromise the antibody response to Omicron-based boosters1-5. Vaccination strategies to counter immune imprinting are critically needed. Here we investigated the degree and dynamics of immune imprinting in mouse models and human cohorts, especially focusing on the role of repeated Omicron stimulation. In mice, the efficacy of single Omicron boosting is heavily limited when using variants that are antigenically distinct from WT-such as the XBB variant-and this concerning situation could be mitigated by a second Omicron booster. Similarly, in humans, repeated Omicron infections could alleviate WT vaccination-induced immune imprinting and generate broad neutralization responses in both plasma and nasal mucosa. Notably, deep mutational scanning-based epitope characterization of 781 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeting monoclonal antibodies isolated from repeated Omicron infection revealed that double Omicron exposure could induce a large proportion of matured Omicron-specific antibodies that have distinct RBD epitopes to WT-induced antibodies. Consequently, immune imprinting was largely mitigated, and the bias towards non-neutralizing epitopes observed in single Omicron exposures was restored. On the basis of the deep mutational scanning profiles, we identified evolution hotspots of XBB.1.5 RBD and demonstrated that these mutations could further boost the immune-evasion capability of XBB.1.5 while maintaining high ACE2-binding affinity. Our findings suggest that the WT component should be abandoned when updating COVID-19 vaccines, and individuals without prior Omicron exposure should receive two updated vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayijiang Yisimayi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Song
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fanchong Jian
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaosu Chen
- Institute for Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Xu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Niu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tianhe Xiao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Haiyan Sun
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ran An
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhe Lv
- Sinovac Biotech, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Fei Shao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Organ Transplant Center, NHC Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Cao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China.
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11
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Zhang X, Ross TM. Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:474-484. [PMID: 38632930 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of anti-NA immunity, and also to evaluate the approaches on developing NA-based influenza vaccines or enhancing immune responses against NA for current influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, the structure of influenza neuraminidase, the contribution of anti-NA immunity to protection, as well as the efforts and challenges of targeting the immune responses to NA were discussed. We also listed some of the newly discovered anti-NA monoclonal antibodies and discussed their contribution in therapeutic as well as the antigen design of a broadly protective NA vaccine. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the immune response to both HA and NA may be critical for achieving the optimal protection since there are different mechanisms of HA and NA elicited protective immunity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the conserved protective lateral face or catalytic sites are effective therapeutics. The epitope discovery using monoclonal antibodies may benefit NA-based vaccine elicited broadly reactive antibody responses. Therefore, the potential for a vaccine that elicits cross-reactive antibodies against neuraminidase is a high priority for next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Cleveland Clinic, Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Li K, Huntwork RHC, Horn GQ, Abraha M, Hastie KM, Li H, Rayaprolu V, Olmedillas E, Feeney E, Cronin K, Schendel SL, Heise M, Bedinger D, Mattocks MD, Baric RS, Alam SM, Ollmann Saphire E, Tomaras GD, Dennison SM. Cryptic-site-specific antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain can retain functional binding affinity to spike variants. J Virol 2023; 97:e0107023. [PMID: 38019013 PMCID: PMC10746274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01070-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have emerged and caused a significant number of infections and deaths worldwide. These variants of concern contain mutations that might significantly affect antigen-targeting by antibodies. It is therefore important to further understand how antibody binding and neutralization are affected by the mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants. We highlighted how antibody epitope specificity can influence antibody binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We showed that weakened spike binding and neutralization of Beta (B.1.351) and Omicron (BA.1) variants compared to wildtype are not universal among the panel of antibodies and identified antibodies of a specific binding footprint exhibiting consistent enhancement of spike binding and retained neutralization to Beta variant. These data and analysis can inform how antigen-targeting by antibodies might evolve during a pandemic and prepare for potential future sarbecovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard H. C. Huntwork
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gillian Q. Horn
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Milite Abraha
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Haoyang Li
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eduardo Olmedillas
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Feeney
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon L. Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Melissa D. Mattocks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Chêne A, Desrames A, Tomlinson A, Ruffié C, Tangy F, Gamain B. An ACE2-Based Bimodular Fusion Protein Enables Reorientation of Endogenous Anti-Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies Toward SARS-CoV-2 Spike. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1675-1679. [PMID: 37562051 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of soluble recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rACE2) as a decoy capable of blocking SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells has been envisaged as a therapeutic strategy to reduce viral loads in patients with severe COVID-19. We engineered a novel form of rACE2, fused to the Epstein-Barr virus antigen P18F3 (rACE2-P18F3), to reorient a preexisting humoral response toward Epstein-Barr virus against SARS-CoV-2 particles. Recombinant ACE2-P18F3 was able to bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, neutralize viral entry into cells, and promote the phagocytosis of spheres coated with different spike variants by monocytic cells. The results position rACE2-P18F3 as a promising therapeutic candidate to universally block coronavirus cell entry and clear viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chêne
- INSERM, BIGR, Université Paris Cité, and Université des Antilles
| | | | - Alice Tomlinson
- INSERM, BIGR, Université Paris Cité, and Université des Antilles
| | - Claude Ruffié
- Innovation Lab: Vaccines, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Innovation Lab: Vaccines, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Gamain
- INSERM, BIGR, Université Paris Cité, and Université des Antilles
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14
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Kottkamp AC, Samanovic MI, Duerr R, Oom AL, Belli HM, Zucker JR, Rosen JB, Mulligan MJ. Antibody Titers against Mpox Virus after Vaccination. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2299-2301. [PMID: 38091537 PMCID: PMC10754300 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2306239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Duerr
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Aaron L Oom
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Jane R Zucker
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer B Rosen
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY
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15
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Sanders C, Dzelamonyuy A, Ntemafack A, Alatoom N, Nchinda G, Georgiadis MM, Bopda Waffo A. Mapping immunological and host receptor binding determinants of SARS-CoV spike protein utilizing the Qubevirus platform. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105460. [PMID: 37977224 PMCID: PMC10750099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The motifs involved in tropism and immunological interactions of SARS-CoV spike (S) protein were investigated utilizing the Qubevirus platform. We showed that separately, 14 overlapping peptide fragments representing the S protein (F1-14 of 100 residues each) could be inserted into the C terminus of A1 on recombinant Qubevirus without affecting its viability. Additionally, recombinant phage expression resulted in the surface exposure of different engineered fragments in an accessible manner. The F6 from S425-525 was found to contain the binding determinant of the recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, with the shortest active binding motif situated between residues S437-492. Upstream, another fragment, F7, containing an overlapping portion of F6 would not bind to recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, confirming that a contiguous stretch of residues could adopt the appropriate structural orientation of F6 as an insertion within the Qubevirus. The F6 (S441-460) and other inserts, including F7/F8 (S601-620) and F10 (S781-800), were demonstrated to contain important immunological determinants through recognition and binding of S protein specific (anti-S) antibodies. An engineered chimeric insert bearing the fusion of all three anti-S reactive epitopes improved substantially the recognition and binding to their cognate antibodies. These results provide insights into humoral immune relevant epitopes and tropism characteristics of the S protein with implications for the development of subunit vaccines or other biologics against SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Sanders
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aristide Dzelamonyuy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Augustin Ntemafack
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nadia Alatoom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Vaccinology and Biobanking, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Millie M Georgiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alain Bopda Waffo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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16
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Wang Q, Guo Y, Liu L, Schwanz LT, Li Z, Nair MS, Ho J, Zhang RM, Iketani S, Yu J, Huang Y, Qu Y, Valdez R, Lauring AS, Huang Y, Gordon A, Wang HH, Liu L, Ho DD. Antigenicity and receptor affinity of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 spike. Nature 2023; 624:639-644. [PMID: 37871613 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron subvariant, BA.2.86, has emerged and spread to numerous countries worldwide, raising alarm because its spike protein contains 34 additional mutations compared with its BA.2 predecessor1. We examined its antigenicity using human sera and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Reassuringly, BA.2.86 was no more resistant to human sera than the currently dominant XBB.1.5 and EG.5.1, indicating that the new subvariant would not have a growth advantage in this regard. Importantly, sera from people who had XBB breakthrough infection exhibited robust neutralizing activity against all viruses tested, suggesting that upcoming XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines could confer added protection. Although BA.2.86 showed greater resistance to mAbs to subdomain 1 (SD1) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) class 2 and 3 epitopes, it was more sensitive to mAbs to class 1 and 4/1 epitopes in the 'inner face' of the RBD that is exposed only when this domain is in the 'up' position. We also identified six new spike mutations that mediate antibody resistance, including E554K that threatens SD1 mAbs in clinical development. The BA.2.86 spike also had a remarkably high receptor affinity. The ultimate trajectory of this new SARS-CoV-2 variant will soon be revealed by continuing surveillance, but its worldwide spread is worrisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Logan T Schwanz
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Mechanisms of Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiteng Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerren Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M Zhang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiming Qu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Valdez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harris H Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Ye T, Jiao Z, Li X, He Z, Li Y, Yang F, Zhao X, Wang Y, Huang W, Qin M, Feng Y, Qiu Y, Yang W, Hu L, Hu Y, Zhai Y, Wang E, Yu D, Wang S, Yue H, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhu L, Ma G, Wei W. Inhaled SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for single-dose dry powder aerosol immunization. Nature 2023; 624:630-638. [PMID: 38093012 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered major advances in vaccination technologies1-4; however, there are urgent needs for vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses and for single-dose, non-invasive administration4-6. Here we develop an inhalable, single-dose, dry powder aerosol SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that induces potent systemic and mucosal immune responses. The vaccine encapsulates assembled nanoparticles comprising proteinaceous cholera toxin B subunits displaying the SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen within microcapsules of optimal aerodynamic size, and this unique nano-micro coupled structure supports efficient alveoli delivery, sustained antigen release and antigen-presenting cell uptake, which are favourable features for the induction of immune responses. Moreover, this vaccine induces strong production of IgG and IgA, as well as a local T cell response, collectively conferring effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice, hamsters and nonhuman primates. Finally, we also demonstrate a mosaic iteration of the vaccine that co-displays ancestral and Omicron antigens, extending the breadth of antibody response against co-circulating strains and transmission of the Omicron variant. These findings support the use of this inhaled vaccine as a promising multivalent platform for fighting COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhouguang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yefeng Qiu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Di Yu
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Moschese D, Bianchi M, Cossu MV, Salari F, Giacomelli A, Rizzo A, Lazzarin S, Sabaini F, Nozza S, Mileto D, Gori A, Antinori S, Gismondo MR, Rizzardini G. Neutralizing Antibody Titers Induced by JYNNEOS Vaccine in Unrecognized Previous Mpox Virus-Exposed Individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1484-1485. [PMID: 37417271 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Moschese
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Bianchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cossu
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Salari
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel Lazzarin
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Sabaini
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Disease Unit II, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche Luigi Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche Luigi Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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19
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Klein J, Wood J, Jaycox JR, Dhodapkar RM, Lu P, Gehlhausen JR, Tabachnikova A, Greene K, Tabacof L, Malik AA, Silva Monteiro V, Silva J, Kamath K, Zhang M, Dhal A, Ott IM, Valle G, Peña-Hernández M, Mao T, Bhattacharjee B, Takahashi T, Lucas C, Song E, McCarthy D, Breyman E, Tosto-Mancuso J, Dai Y, Perotti E, Akduman K, Tzeng TJ, Xu L, Geraghty AC, Monje M, Yildirim I, Shon J, Medzhitov R, Lutchmansingh D, Possick JD, Kaminski N, Omer SB, Krumholz HM, Guan L, Dela Cruz CS, van Dijk D, Ring AM, Putrino D, Iwasaki A. Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling. Nature 2023; 623:139-148. [PMID: 37748514 PMCID: PMC10620090 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Post-acute infection syndromes may develop after acute viral disease1. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in the development of a post-acute infection syndrome known as long COVID. Individuals with long COVID frequently report unremitting fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and a variety of cognitive and autonomic dysfunctions2-4. However, the biological processes that are associated with the development and persistence of these symptoms are unclear. Here 275 individuals with or without long COVID were enrolled in a cross-sectional study that included multidimensional immune phenotyping and unbiased machine learning methods to identify biological features associated with long COVID. Marked differences were noted in circulating myeloid and lymphocyte populations relative to the matched controls, as well as evidence of exaggerated humoral responses directed against SARS-CoV-2 among participants with long COVID. Furthermore, higher antibody responses directed against non-SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogens were observed among individuals with long COVID, particularly Epstein-Barr virus. Levels of soluble immune mediators and hormones varied among groups, with cortisol levels being lower among participants with long COVID. Integration of immune phenotyping data into unbiased machine learning models identified the key features that are most strongly associated with long COVID status. Collectively, these findings may help to guide future studies into the pathobiology of long COVID and help with developing relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jamie Wood
- Abilities Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jillian R Jaycox
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rahul M Dhodapkar
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeff R Gehlhausen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kerrie Greene
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura Tabacof
- Abilities Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amyn A Malik
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gabrielee Valle
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Peña-Hernández
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dayna McCarthy
- Abilities Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica Breyman
- Abilities Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenna Tosto-Mancuso
- Abilities Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Perotti
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Koray Akduman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiffany J Tzeng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna C Geraghty
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Denyse Lutchmansingh
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer D Possick
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leying Guan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David van Dijk
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David Putrino
- Abilities Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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20
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McCool RS, Musayev M, Bush SM, Derrien-Colemyn A, Acreman CM, Wrapp D, Ruckwardt TJ, Graham BS, Mascola JR, McLellan JS. Vaccination with prefusion-stabilized respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein elicits antibodies targeting a membrane-proximal epitope. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092923. [PMID: 37737588 PMCID: PMC10617438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00929-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, infecting all children by age 5. RSV also causes substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults, and a vaccine for older adults based on a prefusion-stabilized form of the viral F glycoprotein was recently approved by the FDA. Here, we investigate a set of antibodies that belong to the same public clonotype and were isolated from individuals vaccinated with a prefusion-stabilized RSV F protein. Our results reveal that these antibodies are highly potent and recognize a previously uncharacterized antigenic site on the prefusion F protein. Vaccination with prefusion RSV F proteins appears to boost the elicitation of these neutralizing antibodies, which are not commonly elicited by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. McCool
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Maryam Musayev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Bush
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandrine Derrien-Colemyn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory M. Acreman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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21
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Abstract
Current vaccines should be tailored to combat future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Rogawski McQuade ET, Becker L, Stroup SE, Khan F, Shah B, Brush J, Goldsmith G, Mullin R, Guilliams D, deFilippi C, Barackman K, Mohr AB, Farrell F, Bearman G, Peake L, Houpt ER. Risk factors and titers of COVID-19 infection in a longitudinal statewide seroepidemiology cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:676. [PMID: 37821853 PMCID: PMC10565985 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virginia is a large state in the USA, yet it remains unclear what percentage of the population has had natural COVID-19 infection and whether risk factors for infection have changed over time. METHODS Using a longitudinal cohort, from December 2021-July 2022 we performed follow up serology and a questionnaire on 784 individuals from across Virginia who had previously participated in a statewide COVID-19 seroepidemiology study in 2020. Children were also invited to participate and an additional 62 children also completed the study. Serology was performed using Roche nucleocapsid and spike serological assays. RESULTS The majority of participants were white (78.6%), over 50 years old (60.9%), and reported having received COVID-19 vaccine (93.4%). 28.6% had evidence of prior COVID-19 infection (nucleocapsid positive). Reweighted by region, age, and sex to match the Virginia census data, the seroprevalence of nucleocapsid antibodies was estimated to be 30.6% (95% CI: 24.7, 36.6). We estimated that 25-53% of COVID-19 infections were asymptomatic. Infection rates were lower in individuals > 60 years old and were higher in Blacks and Hispanics. Infection rates were also higher in those without health insurance, in those with greater numbers of household children, and in those that reported a close contact or having undergone quarantine for COVID-19. Participants from Southwest Virginia had lower seropositivity (16.2%, 95% CI 6.5, 26.0) than other geographic regions. Boosted vaccinees had lower infection rates than non-boosted vaccinees. Frequenting indoor bars was a risk factor for infection, while frequently wearing an N95 mask was protective, though the estimates of association were imprecise. Infection rates were higher in children than adults (56.5% vs. 28.6%). Infection in the parent was a risk factor for child infection. Spike antibody levels declined with time since last vaccination, particularly in those that were vaccinated but not previously infected. Neutralizing antibody positivity was high (97-99%) for wild type, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron variants. Neutralizing antibody levels were higher in the follow-up survey compared to the first survey in 2020 and among individuals with evidence of natural infection compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS In this longitudinal statewide cohort we observed a lower-than-expected COVID-19 infection rate as of August 2022. Boosted vaccinees had lower infection rates. Children had higher infection rates and infections tracked within households. Previously identified demographic risk factors for infection tended to persist. Even after the omicron peak, a large number of Virginians remain uninfected with COVID-19, underscoring the need for ongoing vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lea Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Stroup
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fauzia Khan
- Research & Clinical Trial Analytics Team, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bhruga Shah
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - John Brush
- Office of Clinical Research, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Gay Goldsmith
- Office of Clinical Research, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Mullin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gonzalo Bearman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lilian Peake
- Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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23
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Wilks SH, Mühlemann B, Shen X, Türeli S, LeGresley EB, Netzl A, Caniza MA, Chacaltana-Huarcaya JN, Corman VM, Daniell X, Datto MB, Dawood FS, Denny TN, Drosten C, Fouchier RAM, Garcia PJ, Halfmann PJ, Jassem A, Jeworowski LM, Jones TC, Kawaoka Y, Krammer F, McDanal C, Pajon R, Simon V, Stockwell MS, Tang H, van Bakel H, Veguilla V, Webby R, Montefiori DC, Smith DJ. Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses. Science 2023; 382:eadj0070. [PMID: 37797027 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, multiple variants escaping preexisting immunity emerged, causing reinfections of previously exposed individuals. Here, we used antigenic cartography to analyze patterns of cross-reactivity among 21 variants and 15 groups of human sera obtained after primary infection with 10 different variants or after messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 or mRNA-1273.351 vaccination. We found antigenic differences among pre-Omicron variants caused by substitutions at spike-protein positions 417, 452, 484, and 501. Quantifying changes in response breadth over time and with additional vaccine doses, our results show the largest increase between 4 weeks and >3 months after a second dose. We found changes in immunodominance of different spike regions, depending on the variant an individual was first exposed to, with implications for variant risk assessment and vaccine-strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Eric B LeGresley
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Miguela A Caniza
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoju Daniell
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Datto
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J Garcia
- School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Agatha Jassem
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lara M Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa S Stockwell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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24
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Guerrini G, Mehn D, Fumagalli F, Gioria S, Pedotti M, Simonelli L, Bianchini F, Robbiani DF, Varani L, Calzolai L. Analytical Ultracentrifugation Detects Quaternary Rearrangements and Antibody-Induced Conformational Selection of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14875. [PMID: 37834322 PMCID: PMC10573103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) analysis shows that the SARS-CoV-2 trimeric Spike (S) protein adopts different quaternary conformations in solution. The relative abundance of the "open" and "close" conformations is temperature-dependent, and samples with different storage temperature history have different open/close distributions. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting the S receptor binding domain (RBD) do not alter the conformer populations; by contrast, a NAb targeting a cryptic conformational epitope skews the Spike trimer toward an open conformation. The results highlight AUC, which is typically applied for molecular mass determination of biomolecules as a powerful tool for detecting functionally relevant quaternary protein conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Guerrini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.G.); (D.M.); (F.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.G.); (D.M.); (F.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Francesco Fumagalli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.G.); (D.M.); (F.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.G.); (D.M.); (F.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (M.P.); (L.S.); (F.B.); (D.F.R.)
| | - Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (M.P.); (L.S.); (F.B.); (D.F.R.)
| | - Filippo Bianchini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (M.P.); (L.S.); (F.B.); (D.F.R.)
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (M.P.); (L.S.); (F.B.); (D.F.R.)
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (M.P.); (L.S.); (F.B.); (D.F.R.)
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.G.); (D.M.); (F.F.); (S.G.)
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25
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Rachkovska A, Krenytska D, Karbovskyy V, Raksha N, Halenova T, Vovk T, Savchuk O, Ostapchenko L. A study of fibrinolytic system components in donor groups depending on various titers of circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the bloodstream. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2023; 34:439-445. [PMID: 37577922 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system plays an important role in controlling blood coagulation at each stage, from thrombin generation to fibrin clot cleavage. Currently, long-term multiorgan dysfunction post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may include coagulation disorders. Little information is available about the potential causes of post-COVID-19 coagulopathy, but one of them may be subpopulation IgG produced by the immune system against SARS-CoV-2. This article describes the changes in the main parameters of the fibrinolytic system in donors with various titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, which is part of a complex study of the hemostasis system in these donor groups. We determined the most significant parameters of the fibrinolytic system, such as potential activity and amount of plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), amount of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), inhibitory potentials of α-2-antiplasmin, α-1-antitrypsin, α-2-macroglobulin in the blood plasma of donor groups. The obtained results represent the maximum and minimum values of measurement parameters among donor groups with titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at least 10 ± 3 Index (S/C), and their statistical differences from the reference point [donor group with titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG 0 Index (S/C)]. We established the changes in fibrinolytic parameters depending on the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. One conclusion can be drawn from this: anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG population may influence coagulation in the post-COVID-19 period. Further research in-vitro and in-vivo experimental models using selected and purified IgG may confirm our previous findings.
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26
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Lugar M, Eugster A, Achenbach P, von dem Berge T, Berner R, Besser REJ, Casteels K, Elding Larsson H, Gemulla G, Kordonouri O, Lindner A, Lundgren M, Müller D, Oltarzewski M, Rochtus A, Scholz M, Szypowska A, Todd JA, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Development of Islet Autoimmunity in Early Childhood. JAMA 2023; 330:1151-1160. [PMID: 37682551 PMCID: PMC10523173 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Importance The incidence of diabetes in childhood has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Elucidating whether SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with islet autoimmunity, which precedes type 1 diabetes onset, is relevant to disease etiology and future childhood diabetes trends. Objective To determine whether there is a temporal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of islet autoimmunity in early childhood. Design, Setting, and Participants Between February 2018 and March 2021, the Primary Oral Insulin Trial, a European multicenter study, enrolled 1050 infants (517 girls) aged 4 to 7 months with a more than 10% genetically defined risk of type 1 diabetes. Children were followed up through September 2022. Exposure SARS-CoV-2 infection identified by SARS-CoV-2 antibody development in follow-up visits conducted at 2- to 6-month intervals until age 2 years from April 2018 through June 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures The development of multiple (≥2) islet autoantibodies in follow-up in consecutive samples or single islet antibodies and type 1 diabetes. Antibody incidence rates and risk of developing islet autoantibodies were analyzed. Results Consent was obtained for 885 (441 girls) children who were included in follow-up antibody measurements from age 6 months. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies developed in 170 children at a median age of 18 months (range, 6-25 months). Islet autoantibodies developed in 60 children. Six of these children tested positive for islet autoantibodies at the same time as they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and 6 at the visit after having tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The sex-, age-, and country-adjusted hazard ratio for developing islet autoantibodies when the children tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 3.5 (95% CI, 1.6-7.7; P = .002). The incidence rate of islet autoantibodies was 3.5 (95% CI, 2.2-5.1) per 100 person-years in children without SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and 7.8 (95% CI, 5.3-19.0) per 100 person-years in children with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (P = .02). Islet autoantibody risk in children with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was associated with younger age (<18 months) of SARS-CoV-2 antibody development (HR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.5-18.3; P = .009). Conclusion and relevance In young children with high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes, SARS-CoV-2 infection was temporally associated with the development of islet autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Lugar
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Eugster
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Achenbach
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Berner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rachel E. J. Besser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Casteels
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gita Gemulla
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Kordonouri
- Kinder-und Jugendkrankenhaus AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annett Lindner
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Denise Müller
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlon Scholz
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - John A. Todd
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
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27
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Xu N, Xu Y, Dai R, Zheng L, Qin P, Wan P, Yang Y, Jiang J, Zhang H, Hu X, Lv H. Study of efficacy and antibody duration to fourth-dose booster of Ad5-nCoV or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244373. [PMID: 37736100 PMCID: PMC10510200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction China experienced a record surge of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in December 2022, during the pandemic. Methods We conducted a randomized, parallel-controlled prospective cohort study to evaluate efficacy and antibody duration after a fourth-dose booster with Ad5-nCoV or inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Results A total of 191 participants aged ≥18 years who had completed a three-dose regimen of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 6 months earlier were recruited to receive the intramuscular Ad5-nCoV booster or the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The Ad5-nCoV group had significantly higher antibody levels compared with the inactivated vaccine group at 6 months after the fourth vaccination dose. After the pandemic, the breakthrough infection rate for the Ad5-nCoV and the inactivated vaccine groups was 77.89% and 78.13%, respectively. Survival curve analysis (p = 0.872) and multivariable logistic regression analysis (p = 0.956) showed no statistically significant differences in breakthrough infection between the two groups. Discussion Compared with a homologous fourth dose, a heterologous fourth dose of Ad5-nCoV elicited a higher immunogenic response in healthy adults who had been immunized with three doses of inactivated vaccine. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the two vaccine types was equivalent after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nani Xu
- Department of Immunization Program, Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Vaccine, Clinical Trials, CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongrong Dai
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Immunization Program, Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Department of Immunization Program, Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Department of Vaccine, Clinical Trials, CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, China
| | - Yejing Yang
- Department of Immunization Program, Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjie Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Department of Immunization Program, Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huakun Lv
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Herman JD, Atyeo C, Zur Y, Cook CE, Patel NJ, Vanni KM, Kowalski EN, Qian G, Srivatsan S, Shadick NA, Rao DA, Kellman B, Mann CJ, Lauffenburger D, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Alter G. Humoral immunity to an endemic coronavirus is associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 in individuals with rheumatic diseases. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf6598. [PMID: 37672567 PMCID: PMC10764151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the acute illness caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, about one-fifth of infections result in long-term persistence of symptoms despite the apparent clearance of infection. Insights into the mechanisms that underlie postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) will be critical for the prevention and clinical management of long-term complications of COVID-19. Several hypotheses have been proposed that may account for the development of PASC, including persistence of virus and dysregulation of immune responses. Among the immunological changes noted in PASC, alterations in humoral immunity have been observed in some patient subsets. To begin to determine whether SARS-CoV-2- or other pathogen-specific humoral immune responses evolve uniquely in PASC, we performed comprehensive antibody profiling against SARS-CoV-2, a panel of endemic pathogens, and a panel of routine vaccine antigens using systems serology in two cohorts of patients with preexisting systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) who either developed or did not develop PASC. A distinct qualitative shift observed in Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding was observed in individuals with PASC. Specifically, individuals with PASC harbored weaker FcγR-binding anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and stronger FcγR-binding antibody responses against the endemic coronavirus OC43. Individuals with PASC developed an OC43 S2-specific antibody response with stronger FcγR binding, linked to cross-reactivity across SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses. These findings identify previous coronavirus imprinting as a potential marker for the development of PASC in individuals with SARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yonatan Zur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Claire E Cook
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Naomi J Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kathleen M Vanni
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily N Kowalski
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shruthi Srivatsan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nancy A Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Kellman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Colin J Mann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Dolgin E. Antibody therapies set to transform respiratory syncytial virus prevention for babies. Nature 2023; 621:S55-S57. [PMID: 37758887 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Infant
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines
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Singh G, Abbad A, Tcheou J, Mendu DR, Firpo-Betancourt A, Gleason C, Srivastava K, Cordon-Cardo C, Simon V, Krammer F, Carreño JM. Binding and Avidity Signatures of Polyclonal Sera From Individuals With Different Exposure Histories to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, Vaccination, and Omicron Breakthrough Infections. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:564-575. [PMID: 37104046 PMCID: PMC10469125 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of exposures to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to vaccine antigens affect the magnitude and avidity of the polyclonal response. METHODS We studied binding and avidity of different antibody isotypes to the spike, the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the nucleoprotein (NP) of wild-type (WT) and BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent, mRNA vaccinated and/or boosted, hybrid immune individuals and in individuals with breakthrough cases during the peak of the BA.1 wave. RESULTS We found an increase in spike-binding antibodies and antibody avidity with increasing number of exposures to infection and/or vaccination. NP antibodies were detectible in convalescent individuals and a proportion of breakthrough cases, but they displayed low avidity. Omicron breakthrough infections elicited high levels of cross-reactive antibodies between WT and BA.1 antigens in vaccinated individuals without prior infection directed against the spike and RBD. The magnitude of the antibody response and avidity correlated with neutralizing activity against WT virus. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude and quality of the antibody response increased with the number of antigenic exposures, including breakthrough infections. However, cross-reactivity of the antibody response after BA.1 breakthroughs, was affected by the number of prior exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Demodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo-Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles Gleason
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Komal Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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31
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Li T, Li F, Guo X, Hong C, Yu X, Wu B, Lian S, Song L, Tang J, Wen S, Gao K, Hao M, Cheng W, Su Y, Zhang S, Huang S, Fang M, Wang Y, Ng MH, Chen H, Luo W, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N, Ji M. Anti-Epstein-Barr Virus BNLF2b for Mass Screening for Nasopharyngeal Cancer. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:808-819. [PMID: 37646678 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population screening of asymptomatic persons with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA or antibodies has improved the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and survival among affected persons. However, the positive predictive value of current screening strategies is unsatisfactory even in areas where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is endemic. METHODS We designed a peptide library representing highly ranked B-cell epitopes of EBV coding sequences to identify novel serologic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. After a retrospective case-control study, the performance of the novel biomarker anti-BNLF2b total antibody (P85-Ab) was validated through a large-scale prospective screening program and compared with that of the standard two-antibody-based screening method (EBV nuclear antigen 1 [EBNA1]-IgA and EBV-specific viral capsid antigen [VCA]-IgA). RESULTS P85-Ab was the most promising biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening, with high sensitivity (94.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.4 to 97.8) and specificity (99.6%; 95% CI, 97.8 to 99.9) in the retrospective case-control study. Among the 24,852 eligible participants in the prospective cohort, 47 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (38 at an early stage) were identified. P85-Ab showed higher sensitivity than the two-antibody method (97.9% vs. 72.3%; ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6]), higher specificity (98.3% vs. 97.0%; ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.02]), and a higher positive predictive value (10.0% vs. 4.3%; ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.8 to 2.8]). The combination of P85-Ab and the two-antibody method markedly increased the positive predictive value to 44.6% (95% CI, 33.8 to 55.9), with sensitivity of 70.2% (95% CI, 56.0 to 81.4). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that P85-Ab is a promising novel biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening, with higher sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value than the standard two-antibody method. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04085900.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingdong Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Fugui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Congming Hong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Xia Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Biaohua Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shifeng Lian
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Liuwei Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Jiabao Tang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shunhua Wen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Kaimin Gao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mengling Hao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Weimin Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Yingying Su
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shoujie Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mujin Fang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Yingbin Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mun-Hon Ng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Honglin Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Wenxin Luo
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mingfang Ji
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
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Bolton MJ, Santos JJS, Arevalo CP, Griesman T, Watson M, Li SH, Bates P, Ramage H, Wilson PC, Hensley SE. IgG3 subclass antibodies recognize antigenically drifted influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 variants through efficient bivalent binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216521120. [PMID: 37603748 PMCID: PMC10469028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216521120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant domains of antibodies are important for effector functions, but less is known about how they can affect binding and neutralization of viruses. Here, we evaluated a panel of human influenza virus monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) expressed as IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3. We found that many influenza virus-specific mAbs have altered binding and neutralization capacity depending on the IgG subclass encoded and that these differences result from unique bivalency capacities of the subclasses. Importantly, subclass differences in antibody binding and neutralization were greatest when the affinity for the target antigen was reduced through antigenic mismatch. We found that antibodies expressed as IgG3 bound and neutralized antigenically drifted influenza viruses more effectively. We obtained similar results using a panel of SARS-CoV-2-specific mAbs and the antigenically advanced B.1.351 and BA.1 strains of SARS-CoV-2. We found that a licensed therapeutic mAb retained neutralization breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants when expressed as IgG3, but not IgG1. These data highlight that IgG subclasses are not only important for fine-tuning effector functionality but also for binding and neutralization of antigenically drifted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. Bolton
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Jefferson J. S. Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Claudia P. Arevalo
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Trevor Griesman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Megan Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
| | - Shuk Hang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Holly Ramage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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33
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Zhang J, Cong Y, Duan L, Zhang JZH. Combined Antibodies Evusheld against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants BA.1.1 and BA.5: Immune Escape Mechanism from Molecular Simulation. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5297-5308. [PMID: 37586058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron lineage of SARS-CoV-2, which was first reported in November 2021, has spread globally and become dominant, splitting into several sublineages. Experiments have shown that Omicron lineage has escaped or reduced the activity of existing monoclonal antibodies, but the origin of escape mechanism caused by mutation is still unknown. This work uses molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling methods to reveal the escape mechanism of BA.1.1 to monoclonal antibody (mAb) Tixagevimab (AZD1061) and BA.5 to mAb Cilgavimab (AZD8895), both mAbs were combined to form antibody cocktail, Evusheld (AZD7442). The binding free energy of BA.1.1-AZD1061 and BA.5-AZD8895 has been severely reduced due to multiple-site mutated Omicron variants. Our results show that the two Omicron variants, which introduce a substantial number of positively charged residues, can weaken the electrostatic attraction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) and AZD7442, thus leading to a decrease in affinity. Additionally, using umbrella sampling along dissociation pathway, we found that the two Omicron variants severely impaired the interaction between the RBD of SARS-CoV-2's spike glycoprotein (S protein) and complementary determining regions (CDRs) of mAbs, especially in CDR3H. Although mAbs AZD8895 and AZD1061 are knocked out by BA.5 and BA.1.1, respectively, our results confirm that the antibody cocktail AZD7442 retains activity against BA.1.1 and BA.5 because another antibody is still on guard. The study provides theoretical insights for mAbs interacting with BA.1.1 and BA.5 from both energetic and dynamic perspectives, and we hope this will help in developing new monoclonals and combinations to protect those unable to mount adequate vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yalong Cong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lili Duan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology and Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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34
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Hornsby H, Nicols AR, Longet S, Liu C, Tomic A, Angyal A, Kronsteiner B, Tyerman JK, Tipton T, Zhang P, Gallis M, Supasa P, Selvaraj M, Abraham P, Neale I, Ali M, Barratt NA, Nell JM, Gustafsson L, Strickland S, Grouneva I, Rostron T, Moore SC, Hering LM, Dobson SL, Bibi S, Mongkolsapaya J, Lambe T, Wootton D, Hall V, Hopkins S, Dong T, Barnes E, Screaton G, Richter A, Turtle L, Rowland-Jones SL, Carroll M, Duncan CJA, Klenerman P, Dunachie SJ, Payne RP, de Silva TI. Omicron infection following vaccination enhances a broad spectrum of immune responses dependent on infection history. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5065. [PMID: 37604803 PMCID: PMC10442364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pronounced immune escape by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has resulted in many individuals possessing hybrid immunity, generated through a combination of vaccination and infection. Concerns have been raised that omicron breakthrough infections in triple-vaccinated individuals result in poor induction of omicron-specific immunity, and that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with immune dampening. Taking a broad and comprehensive approach, we characterize mucosal and blood immunity to spike and non-spike antigens following BA.1/BA.2 infections in triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals, with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that most individuals increase BA.1/BA.2/BA.5-specific neutralizing antibodies following infection, but confirm that the magnitude of increase and post-omicron titres are higher in the infection-naive. In contrast, significant increases in nasal responses, including neutralizing activity against BA.5 spike, are seen regardless of infection history. Spike-specific T cells increase only in infection-naive vaccinees; however, post-omicron T cell responses are significantly higher in the previously-infected, who display a maximally induced response with a highly cytotoxic CD8+ phenotype following their 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. Responses to non-spike antigens increase significantly regardless of prior infection status. These findings suggest that hybrid immunity induced by omicron breakthrough infections is characterized by significant immune enhancement that can help protect against future omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Hornsby
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexander R Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity, and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adriana Tomic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrienn Angyal
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica K Tyerman
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity, and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marta Gallis
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Muneeswaran Selvaraj
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Priyanka Abraham
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabel Neale
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie A Barratt
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeremy M Nell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity, and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lotta Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Scarlett Strickland
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Irina Grouneva
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy Rostron
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luisa M Hering
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan L Dobson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan Wootton
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Victoria Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity, and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity, and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.
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Motsoeneng BM, Manamela NP, Kaldine H, Kgagudi P, Hermanus T, Ayres F, Makhado Z, Moyo-Gwete T, van der Mescht MA, Abdullah F, Boswell MT, Ueckermann V, Rossouw TM, Madhi SA, Moore PL, Richardson SI. Despite delayed kinetics, people living with HIV achieve equivalent antibody function after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231276. [PMID: 37600825 PMCID: PMC10435738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of Fc-mediated functions following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) are not known. We compared SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific Fc functions, binding, and neutralization in PLWH and people without HIV (PWOH) during acute infection (without prior vaccination) with either the D614G or Beta variants of SARS-CoV-2, or vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve PLWH had significantly lower levels of IgG binding, neutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) compared with PLWH on ART. The magnitude of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement deposition (ADCD), and cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) was differentially triggered by D614G and Beta. The kinetics of spike IgG-binding antibodies, ADCC, and ADCD were similar, irrespective of the infecting variant between PWOH and PLWH overall. However, compared with PWOH, PLWH infected with D614G had delayed neutralization and ADCP. Furthermore, Beta infection resulted in delayed ADCT, regardless of HIV status. Despite these delays, we observed improved coordination between binding and neutralizing responses and Fc functions in PLWH. In contrast to D614G infection, binding responses in PLWH following ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19 vaccination were delayed, while neutralization and ADCP had similar timing of onset, but lower magnitude, and ADCC was significantly higher than in PWOH. Overall, despite delayed and differential kinetics, PLWH on ART develop comparable responses to PWOH, supporting the prioritization of ART rollout and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M. Motsoeneng
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mieke A. van der Mescht
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fareed Abdullah
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Office of AIDS and TB Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Boswell
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Simone I. Richardson
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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36
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Brebant D, Couffignal C, Manchon P, Duquesne S, Picone O, Vauloup-Fellous C. Transplacental transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in comparison to other pathogens total antibodies. J Clin Virol 2023; 165:105495. [PMID: 37295035 PMCID: PMC10212596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Due to immaturity of their immune system, passive maternal immunization is essential for newborns during their first months of life. Therefore, in the current context of intense circulation of SARS-CoV-2, identifying factors influencing the transfer ratio (TR) of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (NAb) appears important. METHODS Our study nested in the COVIPREG cohort (NCT04355234), included mothers who had a SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive during their pregnancy and their newborns. Maternal and neonatal NAb levels were measured with the automated iFlash system. RESULTS For the 173 mother-infant pairs included in our study, the median gestational age (GA) at delivery was 39.4 weeks of gestation (WG), and 29.7 WG at maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using a multivariate logistic model, having a NAb TR above 1 was positively associated with a longer delay from maternal positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR to delivery (aOR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.17) and with a later GA at delivery (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.09 - 2.52). It was negatively associated with being a male newborn (aOR 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07 - 0.59). In 3rd trimester SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers, NAb TR was inferior to VZV, toxoplasmosis, CMV, measle and rubella's TR. However, in 1st or 2nd trimester infected mothers, only measle TR was different from NAb TR. CONCLUSION Male newborn of mothers infected by SARS-CoV-2 during their pregnancy appear to have less protection against SARS-CoV-2 in their first months of life than female newborns. Measle TR was superior to NAb TR even in case of 1st or 2nd trimester maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Future studies are needed to investigate possible differences in transmission of NAb following infection vs vaccination and its impact on TR.
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MESH Headings
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Male
- Female
- COVID-19/blood
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- Delivery, Obstetric
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Infant, Newborn
- Sex Characteristics
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Vaccination
- Pregnancy Complications/blood
- Pregnancy Complications/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/prevention & control
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Paris
- Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Brebant
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1193, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Virology department, Villejuif 94800, France; Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), France.
| | - Camille Couffignal
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM CIC-EC 1425, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Clinical Research Department, France
| | - Pauline Manchon
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM CIC-EC 1425, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Clinical Research Department, France
| | - Sandra Duquesne
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1193, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Virology department, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Université Paris Cité, Hôpital louis Mourier, Obstetrical department, France; IAME U1137, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, France; Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), France
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1193, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Virology department, Villejuif 94800, France; Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), France.
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37
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Zeng R, Pan W, Lin Y, Liang M, Fu J, Weng S, He J, Guo C. A Safe and Efficient Double-Gene-Deleted Live Attenuated Immersion Vaccine to Prevent the Disease Caused by the Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0085723. [PMID: 37382530 PMCID: PMC10373555 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00857-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases seriously threaten sustainable aquaculture development, resulting in more than $10 billion in economic losses annually. Immersion vaccines are emerging as the key technology for aquatic disease prevention and control. Here, a safe and efficacious candidate immersion vaccine strain (Δorf103r/tk) of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), in which the orf103r and tk genes were knocked out by homologous recombination, is described. Δorf103r/tk was severely attenuated in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), inducing mild histological lesions, a mortality rate of only 3%, and eliminated within 21 days. A single Δorf103r/tk immersion-administered dose provided long-lasting protection rates over 95% against lethal ISKNV challenge. Δorf103r/tk also robustly stimulated the innate and adaptive immune responses. For example, interferon expression was significantly upregulated, and the production of specific neutralizing antibodies against ISKNV was markedly induced postimmunization. This work provides proof-of-principle evidence for orf103r- and tk-deficient ISKNV for immersion vaccine development to prevent ISKNV disease in aquaculture production. IMPORTANCE Global aquaculture production reached a record of 122.6 million tons in 2020, with a total value of 281.5 billion U.S. dollars (USD). However, approximately 10% of farmed aquatic animal production is lost due to various infectious diseases, resulting in more than 10 billion USD of economic waste every year. Therefore, the development of vaccines to prevent and control aquatic infectious diseases is of great significance. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection occurs in more than 50 species of freshwater and marine fish and has caused great economic losses to the mandarin fish farming industry in China during the past few decades. Thus, it is listed as a certifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Herein, a safe and efficient double-gene-deleted live attenuated immersion vaccine against ISKNV was developed, providing an example for the development of aquatic gene-deleted live attenuated immersion vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mincong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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38
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Yamaguchi K, Shimizu H, Takahashi K, Nagatomo T, Nishimura T, Matsumoto M, Koshizuka T, Mori H, Inoue N, Torikai M. Characterization of epitopes of human monoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B for neutralization and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Vaccine 2023; 41:4497-4507. [PMID: 37321896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are the leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss and significant neurological disabilities in children, the development of CMV vaccines should be given the highest public health priority. Although MF59-adjuvanted glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine (gB/MF59) is safe and immunogenic, its efficacy in terms of protection from natural infection was around 50 % in clinical trials. Although gB/MF59 induced high antibody titers, anti-gB antibodies contributed little to the neutralization of infection. Recent studies have found that non-neutralizing functions, including antibody-dependent phagocytosis of virions and virus-infected cells, are likely to play important roles in pathogenesis and vaccine design. Previously, we isolated human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that reacted with the trimeric form of gB ectodomain and found that preferential epitopes for neutralization were present on Domains (Doms) I and II of gB, while there were abundant non-neutralizing antibodies targeting Dom IV. In this study, we analyzed the phagocytosis activities of these MAbs and found the following: 1) MAbs effective for phagocytosis of the virions targeted Doms I and II, 2) the MAbs effective for phagocytosis of the virions and those of virus-infected cells were generally distinct, and 3) the antibody-dependent phagocytosis showed little correlation with neutralizing activities. Taking account of the frequency and levels of neutralization and phagocytosis, incorporation of the epitopes on Doms I and II into developing vaccines is considered desirable for the prevention of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keita Takahashi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Microbiology & Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mori
- Kikuchi Research Center, KM Biologics Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Microbiology & Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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Xu D, Jiang W, Wu L, Gaudet RG, Park ES, Su M, Cheppali SK, Cheemarla NR, Kumar P, Uchil PD, Grover JR, Foxman EF, Brown CM, Stansfeld PJ, Bewersdorf J, Mothes W, Karatekin E, Wilen CB, MacMicking JD. PLSCR1 is a cell-autonomous defence factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature 2023; 619:819-827. [PMID: 37438530 PMCID: PMC10371867 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protective immunity to COVID-19 facilitates preparedness for future pandemics and combats new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging in the human population. Neutralizing antibodies have been widely studied; however, on the basis of large-scale exome sequencing of protected versus severely ill patients with COVID-19, local cell-autonomous defence is also crucial1-4. Here we identify phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) as a potent cell-autonomous restriction factor against live SARS-CoV-2 infection in parallel genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens of human lung epithelia and hepatocytes before and after stimulation with interferon-γ (IFNγ). IFNγ-induced PLSCR1 not only restricted SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020, but was also effective against the Delta B.1.617.2 and Omicron BA.1 lineages. Its robust activity extended to other highly pathogenic coronaviruses, was functionally conserved in bats and mice, and interfered with the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 in both the endocytic and the TMPRSS2-dependent fusion routes. Whole-cell 4Pi single-molecule switching nanoscopy together with bipartite nano-reporter assays found that PLSCR1 directly targeted SARS-CoV-2-containing vesicles to prevent spike-mediated fusion and viral escape. A PLSCR1 C-terminal β-barrel domain-but not lipid scramblase activity-was essential for this fusogenic blockade. Our mechanistic studies, together with reports that COVID-associated PLSCR1 mutations are found in some susceptible people3,4, identify an anti-coronavirus protein that interferes at a late entry step before viral RNA is released into the host-cell cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijin Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Weiqian Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan G Gaudet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eui-Soon Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maohan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sudheer Kumar Cheppali
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nagarjuna R Cheemarla
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chelsea M Brown
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Phillip J Stansfeld
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8003, Paris, France
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John D MacMicking
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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40
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Ishimaru H, Nishimura M, Tjan LH, Sutandhio S, Marini MI, Effendi GB, Shigematsu H, Kato K, Hasegawa N, Aoki K, Kurahashi Y, Furukawa K, Shinohara M, Nakamura T, Arii J, Nagano T, Nakamura S, Sano S, Iwata S, Okamura S, Mori Y. Identification and Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity against Diverse SARS-CoV-2 Variants. J Virol 2023; 97:e0028623. [PMID: 37191569 PMCID: PMC10308935 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00286-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (including Omicron variants BA.5 and BA.2.75) from individuals who received two doses of mRNA vaccination after they had been infected with the D614G virus. We named them MO1, MO2, and MO3. Among them, MO1 showed particularly high neutralizing activity against authentic variants: D614G, Delta, BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.75, and BA.5. Furthermore, MO1 suppressed BA.5 infection in hamsters. A structural analysis revealed that MO1 binds to the conserved epitope of seven variants, including Omicron variants BA.5 and BA.2.75, in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. MO1 targets an epitope conserved among Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 in a unique binding mode. Our findings confirm that D614G-derived vaccination can induce neutralizing antibodies that recognize the epitopes conserved among the SARS-CoV-2 variants. IMPORTANCE Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 acquired escape ability from host immunity and authorized antibody therapeutics and thereby have been spreading worldwide. We reported that patients infected with an early SARS-CoV-2 variant, D614G, and who received subsequent two-dose mRNA vaccination have high neutralizing antibody titer against Omicron lineages. It was speculated that the patients have neutralizing antibodies broadly effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants by targeting common epitopes. Here, we explored human monoclonal antibodies from B cells of the patients. One of the monoclonal antibodies, named MO1, showed high potency against broad SARS-CoV-2 variants including BA.2.75 and BA.5 variants. The results prove that monoclonal antibodies that have common neutralizing epitopes among several Omicrons were produced in patients infected with D614G and who received mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Ishimaru
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimura
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Lidya Handayani Tjan
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Silvia Sutandhio
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Maria Istiqomah Marini
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Gema Barlian Effendi
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hasegawa
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kaito Aoki
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukiya Kurahashi
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mai Shinohara
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Nakamura
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Arii
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nakamura
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sano
- Acute Care Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Iwata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinya Okamura
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Alsoussi WB, Malladi SK, Zhou JQ, Liu Z, Ying B, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Horvath SC, Sturtz AJ, McIntire KM, Evavold B, Han F, Scheaffer SM, Fox IF, Mirza SF, Parra-Rodriguez L, Nachbagauer R, Nestorova B, Chalkias S, Farnsworth CW, Klebert MK, Pusic I, Strnad BS, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS, Paris R, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. Nature 2023; 617:592-598. [PMID: 37011668 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary two-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series are strongly immunogenic in humans, but the emergence of highly infectious variants necessitated additional doses and the development of vaccines aimed at the new variants1-4. SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans primarily recruit pre-existing memory B cells5-9. However, it remains unclear whether the additional doses induce germinal centre reactions whereby re-engaged B cells can further mature, and whether variant-derived vaccines can elicit responses to variant-specific epitopes. Here we show that boosting with an mRNA vaccine against the original monovalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine or the bivalent B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 (Beta/Delta) mRNA vaccine induced robust spike-specific germinal centre B cell responses in humans. The germinal centre response persisted for at least eight weeks, leading to significantly more mutated antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell and memory B cell compartments. Spike-binding monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells isolated from individuals boosted with either the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, bivalent Beta/Delta vaccine or a monovalent Omicron BA.1-based vaccine predominantly recognized the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nonetheless, using a more targeted sorting approach, we isolated monoclonal antibodies that recognized the BA.1 spike protein but not the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from individuals who received the mRNA-1273.529 booster; these antibodies were less mutated and recognized novel epitopes within the spike protein, suggesting that they originated from naive B cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans induce robust germinal centre B cell responses and can generate de novo B cell responses targeting variant-specific epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sameer Kumar Malladi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Birk Evavold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangjie Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Scheaffer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Isabella F Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Senaa F Mirza
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin S Strnad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedong Li
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Pengyue Gao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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43
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Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Szabo de Edelenyi F, Druesne-Pecollo N, Esseddik Y, Allègre J, Srour B, Galan P, Hercberg S, Severi G, Zins M, Wiernik E, de Lamballerie X, Carrat F, Touvier M. ABO blood types and SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed using seroprevalence data in a large population-based sample: the SAPRIS-SERO multi-cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4775. [PMID: 36959255 PMCID: PMC10034870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ABO blood type has been reported as a potential factor influencing SARS-CoV-2 infection, but so far mostly in studies that involved small samples, selected population and/or used PCR test results. In contrast our study aimed to assess the association between ABO blood types and SARS-CoV-2 infection using seroprevalence data (independent of whether or not individuals had symptoms or sought for testing) in a large population-based sample. Our study included 67,340 French participants to the SAPRIS-SERO multi-cohort project. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected using ELISA (targeting the proteins spike (S) and nucleocapsid (NP)) and seroneutralisation (SN) tests on dried blood spots collected in May-November 2020. Non-O individuals (and especially types A and AB) were more likely to bear anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (ELISA-S, 2964 positive cases: ORnon-Ovs.O = 1.09[1.01-1.17], ORAvs.O = 1.08[1.00-1.17]; ELISA-S/ELISA-NP/SN, 678 triple positive cases: ORnon-Ovs.O = 1.19 [1.02-1.39], ORAvs.O = 1.19[1.01-1.41], ORABvs.O = 1.43[1.01-2.03]). Hence, our results provided additional insights into the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting a higher susceptibility of infection for individuals of blood types A and AB and a lesser risk for blood type O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France.
| | - Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Younes Esseddik
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Julien Allègre
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Bernard Srour
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP UMR1018, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie Zins
- Population-based Cohorts Unit, INSERM, UMS 011, Paris Saclay University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Wiernik
- Population-based Cohorts Unit, INSERM, UMS 011, Paris Saclay University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Département de Santé Publique, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
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44
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Jaycox JR, Lucas C, Yildirim I, Dai Y, Wang EY, Monteiro V, Lord S, Carlin J, Kita M, Buckner JH, Ma S, Campbell M, Ko A, Omer S, Lucas CL, Speake C, Iwasaki A, Ring AM. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines decouple anti-viral immunity from humoral autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1299. [PMID: 36894554 PMCID: PMC9996559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based vaccines dramatically reduce the occurrence and severity of COVID-19, but are associated with rare vaccine-related adverse effects. These toxicities, coupled with observations that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with autoantibody development, raise questions whether COVID-19 vaccines may also promote the development of autoantibodies, particularly in autoimmune patients. Here we used Rapid Extracellular Antigen Profiling to characterize self- and viral-directed humoral responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in 145 healthy individuals, 38 patients with autoimmune diseases, and 8 patients with mRNA vaccine-associated myocarditis. We confirm that most individuals generated robust virus-specific antibody responses post vaccination, but that the quality of this response is impaired in autoimmune patients on certain modes of immunosuppression. Autoantibody dynamics are remarkably stable in all vaccinated patients compared to COVID-19 patients that exhibit an increased prevalence of new autoantibody reactivities. Patients with vaccine-associated myocarditis do not have increased autoantibody reactivities relative to controls. In summary, our findings indicate that mRNA vaccines decouple SARS-CoV-2 immunity from autoantibody responses observed during acute COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian R Jaycox
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Y Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valter Monteiro
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sandra Lord
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mariko Kita
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert Ko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carrie L Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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45
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Zou J, Kurhade C, Patel S, Kitchin N, Tompkins K, Cutler M, Cooper D, Yang Q, Cai H, Muik A, Zhang Y, Lee DY, Şahin U, Anderson AS, Gruber WC, Xie X, Swanson KA, Shi PY. Neutralization of BA.4-BA.5, BA.4.6, BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1 with Bivalent Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:854-857. [PMID: 36734885 PMCID: PMC9891359 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2214916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Cutler
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - David Cooper
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Qi Yang
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Hui Cai
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Dung-Yang Lee
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | | | | | | | - Xuping Xie
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kena A Swanson
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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46
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Schiepers A, van 't Wout MFL, Greaney AJ, Zang T, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Mesin L, Starr TN, Bieniasz PD, Pardi N, Bloom JD, Victora GD. Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibody responses to repeat immunization. Nature 2023; 615:482-489. [PMID: 36646114 PMCID: PMC10023323 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of serum antibodies results from the interplay of antigen-specific B cell clones of different affinities and specificities. These cellular dynamics underlie serum-level phenomena such as original antigenic sin (OAS)-a proposed propensity of the immune system to rely repeatedly on the first cohort of B cells engaged by an antigenic stimulus when encountering related antigens, in detriment to the induction of de novo responses1-5. OAS-type suppression of new, variant-specific antibodies may pose a barrier to vaccination against rapidly evolving viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-26,7. Precise measurement of OAS-type suppression is challenging because cellular and temporal origins cannot readily be ascribed to antibodies in circulation; its effect on subsequent antibody responses therefore remains unclear5,8. Here we introduce a molecular fate-mapping approach with which serum antibodies derived from specific cohorts of B cells can be differentially detected. We show that serum responses to sequential homologous boosting derive overwhelmingly from primary cohort B cells, while later induction of new antibody responses from naive B cells is strongly suppressed. Such 'primary addiction' decreases sharply as a function of antigenic distance, allowing reimmunization with divergent viral glycoproteins to produce de novo antibody responses targeting epitopes that are absent from the priming variant. Our findings have implications for the understanding of OAS and for the design and testing of vaccines against evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trinity Zang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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47
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Zhao T, Liang P, Ren J, Zhu J, Yang X, Bian H, Li J, Cui X, Fu C, Xing J, Wen C, Zeng J. Gold-silver alloy hollow nanoshells-based lateral flow immunoassay for colorimetric, photothermal, and SERS tri-mode detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1255:341102. [PMID: 37032051 PMCID: PMC10026621 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Although many approaches have been developed for the quick assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, few of them are devoted to the detection of the neutralizing antibody, which is essential for assessing the effectiveness of vaccines. Herein, we developed a tri-mode lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform based on gold-silver alloy hollow nanoshells (Au-Ag HNSs) for the sensitive and accurate quantification of neutralizing antibodies. By tuning the shell-to-core ratio, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band of the Au-Ag HNSs is located within the near infrared (NIR) region, endowing them with an excellent photothermal effect under the irradiation of optical maser at 808 nm. Further, the Raman reporter molecule 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) was immobilized on the gold-silver alloy nanoshell to obtain an enhanced SERS signal. Thus, these Au-Ag HNSs could provide colorimetric, photothermal and SERS signals, with which, tri-mode strips for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody detection were constructed by competitive immunoassay. Since these three kinds of signals could complement one another, a more accurate detection was achieved. The tri-mode LFIA achieved a quantitative detection with detection limit of 20 ng/mL. Moreover, it also successfully detected the serum samples from 98 vaccinated volunteers with 79 positive results, exhibiting great application value in neutralizing antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Penghui Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Jinyue Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Xianning Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Hongyu Bian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Jingwen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- Qingdao Henderson Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Chunhui Fu
- Qingdao Henderson Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Jinyan Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Congying Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China.
| | - Jingbin Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, PR China.
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Larkin H. Hybrid Immunity More Protective Than Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Alone. JAMA 2023; 329:531. [PMID: 36723971 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Falsey AR, Williams K, Gymnopoulou E, Bart S, Ervin J, Bastian AR, Menten J, De Paepe E, Vandenberghe S, Chan EKH, Sadoff J, Douoguih M, Callendret B, Comeaux CA, Heijnen E. Efficacy and Safety of an Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV preF Protein Vaccine in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:609-620. [PMID: 36791161 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2207566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious lower respiratory tract disease in older adults, but no licensed RSV vaccine currently exists. An adenovirus serotype 26 RSV vector encoding a prefusion F (preF) protein (Ad26.RSV.preF) in combination with RSV preF protein was previously shown to elicit humoral and cellular immunogenicity. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b, proof-of-concept trial to evaluate the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of an Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV preF protein vaccine. Adults who were 65 years of age or older were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive vaccine or placebo. The primary end point was the first occurrence of RSV-mediated lower respiratory tract disease that met one of three case definitions: three or more symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (definition 1), two or more symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (definition 2), and either two or more symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection or one or more symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection plus at least one systemic symptom (definition 3). RESULTS Overall, 5782 participants were enrolled and received an injection. RSV-mediated lower respiratory tract disease meeting case definitions 1, 2, and 3 occurred in 6, 10, and 13 vaccine recipients and in 30, 40, and 43 placebo recipients, respectively. Vaccine efficacy was 80.0% (94.2% confidence interval [CI], 52.2 to 92.9), 75.0% (94.2% CI, 50.1 to 88.5), and 69.8% (94.2% CI, 43.7 to 84.7) for case definitions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. After vaccination, RSV A2 neutralizing antibody titers increased by a factor of 12.1 from baseline to day 15, a finding consistent with other immunogenicity measures. Percentages of participants with solicited local and systemic adverse events were higher in the vaccine group than in the placebo group (local, 37.9% vs. 8.4%; systemic, 41.4% vs. 16.4%); most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. The frequency of serious adverse events was similar in the vaccine group and the placebo group (4.6% and 4.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In adults 65 years of age or older, Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV preF protein vaccine was immunogenic and prevented RSV-mediated lower respiratory tract disease. (Funded by Janssen Vaccines and Prevention; CYPRESS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03982199.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Falsey
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Kristi Williams
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Efi Gymnopoulou
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Stephan Bart
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - John Ervin
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Arangassery R Bastian
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Joris Menten
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Els De Paepe
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Sjouke Vandenberghe
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Eric K H Chan
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Benoit Callendret
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Christy A Comeaux
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
| | - Esther Heijnen
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (A.R.F.); Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (K.W., A.R.B., J.S., M.D., B.C., C.A.C., E.H.); Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium (E.G., J.M., E.D.P., S.V.); Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Woodstock, MD (S.B.); AMR Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.); and Janssen Global Services, Raritan, NJ (E.K.H.C.)
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Muñoz FM, Sher LD, Sabharwal C, Gurtman A, Xu X, Kitchin N, Lockhart S, Riesenberg R, Sexter JM, Czajka H, Paulsen GC, Maldonado Y, Walter EB, Talaat KR, Englund JA, Sarwar UN, Hansen C, Iwamoto M, Webber C, Cunliffe L, Ukkonen B, Martínez SN, Pahud BA, Munjal I, Domachowske JB, Swanson KA, Ma H, Koury K, Mather S, Lu C, Zou J, Xie X, Shi PY, Cooper D, Türeci Ö, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC. Evaluation of BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children Younger than 5 Years of Age. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:621-634. [PMID: 36791162 PMCID: PMC9947923 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe and effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are urgently needed in young children. METHODS We conducted a phase 1 dose-finding study and are conducting an ongoing phase 2-3 safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy trial of the BNT162b2 vaccine in healthy children 6 months to 11 years of age. We present results for children 6 months to less than 2 years of age and those 2 to 4 years of age through the data-cutoff dates (April 29, 2022, for safety and immunogenicity and June 17, 2022, for efficacy). In the phase 2-3 trial, participants were randomly assigned (in a 2:1 ratio) to receive two 3-μg doses of BNT162b2 or placebo. On the basis of preliminary immunogenicity results, a third 3-μg dose (≥8 weeks after dose 2) was administered starting in January 2022, which coincided with the emergence of the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant. Immune responses at 1 month after doses 2 and 3 in children 6 months to less than 2 years of age and those 2 to 4 years of age were immunologically bridged to responses after dose 2 in persons 16 to 25 years of age who received 30 μg of BNT162b2 in the pivotal trial. RESULTS During the phase 1 dose-finding study, two doses of BNT162b2 were administered 21 days apart to 16 children 6 months to less than 2 years of age (3-μg dose) and 48 children 2 to 4 years of age (3-μg or 10-μg dose). The 3-μg dose level was selected for the phase 2-3 trial; 1178 children 6 months to less than 2 years of age and 1835 children 2 to 4 years of age received BNT162b2, and 598 and 915, respectively, received placebo. Immunobridging success criteria for the geometric mean ratio and seroresponse at 1 month after dose 3 were met in both age groups. BNT162b2 reactogenicity events were mostly mild to moderate, with no grade 4 events. Low, similar incidences of fever were reported after receipt of BNT162b2 (7% among children 6 months to <2 years of age and 5% among those 2 to 4 years of age) and placebo (6 to 7% among children 6 months to <2 years of age and 4 to 5% among those 2 to 4 years of age). The observed overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic Covid-19 in children 6 months to 4 years of age was 73.2% (95% confidence interval, 43.8 to 87.6) from 7 days after dose 3 (on the basis of 34 cases). CONCLUSIONS A three-dose primary series of 3-μg BNT162b2 was safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in children 6 months to 4 years of age. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04816643.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor M Muñoz
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Lawrence D Sher
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Charu Sabharwal
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Alejandra Gurtman
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Xia Xu
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Nicholas Kitchin
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Stephen Lockhart
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Robert Riesenberg
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Joanna M Sexter
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Hanna Czajka
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Grant C Paulsen
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Janet A Englund
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Uzma N Sarwar
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Caitlin Hansen
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Martha Iwamoto
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Chris Webber
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Luke Cunliffe
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Benita Ukkonen
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Silvina N Martínez
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Barbara A Pahud
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Iona Munjal
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Joseph B Domachowske
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kena A Swanson
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Hua Ma
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kenneth Koury
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Susan Mather
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Claire Lu
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Jing Zou
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Xuping Xie
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - David Cooper
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Özlem Türeci
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Uğur Şahin
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kathrin U Jansen
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - William C Gruber
- From Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.); Peninsula Research Associates, Rolling Hills Estates (L.D.S.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (Y.M.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., U.N.S., C.H., M.I., B.A.P., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., C.L., D.C., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (X. Xu, H.M.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., C.W., L.C.); Atlanta Center for Medical Research, Atlanta (R.R.); Spring Valley Pediatrics, Washington, DC (J.M.S.); Katedra Pediatrii, Instytut Nauk Medycznych, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, Poland (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.A.E.); Tampere University, Espoo Vaccine Research Clinic, Espoo, Finland (B.U.); Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid (S.N.M.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (Ö.T., U.Ş.)
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